1207:
1255:
being a homogeneous entityâeither ethnically, culturally, or linguistically (...)âthe basic component of the national doctrine of the
Kurdish identity-makers has always remained the idea of the unified image of one nation, endowed respectively with one language and one culture. The chimerical idea of this imagined unity has become further the fundament of Kurdish identity-making, resulting in the creation of fantastic ethnic and cultural prehistory, perversion of historical facts, falsification of linguistic data, etc.
1206:
1304:
245:
1318:
49:
1271:
minorities. In a nationalistic perspective, Simko's revolt is described as an attempt to build a
Kurdish tribal alliance in support of independence. According to Kamal Soleimani, Simko Shikak can be located "within the confines of Kurdish ethno-nationalism". According to the political scientist Hamid
1276:
Though Reza Shahâs armed confrontation with tribal leaders in different parts of Iran was interpreted as an example of ethnic conflict and ethnic suppression by the
Iranian state, the fact is that it was more a conflict between the modern state and traditional socio-political structure of pre-modern
1254:
to Simkoâs (Simitko) mutiny. The overall labelling of these events as manifestations of the
Kurdish national-liberation struggle against Turkish or Iranian suppressors is an essential element of the Kurdish identity-makersâ ideology. (...) With the Kurdish conglomeration, as I said above, far from
1290:
have merely been the manifestation of state-tribe antagonism and nothing else. (...) While the
Kurdish ethno-nationalist authors and commentators have tried to construct the image of a nationalist hero out of him, the local Kurdish primary sources reflect just the opposite, showing he was widely
1281:
political activists (see NÄbdel 1977) and ethno-nationalist intellectuals of different
Iranian groups (Ghassemlou 1965; Hosseinbor 1984; Asgharzadeh 2007) have introduced this confrontation as a result of Reza Shahâs ethnocentric policies, no valid documents have been presented to prove this
1436:
John Joseph, "The Modern
Assyrians of the Middle East: Encounters With Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Power (Studies in Christian Mission) (Hardcover)", BRILL, 2000. p. 147: "Simko and his men had escaped to Khoi where they took part in the massacre of
1222:
were present in this movement, historians agree these were hardly articulate enough to justify a claim that recognition of
Kurdish identity was a major issue in Simko's movement. It lacked any kind of administrative organization and Simko was primarily interested in
1135:, ambushing him and his 150 guards, as Mar Shimun was entering his carriage. The patriarchal ring was stolen at this time and the body of the patriarch was only recovered hours later, according to the eye-witness account of Daniel d-Malik Ismael.
1179:. Simko had organized a strong Kurdish army which was much stronger than Iranian government forces. Since the central government could not control his activities, he continued to expand the area under his control and by 1922, cities of
1075:. The Iranian government was trying to assassinate him like the other members of his family. In 1919, Mukarram ul-Molk, the governor of Azerbaijan devised a plot to kill Simko by sending him a present with a bomb hidden in it.
1022:
were under his control. He led
Kurdish farmers into battle and defeated the Iranian army on several occasions. The Iranian government had him assassinated in 1930. Simko took part in the massacre of the
1679:
Simko, their leader in Iran, had invited Mar Shimon for conference in
Kuhnehshahr, west of Salmas, kissed himâand then treacherously murdered the Nestorian patriarch and his men
1250:
In the recent period of Kurdish history, a crucial point is defining the nature of the rebellions from the end of the 19th and up to the 20th centuryâfrom
1191:
1214:
Simko's revolts are seen by some as an attempt by a powerful tribal chief to establish his personal authority over the central government throughout the
1198:
and were finally defeated and the castle of Chari was occupied. The strength of the Iranian Army force dispatched against Simko was 10,000 soldiers.
2304:
1651:
Simko later arranged the assassination of Mar Shamon, the Assyrian patriarch in March 1918, under the pretext of a meeting to discuss cooperation.
1282:
argument. Recent documentary studies (BorzĆ«âÄ« 1999; Zand-Moqaddam 1992; JalÄlÄ« 2001) convincingly show that Reza Shahâs confrontation with Baluch
1059:. His brother, Ja'far Agha, served as a frontier commissioner and a brigand. On order of the governor-general in 1905, he was killed in Tabriz.
2430:
1472:
2263:
1047:
His family was from the 'Awdo'i clan of the Shekak tribe. The Shekak played a prominent role in local politics, occupying the districts of
1235:
was also robbed and assaulted. Simko's men do not appear to have felt any sense of unity or solidarity with fellow Kurds. In the words of
2405:
2400:
2349:
2420:
2309:
1909:
2218:
1594:
1519:
678:
2410:
1082:
who had revolted against Iran in the 1880s). Seyyed Taha was a Kurdish nationalist who was conducting propaganda among the
2294:
156:
2299:
2056:
1854:
1817:
1764:
1708:
1619:
1569:
1497:
1456:
1412:
1127:
In March 1918, under the pretext of meeting for the purpose of cooperation, Simko arranged the assassination of the
1739:
798:
1994:
2231:
2025:
1291:
hated by many ordinary and peasant Kurds who suffered his brutal suppression of Kurdish settlements and villages.
1067:
After the murder of Ja'far Agha, Simko became the head of Shikak forces. In May 1914, he attended a meeting with
970:
2273:
2354:
2213:
1965:
Ahmadi, Hamid (2013). "Political Elites and the Question of Ethnicity and Democracy in Iran: A Critical View".
1672:
1644:
2364:
2078:
1251:
880:
783:
516:
122:
1341:
1098:
823:
2425:
2126:
1128:
905:
491:
2385:
1336:
1048:
723:
708:
1283:
1184:
1587:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I
1068:
436:
2415:
2157:
1510:
Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (2019-07-11).
1331:
1930:
Soleimani, Kamal (June 2017). "The Kurdish image in statist historiography: the case of Simko".
1078:
Simko was also in contact with Kurdish revolutionaries such as Seyyed Taha Gilani (grandson of
635:
610:
411:
2067:
893:
476:
2395:
2390:
2131:
703:
509:
230:
1287:
688:
8:
2339:
2152:
2104:
2018:
1219:
1150:
1132:
1122:
963:
713:
683:
426:
366:
2322:
2061:
1947:
1702:
1466:
1232:
1194:
in 1922, Simko's forces could not resist the Iranian Army's onslaught in the region of
813:
673:
446:
274:
1776:
S. Cronin, "Riza Shah and the disintegration of Bakhtiyari power in Iran, 1921-1934",
1277:
era and had less to do with the question of ethnicity and ethnic conflict. While some
2344:
2192:
2083:
2051:
1951:
1894:
1860:
1850:
1823:
1813:
1760:
1668:
1640:
1615:
1590:
1565:
1515:
1512:
The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism
1493:
1452:
1408:
1215:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1015:
844:
836:
808:
803:
793:
743:
738:
718:
496:
451:
353:
309:
299:
1536:
2315:
2197:
1974:
1939:
1890:
1846:
1836:
1360:
1309:
1144:
865:
773:
748:
732:
698:
693:
486:
431:
391:
381:
376:
370:
362:
348:
339:
329:
1943:
2359:
1878:
1809:
1743:
1692:
1268:
1243:
1240:
1228:
1003:
778:
768:
761:
728:
625:
595:
575:
481:
471:
456:
441:
421:
396:
386:
358:
319:
234:
2226:
2073:
2011:
1323:
1264:
1154:
1072:
991:
956:
942:
557:
466:
416:
222:
1978:
2379:
2251:
2162:
1827:
1161:
attacked Simkos' fortress in Charah in which Simko was decisively defeated.
1083:
875:
870:
818:
788:
650:
460:
406:
401:
261:
118:
2003:
1864:
2236:
2172:
1637:
Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan
1449:
Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan
917:
912:
630:
600:
146:
77:
1231:
forces and non-Kurds were not the only ones to suffer in the attacks, the
1164:
By summer 1918, Simko had established his authority in the region west of
932:
2246:
2241:
1582:
1158:
620:
1734:
1665:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
2167:
1175:
tried to reach an agreement with Simko on the basis of limited Kurdish
1165:
1019:
590:
142:
81:
1426:, World Affairs, pp. 197-205, No.4, Vol. 166, Spring 2004. (see p.203)
2258:
2147:
2116:
1842:
1260:
1236:
1110:
1106:
1032:
1024:
927:
922:
615:
580:
570:
540:
290:
166:
102:
23:
2121:
2109:
1910:"Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective"
1176:
1102:
937:
855:
645:
605:
545:
535:
2278:
1278:
1224:
1056:
999:
655:
640:
550:
174:
73:
27:
1759:, ed. P.G. Kreyenbroek, and S. Sperl, 252 pp., Routledge, 1992,
2088:
1195:
1172:
1036:
995:
860:
585:
295:
205:
178:
170:
114:
48:
1725:, International Affairs, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 91-103, 1946. p. 97
1509:
2035:
1180:
1052:
1007:
987:
900:
660:
325:
254:
244:
132:
1028:
1011:
315:
305:
1071:
who at the time was a Kurdish politician supported by the
1694:
Assyrians and Two World Wars: Assyrians from 1914 to 1945
1780:, Vol. 33, No. 3-4, pp. 349-376, Summer-Fall 2000 p. 353
1562:
Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804-1946
1755:
F. Koohi-Kamali, "Nationalism in Iranian Kurdistan" in
1667:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 187.
1612:
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913â1936
1490:
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936
1371:
1267:
tribal leaders initiated a repressive era toward non-
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1390:
C. Dahlman, "The Political Geography of Kurdistan",
1299:
1881:(2009). "Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds".
1783:
1609:
1424:M. M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question in Perspective
2377:
2305:Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian genocide
1834:
1149:On March 16 after the murder of Mar Shimun, the
2140:
1835:Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (1992).
1446:
2033:
2019:
1407:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 355 pp.,
964:
994:tribe. He was born into a prominent Kurdish
2026:
2012:
1634:
1471:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
971:
957:
47:
1929:
1877:
1803:
1610:Houtsma, M. Th.; van Donzel, E. (1993).
1394:, pp. 271-299, No.4, Vol.43, 2002. p.283
1205:
1901:
1534:
2378:
1964:
1690:
1116:
1105:in February 1915 during which 700â800
2431:Politicians assassinated in the 1880s
2007:
1907:
1662:
1589:. Gorgias Press. pp. 81, 83â84.
1581:
1031:and instigated the massacre of 1,000
679:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
1691:Ismael, Yaqou D'Malik (2020-11-13).
1639:. New York: Routledge. p. 100.
1484:
1482:
1042:
2295:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
1806:Kurdish Politics in the Middle East
1514:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 71.
1364:
1263:'s military victory over Simko and
1138:
13:
2057:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari
1838:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview
1757:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview
14:
2442:
2350:AssyrianâChaldeanâSyriac diaspora
1988:
1479:
1376:. Birth name: Ismail Agha Shikak.
1062:
2406:Assassinated Kurdish politicians
2401:Assassinated Iranian politicians
1895:10.1163/160984909X12476379007846
1392:Eurasian Geography and Economics
1316:
1302:
243:
2232:Committee of Union and Progress
1958:
1923:
1871:
1770:
1749:
1728:
1715:
1684:
1656:
1628:
1603:
1575:
1554:
1488:M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel,
1405:The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq
1187:were under his administration.
157:Simko Shikak revolt (1918â1922)
2421:Armenian genocide perpetrators
2355:Assyrian independence movement
2214:Military of the Ottoman Empire
1564:, 328 pp., I.B. Tauris, 1999,
1528:
1503:
1440:
1430:
1418:
1397:
1384:
1354:
1:
2365:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
2079:Ottoman Empire in World War I
1944:10.1080/00263206.2017.1341409
1707:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1697:. Ramon Michael. p. 152.
1537:"The Rebellion of Simko Agha"
1535:Handren, Dilan (2009-02-02).
1347:
1101:he organized the massacre in
517:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings
123:Imperial Iranian Armed Forces
1342:Simko Shikak raid on Mahabad
1171:At this time, government in
7:
2411:Iranian Kurdish politicians
1372:
1295:
1129:Assyrian Church of the East
10:
2447:
1337:Battle of Jafarabad (1921)
1252:Sheikh Ubaydullahâs revolt
1142:
1120:
724:Kurdish Republic of Lachin
709:Kurdish Republic of Ararat
16:Kurdish leader (1887â1930)
2332:
2287:
2206:
2185:
2097:
2044:
1995:72nd Anniversary of Simko
1979:10.1163/1573384X-20130106
1663:Nisan, Mordechai (2002).
1635:O'Shea, Maria T. (2004).
1451:. New York. p. 100.
1286:, Kurdish Simko and Arab
1201:
1094:in an independent state.
201:
193:
185:
162:
152:
138:
128:
109:
88:
55:
46:
37:
21:
1804:Entessar, Nader (2010).
1002:castle located near the
38:
2274:Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizùde
2158:Flavianus Michael Malke
1746:, David McDowall, 1991.
1447:Maria T.OâShea (2004).
1403:B. O'Leary, J. McGarry,
1332:Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin
1218:. Although elements of
1133:Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin
1010:region of northwestern
99:July 19, 1930 (aged 43)
2310:Paris Peace Conference
1932:Middle Eastern Studies
1293:
1257:
1211:
1069:AbdĂŒrrezzak Bedir Khan
2068:Young Turk Revolution
1967:Iran and the Caucasus
1883:Iran and the Caucasus
1274:
1248:
1209:
1153:under the command of
2219:Special Organization
2132:Near East Foundation
1841:. London; New York:
1723:The Kurdish Question
1014:. By 1920, parts of
824:Kurdish philosophers
704:Kingdom of Kurdistan
530:Karduchian dynasties
2340:Assyrians in Turkey
2288:Cultural depictions
2153:Shamoun Hanna Haydo
2039:(Assyrian genocide)
1259:On the other hand,
1220:Kurdish nationalism
1123:Simko Shikak revolt
1117:Simko Shikak revolt
714:Republic of Mahabad
684:Simko Shikak revolt
110:Cause of death
2426:Sayfo perpetrators
2323:The Last Assyrians
2062:Hamidian massacres
1908:Smith, B. (2009).
1742:2007-09-29 at the
1721:W. G. Elphinston,
1284:Dust Mohammad Khan
1233:Kurdish population
1212:
1192:battle of sari Taj
1159:Petros Elia of Baz
1016:Iranian Azerbaijan
674:Kurdistansky Uyezd
320:Southern Kurdistan
300:Northern Kurdistan
60:Ismail Agha Shikak
2386:People from Urmia
2373:
2372:
2345:Assyrians in Iraq
2193:Defence of Iwardo
2181:
2180:
2084:Armenian genocide
2052:Assyrian homeland
1736:The Kurds in Iran
1596:978-1-59333-301-0
1560:F. Kashani-Sabet,
1521:978-1-78831-241-7
1370:
1097:Jointly with the
1092:Turkish Kurdistan
1088:Iranian Kurdistan
1086:for the union of
1080:Sheikh Ubeydullah
1043:Family background
990:chieftain of the
986:born 1887, was a
981:
980:
845:Kurdish languages
744:Turkish Kurdistan
739:Iranian Kurdistan
719:Al-Anfal campaign
689:Koçgiri Rebellion
330:Western Kurdistan
310:Eastern Kurdistan
211:
210:
2438:
2316:The Hidden Pearl
2198:Defense of Azakh
2138:
2137:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1879:Asatrian, Garnik
1875:
1869:
1868:
1831:
1798:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1579:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1377:
1375:
1369:romanized:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1310:Kurdistan portal
1307:
1306:
1305:
1145:Battle of Charah
1139:Battle of Charah
1018:located west of
998:family based in
973:
966:
959:
847:
799:Historical sites
749:Syrian Kurdistan
733:Kurdistan Region
699:Dersim Rebellion
694:Ararat rebellion
531:
247:
237:
226:
218:
213:
212:
98:
96:
70:
68:
51:
19:
18:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2360:Simele massacre
2328:
2283:
2202:
2177:
2141:Notable victims
2136:
2093:
2040:
2032:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1963:
1959:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1876:
1872:
1857:
1832:
1820:
1810:Lexington Books
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:Iranian Studies
1775:
1771:
1754:
1750:
1744:Wayback Machine
1733:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1614:. p. 118.
1608:
1604:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1508:
1504:
1487:
1480:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1244:Garnik Asatrian
1204:
1147:
1141:
1125:
1119:
1113:were murdered.
1065:
1049:Somay, Baradost
1045:
977:
948:
947:
896:
886:
885:
850:
843:
839:
829:
828:
769:Kurdish culture
764:
754:
753:
729:Iraqi Kurdistan
669:
576:Mir Jafar Dasni
566:
534:
529:
525:
512:
502:
501:
277:
267:
266:
257:
238:
235:Kurdish culture
231:Kurdish history
229:
228:
227:
220:
216:
197:Abolished title
105:
100:
94:
92:
84:
71:
66:
64:
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Kurdish rebels
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2227:Kurdish tribes
2223:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1989:External links
1987:
1985:
1984:
1957:
1922:
1900:
1870:
1855:
1818:
1812:. p. 17.
1782:
1769:
1748:
1727:
1714:
1683:
1673:
1655:
1645:
1627:
1620:
1602:
1595:
1574:
1553:
1527:
1520:
1502:
1478:
1457:
1439:
1429:
1417:
1396:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:History portal
1313:
1297:
1294:
1288:Sheikh Khazâal
1203:
1200:
1155:Malik Khoshaba
1143:Main article:
1140:
1137:
1121:Main article:
1118:
1115:
1064:
1063:Political life
1061:
1044:
1041:
979:
978:
976:
975:
968:
961:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
943:Zoroastrianism
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
909:
908:
897:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
852:
851:
848:
840:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
561:
560:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
520:
519:
513:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
492:United Kingdom
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
356:
351:
345:
344:
334:
333:
323:
313:
303:
293:
287:
286:
278:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
258:
253:
252:
249:
248:
240:
239:
219:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
164:
160:
159:
154:
153:Known for
150:
149:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
111:
107:
106:
101:
90:
86:
85:
72:
59:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2443:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:Mehmed Reshid
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Leonard Melki
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1917:Working Paper
1911:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1856:9780415072656
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1819:9780739140390
1815:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1765:0-415-07265-4
1762:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1621:90-04-08265-4
1617:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1570:1-85043-270-8
1567:
1563:
1557:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1498:90-04-08265-4
1495:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1458:0-415-94766-9
1454:
1450:
1443:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1413:0-8122-1973-2
1410:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1373:SimkoyĂȘ Ćikak
1362:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1311:
1300:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Iranian Kurds
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:river in the
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
974:
969:
967:
962:
960:
955:
954:
952:
951:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
890:
889:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
842:
841:
838:
833:
832:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
758:
757:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
668:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
565:
559:
556:
555:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
533:
528:
527:
526:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
506:
505:
498:
497:United States
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
341:
336:
335:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
280:
279:
276:
271:
270:
263:
262:List of Kurds
260:
259:
256:
251:
250:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
224:
215:
214:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
119:assassination
116:
112:
108:
104:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:SimkoyĂȘ Ćikak
36:
29:
25:
20:
2321:
2314:
2269:Simko Shikak
2268:
2237:Talaat Pasha
2207:Perpetrators
2173:Ashur Yousif
2074:Adana (1909)
2034:
1999:(in Kurdish)
1973:(1): 84â85.
1970:
1966:
1960:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1903:
1889:(1): 65â66.
1886:
1882:
1873:
1837:
1805:
1777:
1772:
1767:pp. 175, 176
1756:
1751:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1586:
1583:Gaunt, David
1577:
1561:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1540:
1530:
1511:
1505:
1489:
1448:
1442:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1356:
1275:
1258:
1249:
1213:
1210:Simko Shikak
1189:
1170:
1163:
1148:
1126:
1099:Ottoman Army
1096:
1077:
1066:
1046:
984:Simko Shikak
983:
982:
913:Christianity
784:Celebrations
666:
665:
601:Hasanwayhids
563:
562:
522:
521:
477:Turkmenistan
338:
337:
282:
281:
147:Pahlavi Iran
145:, and later
78:Urmia County
32:Simko Shikak
2396:1930 deaths
2391:1887 births
2247:Djevdet Bey
2242:Enver Pasha
1845:. pp.
1543:(in German)
1241:Iranologist
1237:Kurdologist
1131:patriarch,
621:Hazaraspids
437:Netherlands
186:Predecessor
173:tribe, and
139:Citizenship
129:Nationality
39:ŰłÙ
Ú©ÛÛ ŰŽÚ©Ű§Ú©
2380:Categories
2186:Resistance
2168:Addai Sher
2127:Diyarbekir
2045:Background
1938:(6): 950.
1808:. Lanham:
1674:0786413751
1646:0415947669
1547:2009-02-23
1365:ŰłÙ
Ú©ÛÛ ŰŽÚ©Ű§Ú©
1348:References
1229:Government
1166:Lake Urmia
1020:Lake Urmia
814:Literature
591:Shaddadids
427:Kazakhstan
367:Azerbaijan
275:Population
189:Cewer Agha
143:Qajar Iran
95:1930-07-19
2333:Aftermath
2300:Blue Book
2264:Ămer Naji
2259:Halil Kut
2148:Toma Audo
2064:(1894â96)
1952:148644922
1843:Routledge
1828:430736528
1703:cite book
1541:Kurdmania
1467:cite book
1437:Assyrians
1415:(see p.7)
1261:Reza Shah
1151:Assyrians
1111:Assyrians
1107:Armenians
1033:Assyrians
1025:Assyrians
933:YazdĂąnism
928:Yarsanism
923:Shabakism
837:Languages
616:Hadhabani
611:Marwanids
581:Aishanids
571:Shahrizor
541:Zabdicene
447:Palestine
291:Kurdistan
194:Successor
167:Chieftain
113:Surprise
103:Oshnavieh
24:Chieftain
2110:Haftevan
2098:Genocide
1865:24247652
1740:Archived
1585:(2006).
1500:, p. 290
1492:, 1993,
1296:See also
1185:Sardasht
1177:autonomy
1103:Haftevan
1073:Russians
1004:Baranduz
938:Yazidism
894:Religion
856:Kurmanji
809:Folklore
804:Language
774:Clothing
626:Ayyubids
606:Annazids
596:Rawadids
564:Medieval
558:Kayusids
546:Cyrtians
536:Corduene
461:Chechnya
452:Pakistan
359:Caucasia
340:Diaspora
283:Homeland
223:a series
221:Part of
2117:Hakkari
1997:, 2002
1847:138â139
1572:p. 153.
1361:Kurdish
1279:Marxist
1272:Ahmadi:
1269:Persian
1225:plunder
1190:In the
1057:Chahriq
1000:Chihriq
988:Kurdish
918:Judaism
779:Cuisine
762:Culture
656:Mokryan
646:Badinan
641:Ardalan
551:Moxoene
523:Ancient
510:History
487:Ukraine
432:Lebanon
392:Germany
382:Finland
377:Denmark
371:Georgia
363:Armenia
349:Belgium
181:forces.
177:of the
175:General
169:of the
133:Kurdish
74:Chehriq
65: (
28:General
2122:Bitlis
2089:Midyat
2070:(1908)
1950:
1863:
1853:
1826:
1816:
1763:
1671:
1643:
1618:
1593:
1568:
1518:
1496:
1455:
1411:
1265:Turkic
1216:region
1202:Legacy
1196:Salmas
1173:Tehran
1055:, and
1037:Salmas
996:feudal
992:Shekak
906:Spread
881:Gorani
866:Xwarin
861:Sorani
667:Modern
636:Badlis
586:Daisam
482:Turkey
472:Sweden
457:Russia
442:Norway
422:Jordan
412:Israel
397:Greece
387:France
354:Canada
296:Turkey
255:People
217:
206:Shekak
202:Family
179:Shekak
171:Shekak
115:ambush
2279:Ăetes
2225:Some
2036:Sayfo
1948:S2CID
1913:(PDF)
1181:Baneh
1053:Qotur
1008:Urmia
901:Islam
819:Music
789:Dance
661:Baban
651:Soran
631:Zands
467:Syria
417:Japan
326:Syria
163:Title
2105:Iran
1861:OCLC
1851:ISBN
1824:OCLC
1814:ISBN
1800:See:
1761:ISBN
1709:link
1669:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1473:link
1453:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1239:and
1183:and
1157:and
1109:and
1090:and
1029:Khoy
1012:Iran
876:Laki
871:Zaza
794:Flag
407:Iran
402:Iraq
316:Iraq
306:Iran
233:and
117:and
89:Died
82:Iran
67:1887
63:1887
56:Born
26:and
1975:doi
1940:doi
1891:doi
1035:in
1027:of
369:) (
365:) (
121:by
2382::
1971:17
1969:.
1946:.
1936:53
1934:.
1915:.
1887:13
1885:.
1859:.
1849:.
1833:*
1822:.
1802:*
1785:^
1705:}}
1701:{{
1677:.
1649:.
1539:.
1481:^
1469:}}
1465:{{
1367:,
1363::
1246::
1227:.
1168:.
1051:,
1039:.
225:on
80:,
76:,
2027:e
2020:t
2013:v
1981:.
1977::
1954:.
1942::
1919:.
1897:.
1893::
1867:.
1830:.
1711:)
1624:.
1599:.
1550:.
1524:.
1475:)
1461:.
972:e
965:t
958:v
735:)
731:(
463:)
459:(
373:)
361:(
332:)
328:(
322:)
318:(
312:)
308:(
302:)
298:(
97:)
93:(
69:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
