239:
98:
883:
73:
419:
42:
555:, California (United States), the latter of which houses the tallest individual measuring at 100.2 meters or 329 feet tall; two others at the last site are just over 96 m tall. The Queets Spruce is the largest in the world with a trunk volume of 346 m (12,200 cu ft), a height of 74.6 m (244 ft 9 in), and a 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)
732:
require old-growth Sitka spruce forests for winter habitat, as the extensive foliage holds a significant percentage of fallen snow in a given area, thus allowing for better understory browsing and easier migration for terrestrial animals. Cavity nesting birds favor Sitka spruce snags, and the tree is
808:
for timber and paper production. Outside its native range, it is particularly valued for its fast growth on poor soils and exposed sites where few other trees can prosper; in ideal conditions, young trees may grow 1.5 m (5 ft) per year. It is naturalized in some parts of
Ireland and Great
402:
is thin and scaly, flaking off in small, circular plates 5–20 centimeters (2–8 in) across. The inner bark is reddish-brown. The crown is broad conic in young trees, becoming cylindric in older trees; old trees may not have branches lower than 30–40 meters (98–131 ft). The shoots are very
579:
Sitka spruce is a long-lived tree, with individuals over 700 years old known. Because it grows rapidly under favorable conditions, large size may not indicate exceptional age. The Queets Spruce has been estimated to be only 350 to 450 years old, but adds more than a cubic meter of wood each year.
668:
Sitka spruce has been introduced to Europe as a lumber tree, and was first planted there in the 19th century. Sitka spruce plantations have become a dominant forest type in Great
Britain and Ireland, making up 25% of forest cover in the former and 52% in the latter. Sitka spruce woodland is also
627:
657:
and is found within a few kilometers of the coast in the southern portion of its range. North of Oregon, its range extends inland along river floodplains, but seldom does its range extend more than around 80 km (50 mi) from the
Pacific Ocean and its inlets. It is situated at about
669:
present in France and
Denmark, and the plant was introduced to Iceland and Norway in the early 20th century. Observations of Sitka spruce along the Norwegian coast have shown the species to be growing 25–100% faster than the native Norway spruce there, even as far north as
959:, "Damage to the tip or the bud of a Sitka spruce causes the growth cells to divide more rapidly than normal to form this swelling or burl. Even though the burls may look menacing, they do not affect the overall tree growth."
488: in) long; the bracts just above the scales are the longest of any spruce, occasionally just exserted and visible on the closed cones. They are green or reddish, maturing pale brown 5–7 months after pollination. The
530:
More than a century of logging has left only a remnant of the spruce forest. The largest trees were cut long before careful measurements could be made. Trees over 90 m (300 ft) tall may still be seen in
840:, violin, and guitar manufacture, as its high strength-to-weight ratio and regular, knot-free rings make it an excellent conductor of sound. For these reasons, the wood is also an important material for
781:
or surface fires on long intervals, (150 to 350+ years) which results in total stand replacement. Sitka spruce recolonizes burned sites via wind-dispersed seed from adjacent unburned forests.
1218:
This tree also has a sign nearby proclaiming it to be 'the world's largest spruce'. The two tallest on record, 96.7 m and 96.4 m, are in
Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California
797:, chewing, and its medicinal properties. Native Americans heated and plied the roots to make cord. The resin was used as glue and for waterproofing. Natives and pioneers split off
1754:
Efforts to remove this species have been initiated in Norway as the Sitka spruce dominates the native ecology with few native species managing to compete or thrive in its shadow.
661:
Forests with the species average between 200 and 500 cm (79 and 197 in) of rain annually. It is tolerant to salty spray common in coastal dune habitat, such as at
1640:
821:. In Norway, Sitka spruce was introduced in the early 1900s. An estimated 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) have been planted in Norway, mainly along the coast from
2638:
1715:
411:
are stiff, sharp, and needle-like, 15–25 millimeters long, flattened in cross-section, dark glaucous blue-green above with two or three thin lines of
2393:
2653:
1556:
693:
Sitka spruce provides critical habitat for a large variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Its thick, sharp needles are poor browse for
2543:
2264:
390:
in southeast Alaska, where it is prevalent. Its range hugs the western coast of Canada and the US and continues south into northern
California.
2329:
1584:
258:
2623:
571:, Oregon, was previously recorded to be the largest with a circumference of 15 metres (49 ft) and height of 66 metres (217 ft).
2020:
2059:
677:
2648:
1839:
2414:
2517:
2212:
1772:
1038:
2643:
2556:
2277:
2225:
2054:
2040:
1952:
Underwood, Claudia D. Toscano & Pearce, Raymond B. (1991). "Astringin and isorhapontin distribution in Sitka spruce trees".
2628:
2352:
1787:
1430:
Sigurgeirsson, A.; Szmidt, A. E. (1993). "Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in Picea".
1395:
1123:
769:
Due to the prevalence of Sitka spruce in cool, wet climates, its thin bark and shallow root system are not adapted to resist
2561:
2282:
1644:
673:, and Sitka spruces planted along the southwest coast of Norway are growing fastest among the Sitka plantations in Europe.
2658:
2176:
1996:
1239:
225:
1675:
1304:
728:
It provides cover and hiding places for a large variety of mammals, and good nesting and roosting habitat for birds.
658:
2,500 m (8,200 ft) above sea level in Alaska and generally below 450 m (1,480 ft) further south.
833:. But in Norway, the Sitka spruce is now considered an invasive species, and effort to eliminate it is being made.
552:
536:
1738:
2530:
2334:
2251:
1476:) forests in Atlantic Europe: changes in forest management and possible consequences for carbon sequestration".
543:, British Columbia (the Carmanah Giant, at 96 m (315 ft) tall, is the tallest tree in Canada), and in
2357:
1333:
1178:
662:
2574:
2432:
1813:
2316:
676:
A 9-metre-tall, 100-year-old Sitka spruce growing in the middle of the permanently uninhabited sub-antarctic
1585:"Is this the world's loneliest tree? The 100-year-old tale of survival on an uninhabited New Zealand island"
1570:
2204:
1917:
Aritomi, Masakazu; Donnelly, Dervilla M. X. (1976). "Stilbene glucosides in the bark of Picea sitchensis".
1461:. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Forest Service Research Paper. pp. 23–24, 75. PSW-82.
17:
2129:
2440:
2663:
2569:
2427:
2230:
2108:
2344:
556:
532:
383:
355:
2191:
1891:
1520:
810:
363:
2308:
1011:
948:
In the
Olympic National Forest in Washington, Sitka spruce trees near the ocean sometimes develop
697:, and only the new spring growth is eaten. However, in Alaska and British Columbia the needles of
97:
1360:
829:
in the north. It is more tolerant to wind and saline ocean air, and grows faster than the native
722:
2419:
2548:
2269:
2199:
2070:
650:
610:
position than Sitka spruce to the rest of the spruce. The other 33 species of spruce are more
2050:
1296:
1290:
968:
860:
607:
564:
544:
208:
54:
2383:
1847:
1610:
1263:
229:
2295:
2150:
1961:
1926:
1485:
654:
367:
680:
has been recognised by the
Guinness World Records as the "most remote tree in the world".
641:
Sitka spruce is native to the west coast of North
America, with its northwestern limit on
592:
with long lateral roots and few branchings. This also makes it susceptible to wind throw.
588:
Because it grows in extremely wet and poorly-drained soil, the Sitka spruce has a shallow
8:
1767:
1535:
1039:"Sitka Spruce in Redwood National Park, Redwood National Park, California, United States"
62:
2406:
1965:
1930:
1489:
386:
to exceed 100 m (300 ft) in height. Its name is derived from the community of
2595:
2463:
1501:
1443:
1322:
1115:
917:
757:
on landslides, sand dunes, uplifted beaches, and deglaciated terrain. However, it is a
635:
548:
379:
92:
1938:
1393:(Pinaceae): Implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes".
2504:
2378:
2137:
1992:
1973:
1692:
1671:
1412:
1389:
Ran, J. H.; Wei, X. X.; Wang, X. Q. (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of
1329:
1300:
1245:
1235:
1184:
1174:
1129:
1119:
631:
375:
371:
2014:
1505:
988:
238:
2600:
2509:
2468:
2142:
1969:
1934:
1730:
1493:
1439:
1404:
1006:
814:
758:
738:
602:
540:
2026:
1202:
2495:
2445:
2365:
2044:
1497:
1109:
909:, although saplings grown from cuttings can now be found near its original site.
848:
798:
754:
642:
568:
265:
2455:
2321:
1408:
1147:
2633:
2401:
1063:
844:
790:
778:
750:
567:, about 26 km (16 mi) from the Pacific Ocean. Another specimen, from
122:
50:
2031:
1643:. University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History. Archived from
1133:
2617:
2290:
2181:
2093:
1249:
997:
898:
886:
830:
753:
but not as much as its competitors, preferring full sun if possible. It is a
665:
in
Washington, and prefers soils high in magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus.
399:
387:
82:
77:
1188:
670:
2587:
1734:
1416:
933:
906:
902:
856:
852:
611:
560:
427:
403:
pale buff-brown, almost white, and glabrous (hairless), but with prominent
358:
that can exceed 5 m (16 ft). It is by far the largest species of
1111:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
2303:
2238:
2102:
913:
894:
867:
774:
702:
283:
2370:
2119:
589:
2522:
2217:
882:
822:
734:
729:
713:
296:
135:
626:
354:
tree growing to just over 100 meters (330 ft) tall, with a trunk
2243:
2163:
929:
351:
326:
307:
2064:
1869:
773:
damage and it is thus very susceptible. Sitka spruce forests have a
418:
2582:
2489:
2087:
841:
817:. Sitka spruce is also planted extensively in Denmark, Norway, and
805:
770:
694:
175:
2535:
2256:
2168:
1519:
Houston Durrant, T.; A., Mauri; D., de Rigo; Caudullo, G. (2016).
378:), and the third-tallest conifer species (after coast redwood and
2019:– information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
818:
813:, and New Zealand, though not so extensively as to be considered
793:
basket-weaving designs and for rain hats. The pitch was used for
412:
404:
347:
165:
155:
145:
2155:
468: in) broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15–20 mm (
1693:"Dressing the landscape: afforestation efforts on Iceland]"
1472:
Bill, Mason; Perks, Michael P. (21 March 2011). "Sitka spruce (
937:
863:
used it as a substitute for strategically important aluminium.
801:
for construction use. The wood is light and relatively strong.
708:
646:
408:
359:
273:
185:
1171:
Hiking the ancient forests of British Columbia and Washington
871:
866:
Newly grown tips of Sitka spruce branches are used to flavor
826:
794:
109:
1770:[Sitka spruce – propagation, properties and uses].
1518:
980:
949:
893:
A unique specimen with golden foliage that used to grow on
855:
was built using Sitka spruce, as were many aircraft before
837:
489:
41:
761:
species in coastal forests, where it can become dominant.
653:
in northern California. It is closely associated with the
905:
First Nations people. It was illegally felled in 1997 by
847:, and aircraft wing spars (including flying models). The
415:, and blue-white below with two dense bands of stomata.
422:
Foliage, mature seed cone, and (center) old pollen cone
1234:. Seattle, Washington, USA: Univ of Washington Press.
1788:"Vil utrydde granskog på Vestlandet og i Nord-Norge"
1525:
in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats"
1840:"Picea sitchensis: "Sitka Spruce, Tideland Spruce""
1429:
454: in) broad when closed, opening to 3 cm (
362:and the fifth-largest conifer in the world (behind
1768:"Sitkagran – utbredelse, egenskaper og anvendelse"
1456:
1321:
430:are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 6–10 cm (
1638:
1229:
1033:
1031:
1029:
2615:
2032:Arboretum de Villardebelle – photos of cones of
1846:. San Francisco Botanical Garden. Archived from
1361:"Index of Species Information: Picea sitchensis"
859:; during that war, aircraft such as the British
382:). The Sitka spruce is one of only four species
1989:The Olympic Peninsula: The Grace & Grandeur
1951:
1916:
1108:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
789:The root bark of Sitka spruce trees is used in
1670:. Collins Field Guide. London: HarperCollins.
1026:
940:can be found in the bark of the Sitka spruce.
1423:
1264:"The 100.2 m tall Sitka Spruce | Wondermondo"
1114:(field guide ed.). Seattle, Washington:
1012:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42337A2973701.en
502: in) long, with a slender, 7–9 mm (
2639:Trees of the West Coast of the United States
1107:
1103:
1101:
809:Britain, where it was introduced in 1831 by
2021:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1557:"Vestlandsk sitkagran vokser best i Europa"
1457:Griffin, J. R.; Critchfield, W. B. (1976).
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
836:The resonant wood is used widely in piano,
621:
1459:Distribution of forest trees in California
1388:
986:
237:
71:
40:
1471:
1168:
1010:
901:or "The Golden Spruce", is sacred to the
701:comprise up to 90% of the winter diet of
2654:Least concern flora of the United States
1773:Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute
1665:
1571:"Ligg unna sitkagrana i klimaskogen min"
1319:
1078:
881:
625:
417:
2051:Description of Sitka Spruce in forestry
1716:"North American Tree Species in Europe"
1713:
1690:
1632:
1478:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1295:. National Geographic Society. p.
804:Sitka spruce is of major importance in
14:
2616:
1814:"Her svir de av øyene nord for Herdla"
1668:Trees of Britain & Northern Europe
1384:
1382:
1288:
744:
2069:
2068:
1986:
877:
2345:d350c6a6-9342-4425-a840-effd5e490874
1342:
688:
2624:IUCN Red List least concern species
1379:
998:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
1444:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00043.x
1328:. University of Washington Press.
1324:Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast
1232:Champion trees of washington state
955:According to a guidebook entitled
649:, and its southeastern limit near
25:
2675:
2649:Trees of subpolar oceanic climate
2008:
1870:"Alaska State Tree: Sitka Spruce"
1765:
600:DNA analysis has shown that only
553:Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
2575:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263324-1
2433:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:676986-1
2060:Picea Sitchinesis 'Octopus tree'
537:Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park
522: in) long pale brown wing.
444:–4 in) long and 2 cm (
246:Range highlighted in dark green
96:
27:Species of large coniferous tree
1991:. Voyageur Press. p. 109.
1980:
1945:
1910:
1884:
1862:
1832:
1806:
1780:
1759:
1707:
1684:
1659:
1603:
1577:
1563:
1549:
1512:
1465:
1450:
1365:Fire Effects Information System
1313:
1282:
764:
2644:Trees of mild maritime climate
2041:Prof Stephen Sillett's webpage
1256:
1223:
1195:
1173:. Vancouver, B.C.: Lone Pine.
1162:
1140:
1056:
663:Cape Disappointment State Park
583:
393:
13:
1:
2629:Pacific temperate rainforests
1939:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88881-0
1641:"Tlingit Spruce Root Baskets"
974:
920:, it is known as c̓əlaqayac.
618:originated in North America.
2055:US Department of Agriculture
1974:10.1016/0031-9422(91)83610-W
1498:10.1080/02827581.2011.564383
923:
7:
1409:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039
962:
630:Sitka spruce forest in the
595:
10:
2680:
1987:Sedam, Michael T. (2002).
1230:Van Pelt, Robert. (2015).
683:
2659:Trees of Northern America
2479:
2077:
2043:with photos taken during
1320:Van Pelt, Robert (2001).
1169:Stoltmann, Randy (1996).
1150:. Oregon State University
559:. It is located near the
533:Pacific Rim National Park
356:diameter at breast height
324:
316:
312:plastid and mitochondrion
305:
294:
282:
272:
257:
245:
236:
214:
207:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
48:
39:
34:
1432:Nordic Journal of Botany
1292:America's Wild Woodlands
943:
928:The stilbene glucosides
916:, spoken in what is now
622:Distribution and habitat
1639:Kallenbach, Elizabeth.
1289:Traver, Robert (1985).
870:and are boiled to make
784:
723:Harris Beach State Park
525:
890:
638:
614:, which suggests that
574:
492:are black, 3 mm (
423:
1666:Mitchell, A. (1978).
1367:. U.S. Forest Service
969:List of tallest trees
885:
655:temperate rainforests
629:
565:Olympic National Park
545:Olympic National Park
421:
55:Olympic National Park
1850:on 19 September 2016
1744:on 18 September 2006
1735:10.1093/jof/85.12.27
1714:Hermann, R. (1987).
1691:Dammert, L. (2001).
1647:on 18 September 2016
1613:Helocarpon lesdainii
1559:. 29 September 2014.
1005:: e.T42337A2973701.
914:Lushootseed language
741:as nesting habitat.
714:Helocarpon lesdainii
320:124 kbp and 5.52 Mbp
49:Sitka spruce in the
2036:and related spruces
2027:Gymnosperm Database
1966:1991PChem..30.2183T
1931:1976PChem..15.2006A
1723:Journal of Forestry
1536:European Commission
1490:2011SJFR...26S..72M
1396:Mol Phylogenet Evol
1268:www.wondermondo.com
1207:Gymnosperm Database
1064:"Agathis australis"
987:Farjon, A. (2013).
745:Successional status
569:Klootchy Creek Park
254:
253:Genomic information
63:Conservation status
1591:. 4 September 2022
1203:"Picea sitchensis"
1148:"Picea sitchensis"
1118:. pp. 83–91.
1116:Mountaineers Books
891:
878:Indigenous culture
639:
424:
252:
200:P. sitchensis
2664:Symbols of Alaska
2611:
2610:
2379:Open Tree of Life
2071:Taxon identifiers
1925:(12): 2006–2008.
1619:oregondigital.org
1615:| Oregon Digital"
1125:978-1-68051-329-5
957:Olympic Peninsula
739:peregrine falcons
689:Value to wildlife
632:Olympic Mountains
380:Himalayan cypress
376:western red cedar
335:
334:
250:
249:
86:
16:(Redirected from
2671:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2481:Pinus sitchensis
2472:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2394:picea-sitchensis
2387:
2386:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2322:NHMSYS0000461257
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2109:Picea sitchensis
2098:
2097:
2096:
2079:Picea sitchensis
2066:
2065:
2034:Picea sitchensis
2016:Picea sitchensis
2003:
2002:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1960:(7): 2183–2189.
1949:
1943:
1942:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1872:. Alaskan Nature
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1737:. Archived from
1720:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1573:. 10 March 2019.
1567:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1529:
1523:Picea sitchensis
1516:
1510:
1509:
1474:Picea sitchensis
1469:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1105:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1043:Monumental Trees
1035:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1014:
991:Picea sitchensis
984:
918:Washington state
825:in the south to
749:Sitka spruce is
719:Picea sitchensis
699:Picea sitchensis
541:Vancouver Island
521:
520:
516:
511:
510:
506:
501:
500:
496:
487:
486:
482:
477:
476:
472:
467:
466:
462:
459:
453:
452:
448:
443:
442:
438:
435:
339:Picea sitchensis
328:
290:
268:
255:
251:
241:
220:
218:Picea sitchensis
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2679:
2678:
2674:
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2366:Observation.org
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2101:
2092:
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2073:
2045:canopy research
2011:
2006:
1999:
1985:
1981:
1950:
1946:
1915:
1911:
1901:
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1807:
1797:
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1781:
1776:(in Norwegian).
1764:
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1079:
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1037:
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1027:
1017:
1015:
985:
981:
977:
965:
946:
926:
880:
849:Wright brothers
787:
767:
747:
725:, Oregon, USA.
711:-forming fungi
691:
686:
678:Campbell Island
643:Kenai Peninsula
624:
598:
586:
577:
528:
518:
514:
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5:
2677:
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2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2609:
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2605:
2601:wfo-0000481547
2592:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2514:
2501:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
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2469:wfo-0000482639
2460:
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2437:
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2083:
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2075:
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2063:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2038:
2029:
2024:
2010:
2009:External links
2007:
2005:
2004:
1998:978-0896584587
1997:
1979:
1954:Phytochemistry
1944:
1919:Phytochemistry
1909:
1883:
1861:
1831:
1820:(in Norwegian)
1805:
1794:(in Norwegian)
1779:
1766:Vadla, Kjell.
1758:
1706:
1683:
1676:
1658:
1631:
1602:
1576:
1562:
1548:
1511:
1484:(S11): 72–81.
1464:
1449:
1438:(3): 233–246.
1422:
1403:(2): 405–419.
1378:
1341:
1334:
1312:
1305:
1281:
1270:. 26 June 2022
1255:
1241:978-0295997452
1240:
1222:
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1077:
1055:
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978:
976:
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791:Native Alaskan
786:
783:
766:
763:
751:shade tolerant
746:
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690:
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623:
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346:, is a large,
333:
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51:Hoh Rainforest
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2161:
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2110:
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2095:
2089:
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2061:
2058:
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2046:
2042:
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2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
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1913:
1898:. 10 May 2019
1897:
1893:
1887:
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1849:
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1818:Askøyværingen
1815:
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1793:
1789:
1783:
1775:
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1732:
1729:(12): 27–32.
1728:
1724:
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1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1677:0-00-219213-6
1673:
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1308:
1306:9780870445422
1302:
1298:
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1293:
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1269:
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1259:
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1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1165:
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1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
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1008:
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992:
983:
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966:
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958:
953:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
921:
919:
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908:
904:
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896:
888:
884:
875:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
834:
832:
831:Norway spruce
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:David Douglas
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
772:
762:
760:
756:
752:
742:
740:
736:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
715:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
681:
679:
674:
672:
666:
664:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
633:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
603:P. breweriana
593:
591:
581:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
523:
491:
429:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:coast redwood
365:
364:giant sequoia
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
331:2016 and 2019
330:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
304:
300:
298:
293:
287:
285:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
221:
219:
213:
210:
209:Binomial name
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:Tracheophytes
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
78:Least Concern
68:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Sitka spruce
33:
30:
19:
2480:
2078:
2033:
2015:
1988:
1982:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1895:
1892:"c̓əlaqayac"
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1843:
1834:
1824:29 September
1822:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1798:29 September
1796:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1771:
1761:
1753:
1746:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1726:
1722:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1667:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1612:
1605:
1595:30 September
1593:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1565:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1514:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1369:. Retrieved
1364:
1323:
1315:
1291:
1284:
1274:30 September
1272:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1170:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1142:
1110:
1068:. Retrieved
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:
1016:. Retrieved
1002:
996:
990:
982:
956:
954:
947:
934:isorhapontin
927:
911:
907:Grant Hadwin
892:
865:
857:World War II
835:
803:
788:
768:
765:Fire ecology
748:
727:
718:
717:is found on
712:
707:
698:
692:
675:
667:
660:
640:
615:
601:
599:
587:
578:
561:Queets River
529:
425:
397:
344:Sitka spruce
343:
338:
337:
336:
217:
215:
199:
198:
186:
136:Gymnospermae
129:
116:
29:
18:Sitka Spruce
2407:kew-2563578
2304:NatureServe
2239:iNaturalist
2103:Wikispecies
1896:Lushootseed
1876:29 November
1854:29 November
1844:Collections
1792:Aftenposten
1651:29 November
1018:19 November
897:, known as
895:Haida Gwaii
868:spruce beer
775:fire regime
735:bald eagles
703:blue grouse
606:has a more
590:root system
584:Root system
394:Description
297:chromosomes
284:Genome size
2618:Categories
2402:Plant List
2127:Calflora:
2023:(EUFORGEN)
1624:11 January
1532:Forest.jrc
1335:0295981407
1180:1551050455
1134:1141235469
1066:. Conifers
975:References
899:Kiidk'yaas
887:Kiidk'yaas
823:Vest-Agder
777:of severe
730:Sitka deer
671:Vesterålen
651:Fort Bragg
636:Washington
549:Washington
384:documented
348:coniferous
327:completion
306:Sequenced
295:Number of
142:Division:
2496:Q79582998
2205:233500914
2053:(PDF) by
1250:921868759
930:astringin
924:Chemistry
721:trees in
695:ungulates
352:evergreen
308:organelle
261:genome ID
194:Species:
156:Pinopsida
146:Pinophyta
106:Kingdom:
2588:24900428
2583:Tropicos
2549:10582566
2536:263324-1
2490:Wikidata
2453:VASCAN:
2309:2.137451
2270:11035273
2257:676986-1
2117:BioLib:
2088:Wikidata
1748:11 March
1697:Unasylva
1589:ABC News
1506:85059411
1417:16839785
1189:35161377
963:See also
861:Mosquito
842:sailboat
815:invasive
806:forestry
795:caulking
733:used by
596:Taxonomy
325:Year of
176:Pinaceae
172:Family:
83:IUCN 3.1
2523:5284831
2218:5284827
2156:1033696
2094:Q147426
1962:Bibcode
1927:Bibcode
1902:26 June
1541:11 July
1486:Bibcode
1212:15 July
1154:9 April
1070:9 April
1048:24 July
912:In the
889:in 1984
819:Iceland
755:pioneer
684:Ecology
612:derived
517:⁄
507:⁄
497:⁄
483:⁄
473:⁄
463:⁄
449:⁄
439:⁄
413:stomata
405:pulvini
182:Genus:
166:Pinales
162:Order:
152:Class:
110:Plantae
81: (
2562:183310
2415:PLANTS
2384:771664
2342:NZOR:
2283:183309
2192:picsit
2189:FEIS:
2182:150691
1995:
1703:(207).
1674:
1504:
1415:
1371:3 July
1332:
1303:
1248:
1238:
1187:
1177:
1132:
1122:
938:piceid
936:, and
799:shakes
759:climax
737:, and
709:Lichen
647:Alaska
409:leaves
407:. The
374:, and
360:spruce
342:, the
289:20 Gbp
274:Ploidy
2634:Picea
2544:IRMNG
2510:4J2HK
2446:12984
2391:PPE:
2353:NZPCN
2296:42337
2265:IRMNG
2244:68131
2231:28327
2177:EUNIS
2169:PIESI
2143:4HQ4Z
1742:(PDF)
1719:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1502:S2CID
1391:Picea
950:burls
944:Burls
903:Haida
872:syrup
853:Flyer
845:spars
827:Troms
779:crown
616:Picea
608:basal
490:seeds
428:cones
388:Sitka
372:kauri
230:Carr.
226:Bong.
187:Picea
130:Clade
117:Clade
2570:POWO
2557:ITIS
2531:IPNI
2518:GBIF
2456:7178
2428:POWO
2420:PISI
2371:7185
2358:3291
2335:3332
2330:NCBI
2291:IUCN
2278:ITIS
2252:IPNI
2226:GRIN
2213:GBIF
2164:EPPO
2130:6495
2120:2380
1993:ISBN
1904:2023
1878:2013
1856:2013
1826:2017
1800:2017
1750:2010
1672:ISBN
1653:2013
1626:2023
1597:2023
1543:2020
1413:PMID
1373:2015
1330:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1276:2023
1246:OCLC
1236:ISBN
1214:2019
1185:OCLC
1175:ISBN
1156:2012
1130:OCLC
1120:ISBN
1072:2012
1050:2024
1020:2021
1003:2013
838:harp
785:Uses
771:fire
551:and
535:and
526:Size
426:The
400:bark
398:The
266:3332
259:NCBI
2596:WFO
2505:CoL
2464:WFO
2441:RHS
2317:NBN
2200:FNA
2151:EoL
2138:CoL
1970:doi
1935:doi
1731:doi
1494:doi
1440:doi
1405:doi
1007:doi
575:Age
563:in
557:dbh
539:on
53:in
2620::
2598::
2585::
2572::
2559::
2546::
2533::
2520::
2507::
2492::
2466::
2443::
2430::
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