Siward, Earl of Northumbria

752:"fter a short conversation the king took him into his service, and promised him the first position of dignity which became vacant in his realm. After that Siward said farewell, and he and his men took the way back to London. On the bridge not far from the monastery he met the Earl of Huntingdon, Tosti, a Dane by birth; the king hated him because he had married Earl Godwine's daughter, sister to the queen. The earl crossed the foot-bridge so near Siward that he soiled his mantle with his dirty feet; for at that time it was fashionable to wear a mantle without any cord by which to hold it up. Then blood rushed to his heart; yet he checked himself from taking revenge on the spot, because the shame was inflicted upon him by one who was on his way to the king's hall. But he remained standing with his men by the same bridge until Tosti came from the king; then he drew his sword and hacked off Tosti's head, and went with it under his mantle back to the king's hall. Here he asked, according to his promise, to give him the earldom of Huntingdon. But as the earl had just left him, the king thought he was only joking. Then Siward related his deed, and, as sure proof, cast the head down before the king's feet. The king then kept his promise, and proclaimed him at once earl of Huntingdon ... A few days later, the Northmen began to attack the realm. The king then was in a state of uncertainty, and deliberated with the great men of his realm as to what means should be adopted; and they made over with one voice Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland to Earl Siward, and the king invested him with earldom over them". 39: 1279: 928: 461: 1365: 895:

himself, although it is unclear whether the marriage took place before or after Siward killed Eadwulf. Kapelle has pointed out that no ruler of Bamburgh after Uhtred is attested at the English royal court, which he argued "must mean they were in revolt" against the monarchy, and that Siward's attack may therefore have been encouraged by a monarch wishing to crush a rebellious or disloyal vassal. Siward however probably had his own interests too. Killing Eadwulf eliminated his main rival in the north, and the marriage associated him with the family of Uhtred the Bold, and with Uhtred's surviving son

1112:"Around this time Siward, the mighty earl of Northumbria, almost a giant in stature, very strong mentally and physically, sent his son to conquer Scotland. When they came back and reported to his father that he had been killed in battle, he asked 'Did he receive his fatal wound in the front or the back of his body?' The messengers said 'In the front'. Then he said, 'That makes me very happy, for I consider no other death worthy for me or my son'. Then Siward set out for Scotland, and defeated the king in battle, destroyed the whole realm, and having destroyed it, subjected it to himself". 842:. Isolated in Scandinavia, Harthacnut was unable to prevent Harold Harefoot seizing the crown for himself. Ruling England from 1035, Harold died in 1040 just as Harthacnut was preparing an invasion. Arriving soon after Harold's death, Harthacnut reigned in England only two years before his own death in 1042, a death that led to the peaceful succession of Edward. Frank Barlow speculated on Siward's political stance, guessing that during these upheavals Siward assumed "a position of benevolent or prudent neutrality". 1383:"Siward, the stalwart earl, being stricken by dysentery, felt that death was near, and said, "How shameful it is that I, who could not die in so many battles, should have been saved for the ignominious death of a cow! At least clothe me in my impenetrable breastplate, gird me with my sword, place my helmet on my head, my shield in my left hand, my gilded battle-axe in my right, that I, the bravest of soldiers, may die like a soldier." He spoke, and armed as he had requested, he gave up his spirit with honour". 642:, that is, "Bear's Son". This Beorn was Danish by race, a distinguished earl and famous soldier. As a sign, however, that due to part of his ancestry he was of a different species, nature had given him the ears of his father's line, namely those of a bear. In all other features he was of his mother's appearance. And after many manly deeds and military adventures, he begot a son, a tried imitator of his father's strength and military skill. His name was Siward, nicknamed 5273: 1529:. Although no surviving children are attested, and no source states the name of Osbjorn's mother, this marriage has nonetheless raised the possibility that Waltheof and Osbjorn were born to different mothers, and William Kapelle suggested that Siward may have originally intended Osbjorn to inherit his southern territories while Waltheof inherited those territories in the north associated with the family of his mother Ælfflæd. 1463:. This land was stated to have been worth £212, while his son Waltheof was said to have held £136 worth of land across 9 counties. Domesday records give an incomplete picture of Siward's holdings. In total it recorded property worth £348 for Siward and his son, which on its own would compare poorly with the £2493 in value recorded to have been held by the family of the earls of Mercia. Of the latter, however, 1052:, and that no man is to break the peace which was given by Gospatric and Earl Siward. Historians such as Charles Phythian-Adams believed that such phraseology indicated that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers, although others, like William Kapelle, believed that the region had come, were it ever lost, back into English power before Siward's time. 1081:, the clergy were "terrified and overwhelmed by the fearful power of the earl" and "were compelled willy nilly to be reconciled to the bishop, and to admit him into his episcopal see". Despite this, Siward escaped censure in the writings of later Durham monks, something which suggests relations between Siward and Durham were probably good in general. 1089:("earl") named Sihroþ and Sihroð witnessed two charters in 1050, and this may be Siward. There is another attestation in 1050, and his name appears in two dubious witness lists attached to charters dating to 1052 and 1054. Possibly Siward's last historical appearance in English legal documents is in the agreement made—probably at 1151:, written in the early 12th century, relate under the year 1046 that "Earl Siward with a great army came to Scotland, and expelled king Macbeth, and appointed another; but after his departure Mac Bethad recovered his kingdom". Historian William Kapelle thought that this was a genuine event of the 1040s, related to the 1084:

Siward can be found witnessing numerous charters during Edward's reign, though not as many as the Godwinsons; Siward usually comes third in lists of earls, behind Godwine and Leofric but ahead of Godwine's sons and the other earls. He witnessed at least seven, possibly nine, extant charters in 1044,

814:

remained agnostic on the point, although he did argue that Erik must have been dead by 1028. Timothy Bolton, although rejecting Kapelle's argument concerning Carl son of Thurbrand, believed Erik died c. 1023 and that the earldom may have remained vacant for a period. Bolton argued that Cnut left the

997:

relates that although Siward had to call up reinforcements, King Edward was successful and Earl Godwine was temporarily exiled. Earl Godwine remained a threat in exile, and the continued "belligerent support" of Siward and Leofric was thus vital to King Edward's safety. It was apparently, however,

938:

Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good. Neither Siward nor any associates of Siward were punished by Edward in later years. In fact, Siward appears to have been one of Edward's most powerful supporters. On 16 November 1043, Siward, along with Earls Godwine of Wessex

305:("Canute the Great", 1016–1035). Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered most of England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath, rising to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest, he was in control of southern 894:

and other sources write about the same event, they say that Siward attacked and killed Eadwulf. It was thus that Siward became earl of all Northumbria, perhaps the first person to do so since Uhtred the Bold. It is possible that Siward used Ælfflæd's lineage to claim the earldom of Bamburgh for

1467:, Earl of Northumbria on the day of King Edward's death, possessed land worth £968, while Tostig, exiled earl at the time, had land worth £491; both may have come into possession of some of Siward's land in the course of becoming Earls of Northumbria. Moreover, the counties that would become 1335:

Duncan in fact believes that the Battle of the Seven Sleepers did not lead directly to a change of leadership in the Kingdom of Scotland. It has been suggested that the chief consequence of Siward's expedition was not the overthrow of Mac Bethad, but the transfer of British territory—perhaps

1143:

attacked northern Northumbria and besieged Durham. Within a year, Macbeth had deposed and killed Donnchad. The failed siege occurred a year before Siward attacked and killed Earl Eadwulf of Bamburgh, and though no connection between the two events is clear it is likely that they were linked.

696:

Historian Timothy Bolton has recently argued that the similarities between these genealogies is evidence of a shared family tradition between the descendants of Siward and Thorgil Sprakling. Bolton hypothesized that Siward's alleged father Bjorn was probably a historical figure, a brother of

1286:

The purpose of Siward's invasion is unclear, but it may be related to the identity of the "Máel Coluim" (Malcolm) mentioned in the sources. The early 12th-century chronicle attributed to John of Worcester, probably using an earlier source, wrote that Siward defeated Macbeth and made

1210:

At this time earl Siward went with a great army into Scotland, with both fleet and a land-force; and fought against the Scots, and put to flight the king Macbeth, and slew all that were best in the land, and brought thence much war-spoil, such as no man obtained before;

1336:

previously lying under Scottish suzerainty—to Northumbrian overlordship. Alex Woolf has posited that, in such a context, Máel Coluim might have been a discontented Cumbrian prince who had been forced to "put himself under English protection". Evidence for Northumbrian control of

709:

and founded the dynasty of Danish monarchs that eventually succeeded Cnut's. Bolton argued that the Sprakling family had only recently risen to prominence in Scandinavia, and so Siward's career in England was another indication of that family's success in Scandinavian politics.

801:

last appeared in the historical sources in 1023, leaving a ten-year gap during which Siward could have taken the position. Although William of Malmesbury asserted that Erik was driven back to Scandinavia, Scandinavian tradition firmly maintained he died in England. Historian

583:, formed an older British stronghold and experienced links with and settlement of Gaels, while in the rest of Northumbria; British (predominantly in Yorkshire and further North) English and Anglo-Scandinavian(generally restricted to the eastern coasts) regional magnates— 1306:

attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The latter reported that Mac Bethad was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Mac Bethad outlived Siward by two years.

1315:

entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified Máel Coluim "son of the king of the Cumbrians" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as

1410:, fearing to die "like a cow" and wishing rather to die like a soldier, he clothed himself in armour and took to hand an axe and shield. Ennobled in such a manner, Siward died. This anecdote is of doubtful historicity, and is thought to be derived from the 1205:

Her ferde Siward eolr mid miclum here on Scotland, ægðer ge mid scyphere 7 mid landfyrde, 7 feaht wið Scottas, 7 aflymde þone kyng Macbeoðen, 7 ofsloh eall þæt þær betst wæs on þam lande, 7 lædde þonan micele herehuðe swilce nan man ær ne

914:

Edward. As an ætheling, a royal prince with a present or likely future claim on the throne, Edward appears to have been invited back by Harthacnut in 1041, fortuitously smoothing over the coming change in ruler. Edward was crowned king on

1036:, thought by some historians to have been lost to Strathclyde, back under Northumbrian lordship. The evidence comes from a document known to historians as "Gospatric's Writ". This is a written instruction, issued either by the future 1451:

declared that Siward was "not a statesman, but a Danish warrior of the primitive type". Writers in the half-century after his death remembered Siward as a strong ruler who brought peace and suppressed brigandage.

952: 810:) for the king in Yorkshire. Carl retained this position, it was argued, even after Siward was installed as earl a few years later, but from then on he acted as a deputy to the earl rather than to the king. 1490:

Siward is said to have built a church dedicated to St Olaf at Galmanho, York. The record of his burial in this church is the only notice of a non-royal lay burial inside a church in pre-Norman England.

1892:

Dumville, D. N. (2001). "St Cathróe of Metz and the hagiography of exoticism". In John Carey, Máire Herbert and Pádraig Ó Riain (ed.). Studies in Irish Hagiography. Dublin. p. 177. ISBN 978-1851824861.

1268:

A battle between the men of Scotland and the English; and in it fell three thousand of the men of Scotland, and one thousand five hundred of the English, including Dolfin, Finntur's son;

1435:

Material incorporated in two surviving sources is thought by some to attest to the existence of a lost saga or some other kind of literary tradition concerning Siward's life. The first source is the

966:(later King William I), was to be his heir. Others said to have made that oath were Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, along with Stigand, who had been pardoned in 1044, and raised to 2028:("bear spirit") strengthens the idea that Siward's father was actually called Bjorn); alternatively, the earlier version in John of Worcester may have been the source for both (Christiansen, 512:

kingdoms in addition to England, power at the highest level was delegated to such strongmen. In England, it fell to a handful of newly promoted "ealdormen" or "earls", who each ruled a

618:(a certain nobleman whom the Lord, contrary to what normally happens in human procreation, allowed to be created from a white bear as a father and a noblewoman as a mother), begot 394:

Source material on Siward's life and career is scarce. No contemporary or near-contemporary biography has survived, and narratives from around the time of his life such as the

5257: 1499:, Heslington Hill near York, was most likely named after Earl Siward, although probably because Siward held popular courts there rather than because it was his burial place. 508:

five decades later. These "new men" were military figures, usually with weak hereditary links to the West Saxon royal house that Cnut had deposed. As Cnut ruled several

1521:

Besides Ælfflæd, Siward is known to have been married to a woman named Godgifu, who died before Siward. The marriage is known from a grant she made of territory around

2067:, pp. 128, 131, for discussion of the raven banner and the old man on the hill as Oðinn; Siward's dragon-slaying can be compared to the dragon-slaying of his namesake 1506:

before becoming Earl of Northumbria. When Waltheof rebelled against William the Conqueror, however, the act led to his execution and to his subsequent veneration as a

1483:

were largely omitted from the survey, while, besides being only very poorly documented, the lands in Yorkshire had been severely devastated and devalued during the

1275:

Dolfin is unidentified, but may have been a relation of Macbeth's enemy Crínán of Dunkeld, on the basis that some of Crínán's descendants may have borne this name.

906:

of John of Worcester related that, because of an attack on two of Harthacnut's tax-collectors there, Siward took part in a reprisal on the city and monastery of

1244:

and Hugh, who had joined Macbeth earlier after fleeing from England, were killed in the battle. The battle is mentioned in the Irish annals too, briefly in the

2115:

Aird, "Siward"; this account (see box) he story relates that Siward slew Tostig, and as a reward the king (Edward the Confessor) granted Siward the earldom of

1883:

Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ivarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1903765890.

4085:

Libellus de exordio atque procursu istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis, ecclesie = Tract on the origins and progress of this the Church of Durham / Symeon of Durham

1791:

See, for a list and discussion of Cnut's earls, Keynes, "Cnut's earls", pp. 43–88; the term was, by Cnut's reign, interchangeable with the Scandinavian word

5103: 4806: 4209: 1159:, Donnchad's father; Kapelle thought that Siward had tried to place Crínán's son and Donnchad's brother Maldred on the Scottish throne. Another historian, 1040:, or Gospatric, son of Earl Uhtred, that was addressed to all Gospatric's kindred and to the notables dwelling in the "all the lands that were Cumbrian" ( 1295:). The identity of Máel Coluim and the reasons for Siward's help are controversial. The traditional historical interpretation was that "Máel Coluim" is 1217:

ac his sunu Osbarn, 7 his sweostor suna Sihward, 7 of his huscarlum 7 eac þæs cynges wurdon þær ofslægene on þone dæg Septem Dormientium..

539:

Northern England in the 11th-century was a region quite distinct from the rest of the country. The former kingdom of Northumbria stretched from the

4319:

Bolton, Timothy (2009), "The Empire of Cnut the Great: Conquest and the Consolidation of Power in Northern Europe in the Early Eleventh Century",

1288: 1443:

origin, and in the process recounts certain adventures of his father Siward. The second major witness of the tradition is Henry of Huntingdon's

4072:

Chronica regum Manniae et Insularum: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys from the Manuscript Codex in the British Museum, with Historical Notes

4452:

Saxon Grammaticus Books X–XVI The Text of the First Edition with Translation and Commentary in Three Volumes. Vol. I: Books X, XI, XII and XIII

1282:

Anachronistic early 19th-century depiction by John Martin of Mac Bethad (centre-right) watching Siward's Northumbrian army approaching (right)

4040:

Chroniques Anglo-Normandes: recueil d'extraits et d'écrits relatifs à l'histoire de Normandie et d'Angleterre pendant les XIe et XIIe siècles

440:(compiled and written as extant between the late 11th century and the first half of the 12th century). Legendary material, such as that in 1264:

Cath eter firu Alban & Saxanu i torchradur tri mile do Feraib Alban & mile co leth do Shaxanaib im Dolfinn m. Finntuir.

1447:, which contains extracts of saga-like material relating to Siward's invasion of Scotland (1054) and his death (1055). The Anglo-Saxonist 1182:

has its origins in later medieval legend. The earliest mention of Dunsinane as the location of the battle is in the early 15th century by

5288: 1459:

of 1086 recorded 4 manors, 3 in Yorkshire and 1 in Derbyshire, owned directly by Earl Siward in 1066, all of them subsequently held by

689:, states that Siward was the son of a Scandinavian earl named Bjorn and provides a genealogy claiming that he was the descendant of a 5283: 4345:

Bolton, Timothy (2007), "Was the Family of Earl Siward and Earl Waltheof a Lost Line of the Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?",

815:

earldom of Northumbria empty and appears to have paid it little attention until the last years of his reign, and another northerner

504:. Most important was the reign of Cnut, in which so many new political figures rose to power that some historians compare it to the 5093:

Thomson, R. M. (2004). "Malmesbury, William of (b. c.1090, d. in or after 1142), historian, man of letters, and Benedictine monk".

38: 360:, Siward defeated Mac Bethad in battle in 1054. More than half a millennium later the adventure in Scotland earned him a place in 1502:

One of Siward's sons is known to have survived him, Waltheof, whose mother was Ælfflæd. Waltheof later rose to be an earl in the

563:, and subsequent control was exerted through the agency of at least two ealdormen, one to the north and one to the south of the 4713:, ASNC Guides, Texts, and Studies, 5, Cambridge: Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic Studies, University of Cambridge, 4323:, The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D.: Peoples, Economies and Cultures, volume 40, Leiden: Brill, 888:, Earl of Bamburgh, was "betrayed" by King Harthacnut. The "betrayal" seems to have been carried out by Siward; since when the 1013:

addressed to Siward as earl in these shires. Siward's predecessors as earl in these areas were other Scandinavians, Thuri and

5230: 5209: 5084: 5043: 5025: 4995: 4977: 4947: 4867: 4847: 4787: 4765: 4747: 4718: 4693: 4672: 4654: 4636: 4615: 4594: 4573: 4552: 4531: 4513: 4495: 4477: 4459: 4438: 4385: 4328: 4310: 4292: 4271: 4250: 4182: 4155: 4134: 4113: 4092: 4025: 3991: 3970: 3949: 3931: 3910: 3889: 806:

believed that Erik ceased to be earl in or soon after 1023, and that Carl son of Thurbrand was appointed hold or high-reeve (

1055:

A little can be said about Siward's relations with the Northumbrian church, in particular with regard to his relations with

5300: 4889:

Morris, Christopher J. (1992), "Marriage and Murder in eleventh-century Northumbria: a study of 'De Obsessiones Dunelmi'",

1460: 998:

the reluctance of these two earls to fight Earl Godwine that contributed to Godwine's re-establishment in England in 1052.

4909: 4857: 3963:

Henry of Huntingdon: The History of the English People 1000–1154/ Translated from the Latin with an Introduction and Notes

1546: 1299:, known sometimes today as Malcolm III or Malcolm Canmore, and that Siward was attempting to oust Macbeth in his favour. 797:

Although it is clear that Siward was earl by 1033, he may have attained the position somewhat earlier. His predecessor

962:, claimed that Siward was among those who had sworn an oath to uphold Edward the Confessor's alleged declaration that 1558: 2020:, vol. i, p. 190). Saxo may have borrowed from Siward's story and genealogy when he wrote his account of Sprakling ( 902:

There may nonetheless be a connection between the murder of Eadwulf and events further south. For the same year the

5262: 5008:, Edinburgh University Publications: History, Philosophy and Economics No. 4, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 4568:, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series, volume 15, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 452:, is not generally regarded as useful beyond its limited potential for cleanly preserving earlier source material. 171: 5160:"'Cockles amongst the wheat': Danes and English in the Western Midlands in the First Half of the Eleventh Century" 1518:, and through this connection Siward became one of the many ancestors of the later Scottish and British monarchs. 5137:

Hagiographica: Rivista di Agiografia e Biografia della Società Internazionale per Lo Studio del Medio Evo Latino

1324:

and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of the Strathclyde British king

3833:

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: An edition with TEI P4 markup, expressed in XML and translated to XHTML1.1 using XSL

3405: 1037: 896: 1439:, a hagiographic history of Siward's cult-inspiring son Waltheof. This text contains an account of Waltheof's 1068: 947:, helping the king to deprive the queen of her huge treasury. Edward then accused Emma of treason and deposed 5426: 1871:

Anderson, AO (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286. I. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. p. 441.

686: 371: 4508:, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th Series, xxvii, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1302:

The traditional historical interpretation that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada derives from the

2138:, "Siward Digri", pp. 215–16; even though there is evidence that a prominent magnate named Tostig—but not 1296: 4280: 2142:—was active during the period, Edward did not become king until 1042, and this story like others in the 857:, between 1040 and 1042, of an earlier grant made by Cnut. In 1042, he witnessed grants by Harthacnut to 4108:, Facsimile reprint of 1987, from Church Historians of England, vol. iii. 2 (1858), Lampeter: Llanerch, 1029:

of Mercia. It was this area, rather than Northumbria, to which Siward's descendants were most attached.

353: 5296: 1515: 375: 143: 1063:

claimed by the bishops of Durham. Acquisition of these estates might have brought opposition from the

822:

When Cnut died in 1035, there were a number of rival claimants for his throne. These included his son

595:—exercised a considerable degree of independence from the ealdormen. One such example was the magnate 559:(Scotland). Northumbria had been united with the West Saxon English kingdom only in the 950s, by King 1140: 1128: 1071:

the incumbent had been expelled by the clergy of Durham in either 1045 or 1046 and, according to the

1064: 963: 910:. Harthacnut reigned only another year, dying on 8 June 1042. He was succeeded by the exiled English 717:

provides further legendary detail of Siward's journey from Scandinavia to England. According to the

5193: 5155: 4775: 4624: 4426: 4259: 4143: 4034: 4013: 3898: 3795:

Lewis, "Waltheof"; Scott, "Earl Waltheof", pp. 206–07; Watkins, "Cult of Earl Waltheof", pp. 95–101

1718: 975: 850: 529: 293:("the stout") are given to him by near-contemporary texts. It is possible Siward may have been of 4321:

The Northern World Nw; North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD; Peoples, Economies and Cultures

862: 301:, although this is speculative. He emerged as a regional strongman in England during the reign of 5393: 4782:, Alecto County Edition of Domesday Book, 24, London: Alecto Historical Editions, pp. 1–41, 4433:, Alecto County Edition of Domesday Book, 1, London: Alecto Historical Editions, pp. 18–34, 2119:. Soon after, Siward obtained Northumbria too; for text and translations of account, see Michel, 1059:. As a result of Siward's marriage to Ælfflæd, Siward gained possession of a group of estates in 4893:, Borthwick Paper No. 82, York: Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, 839: 5159: 4965: 4856:

Maund, K. L. (1988), "The Welsh Alliances of Earl Ælfgar of Mercia", in Brown, R. Allen (ed.),

4049: 1522: 1156: 885: 873: 816: 552: 521: 325: 317: 94: 3187: 3159: 3151: 3123: 3115: 3087: 3079: 3071: 3063: 3055: 3047: 3039: 3031: 3023: 3015: 3007: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2967: 2959: 2951: 2943: 2120: 2080: 1937: 1455:

Siward died more than a decade before the death of Edward the Confessor, but despite this the

790:, in 1033. This charter attestation can be identified as Siward the earl because he is styled 778:

Siward", but it is impossible to securely identify any of these names with the man who became

665:

Historians generally claim Siward to be of Scandinavian origin, a conclusion supported by the

2404: 2388: 2360: 2332: 2185: 2163:

Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 65; several of Cnut's Danish earls appear earliest with the style

1724: 1484: 1464: 1345: 1090: 425: 408: 51: 971: 402: 5431: 1988:

of Denmark; and the genealogy of Sweyn's brother Earl Bjorn recorded by John of Worcester (

967: 932: 866: 835: 501: 333: 250: 4070: 1167:

entry was probably referring to the invasion of Siward in 1054, but misplaced under 1046.

970:

in 1047. If this did happen, it was probably during or a little before spring 1051, when

757: — A saga-like description of Siward's accession to power in England, taken from the 8: 5365: 5339: 5331: 4582: 4066: 3384: 1985: 1712: 1393: 1246: 1175: 1073: 1006: 959: 890: 811: 782:. The earliest certain contemporary record of Siward occurs in a charter of King Cnut to 779: 770:

offers a legendary account. Charters dating to 1019, 1024, 1032, 1033 and 1035 mention a

706: 429: 361: 741:

and instructed him to proceed to London to receive the patronage of the king of England.

316:

Siward entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of

5399: 5198: 4798: 3848: 1526: 1353: 907: 787: 596: 266: 3984:

Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People / Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon

831: 5226: 5205: 5182: 5144: 5080: 5061: 5039: 5021: 4991: 4973: 4943: 4924: 4894: 4873: 4863: 4843: 4783: 4761: 4743: 4724: 4714: 4689: 4668: 4650: 4632: 4611: 4590: 4569: 4548: 4527: 4509: 4491: 4473: 4455: 4447: 4434: 4414: 4381: 4362: 4334: 4324: 4306: 4288: 4267: 4246: 4188: 4178: 4151: 4150:, Alecto Historical Editions (Penguin Classics ed.), London: Penguin Books Ltd, 4130: 4122: 4109: 4088: 4021: 3987: 3966: 3945: 3927: 3919: 3906: 3903:

The Life of King Edward who Rests at Westminster attributed to a monk of Saint-Bertin

3885: 3877: 3865: 2001: 1554: 1341: 1183: 1098: 940: 698: 560: 449: 436:(writing between c. 1114 and 1141). Other sources include the material attributed to 421: 161: 1329: 1278: 1170:

During the invasion of 1054, a battle was fought somewhere in Scotland north of the

1155:

entry for 1045 that reported a "battle between the Scots" which led to the death of

1001:

There is evidence to suggest that Siward extended his power southward, bringing the

5383: 5174: 5108: 5034:

Sawyer, Peter (1994), "Cnut's Scandinavian Empire", in Rumble, Alexander R. (ed.),

4811: 4603: 4406: 4354: 4214: 4101: 2139: 1981: 1492: 1252: 1241: 1221:

And there were slain his son Osbjorn, and his sister's son Siward, and some of his

1014: 1002: 944: 437: 321: 278: 223: 194: 110: 17: 5127: 4830: 4233: 989:, mobilised forces in defence of the king against a rebellion by Earl Godwine and 783: 766:

The exact date and context of Siward's arrival in England are unknown, though the

328:

in 1041, Siward gained control of all Northumbria. He supported Cnut's successors

5371: 5325: 4681: 4540: 4038: 4000: 3408:

being the same as Crínán of Dunkeld, something which is now in doubt; see Woolf,

3346:, pp. 172–73, for a discussion of the possibility that Dunsinane was the location 2776: 2147: 1364: 1308: 1056: 990: 986: 927: 877: 827: 803: 798: 556: 505: 493: 433: 383: 99: 89: 5225:, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1418:

states that Siward died at York and was buried in "the monastery of St Olaf" at

854: 655: — A description of Siward's ancestry and his father Beorn, taken from the 516:

or group of shires on behalf of the king. Siward was, in the words of historian

5112: 5013: 4881: 4815: 4218: 4080: 3979: 3958: 1706: 1511: 1472: 1428: 1340:

in this period includes 11th-century Northumbrian masonry found at the site of

1226: 1179: 1171: 1117: — A description of Osbjorn's death and Siward's reaction, taken from the 858: 548: 533: 525: 489: 445: 396: 336:

with vital military aid and counsel, and probably gained control of the middle

302: 5095: 4796:

Lewis, C. P. (2004). "Waltheof, earl of Northumbria (c. 1050–1076), magnate".

4686:

The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation, 1000–1135

4410: 4378:

Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain: From the Picts to Alexander III

4201: 4177:, Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1135:. The origin of Siward's conflict with the Scots is unclear. According to the 488:

Siward's career in northern England spanned the reigns of four monarchs; from

348:

by the 1050s. There is some evidence that he spread Northumbrian control into

5420: 5279: 5186: 5148: 5072: 5065: 4928: 4898: 4877: 4728: 4561: 4418: 4366: 4338: 4192: 1503: 1468: 1456: 1448: 1373: 1132: 1026: 517: 413: 357: 166: 5178: 4397:(2004), "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, c. 900–c. 1200", 2032:, vol. i, p. 190, who nevertheless believes Saxo may have had access to the 4935: 4735: 4702: 4394: 4373: 4199:

Aird, William M. (2004). "Siward, earl of Northumbria (d. 1055), magnate".

2016:) father of Bjorn and Sweyn, was similarly born from a bear (Christiansen, 1321: 1317: 1018: 738: 588: 544: 4970:

Land of the Cumbrians: A Study in British Provincial Origins A.D. 400–1120

3942:

The Chronicle of John of Worcester. Volume II, The Annals from 450 To 1066

3924:

The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis; Volume II, Books III and IV

603:, whose family were frequently at odds with the ruling earls at Bamburgh. 520:, "the third man in Cnut's new triumvirate of earls", the other two being 1992:, "Siward Digri", pp. 218–19, 234; Darlington, McGurk & Bray (eds.), 1480: 1337: 1174:, a battle known variously as the "Battle of the Seven Sleepers" or the " 730: 509: 441: 341: 306: 294: 124: 4706: 4649:, The Ward Bequest, volume 10, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 4358: 2741:, p. 89, n. 5; Williams, "'Cockles amongst the Wheat'", pp. 11, 20 n. 61 2024:, "Siward Digri", p. 234, noting in n. 1 that the name of Siward's son, 1687:, passim; for particular relevant analysis, see sources used by Duncan, 1189:

The earliest contemporary English account of the battle is found in the

911: 5218: 4905: 2116: 1977: 1476: 1325: 1160: 1033: 916: 823: 690: 600: 592: 580: 576: 564: 497: 473: 349: 345: 329: 4774:

Lewis, C. P. (1991), "An Introduction to the Lancashire Domesday", in

1795:, which supplanted the former by the end of the 11th-century (Crouch, 955:, from his position "because he was closest to his mother's counsel". 3404:, p. 89; the relationship is dependent on the Crínán, grandfather of 1407: 1222: 1194: 1049: 310: 282: 4960:, 2 vols. (reprinted Wiesbaden: Sändig, 1969 ed.), Munich: Beck 3355: 2661: 2564: 2448: 2444: 1980:

noted the correspondence between Siward's genealogy and two others:

1293:

Malcolmum, regis Cumbrorum filium, ut rex jusserat, regem constituit

4303:

The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England

2707:, p. 595 (n. 1 from p. 594); Cain, "Introduction", p. 31; Kapelle, 2009: 1419: 1349: 1060: 1025:), showing that this earldom represented the earlier polity of the 702: 568: 469: 298: 1085:

six or seven in 1045, two in 1046, one in 1048 and one in 1049. A

734: 481: 416:

histories may or may not be reliable, but useful ones include the

3884:(1991 revised & corrected ed.), Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1376:, a 19th-century representation of Earl Siward readying for death 1127:

Siward is perhaps most famous for his expedition in 1054 against

1094: 1044:); it ordered that one Thorfinn mac Thore be free in all things ( 979: 948: 575:. It was a politically fragmented region. The western part, from 366: 4862:, vol. XI, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, pp. 181–90, 4425:

Cain, Tom (1987), "An Introduction to the Rutland Domesday", in

849:("Earl Siward"), witnessing a charter of King Harthacnut to the 406:

scarcely mention him; historians depend on a few entries in the

5135:

Watkins, Carl (1996), "The Cult of Earl Waltheof at Crowland",

4707:"An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670–1066" 4545:

The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence

2068: 1440: 726: 722: 540: 4018:

Hugh the Chanter: The History of the Church of York, 1066–1127

1782:, pp. 81–102; Sawyer, ""Cnut's Scandinavian empire", pp. 10–22 1577:

was cognate to the single Old Norse name written variously as

571:, while the latter is associated with the great Roman city of 352:. In the early 1050s, Siward turned against the Scottish king 238: 232: 209: 1507: 922: 775: 584: 513: 460: 337: 203: 5018:

Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom

4175:

St Cuthbert and the Normans: The Church of Durham, 1071–1153

3940:

Darlington, R. R.; McGurk, P.; Bray, Jennifer, eds. (1995),

1736:, pp. xlii–l, lxxvii–xci, et passim, for a recent discussion 4007:, The Ward Bequest, Manchester: Manchester University Press 3870:

Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500 to 1286 (2 vols)

1792: 1732:

is likely to have been "authored" by Symeon; see Rollason,

1411: 1010: 872:

Siward was, at some stage, married to Ælfflæd, daughter of

744: 572: 477: 465: 379: 274: 47: 5052:

Scott, Forrest S. (1952), "Earl Waltheof of Northumbria",

4859:

Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference

4287:, New Oxford History of England, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3965:, Oxford World Classics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3926:, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3831: 2045:

Bolton, "Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?", pp. 42–71

4472:, Oxford Historical Monographs, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3882:

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286

1549:

Pronouncing Shakespeare's Words: A Guide from A to Zounds

733:. There he encountered another dragon, before meeting an 4758:

Cnut: The Danes in England in the Early Eleventh Century

2588:, pp. 76–77, & n. 1 on p. 1, for the quote from the 1402:

The 12th-century historian, Henry of Huntingdon, in his

1388: — A description of Siward's death, taken from the 1178:". The tradition that the battle actually took place at 4738:(1994), "Cnut's Earls", in Rumble, Alexander R. (ed.), 853:. He witnessed a confirmation granted by Harthacnut to 5038:, London: Leicester University Press, pp. 10–22, 5036:

The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway

4742:, London: Leicester University Press, pp. 43–88, 4740:

The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway

3455:

Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", pp. 133–34; Duncan,

2054:

Bolton, "Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?", p. 71

1618:, i. 3); Aird, "Siward"; see also reference in on the 16:

For the Earl of Orkney also called Sigurðr digri, see

4665:

The Northern Conquest, Vikings in Britain and Ireland

4285:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225

3628:, p. 48, n. 114; Darlington, McGurk and Bray (eds.), 1101:, and Earl Leofric, dating to between 1053 and 1055. 659:, a saint's life dedicated to Siward's son Waltheof. 235: 229: 206: 200: 4587:

Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England

4506:

Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship. Yorkshire, 1066–1154

4075:, vol. i (Rev. ed.), Douglas: Manx Society 2293:, p. 48; see Idem pp. 28–53 for more general picture 1077:, only returned by bribing Siward. According to the 297:

or Anglo-Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of

241: 212: 4106:

Symeon of Durham: A History of the Kings of England

2215:, p. 131; Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 66; Rollason, 2183:Aird, "Siward"; Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", pp. 65–66; 226: 197: 5197: 5094: 4797: 4200: 4087:, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 4020:, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3944:, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3782: 3780: 1679:For source discussion in this period, see Lawson, 1236:John of Worcester, using a related version of the 1046:þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges 1021:; the former was styled "earl of the Midlanders" ( 567:. The former is associated with the stronghold of 5079:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4610:, vol. 1, c. 550–c.1307, London: Routledge, 4454:, BAR International Series 84, Oxford: B. A. R., 1131:, an expedition that cost Siward his eldest son, 1032:Likewise, it has been argued that Siward brought 5418: 4958:Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte. Vol. I 3494:Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", p. 134; Oram, 705:, the earl of Denmark who married Cnut's sister 468:(Note that the Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of 4988:Beowulf and the Dragon: Parallels and Analogues 4524:Death and Burial in Medieval England, 1066–1550 4470:The English Nobility under Edward the Confessor 3777: 3583: 3581: 2301: 2299: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1104: 943:, marched with King Edward against his mother, 374:, who would eventually succeed to Northumbria. 5241:The Cultivation of Saga in Anglo-Saxon England 4840:The House of Godwine: The History of a Dynasty 4488:The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300 1972:For a collection of such accounts see Panzer, 1761: 1759: 1344:as well as early 12th-century claims from the 701:. Siward would then have been first cousin to 685:), the hagiographic biography of Siward's son 2179: 2177: 1289:Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians 985:In 1051 Siward, along with Earls Leofric and 693:, a commonplace piece of Germanic folklore. 5292:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5107:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4810:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4213:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3612: 3610: 3578: 3375:, vol. ii, pp. 572 n. 2, 573, 574 n. 12, 575 3358:, s.a. 1054; translation based on Anderson, 2296: 1925: 1807: 1805: 1544: 1225:, and also of the king's, on the day of the 1009:in the 1050s. The evidence comes from royal 5414:11th-century Earl of Northumbria in England 5348:Earldom of Bernicia incorporated by Siward 5266:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 4127:English Historical Documents. , c. 500–1042 3632:, vol. ii, pp. 576, & n. 5; Stevenson, 1756: 1406:, relates that when Siward was attacked by 4904: 2174: 2135: 2132:England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 2103: 2021: 1989: 1879: 1877: 923:English affairs under Edward the Confessor 737:-like old man on a hill, who handed him a 677:). Legendary material incorporated in the 614:"The Stories of the ancients tell us that 356:("Macbeth"). Despite the death of his son 37: 5020:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4631:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4547:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 4431:The Northamptonshire and Rutland Domesday 4380:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 3905:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3607: 1802: 599:, a hold in Yorkshire, probably based in 3853:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003 2605:, p. 107, n. 1. The passage is quote in 2000:, vol. i, pp. 29–30). Saxo related that 1363: 1277: 926: 745:Career under Cnut, Harold and Harthacnut 459: 432:(writing between c. 1133 and 1154), and 370:. Siward died in 1055, leaving one son, 5104:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5097:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4807:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4800:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4210:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4203:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3425:, vol. ii, pp. 574–75; see also Woolf, 2493: 2430: 2428: 1874: 958:The Norman propagandist and historian, 819:rose to power in the political vacuum. 5419: 1414:devoted to Earl Siward, now lost. The 1005:into his control in the 1040s and the 313:, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf. 4566:Kings & Lords in Conquest England 4148:Domesday Book: A Complete Translation 1996:, vol. ii, pp. 548–49; Christiansen, 1139:, in 1039 or 1040, the Scottish king 5301:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 4165: 3759:Death and Burial in Medieval England 3371:Darlington, McGurk and Bray (eds.), 2425: 1824:Lewis, "Introduction", p. 6; Woolf, 428:(writing between c. 1125 and 1142), 412:and comparable Irish sources. Later 324:. After killing Ealdred's successor 5200:The English and the Norman Conquest 4940:David I: The King Who Made Scotland 4305:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4266:, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1597:, p. 119. He was known in Latin as 1591:Chronica regum Manniae et Insularum 1359: 13: 3823: 3684:See Williams & Martin (eds.), 444:or later medieval sources such as 424:(compiled between 1124 and 1140), 14: 5443: 5249: 5204:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 4629:The Aristocracy of Norman England 4129:, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 3850:The Annals of Ulster, AD 431–1201 3387:; translation based on Anderson, 2512:Aird, "Siward"; Whitelock (ed.), 1644:Thomson, "Malmesbury, William of" 1461:Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester 1042:on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres 978:, was journeying to Rome for his 669:, which states that Siward was " 5271: 5263:Dictionary of National Biography 4910:"Siward Digri of Northumberland" 4842:, London: Hambledon and London, 4069:; Goss, Alexander, eds. (1988), 3798: 3789: 3764: 3751: 3734: 3721: 3708: 3695: 3678: 3665: 3652: 3639: 3594: 3557: 3544: 3531: 3518: 3505: 3488: 3475: 3462: 3449: 2783:, no. 121, pp. 419–23; Kapelle, 1379: 1352:(1051–1060) had consecrated two 1165:Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham 1149:Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham 1108: 748: 610: 222: 193: 5223:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 4891:St. Anthony's Hall Publications 4711:Asnc Guides, Texts, and Studies 3432: 3415: 3394: 3378: 3365: 3349: 3328: 3315: 3302: 3289: 3276: 3259: 3242: 3221: 3208: 3180: 3144: 3108: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2897: 2880: 2863: 2846: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2794: 2770: 2757: 2744: 2727: 2714: 2697: 2684: 2671: 2655: 2638: 2625: 2612: 2595: 2578: 2558: 2545: 2532: 2519: 2506: 2480: 2467: 2454: 2437: 2381: 2353: 2325: 2312: 2283: 2270: 2257: 2244: 2231: 2222: 2201: 2157: 2109: 2096: 2073: 2057: 2048: 2039: 1966: 1953: 1908: 1895: 1886: 1865: 1848: 1831: 1818: 1785: 1772: 1739: 1311:argued in 2002 that, using the 4146:; Martin, G. H., eds. (2003), 3731:, pp. 191–94, 205, 215–17, 220 3630:Chronicle of John of Worcester 3406:Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria 3373:Chronicle of John of Worcester 1994:Chronicle of John of Worcester 1704:The texts in question are the 1698: 1673: 1660: 1647: 1638: 1625: 1604: 1567: 1538: 1514:. Waltheof's daughter married 1038:Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria 679:Vita et passio Waldevi comitis 484:are not included in this map). 1: 5004:Ritchie, R. L. Græme (1954), 4608:Historical Writing in England 4522:Daniell, Christopher (1970), 4245:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 4012:Johnson, Charles; Brett, M.; 3818: 2890:, pp. 53–54; Rollason (ed.), 2856:, pp. 43–44; Phythian-Adams, 2787:, pp. 42–43; Phythian-Adams, 2228:Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 58 2146:is regarded as fanciful; see 1593:, vol. i, p. 140; Stevenson, 1426:, John of Worcester, and the 551:, where, passing the western 455: 5310:Siward, Earl of Northumbria 5243:, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd 5128:UK public library membership 4917:Saga-Book of the Viking Club 4831:UK public library membership 4778:; Erskine, R. W. H. (eds.), 4429:; Erskine, R. W. H. (eds.), 4234:UK public library membership 4016:; et al., eds. (1990), 3872:, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd 3438:See, for instance, Ritchie, 3385:Annals of Ulster, s. a. 1054 3342:, pp. 35–36; see Aitchison, 2694:, p. 119; William, "Godwine" 2514:English Historical Documents 2106:, "Siward Digri", pp. 215–16 1545:Dale F. Coye (12 May 2014). 1250:and more extensively in the 1105:Expedition against the Scots 845:Siward is found in 1038, as 547:estuaries, northward to the 386:are associated with Siward. 7: 4990:, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 4972:, Aldershot: Scolar Press, 4347:Nottingham Medieval Studies 3986:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3688:, pp. 744, 802–03; Clarke, 1573:The English name Siward or 1422:, a claim confirmed by the 1328:, perhaps by a daughter of 606: 10: 5448: 4956:Panzer, Friedrich (1996), 4688:, London: Croom Helm Ltd, 4663:Holman, Katharine (2007), 4051:New Regesta Regum Anglorum 3808:, p. 53, n. 160; Kapelle, 2929:For a survey, see Keynes, 2122:Chroniques Anglo-Normandes 2082:Chroniques Anglo-Normandes 2036:or the sources behind it). 1939:Chroniques Anglo-Normandes 1683:, pp. 39–80 and Gransden, 1516:David I, King of the Scots 1240:, adds that Normans named 729:there before moving on to 500:, into the early years of 389: 289:and its Latin translation 15: 5390: 5380: 5363: 5353: 5337: 5322: 5308: 4986:Rauer, Christine (2000), 4589:, London: Penguin Books, 4468:Clarke, Peter A. (1994), 4411:10.3366/inr.2004.55.2.111 4173:Aird, William M. (1998), 3675:, p. 54, and notes 163–63 3231:, p. 53; Rollason (ed.), 2207:Aird, "Siward"; Kapelle, 1297:Máel Coluim mac Donnchada 1129:Macbeth, King of Scotland 964:William, Duke of Normandy 178: 160: 150: 138: 130: 120: 116: 106: 85: 77: 72: 64: 59: 50:) in a manuscript of the 36: 27: 4667:, Oxford: Signal Books, 4301:Baxter, Stephen (2007), 4241:Aitchison, Nick (1999), 3649:, pp. 75–76, 127–33, 136 2069:Sigurd the Dragon-Slayer 1797:Image of the Aristocracy 1719:De primo Saxonum adventu 1532: 976:Archbishop of Canterbury 851:Abbey of Bury St Edmunds 834:and Edward (later, King 721:, Siward passed through 354:Mac Bethad mac Findlaích 5289:Encyclopædia Britannica 5179:10.1179/mdh.1986.11.1.1 5006:The Normans in Scotland 4966:Phythian-Adams, Charles 4780:The Lancashire Domesday 3744:, pp. 100–10; Kapelle, 1918:, pp. 114–17 Fletcher, 1691:, pp. 33–43 and Woolf, 1589:, p. 103; Munch (ed.), 1229:(27 July). 1121:of Henry of Huntingdon 876:, and granddaughter of 673:in the Danish tongue" ( 270: 262: 254: 144:St Olave's Church, York 5239:Wright, C. E. (1939), 5113:10.1093/ref:odnb/29461 4816:10.1093/ref:odnb/28646 4756:Lawson, M. K. (1993), 4645:Harmer, F. E. (1952), 4486:Crouch, David (1992), 4219:10.1093/ref:odnb/25652 3412:, pp. 249–52 and n. 39 3205:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 3177:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 3141:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 3105:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 2933:, Table LXXIV (1 of 1) 2737:, pp. 595–96; Barlow, 2091:Beowulf and the Dragon 2065:Beowulf and the Dragon 1948:Beowulf and the Dragon 1523:Stamford, Lincolnshire 1437:Vita et Passio Waldevi 1377: 1283: 1273: 1234: 935: 884:asserts that, in 1041 874:Ealdred II of Bamburgh 838:), the exiled sons of 646:, that is, the Stout ( 553:Kingdom of Strathclyde 485: 464:The dominions of King 5344:1023 & 1033–1041 4526:, London: Routledge, 4504:Dalton, Paul (1994), 4490:, London: Routledge, 4243:Macbeth: Man and Myth 4043:, vol. II, Rouen 3513:Kingship of the Scots 3203:Atlas of Attestations 3175:Atlas of Attestations 3139:Atlas of Attestations 3103:Atlas of Attestations 2931:Atlas of Attestations 2858:Land of the Cumbrians 2841:Land of the Cumbrians 2802:Land of the Cumbrians 2789:Land of the Cumbrians 2765:Land of the Cumbrians 2664:, s.a. 1051; Barlow, 2590:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2567:, s.a. 1043; Barlow, 2422:, Table LXIX (1 of 1) 2420:Atlas of Attestations 2378:, Table LXIX (1 of 1) 2376:Atlas of Attestations 2350:, Table LXIX (1 of 1) 2348:Atlas of Attestations 1984:'s genealogy of King 1976:, vol. i, pp. 16–29; 1751:Scottish Independence 1725:De obsessione Dunelmi 1485:Harrying of the North 1424:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1367: 1346:archbishopric of York 1313:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1281: 1258: 1238:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1199: 1191:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1023:comes mediterraneorum 995:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 930: 882:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 817:Ealdred son of Uhtred 463: 426:William of Malmesbury 409:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 52:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 5427:Earls of Northumbria 5143:, Turnhout: 95–111, 5054:Archaeologia Aeliana 4838:Mason, Emma (2004), 4264:Edward the Confessor 4067:Munch, Peter Andreas 3624:, i. 5), & note 3498:, pp. 18–20; Woolf, 3442:, p. 5, or Stenton, 2860:, pp. 131–52, 174–81 2843:, pp. 131–52, 174–81 2739:Edward the Confessor 2692:Edward the Confessor 2679:Edward the Confessor 2666:Edward the Confessor 2646:Edward the Confessor 2633:Edward the Confessor 2620:Edward the Confessor 2603:Edward the Confessor 2586:Edward the Confessor 2569:Edward the Confessor 2553:Edward the Confessor 2540:Edward the Confessor 2527:Edward the Confessor 2320:Edward the Confessor 2307:Edward the Confessor 2291:Edward the Confessor 2093:, pp. 125–33, 162–66 1841:, pp. 65–66; Woolf, 1370:Death of Earl Siward 1332:, King of Scotland. 1141:Donnchad mac Crínáin 1099:Bishop of Dorchester 1003:shire of Northampton 968:Bishop of Winchester 933:Edward the Confessor 867:Bishop of Winchester 840:Æthelred the Unready 836:Edward the Confessor 675:Danica lingua Digara 638:, who was nicknamed 502:Edward the Confessor 273:) was an important 5366:Earl of Northumbria 5077:Anglo-Saxon England 4884:on 26 February 2006 4760:, London: Longman, 4682:Kapelle, William E. 4359:10.1484/J.NMS.3.407 3836:, Tony Jebson, 2007 3660:Anglo-Saxon England 3647:Cultivation of Saga 3618:Life of King Edward 3589:Henry of Huntingdon 3444:Anglo-Saxon England 3421:Darlington et al., 3233:Libellus de Exordio 3216:Henry of Huntingdon 2905:Libellus de Exordio 2892:Libellus de Exordio 2875:Marriage and Murder 2475:Marriage and Murder 2462:Libellus de Exordio 2211:, p. 23; Fletcher, 2124:vol. ii, pp. 107–09 1961:Life of King Edward 1858:, passim; Kapelle, 1730:Libellus de exordio 1713:Libellus de exordio 1612:Life of King Edward 1394:Henry of Huntingdon 1247:Annals of Tigernach 1206:begeat, 1176:Battle of Dunsinane 1153:Annals of Tigernach 1137:Libellus de Exordio 1074:Libellus de Exordio 1007:shire of Huntingdon 960:William of Poitiers 891:Libellus de Exordio 826:, and the nobleman 780:Earl of Northumbria 430:Henry of Huntingdon 362:William Shakespeare 60:Earl of Northumbria 4942:, Stroud: Tempus, 4448:Christiansen, Eric 4123:Whitelock, Dorothy 4054:, Anglo-Saxons.net 4035:Michel, Francisque 3920:Chibnall, Marjorie 3878:Anderson, Alan Orr 3866:Anderson, Alan Orr 3567:, p. 263; Johnson 3192:, Anglo-Saxons.net 3164:, Anglo-Saxons.net 3128:, Anglo-Saxons.net 3092:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2409:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2393:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2365:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2337:, Anglo-Saxons.net 2190:, Anglo-Saxons.net 1685:Historical Writing 1668:Historical Writing 1655:Historical Writing 1633:Historical Writing 1527:Peterborough Abbey 1416:Vita Ædwardi Regis 1378: 1354:Bishops of Glasgow 1284: 1163:, argued that the 936: 788:Archbishop of York 667:Vita Ædwardi Regis 486: 403:Vita Ædwardi Regis 5407: 5406: 5402: 5381:Succeeded by 5375: 5360: 5334: 5232:978-0-7486-1234-5 5211:978-0-85115-588-3 5126:(Subscription or 5086:978-0-19-280139-5 5073:Stenton, Frank M. 5056:, Fourth Series, 5045:978-0-7185-1455-6 5027:978-0-521-04102-7 4997:978-0-85991-592-2 4979:978-1-85928-327-1 4949:978-0-7524-2825-3 4869:978-0-85115-526-5 4849:978-1-85285-389-1 4829:(Subscription or 4789:978-0-948459-99-3 4767:978-0-582-05970-2 4749:978-0-7185-1455-6 4720:978-0-9532697-6-1 4695:978-0-7099-0040-5 4674:978-1-904955-34-4 4656:978-0-86054-097-7 4647:Anglo-Saxon Writs 4638:978-0-521-52465-0 4617:978-0-415-15124-5 4604:Gransden, Antonia 4596:978-0-14-028692-2 4583:Fletcher, Richard 4575:978-0-521-39309-6 4554:978-0-7486-1626-8 4533:978-0-415-11629-9 4515:978-0-521-45098-0 4497:978-0-415-01911-8 4479:978-0-19-820442-8 4461:978-0-86054-097-7 4440:978-0-948459-39-9 4387:978-0-7486-2360-0 4330:978-90-04-16670-7 4312:978-0-19-923098-3 4294:978-0-19-925101-8 4273:978-0-413-27830-2 4252:978-0-7509-1891-6 4232:(Subscription or 4184:978-0-85115-615-6 4166:Secondary sources 4157:978-0-14-143994-5 4136:978-0-19-520101-7 4115:978-0-947992-12-5 4102:Stevenson, Joseph 4094:978-0-19-820207-3 4027:978-0-19-822213-2 4005:Anglo-Saxon Writs 3993:978-0-19-822224-8 3972:978-0-19-284075-2 3951:978-0-19-822261-3 3933:978-0-19-820220-2 3912:978-0-19-820203-5 3891:978-1-871615-45-6 3786:Lewis, "Waltheof" 3338:, p. 90; Duncan, 3235:, p. 169; Woolf, 2873:, p. 53; Morris, 2828:Anglo-Saxon Writs 2781:Anglo-Saxon Writs 2648:, p. 107; Mason, 2571:, p. 76; Baxter, 2152:Anglo-Saxon Writs 2084:, vol. ii, p. 104 2008:), the father of 2002:Thorgil Sprakling 1941:, vol. ii, p. 104 1749:, passim; Broun, 1587:Northern Conquest 1445:Historia Anglorum 1404:Historia Anglorum 1400: 1399: 1390:Historia Anglorum 1342:Glasgow Cathedral 1272: 1271: 1233: 1232: 1184:Andrew of Wyntoun 1157:Crínán of Dunkeld 1125: 1124: 1119:Historia Anglorum 941:Leofric of Mercia 764: 763: 699:Thorgil Sprakling 663: 662: 450:Andrew of Wyntoun 422:John of Worcester 376:St Olave's church 220:or more recently 186: 185: 32: 5439: 5400:Earl of Bernicia 5397: 5391:Preceded by 5384:Tostig Godwinson 5369: 5358: 5354:Preceded by 5329: 5323:Preceded by 5318: 5306: 5305: 5293: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5244: 5235: 5214: 5203: 5189: 5164: 5151: 5131: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5100: 5089: 5068: 5048: 5030: 5009: 5000: 4982: 4961: 4952: 4931: 4914: 4901: 4885: 4880:, archived from 4852: 4834: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4803: 4792: 4770: 4752: 4731: 4698: 4677: 4659: 4641: 4620: 4599: 4578: 4557: 4541:Duncan, A. A. M. 4536: 4518: 4500: 4482: 4464: 4443: 4421: 4399:The Innes Review 4390: 4369: 4341: 4315: 4297: 4281:Bartlett, Robert 4276: 4255: 4237: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4206: 4195: 4160: 4139: 4118: 4097: 4076: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4044: 4030: 4014:Brooke, C. N. L. 4008: 3996: 3975: 3954: 3936: 3915: 3894: 3873: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3813: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3729:English Nobility 3725: 3719: 3716:English Nobility 3712: 3706: 3703:English Nobility 3699: 3693: 3690:English Nobility 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3634:Simeon of Durham 3614: 3605: 3602:House of Godwine 3598: 3592: 3585: 3576: 3573:Hugh the Chanter 3565:Pictland to Alba 3561: 3555: 3552:Pictland to Alba 3548: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3526:Pictland to Alba 3522: 3516: 3509: 3503: 3500:Pictland to Alba 3492: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3427:Pictland to Alba 3419: 3413: 3410:Pictland to Alba 3398: 3392: 3391:, vol. i, p. 593 3382: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3353: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3310:Pictland to Alba 3306: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3271:Pictland to Alba 3269:, p. 53; Woolf, 3263: 3257: 3254:Pictland to Alba 3252:, p. 53; Woolf, 3246: 3240: 3237:Pictland to Alba 3225: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3084: 3076: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3036: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3004: 2996: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2964: 2956: 2948: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2903:Rollason (ed.), 2901: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2867: 2861: 2850: 2844: 2839:Phythian-Adams, 2837: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2800:Phythian-Adams, 2798: 2792: 2774: 2768: 2763:Phythian-Adams, 2761: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2659: 2653: 2650:House of Godwine 2642: 2636: 2629: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2599: 2593: 2582: 2576: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2460:Rollason (ed.), 2458: 2452: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2181: 2172: 2167:, for which see 2161: 2155: 2140:Tostig Godwinson 2129: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2077: 2071: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2030:Saxo Grammaticus 2018:Saxo Grammaticus 1998:Saxo Grammaticus 1986:Sweyn Estridsson 1982:Saxo Grammaticus 1970: 1964: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1934: 1923: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1852: 1846: 1843:Pictland to Alba 1835: 1829: 1826:Pictland to Alba 1822: 1816: 1809: 1800: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1770: 1763: 1754: 1743: 1737: 1734:Symeon of Durham 1702: 1696: 1693:Pictland to Alba 1677: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1608: 1602: 1595:Simeon of Durham 1571: 1565: 1564: 1542: 1465:Morcar of Mercia 1380: 1360:Death and legacy 1348:that Archbishop 1260: 1259: 1253:Annals of Ulster 1242:Osbern Pentecost 1201: 1200: 1109: 1065:Bishop of Durham 953:Bishop of Elmham 919:, 3 April 1043. 812:Richard Fletcher 749: 611: 438:Symeon of Durham 322:Earl of Bamburgh 279:northern England 277:of 11th-century 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 111:Tostig Godwinson 46:(spelled with a 41: 30: 25: 24: 18:Sigurd the Stout 5447: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5396: 5386: 5377: 5372:Uhtred the Bold 5368: 5361: 5359:As Earl in York 5357: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5326:Erik of Hlathir 5312: 5311: 5282:, ed. (1911). " 5278: 5272: 5270: 5258:Siward (d.1055) 5255: 5252: 5247: 5238: 5233: 5217: 5212: 5192: 5167:Midland History 5162: 5154: 5134: 5125: 5117: 5115: 5092: 5087: 5071: 5051: 5046: 5033: 5028: 5014:Rollason, David 5012: 5003: 4998: 4985: 4980: 4964: 4955: 4950: 4934: 4912: 4888: 4870: 4855: 4850: 4837: 4828: 4820: 4818: 4795: 4790: 4773: 4768: 4755: 4750: 4734: 4721: 4701: 4696: 4680: 4675: 4662: 4657: 4644: 4639: 4623: 4618: 4602: 4597: 4581: 4576: 4560: 4555: 4539: 4534: 4521: 4516: 4503: 4498: 4485: 4480: 4467: 4462: 4446: 4441: 4424: 4393: 4388: 4372: 4344: 4331: 4318: 4313: 4300: 4295: 4279: 4274: 4258: 4253: 4240: 4231: 4223: 4221: 4198: 4185: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4142: 4137: 4121: 4116: 4100: 4095: 4081:Rollason, David 4079: 4065: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4033: 4028: 4011: 3999: 3994: 3980:Greenway, Diana 3978: 3973: 3959:Greenway, Diana 3957: 3952: 3939: 3934: 3918: 3913: 3897: 3892: 3876: 3864: 3856: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3824:Primary sources 3821: 3816: 3810:Norman Conquest 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3772:Earls of Mercia 3769: 3765: 3756: 3752: 3746:Norman Conquest 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3615: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3579: 3562: 3558: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3437: 3433: 3429:, p. 261, n. 59 3420: 3416: 3399: 3395: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3360:Scottish Annals 3354: 3350: 3333: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3297:Norman Conquest 3294: 3290: 3284:Scottish Annals 3281: 3277: 3264: 3260: 3247: 3243: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3195: 3193: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3167: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3131: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3095: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3070: 3062: 3054: 3046: 3038: 3030: 3022: 3014: 3006: 2998: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2966: 2958: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2885: 2881: 2868: 2864: 2854:Norman Conquest 2851: 2847: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2815:Norman Conquest 2812: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2785:Norman Conquest 2777:Florence Harmer 2775: 2771: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2745: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2709:Norman Conquest 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2672: 2660: 2656: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2600: 2596: 2583: 2579: 2573:Earls of Mercia 2563: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2488:Norman Conquest 2485: 2481: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2412: 2410: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2368: 2366: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2340: 2338: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2239:Norman Conquest 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2209:Norman Conquest 2206: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2175: 2162: 2158: 2148:Florence Harmer 2136:Olrik 1908–1909 2127: 2114: 2110: 2104:Olrik 1908–1909 2101: 2097: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2022:Olrik 1908–1909 1990:Olrik 1908–1909 1971: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1943: 1935: 1926: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1860:Norman Conquest 1853: 1849: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1813:Kings and Lords 1810: 1803: 1790: 1786: 1777: 1773: 1767:Kings and Lords 1764: 1757: 1744: 1740: 1703: 1699: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1609: 1605: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1362: 1309:A. A. M. Duncan 1107: 987:Ralph the Timid 925: 878:Uhtred the Bold 832:Alfred Ætheling 828:Harold Harefoot 804:William Kapelle 799:Erik of Hlathir 772:Siward Minister 747: 609: 557:Kingdom of Alba 506:Norman conquest 494:Harold Harefoot 458: 434:Orderic Vitalis 392: 384:Heslington Hill 225: 221: 196: 192: 170: 155: 146: 100:Uhtred the Bold 98: 93: 90:Erik of Hlathir 55: 29: 21: 12: 11: 5: 5445: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5336: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5294: 5280:Chisholm, Hugh 5268: 5251: 5250:External links 5248: 5246: 5245: 5236: 5231: 5215: 5210: 5190: 5152: 5132: 5090: 5085: 5069: 5049: 5044: 5031: 5026: 5010: 5001: 4996: 4983: 4978: 4962: 4953: 4948: 4932: 4902: 4886: 4868: 4853: 4848: 4835: 4793: 4788: 4771: 4766: 4753: 4748: 4732: 4719: 4699: 4694: 4678: 4673: 4660: 4655: 4642: 4637: 4621: 4616: 4600: 4595: 4579: 4574: 4562:Fleming, Robin 4558: 4553: 4537: 4532: 4519: 4514: 4501: 4496: 4483: 4478: 4465: 4460: 4444: 4439: 4422: 4391: 4386: 4370: 4342: 4329: 4316: 4311: 4298: 4293: 4277: 4272: 4256: 4251: 4238: 4196: 4183: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4140: 4135: 4125:, ed. (1979), 4119: 4114: 4098: 4093: 4083:, ed. (2000), 4077: 4063: 4048:Miller, Sean, 4045: 4037:, ed. (1836), 4031: 4026: 4009: 4003:, ed. (1952), 3997: 3992: 3982:, ed. (1996), 3976: 3971: 3961:, ed. (2002), 3955: 3950: 3937: 3932: 3916: 3911: 3901:, ed. (1992), 3895: 3890: 3880:, ed. (1908), 3874: 3868:, ed. (1922), 3862: 3845: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3797: 3788: 3776: 3763: 3750: 3733: 3720: 3707: 3694: 3677: 3664: 3651: 3638: 3616:Barlow (ed.), 3606: 3593: 3577: 3556: 3543: 3530: 3517: 3504: 3487: 3474: 3461: 3448: 3431: 3414: 3393: 3377: 3364: 3348: 3327: 3314: 3301: 3288: 3275: 3258: 3241: 3220: 3207: 3179: 3143: 3107: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2896: 2879: 2862: 2845: 2832: 2826:Harmer (ed.), 2819: 2806: 2793: 2791:, pp. 109, 148 2769: 2767:, pp. 109, 148 2756: 2743: 2726: 2713: 2696: 2683: 2670: 2654: 2637: 2624: 2611: 2594: 2577: 2557: 2544: 2531: 2518: 2505: 2492: 2479: 2466: 2453: 2436: 2434:Aird, "Siward" 2424: 2380: 2352: 2324: 2311: 2295: 2282: 2278:Empire of Cnut 2269: 2265:Empire of Cnut 2256: 2254:, pp. 121, 131 2243: 2230: 2221: 2200: 2173: 2156: 2108: 2095: 2072: 2056: 2047: 2038: 1965: 1959:Barlow (ed.), 1952: 1924: 1916:Empire of Cnut 1907: 1903:Empire of Cnut 1894: 1885: 1873: 1864: 1847: 1845:, pp. 190, 211 1830: 1817: 1801: 1784: 1771: 1765:E.g. Fleming, 1755: 1738: 1707:Historia Regum 1697: 1672: 1659: 1646: 1637: 1624: 1610:Barlow (ed.), 1603: 1585:; see Holman, 1566: 1559: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1512:Crowland Abbey 1473:Northumberland 1429:Historia Regum 1398: 1397: 1385: 1384: 1361: 1358: 1330:Máel Coluim II 1270: 1269: 1266: 1231: 1230: 1227:Seven Sleepers 1219: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1172:Firth of Forth 1123: 1122: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1103: 924: 921: 859:Abingdon Abbey 847:Sywardus Comes 762: 761: 754: 753: 746: 743: 661: 660: 652: 651: 608: 605: 549:Firth of Forth 534:Earl of Mercia 526:Earl of Wessex 457: 454: 446:John of Fordun 397:Encomium Emmae 391: 388: 309:, present-day 261:(Old English: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 164: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 97:(for Bamburgh) 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 42: 34: 33: 31:Sigvarðr Diger 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5444: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5412: 5409: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5376: 5373: 5370:Last held by 5367: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5316: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5242: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5194:Williams, Ann 5191: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5157: 5156:Williams, Ann 5153: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936:Oram, Richard 4933: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4908:(1908–1909), 4907: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776:Williams, Ann 4772: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4736:Keynes, Simon 4733: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4703:Keynes, Simon 4700: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4625:Green, Judith 4622: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427:Williams, Ann 4423: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4405:(2): 111–80, 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395:Broun, Dauvit 4392: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374:Broun, Dauvit 4371: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260:Barlow, Frank 4257: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144:Williams, Ann 4141: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001:Harmer, F. E. 3998: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899:Barlow, Frank 3896: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3692:, pp. 28, 220 3691: 3687: 3686:Domesday Book 3681: 3674: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3648: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3603: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3389:Early Sources 3386: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3183: 3176: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3082: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3066: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3042: 3035: 3034: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3010: 3003: 3002: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2752:Early Sources 2747: 2740: 2736: 2735:Early Sources 2730: 2723: 2722:Early Sources 2717: 2710: 2706: 2705:Early Sources 2700: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2476: 2470: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2421: 2408: 2407: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2240: 2234: 2225: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134:, pp. 33–34; 2133: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2099: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1669: 1663: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1634: 1628: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1562: 1560:9781135929817 1556: 1553:. Routledge. 1552: 1551: 1548: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:East Midlands 1500: 1498: 1494: 1493:Siward's Howe 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Domesday Book 1453: 1450: 1449:Frank Stenton 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1374:James Smetham 1371: 1366: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1027:Middle Angles 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 934: 931:Coin of King 929: 920: 918: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 893: 892: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 830:, as well as 829: 825: 820: 818: 813: 809: 805: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 784:Ælfric Puttoc 781: 777: 773: 769: 760: 756: 755: 751: 750: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 708: 704: 700: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 658: 654: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 555:, it met the 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:Robin Fleming 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410: 405: 404: 399: 398: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271:Sigurðr digri 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 246: 217: 190: 181: 177: 173: 168: 165: 163: 159: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 101: 96: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 67: 63: 58: 53: 49: 45: 40: 35: 26: 23: 19: 5410: 5408: 5364: 5347: 5340:Earl in York 5338: 5332:Earl of York 5314: 5287: 5261: 5240: 5222: 5199: 5170: 5166: 5140: 5136: 5116:. Retrieved 5102: 5096: 5076: 5057: 5053: 5035: 5017: 5005: 4987: 4969: 4957: 4939: 4920: 4916: 4890: 4882:the original 4858: 4839: 4819:. Retrieved 4805: 4799: 4779: 4757: 4739: 4710: 4685: 4664: 4646: 4628: 4607: 4586: 4565: 4544: 4523: 4505: 4487: 4469: 4451: 4430: 4402: 4398: 4377: 4350: 4346: 4320: 4302: 4284: 4263: 4242: 4222:. Retrieved 4208: 4202: 4174: 4147: 4126: 4105: 4084: 4071: 4056:, retrieved 4050: 4039: 4017: 4004: 3983: 3962: 3941: 3923: 3902: 3881: 3869: 3855:, retrieved 3849: 3838:, retrieved 3832: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3791: 3771: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3748:, pp. 158–90 3745: 3741: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3718:, pp. 206–20 3715: 3710: 3705:, pp. 221–24 3702: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622:Vita Ædwardi 3621: 3617: 3601: 3596: 3588: 3575:, pp. 52, 53 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554:, pp. 262–63 3551: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3512: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3409: 3401: 3396: 3388: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3359: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3322: 3317: 3309: 3304: 3296: 3291: 3283: 3278: 3273:, pp. 254–55 3270: 3266: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3239:, pp. 254–55 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3194:, retrieved 3188: 3182: 3174: 3166:, retrieved 3160: 3152: 3146: 3138: 3130:, retrieved 3124: 3116: 3110: 3102: 3094:, retrieved 3088: 3080: 3072: 3064: 3056: 3048: 3040: 3032: 3024: 3016: 3008: 3000: 2992: 2984: 2976: 2968: 2960: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2814: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2759: 2754:, pp. 596–97 2751: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2721: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2678: 2673: 2668:, pp. 107–14 2665: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2632: 2627: 2619: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2552: 2547: 2539: 2534: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2487: 2482: 2474: 2469: 2464:, pp. 170–71 2461: 2456: 2439: 2419: 2411:, retrieved 2405: 2395:, retrieved 2389: 2383: 2375: 2367:, retrieved 2361: 2355: 2347: 2339:, retrieved 2333: 2327: 2319: 2314: 2306: 2290: 2285: 2280:, pp. 122–25 2277: 2272: 2267:, pp. 119–22 2264: 2259: 2251: 2246: 2238: 2233: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2192:, retrieved 2186: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2154:, pp. 303–04 2151: 2144:Vita Waldevi 2143: 2131: 2130:; Bartlett, 2121: 2111: 2102:Translation 2098: 2090: 2081: 2075: 2064: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2034:Vita Waldevi 2033: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1973: 1968: 1960: 1955: 1950:, pp. 162–63 1947: 1938: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1905:, pp. 109–18 1902: 1897: 1888: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828:, pp. 232–40 1825: 1820: 1812: 1799:, pp. 46–50) 1796: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1766: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1695:, pp. 248–71 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1654: 1649: 1640: 1632: 1627: 1620:Vita Waldevi 1619: 1616:Vita Ædwardi 1615: 1611: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1520: 1501: 1496: 1489: 1454: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1403: 1401: 1389: 1369: 1334: 1322:Dauvit Broun 1318:Richard Oram 1312: 1303: 1301: 1292: 1285: 1274: 1263: 1251: 1245: 1237: 1235: 1216: 1204: 1190: 1188: 1169: 1164: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1136: 1126: 1118: 1086: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1054: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1022: 1000: 994: 984: 957: 937: 903: 901: 889: 881: 871: 855:Fécamp Abbey 846: 844: 821: 807: 796: 791: 771: 768:Vita Waldevi 767: 765: 759:Vita Waldevi 758: 739:raven banner 725:, killing a 718: 715:Vita Waldevi 714: 712: 695: 683:Vita Waldevi 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 664: 657:Vita Waldevi 656: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 538: 510:Scandinavian 487: 417: 414:Anglo-Norman 407: 401: 395: 393: 365: 315: 295:Scandinavian 290: 286: 258: 188: 187: 81:from 1023–33 73:Earl in York 43: 22: 5432:1055 deaths 5394:Eadwulf III 5219:Woolf, Alex 5060:: 149–215, 4906:Olrik, Axel 3806:St Cuthbert 3742:Aristocracy 3673:St Cuthbert 3620:, p. 49 (= 3604:, pp. 88–89 3563:See Woolf, 3485:, pp. 37–41 3400:Aitchison, 3362:, pp. 86–87 3334:Aitchison, 3321:Aitchison, 3267:St Cuthbert 3250:St Cuthbert 3229:St Cuthbert 3189:Sawyer 1478 3161:Sawyer 1023 3153:Sawyer 1021 3125:Sawyer 1020 3117:Sawyer 1022 3089:Sawyer 1019 3081:Sawyer 1017 3073:Sawyer 1055 3065:Sawyer 1015 3057:Sawyer 1014 3049:Sawyer 1009 3041:Sawyer 1008 3033:Sawyer 1007 3025:Sawyer 1012 3017:Sawyer 1010 3009:Sawyer 1011 3001:Sawyer 1391 2993:Sawyer 1044 2985:Sawyer 1002 2977:Sawyer 1003 2969:Sawyer 1004 2961:Sawyer 1005 2953:Sawyer 1006 2945:Sawyer 1001 2918:St Cuthbert 2888:St Cuthbert 2871:St Cuthbert 2830:, pp. 423–4 2555:, pp. 76–77 2529:, pp. 48–49 2501:St Cuthbert 2451:, s.a. 1041 2217:Northumbria 2171:, pp. 54–66 2063:See Rauer, 1963:, pp. 34–35 1839:Northumbria 1769:, pp. 21–52 1614:, p. 35 (= 1481:Westmorland 1338:Strathclyde 731:Northumbria 681:(or simply 624:Spratlingus 620:Spratlingus 593:high-reeves 442:hagiography 382:and nearby 342:Northampton 307:Northumbria 251:Old English 125:Scandinavia 86:Predecessor 44:Siƿard eorl 5421:Categories 5378:1041–1055 5297:Siweard 11 5130:required.) 4923:: 212–37, 4833:required.) 4236:required.) 3819:References 3587:Greenway, 3282:Anderson, 3214:Greenway, 3201:; Keynes, 3173:; Keynes, 3137:; Keynes, 3101:; Keynes, 2750:Anderson, 2733:Anderson, 2720:Anderson, 2703:Anderson, 2418:; Keynes, 2406:Sawyer 994 2390:Sawyer 993 2374:; Keynes, 2362:Sawyer 982 2346:; Keynes, 2334:Sawyer 995 2250:Fletcher, 2187:Sawyer 968 2128:(in Latin) 2117:Huntingdon 2087:(in Latin) 2006:Spatlingus 1978:Axel Olrik 1944:(in Latin) 1854:Fletcher, 1837:Rollason, 1666:Gransden, 1653:Gransden, 1631:Gransden, 1477:Cumberland 1372:(1861) by 1326:Owain Foel 1291:" a king ( 1223:housecarls 1161:Alex Woolf 1034:Cumberland 945:Queen Emma 917:Easter Day 824:Harthacnut 808:heahgerefa 794:("earl"). 691:polar bear 601:Holderness 581:Cumberland 577:Lancashire 565:River Tees 498:Harthacnut 474:Herjedalen 456:Background 350:Cumberland 346:Huntingdon 330:Harthacnut 102:(for both) 92:(for York) 5187:0047-729X 5149:1124-1225 5066:0261-3417 4929:0305-9219 4899:0524-0913 4878:0954-9927 4729:1475-8520 4419:0020-157X 4367:0078-2122 4353:: 41–71, 4339:1569-1462 4193:0955-2480 3757:Daniell, 3658:Stenton, 3423:Chronicle 3295:Kapelle, 2877:, pp. 4–5 2852:Kapelle, 2813:Kapelle, 2486:Kapelle, 2305:Barlow, 2252:Bloodfeud 2237:Kapelle, 2213:Bloodfeud 2089:; Rauer, 1946:; Rauer, 1920:Bloodfeud 1856:Bloodfeud 1811:Fleming, 1575:Sigeweard 1408:dysentery 1304:Chronicle 1195:recension 1180:Dunsinane 1093:—between 1050:Allerdale 908:Worcester 904:Chronicle 897:Gospatric 597:Thurbrand 418:Chronicle 311:Yorkshire 285:nickname 283:Old Norse 267:Old Norse 263:Sigeweard 182:Bjorn (?) 174:(Ælfflæd) 169:(unclear) 107:Successor 54:(c. 1200) 5221:(2007), 5196:(1995), 5173:: 1–22, 5158:(1986), 5075:(1971), 5016:(2003), 4968:(1996), 4938:(2004), 4705:(2002), 4684:(1979), 4627:(2002), 4606:(1997), 4585:(2003), 4564:(1991), 4543:(2002), 4450:(1980), 4376:(2007), 4283:(2000), 4262:(1970), 4104:(1987), 3922:(1990), 3774:, p. 103 3770:Baxter, 3761:, p. 186 3727:Clarke, 3714:Clarke, 3701:Clarke, 3662:, p. 417 3645:Wright, 3636:, p. 124 3539:Kingship 3537:Duncan, 3528:, p. 262 3511:Duncan, 3502:, p. 262 3483:Kingship 3481:Duncan, 3457:Kingship 3446:, p. 570 3356:ASC MS D 3340:Kingship 3312:, p. 259 3256:, p. 255 3196:13 March 3168:13 March 3132:13 March 3096:13 March 2907:, p. 171 2894:, p. 171 2804:, p. 181 2724:, p. 595 2690:Barlow, 2681:, p. 119 2677:Barlow, 2662:ASC MS D 2644:Barlow, 2635:, p. 107 2631:Barlow, 2618:Barlow, 2609:, p. 222 2601:Barlow, 2584:Barlow, 2565:ASC MS D 2551:Barlow, 2538:Barlow, 2525:Barlow, 2516:, p. 318 2473:Morris, 2443:ASC MSs 2413:13 March 2397:13 March 2369:13 March 2341:13 March 2318:Barlow, 2289:Barlow, 2276:Bolton, 2263:Bolton, 2219:, p. 267 2194:13 March 2165:Minister 2079:Michel, 2010:Earl Ulf 1936:Michel, 1922:, passim 1914:Bolton, 1901:Bolton, 1862:, passim 1778:Lawson, 1753:, passim 1747:Kingship 1745:Duncan, 1689:Kingship 1670:, p. 152 1657:, p. 194 1635:, p. 144 1599:Siwardus 1579:Sigvarðr 1441:paternal 1420:Galmanho 1350:Cynesige 1079:Libellus 1069:Æthelric 1061:Teesside 1019:Earl Ulf 991:his sons 912:ætheling 703:Earl Ulf 687:Waltheof 640:Beresune 607:Ancestry 569:Bamburgh 530:Leofwine 470:Jemtland 400:and the 372:Waltheof 299:Earl Ulf 172:Waltheof 5374:in 1016 5356:Himself 5118:28 June 4821:28 June 4224:28 June 4058:28 June 3857:28 June 3840:28 June 3812:, p. 31 3740:Green, 3600:Mason, 3591:, p. 22 3550:Woolf, 3541:, p. 40 3524:Woolf, 3515:, p. 41 3496:David I 3472:, p. 29 3470:David I 3459:, p. 40 3440:Normans 3402:Macbeth 3344:Macbeth 3336:Macbeth 3325:, p. 90 3323:Macbeth 3308:Woolf, 3299:, p. 46 3286:, p. 84 3218:, p. 21 2920:, p. 54 2817:, p. 43 2779:(ed.), 2711:, p. 29 2652:, p. 63 2622:, p. 78 2575:, p. 39 2542:, p. 61 2503:, p. 53 2490:, p. 24 2477:, p. 14 2322:, p. 57 2309:, p. 53 2241:, p. 23 2026:Osbjorn 1974:Beowulf 1815:, p. 49 1583:Sigurðr 1133:Osbjorn 1095:Wulfwig 1091:Lincoln 1017:son of 980:pallium 949:Stigand 886:Eadwulf 863:Ælfwine 861:and to 774:, "the 707:Estrith 648:grossus 522:Godwine 390:Sources 367:Macbeth 358:Osbjorn 318:Ealdred 291:Grossus 167:Osbjorn 156:Godgifu 154:Ælfflæd 95:Eadwulf 68:1041–55 5313: 5284:Siward 5276: 5229: 5208: 5185: 5147: 5124: 5083: 5064: 5042: 5024: 4994: 4976: 4946: 4927: 4897: 4876: 4866: 4846: 4827: 4786: 4764: 4746: 4727: 4717: 4692: 4671: 4653: 4635: 4614: 4593: 4572: 4551: 4530: 4512: 4494: 4476: 4458: 4437: 4417: 4384: 4365: 4337: 4327: 4309: 4291: 4270: 4249: 4230: 4191: 4181: 4154: 4133: 4112: 4091: 4024: 3990: 3969: 3948: 3930: 3909: 3888: 3804:Aird, 3671:Aird, 3569:et al. 3468:Oram, 3265:Aird, 3248:Aird, 3227:Aird, 2916:Aird, 2886:Aird, 2869:Aird, 2592:, MS C 2499:Aird, 2014:Ulfius 2012:(i.e. 2004:(i.e. 1728:; the 1710:, the 1557: 1469:Durham 1067:, but 1057:Durham 993:. The 972:Robert 880:. The 727:dragon 723:Orkney 634:begot 632:Ulfius 630:; and 628:Ulfius 626:begot 585:thegns 561:Eadred 545:Mersey 541:Humber 496:, and 338:shires 334:Edward 326:Eadulf 281:. The 259:Sigurd 255:Siƿard 189:Siward 179:Father 139:Burial 28:Siward 5315:Died: 5163:(PDF) 4913:(PDF) 1622:below 1533:Notes 1525:, to 1508:saint 1048:) in 1015:Bjorn 1011:writs 776:thegn 735:Oðinn 671:Digri 644:Diere 636:Beorn 616:Ursus 589:holds 514:shire 482:Særna 287:Digri 257:) or 162:Issue 151:Wives 78:Reign 65:Reign 5317:1055 5227:ISBN 5206:ISBN 5183:ISSN 5145:ISSN 5120:2009 5081:ISBN 5062:ISSN 5040:ISBN 5022:ISBN 4992:ISBN 4974:ISBN 4944:ISBN 4925:ISSN 4895:ISSN 4874:ISSN 4864:ISBN 4844:ISBN 4823:2009 4784:ISBN 4762:ISBN 4744:ISBN 4725:ISSN 4715:ISBN 4690:ISBN 4669:ISBN 4651:ISBN 4633:ISBN 4612:ISBN 4591:ISBN 4570:ISBN 4549:ISBN 4528:ISBN 4510:ISBN 4492:ISBN 4474:ISBN 4456:ISBN 4435:ISBN 4415:ISSN 4382:ISBN 4363:ISSN 4335:ISSN 4325:ISBN 4307:ISBN 4289:ISBN 4268:ISBN 4247:ISBN 4226:2009 4189:ISSN 4179:ISBN 4152:ISBN 4131:ISBN 4110:ISBN 4089:ISBN 4060:2009 4022:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3967:ISBN 3946:ISBN 3928:ISBN 3907:ISBN 3886:ISBN 3859:2009 3842:2009 3626:Ibid 3198:2009 3170:2009 3134:2009 3098:2009 2607:Ibid 2415:2009 2399:2009 2371:2009 2343:2009 2196:2009 2169:Ibid 1793:earl 1780:Cnut 1722:and 1681:Cnut 1581:and 1555:ISBN 1497:i.e. 1479:and 1412:saga 1368:The 1147:The 939:and 719:Vita 713:The 650:)". 591:and 573:York 543:and 528:and 490:Cnut 480:and 478:Idre 466:Cnut 380:York 344:and 332:and 303:Cnut 275:earl 134:1055 131:Died 121:Born 48:wynn 5398:As 5330:As 5299:at 5286:". 5260:". 5175:doi 5141:III 5109:doi 5058:XXX 4812:doi 4407:doi 4355:doi 4215:doi 2126:, 1510:at 1392:of 1197:D: 1087:Dux 792:dux 579:to 448:or 420:of 378:in 364:'s 340:of 5423:: 5181:, 5171:11 5169:, 5165:, 5139:, 5101:. 4921:VI 4919:, 4915:, 4872:, 4804:. 4723:, 4709:, 4413:, 4403:55 4401:, 4361:, 4351:51 4349:, 4333:, 4207:. 4187:, 3779:^ 3609:^ 3580:^ 3571:, 3157:; 3121:; 3085:; 3077:; 3069:; 3061:; 3053:; 3045:; 3037:; 3029:; 3021:; 3013:; 3005:; 2997:; 2989:; 2981:; 2973:; 2965:; 2957:; 2949:; 2447:, 2427:^ 2402:; 2298:^ 2176:^ 2150:, 1927:^ 1876:^ 1804:^ 1758:^ 1716:, 1495:, 1487:. 1475:, 1471:, 1432:. 1396:. 1356:. 1320:, 1193:, 1186:. 1097:, 982:. 974:, 951:, 899:. 869:. 865:, 786:, 622:; 587:, 536:. 532:, 524:, 492:, 476:, 472:, 320:, 269:: 265:, 253:: 249:; 239:ər 233:iː 210:ər 204:uː 5256:" 5177:: 5122:. 5111:: 4825:. 4814:: 4409:: 4357:: 4228:. 4217:: 2449:D 2445:C 1601:. 1563:. 1287:" 1256:: 245:/ 242:d 236:w 230:s 227:ˈ 224:/ 216:/ 213:d 207:w 201:s 198:ˈ 195:/ 191:( 20:.

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Knowledge

Siward, Earl of Northumbria

Index