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405:. Garden Cities of To-morrow was based on ideas of social and urban reform. Garden Cities were to avoid the downfalls of industrial cities of the time such as urban poverty, overcrowding, low wages, dirty alleys with no drainage, poorly ventilated houses, toxic substances, dust, carbon gases, infectious disease and lack of interaction with nature. This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents). He illustrated the idea with his famous
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Association. The Garden City
Association collected money from supporters, his supporters tended to be people who were impressed by the social justice element of the Garden City. The Letchworth estate which was agricultural land, was purchased from 15 individual owners. The Letchworth estate lies on a train line and is only 35 miles (56 km) from London, making commuting possible.
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35,000 people, and would be laid out as Howard explained in his book. There would be a central town, agricultural belt, shops, factories, residences, civic centres and open spaces, this division of land for specific purposes is now referred to as zoning and is an important practice within town planning.
278:, the son of Ebenezer Howard (1817–1900), a baker, and Ann (née Tow, 1816–1900). He was sent to schools in Suffolk and Hertfordshire. Howard left school at 15 and began working as a stenographer in London. Howard subsequently had several clerical jobs, including one with Dr Parker of the City Temple.
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Letchworth was developed and owned by a company called First Garden City, Ltd. which was formed in 1903, based on the ideas of Howard. After Howard's book was published he worked to gain financial support to bring his ideas into reality, Howard ran lectures on Garden Cities and began the Garden City
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were used as the model for many suburbs. Howard believed that such Garden Cities were the perfect blend of city and nature. Howard believed that a new civilisation could be found by marrying the town and the country. The towns would be largely independent, managed by the citizens who had an economic
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The original land on which
Letchworth was built cost the First Garden City, Ltd. £160,378 and covered 3,826 acres (1,548 ha). However, more land was purchased and the property increased to 4,710 acres (1,910 ha). The Letchworth garden city was to sustain a population of between 30,000 and
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After 10 years of existence, Welwyn Garden City had a population of 10,000, with well-established residential, industrial and commercial zones. In 1930, the health of Welwyn Garden City inhabitants was considered greater than those living in London, as Welwyn Garden City recorded lower death rates
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While many believe the diagrams and designs in Howard's Garden Cities of
Tomorrow to be a physical plan for the perfect garden city, Howard notes these to be merely suggestive as each city should be planned to be organised as per the needs of the people and their environment. Howard never intended
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Garden Cities of
Tomorrow proposed that society be reorganised with networks of garden cities that would break the strong hold of capitalism and lead to cooperative socialism. It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of
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Howard constructed
Letchworth as an example of how the Garden City could be achieved, and hoped that in its success many other towns would be built emulating the same ideals. Some criticisms of Letchworth exist, claims that it is too spacious and there are few architecturally impressive designs.
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It could be argued that Welwyn Garden City fell short of Howard's ideals, Howard wanted investors to invest for the sake of philanthropy, but investors wanted returns and local democracy failed with an exclusive government group formed. Finally, Welwyn Garden City was marketed as a middle class
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Welwyn Garden City was an area of woodlands and open fields before the garden city was constructed. Welwyn Garden City was Howard's second Garden City after
Letchworth. Howard purchased the land with £5000 borrowed from friends. Welwyn Garden City is only 20 miles (32 km) from London, and
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Howard's wife, Eliza Ann Bills (1853–1904), died in
November 1904, shortly after work on the first garden city at Letchworth had begun. Howard married again in 1907 to Edith Annie Hayward (1864–1941), who became Edith, Lady Howard when Howard was knighted in 1927, and with whom he is buried in
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captured the charm of the countryside and managed to stay unspoiled by urbanisation. The architecture in Welwyn has been described as pleasant, and the residential cottages with their wide roads and open spaces make Welwyn Garden City a refreshing picture when compared to London of the time.
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describes Howard as a "humble and practical" inventor who used his spare time to create outlines of new cities. It was the social milieu of the 1800s which led Howard to consider the social problems of the time and try to find alternatives. Howard mingled with free thinkers, anarchists and
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Howard's parents died on consecutive days in 1900, after he had published the first edition of his book, but before work had started on the first garden city: his mother died on 23 November 1900 from pneumonia and his father died on 24 November 1900 from
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321:, and he spent the rest of his life in this occupation. Howard's time in parliament exposed him to ideas about social reform, and helped inspire his ideas for the Garden City. In August 1879, he married Eliza Ann Bills.
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However, it can be argued the space is what makes
Letchworth pleasant, and the architecture, while not highly impressive and uniform, has consistency of colour and is satisfying to the needs of the people.
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of 1871, which destroyed most of the central business district, and witnessed the regeneration of the city and the growth of its suburbs. In the US he became acquainted with, and admired, poets
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The Howard medal was introduced after Howard’s death, and takes the form of a Bronze medal with the motif of an ideal city. The medal remains one of the most prestigious awards in the sector.
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Certificate, General Register Office (Southport): Ann Howard wife of Ebenezer Howard, pastrycook (master), died 23 November 1900, aged 84, at 127 Evering Road, Hackney.
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266:. Howard is believed by many to be one of the great guides to the town planning movement, with many of his garden city principles being used in modern town planning.
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Death
Certificate, General Register Office (Southport): Ebenezer Howard, pastrycook (master), died 24 November 1900, aged 83, at 127 Evering Road, Hackney.
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37 miles (60 km) north of London. In 1901, under the guidance of Henry Vivian, a new co-partnership housing development venture was started in the
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Fishman, R 1977, Urban utopias in the twentieth century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, Basic Books, New York.
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and infant mortality rates. The increased health in Welwyn Garden City was understood to be due to the principles of the Garden City.
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Livesey, G 2011, 'Assemblage theory, gardens and the legacy of the early Garden City movement', Urbanism, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.271–278.
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diagram (pictured), which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'.
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Bonham-Carter, E 1951, 'Planning and development of Letchworth garden city', Town Planning Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 362–376.
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March, A 2004, 'Democratic dilemmas, planning and Ebenezer Howard's Garden City', Planning Perspectives, vol. 19, pp. 409–433.
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In almost 90 years, the medal has been awarded 11 times and the names are a stellar cast of Garden City giants beginning with
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In 1871, at the age of 21, influenced partly by a farming uncle, Howard emigrated with two friends to America. He went to
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British Medical Journal 1930, 'Ten years of Welwyn Garden City', The British Medical Journal, vol. 1, no. 3625, pp. 1184.
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model. The land on which they were to be built was to be owned by a group of trustees and leased to the citizens.
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Steuer, Max (June 2000). "REVIEW ARTICLE A hundred years of town planning and the influence of Ebenezer Howard".
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Howard aimed to reduce the alienation of humans and society from nature, and hence advocated garden cities and
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city in which people live harmoniously together with nature. The publication resulted in the founding of the
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resulted in the application of humane design principles in many large housing projects built in the
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and worked as a reporter for the courts and newspapers. Howard arrived in Chicago just after the
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was Howard's great-granddaughter. Other direct descendants include his cricket manager grandson
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Diagram No.1: The Three Magnets (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)
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In 1913, Howard founded the 'Garden Cities and Town Planning Association' – presently the
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commuter suburb, entirely disrespecting the garden city ideals of a self-reliant city.
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by the British government. This produced more than 30 communities, the first being
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in 1909, the only German garden city where Howard's ideas were thoroughly adopted.
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socialists, whose revolutionary and reforming ideas greatly influenced him.
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Diagram No.7 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)
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Diagram No.6 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)
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Diagram No.5 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)
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Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)
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Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)
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Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)
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Howard died on 1 May 1928 (aged 78) and is buried in a modest grave in
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In 1899, he founded the Garden Cities Association, known now as the
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Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement
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Diagram No.4 y 5 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)
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used elements of Howard's concepts in his original design for
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Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)
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Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)
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Diagram No.1 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)
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Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.
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By 1876, he was back in England, where he found a job with
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1354:. London: Architectural Design Profile. pp. 84, 85.
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English writer and founder of the garden city movement
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The only publication he wrote in his life was titled
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for garden cities to be circular like his diagrams.
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663:(Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow).
194:(29 January 1850 – 1 May 1928) was an English
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1902:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1617:, esperanto-gb.org. Accessed 3 August 2023.
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1704:(supplement), No. 33235, 31 December 1926
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1461:. Yale University Press. pp. 50–53.
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631:were influential for the development of "
539:Learn how and when to remove this message
396:To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
205:To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
125:To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
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1800:. Series 10. Episode 1. 24 July 2013.
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1537:. London: Pan Macmillan. p. 304.
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1285:. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
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1489:Purdom, Charles Benjamin (1963).
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1706:. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
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1492:The Letchworth Achievement
1455:Meacham, Standish (1999).
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382:Progress and Poverty
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229:Forest Hills Gardens
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1819:External links
1817:
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1802:BBC Television
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1702:London Gazette
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1687:London Gazette
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915:
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862:in 1924 and a
855:
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835:Main article:
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961:
957:
956:Find sources:
950:
946:
940:
939:
934:This section
932:
928:
923:
922:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:Richard Reiss
896:
892:
891:Lewis Mumford
888:
884:
880:
879:Raymond Unwin
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781:
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749:
746:
742:
739: –
738:
734:
733:Find sources:
727:
723:
719:
713:
712:
708:
703:This section
701:
697:
692:
691:
683:
681:
671:
669:
664:
662:
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650:
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645:Milton Keynes
642:
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584:
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518:
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493:
490: –
489:
485:
484:Find sources:
478:
474:
470:
464:
463:
459:
454:This section
452:
448:
443:
442:
434:
430:
428:
424:
419:
418:Garden cities
414:
410:
408:
407:Three Magnets
404:
403:
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397:
386:
384:
383:
378:
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373:
368:
360:
357:The original
355:
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196:urban planner
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99:
98:Hertfordshire
95:
85:
81:
76:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
33:
30:
19:
1843:
1805:. Retrieved
1796:
1792:"Una Stubbs"
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1681:
1672:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1533:
1523:
1497:. Retrieved
1491:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1457:
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1415:
1351:
1345:
1326:
1320:
1301:
1282:
1277:
1022:
1007:
998:
988:
981:
974:
967:
955:
943:Please help
938:verification
935:
887:Barry Parker
876:
873:
870:Howard Medal
857:
848:
844:
840:
825:
821:
817:
799:
784:
775:
765:
758:
751:
744:
732:
716:Please help
704:
677:
665:
637:World War II
622:
603:
568:
561:
535:
526:
516:
509:
502:
495:
483:
467:Please help
455:
431:
423:ground rents
415:
411:
406:
400:
394:
392:
389:Publications
380:
377:Henry George
370:
364:
358:
339:
331:
308:
295:Walt Whitman
280:
273:
261:
231:designed by
222:
203:
186:
185:
123:
119:Notable work
88:(1928-05-01)
29:
1872:1928 deaths
1867:1850 births
1495:. p. 1
1001:August 2023
778:August 2023
657:Walt Disney
599:World War I
583:garden city
529:August 2023
359:Garden City
326:Brett Clark
323:Sociologist
1861:Categories
1270:References
1025:Una Stubbs
971:newspapers
883:Colin Ward
814:Letchworth
748:newspapers
610:Bruno Taut
499:newspapers
319:Parliament
317:record of
305:Later life
291:great fire
270:Early life
173:Una Stubbs
170:(grandson)
113:in England
86:1 May 1928
67:1850-01-29
913:in 1955.
866:in 1927.
705:does not
680:Esperanto
641:Stevenage
633:New Towns
456:does not
335:gastritis
235:in 1909,
164:Relatives
100:, England
77:, England
1776:28 April
1751:28 April
1726:28 April
1499:5 August
1474:5 August
1442:10905006
1404:Archived
1310:Archived
1233:See also
635:" after
618:Hellerau
573:and the
427:Georgist
315:verbatim
283:Nebraska
264:Georgism
239:(1923),
1807:24 July
1305:(1933)
985:scholar
854:Honours
762:scholar
726:removed
711:sources
513:scholar
477:removed
462:sources
425:on the
311:Hansard
287:Chicago
210:utopian
157:
149:
132:Spouses
1839:Curlie
1541:
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1289:
987:
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973:
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501:
494:
486:
437:Action
416:These
375:, and
255:, and
75:London
992:JSTOR
978:books
769:JSTOR
755:books
686:Death
674:Other
661:EPCOT
520:JSTOR
506:books
151:(
147:
1809:2013
1778:2022
1753:2022
1728:2022
1539:ISBN
1501:2014
1476:2014
1463:ISBN
1438:PMID
1356:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1287:ISBN
964:news
905:and
741:news
709:any
707:cite
651:and
627:and
608:and
492:news
460:any
458:cite
297:and
83:Died
61:Born
1837:at
1430:doi
947:by
720:by
670:.
471:by
337:.
191:OBE
44:OBE
36:Sir
1863::
1794:.
1769:.
1744:.
1719:.
1650:^
1622:^
1565:^
1553:^
1509:^
1436:.
1426:51
1424:.
1370:^
1035:.
901:,
897:,
893:,
889:,
655:.
601:.
566:.
345:.
259:.
251:,
247:,
153:m.
96:,
1811:.
1780:.
1755:.
1730:.
1547:.
1503:.
1478:.
1444:.
1432::
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1339:.
1295:.
1014:)
1008:(
1003:)
999:(
989:·
982:·
975:·
968:·
941:.
791:)
785:(
780:)
776:(
766:·
759:·
752:·
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728:.
714:.
542:)
536:(
531:)
527:(
517:·
510:·
503:·
496:·
479:.
465:.
69:)
65:(
20:)
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