43:
1959:
to claim sexual services of married female slaves when the slave husband was away for long periods of time, to hunt for pearls or fish or similar labor, and sexual abuse was a common reason given when female slaves applied for manumission at the
British Agency. It was common for Arab men to use the sexual services of enslaved African women, but a male African slave who had sexual relations with a local "pure blood" Arab woman would be executed to preserve tribal honor and social status, regardless if the couple had married or not.
1774:
1766:
1955:
conquest of the
Caucasus and Central Asia in the mid 19th-century, Baluchi and "Red" Ethiopian (Oromo and Sidamo) women became the preferred targets for sexual slavery. Non-African female slaves were sold in the Persian Gulf where they were bought for marriage; these were fewer and often Armenian, Georgian, or from Baluchistan and India. In 1924, the law prohibited the enslavement of white girls (normally Armenian or Georgian) on Kuwaiti territory, but in 1928 at least 60 white slave girls were discovered.
1758:
3593:
3603:
1998:, was obliged to fight slavery and slave trade in all land under direct or indirect control of the British Empire. Since Bahrain were formally under British control, the British were expected to enforce this policy in the region. Officially, the British declared that they did just that, but in reality, the slavery and slave trade was tolerated by the British.
2177:
law was presented by the
Bahraini government as covering many common labor law violations, for example the withholding of wages. Furthermore, in late 2016 Bahrain was considering to allow the issuance of flexible work permits for undocumented workers, providing them with the ability to work for more than one employer even without legal visa.
2032:
that with the exception of Kuwait, all the
British controlled states by the Persian Gulf, such as the Trucial States, Qatar and Bahrain, had banned the slave trade due to treaties with the British, but while at the same time, the British refused any international inspections in the region which would
1958:
Female slaves were often used for sexual services as concubines for a period of time, and then sold or married off to other slaves; the slave owners would arranged both marriages and divorce for their slaves, and the offspring of two slaves would become slaves in turn. It was common for slave owners
2013:
In both 1932 and 1935, the
British colonial authorities refused to interfere in the slavery of the Trucial States, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait, since they were afraid that they could lose control over the area if they should attempt to enforce a policy against slavery, and they therefore prevented all
1954:
Black
African women were primarily used as domestic house slaves rather than exclusively for sexual services, while white Caucasian women (normally Circassian or Georgian) were preferred as concubines (sex slaves); when the main slave route of white slave girls became harder to access after Russia's
2176:
Other legislative initiatives to protect labor rights in
Bahrain include a 2012 private sector labor law, focusing inter alia on the number of sick days, annual leave, compensation for unfair dismissals, fines for labor law violations and the streamlining of labor disputes. A 2008-human trafficking
2172:
In 2009, Bahrain announced that it would end the kafala system, citing human rights concerns linked to both human trafficking and sexual slavery. The Labour Market
Regulatory Law was amended, making the LMRA the official sponsor of migrant workers and, most importantly, allowing migrant workers to
1962:
The number of female slaves in the Gulf was as high or higher than that of male slaves, but the number of female slaves who made applications for manumission at the
British Agencies in the Gulf was significantly lower (only 280 of 950 documented cases in 1921–1946), likely because in the Islamic
1815:
gained control of
Bahrain. However, the British did not interfere with the inner policy of the state, but was content with keeping peace with the indigenous power holders, protecting British citizens, and managing the contacts with the international community, in which they assured that Bahrain
2077:
in 1936, issued pressure on the ruler of Bahrain to abolish slavery. The ruler of Bahrain saw it to be politically necessary to accommodate the wish of the British and George Maxwell and therefore banned slavery, but on the advice of his advisors, the ban was called a reminder that slavery was
2116:, "kafala" refers to the adoption of children. The original law of kafala was expanded to include a system of fixed-term sponsorship of migrant workers in several countries in the late twentieth century. This modern system has its origins in labor practices related to
2005:
advised the British authorities that any attempts to enforce any anti slavery treaty in the region could cause economic and political unrest, since slavery was "deeply rooted in religious and political history". The British policy was therefore to assure the
2327:
Magdalena Moorthy Kloss, « Jerzy Zdanowski, Speaking with their Own Voices. The stories of Slaves in the Persian Gulf in the 20th Century », Arabian Humanities , 5 | 2015, mis en ligne le 31 décembre 2015, consulté le 20 août 2023. URL :
2052:
and that the slave trade had stopped entirely in Kuwait and Bahrain. In reality, the British reports were deliberately playing down the size of the actual substantional slave trade going on in the region, and refused to allow international inspection.
1541:
2570:
As the anthropologist Ahn Longva has observed, in the Gulf nations the kafala emerged in the twentieth century as an outgrowth of a cultural practice used to organize labor on the pearling dhows that plied the waters of the Persian
2061:
The ruler of Bahrain issued a proclamation formally prohibiting the owning of slaves in 1937. Bahrain was the first state in the Western Persian Gulf to ban slavery and slave trade, followed by Kuwait in 1949.
3558:
1885:. Victims were tricked to perform the journey willingly in the belief that they were going on the Hajj pilgrimage, or employed as servants, and then sold upon arrival. These slaves were then exported from the
1985:
Male slaves where used in a number of tasks: as soldiers, pearl divers, farm labourers, cash crop workers, maritime sailors, dock workers, porters, irrigation canal workers, fishermen, and domestic servants.
2703:
2820:
2907:
1536:
3568:
2550:
1789:
until the 1930s. Slavery was formally abolished in Bahrain in 1937. Slavery ended earlier in Bahrain than in any other Gulf state, with the exception of Iran and Iraq. Many members of the
2970:
2169:
stated that "authorities do little to enforce compliance" with "employers who withhold wages and passports from migrant employees ... practices are illegal under Bahraini law."
2010:
that Qatar followed the same anti slavery treaties signed by the British, but in parallel prevent any international observations of the area, which would disprove these claims.
3317:
2085:
in accordance with the Colonial Application; this was accepted by Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain, but the rulers of the Trucial coast stated that such a law could not be enforced.
3563:
2173:
leave their employer without the latter's consent. In December 2016, the Bahraini government announced the official and total abolition of the sponsorship system once more.
3522:
3158:
1900:
were shipped across the Persian Gulf, many of whom had sold themselves or their children to escape poverty. In 1943, it was reported that Baloch girls were shipped via
3532:
1667:
2033:
have revealed that a substantional slave trade was in fact going on, especially within the pearl fish industry, were the slaves were particularly harshly treated.
2733:
3128:
3038:
2695:
3487:
3462:
3377:
3357:
3307:
3277:
3267:
3068:
2812:
3573:
3452:
1526:
1057:
3098:
3517:
2899:
3407:
3262:
2082:
1411:
783:
520:
2937:
2120:. In the Persian Gulf, the pearling industry was dominated by slave labor, and prior to the abolition of slavery in the 20th-century, slaves were used as
3537:
3342:
3302:
1963:
society of the Gulf, were women were excluded from wage labour and public life, it was impossible for a freedwoman to survive without a male protector.
1147:
788:
3010:
3578:
1904:
and the Trucial States to Mecca, where they were popular as concubines, since Caucasian girls were no longer available, and were sold for $ 350–450.
480:
2639:
2787:
835:
2962:
1974:
Agricultural labor in the medieval Islamic world mostly consisted of paid labour, but slaves were used for agricultural labor in 11th-century
1615:
2162:
and can change from one employer to another without their employer's agreement. Three months' notice is required to quit from an employer.
1531:
1381:
2309:
ZDANOWSKI, J. The Manumission Movement in the Gulf in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, Middle Eastern Studies, 47:6, 2011, p. 864.
862:
2606:
2197:
1913:
1608:
360:
2281:
2001:
The British considered their control over the region insufficient to do something about the slavery and the slave trade. The British
810:
2070:
1581:
1401:
574:
3647:
3507:
2066:
1744:
3150:
2673:
2192:
1806:
845:
263:
2384:
1423:
1100:
872:
3204:
3232:
2202:
1620:
1576:
1219:
3180:
3482:
2725:
2127:
In the first decades of the twenty-first century, the migrant worker system became widely referred to in English as the "
1662:
1294:
954:
805:
601:
510:
3652:
3120:
3034:
2563:
1793:
minority are descendants of the former slaves. Slavery of people from Africa and East Asia was succeeded by the modern
1682:
1371:
1125:
3196:
2629:"'I Already Bought You' — Abuse and Exploitation of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates (pdf)"
3662:
3527:
3188:
3060:
2337:
1499:
1376:
800:
569:
436:
2025:
claimed that slavery in Bahrain was limited to house slaves and that 46 slaves had been manumitted in 1929-1930.
3090:
2843:
2531:
2113:
1635:
840:
825:
771:
456:
446:
441:
270:
126:
2442:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. p. 204
1346:
3667:
2158:
were made in April 2009 and implemented starting 1 August 2009. Under the new law, migrants are sponsored by the
2022:
1630:
1396:
202:
2929:
2584:
2517:
2502:
2471:
2453:
2429:
2414:
2357:
2268:
2253:
2238:
1095:
1083:
663:
475:
121:
3002:
2993:
2401:
Slavery in the Gulf in the First Half of the 20th Century: A Study Based on Records from the British Archives
1777:
Pearl diving in Bahrain, March 1911. At the time, the laborers of the Pearl industry was dominated by slaves.
1769:
Pearl diving in Bahrain, March 1911. At the time, the laborers of the Pearl industry was dominated by slaves.
1672:
1450:
311:
2187:
2150:(GCC) to claim to repeal the kafala system. In a public statement the Labor Minister likened the system to
1944:
1917:
1677:
1516:
1386:
1047:
815:
795:
355:
323:
42:
3642:
3632:
2376:
1737:
1687:
1406:
1324:
451:
232:
52:
2628:
1863:
A second route of slave trade existed, with people from both Africa and East Asia, who were smuggled to
1761:
Bahrain Pearling License 1942. In the 1940s, the laborers of the Pearl industry was dominated by slaves.
3657:
3627:
3427:
1591:
1443:
1428:
1319:
515:
185:
2485:
2756:
2044:, but claimed that it was limited; that all slaves who sought asylum at the British Agents Office in
1966:
The British officially reported that 46 domestic slaves had been manumitted in Bahrain in 1929–1930.
1692:
1586:
1117:
1105:
695:
668:
173:
3637:
3249:
3225:
2555:
2294:
2147:
1467:
1336:
889:
678:
163:
64:
343:
3477:
3442:
3397:
1995:
1657:
1391:
1341:
1269:
1042:
820:
764:
747:
178:
3367:
3362:
3257:
1730:
1699:
1199:
940:
852:
700:
424:
390:
385:
2598:
1561:
1416:
1329:
1314:
996:
984:
730:
715:
500:
275:
197:
168:
1836:
of East Africa via Zanzibar to Oman. From Oman, the slaves were exported to the rest of the
3447:
3327:
3006:
2813:"Three Months After the Sponsorship System in Bahrain was "Scrapped", What Really Changed?"
2696:"Three months after the Sponsorship system in Bahrain was 'scrapped', what really changed?"
2548:
Gardner, Andrew (2010). "3. Foreign Labor in Peril: The Indian Transnational Proletariat".
1921:
1829:
1704:
1603:
1566:
1494:
1438:
1307:
1264:
1078:
1008:
683:
463:
365:
249:
156:
8:
3547:
3467:
3422:
3402:
3392:
3292:
3218:
1187:
1167:
1052:
1037:
906:
877:
867:
757:
705:
673:
470:
328:
296:
291:
244:
101:
3492:
3387:
2874:
2166:
1433:
1279:
1254:
1244:
1204:
1172:
1137:
1130:
1071:
1064:
921:
740:
735:
725:
495:
348:
306:
301:
254:
222:
212:
149:
370:
316:
3602:
3472:
3437:
3372:
3352:
3287:
3282:
2963:"For a Better Life: Migrant Worker Abuse in Bahrain and the Government Reform Agenda"
2878:
2866:
2779:
2665:
2559:
2380:
2074:
2040:
that there was still ongoing slavery and slave trade in the Trucial States, Oman and
2037:
2029:
2007:
1868:
1837:
1521:
1239:
1234:
1177:
1162:
1142:
964:
959:
894:
857:
690:
656:
485:
338:
227:
106:
3497:
3457:
3432:
3412:
3347:
3322:
3312:
3297:
2858:
2771:
1716:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1214:
1182:
1152:
1025:
1013:
991:
969:
916:
752:
720:
22:
2282:
Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic
2227:
Suzanne Miers: Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
1773:
3417:
3382:
3337:
3332:
3241:
2341:
2295:"The Manumission Movement in the Gulf in the First Half of the Twentieth Century"
1860:. The Omani slave trade from Africa started to shrink in the late 19th-century.
1765:
1625:
1511:
1506:
1259:
1229:
1224:
947:
911:
710:
628:
333:
79:
2599:"'As If I Am Not Human' — Abuses against Asian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia"
2400:
1797:
of poor workers from the same region were slaves had previously been imported.
1757:
2862:
1845:
1812:
1709:
1598:
490:
131:
89:
2775:
2486:
Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire
2014:
international observations of the area which could force them to take action.
3621:
3596:
2870:
2783:
2207:
2121:
2117:
2106:
2105:
After the abolition of slavery, poor migrant workers were employed under the
2089:
1948:
1893:
1833:
1794:
1790:
1647:
1571:
1018:
1001:
776:
606:
596:
380:
30:
2018:
2002:
1933:
1825:
1652:
1484:
1460:
1366:
1359:
1090:
618:
591:
554:
532:
419:
136:
116:
94:
84:
74:
69:
59:
2329:
899:
3606:
3189:
Speaking With Their Own Voices: The Stories of Slaves in the Persian Gulf
2049:
1897:
1816:
obeyed the same international treaties signed by the British themselves.
1489:
1477:
830:
633:
623:
581:
395:
3001:, Gulf Labour Markets and Migration, vol. GLMM - EN - No. 1/2015,
2543:
2541:
1979:
1642:
934:
638:
505:
2844:"Reforming the Kafala: Challenges and Opportunities in Moving Forward"
1947:, while male slaves were primarily used within the pearl industry as
1943:
Female slaves were primarily used as either domestic servants, or as
882:
547:
409:
2538:
2318:
THESIGER, W. The Marsh Arabs. Penguin Classics, London, 2007, p. 69.
564:
3181:
The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking
2585:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2518:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2503:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2472:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2454:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2430:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2415:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2358:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2269:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2254:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
2239:
Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
1472:
1030:
974:
926:
586:
431:
286:
192:
3210:
2333:
2151:
2143:
2045:
1975:
1853:
1786:
1455:
537:
217:
34:
2757:"Understanding Variations in Gulf Migration and Labor Practices"
1882:
1864:
1857:
1157:
979:
559:
542:
404:
239:
207:
2892:
2139:
refers to the local employment sponsor in the kafala system.
2041:
1929:
1925:
1886:
1878:
1849:
414:
400:
375:
2081:
In 1957 the British pressured the Gulf rulers to accept the
1892:
In the 1940s, a third slave trade route was noted, in which
1901:
1873:
1841:
281:
111:
2900:"Bahrain abolishes sponsorship system for foreign workers"
2373:
Slavery from Roman times to the early transatlantic trade
2036:
In 1936, the British acknowledged in their report to the
3151:"Flexible Work Permit for Undocumented Workers: Bahrain"
3143:
1889:
to Oman, the Trucial States, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait.
3121:"Kuwait: Government Pledges to End Sponsorship System"
2726:"Bahrain: Migrant Workers Denied Pay, Right to Travel"
3091:"Kuwait: New Law a Breakthrough for Domestic Workers"
2842:
Khan, Azfar; Harroff-Tavel, Hélène (September 2011).
2835:
2755:
Roper, Steven D.; Barria, Lilian A. (10 April 2014).
3035:"Saudi Arabia: Steps Toward Migrant Workers' Rights"
1412:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2718:
2370:
2069:, who produced a 'world review of slavery' for the
3061:"Qatar: New Reforms Won't Protect Migrant Workers"
2488:. Storbritannien: Yale University Press.
2841:
2748:
2591:
3619:
1527:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2805:
2532:"The Kafala System: An Issue of Modern Slavery"
2092:minority are descendants of the former slaves.
1989:
3113:
3083:
2957:
2955:
2621:
1867:in the Arabian Peninsula in connection to the
3226:
3053:
2297:. Middle Eastern Studies, 47:6, 2011, p. 871.
2028:In 1935, the British authorities assured the
1738:
1616:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
1532:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2952:
2754:
2403:. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Askon; 2008
2100:
3233:
3219:
2484:Hopper, M. S. (2015).
2284:. (2007). Grekland: Ohio University Press.
2198:History of concubinage in the Muslim world
1914:History of concubinage in the Muslim world
1907:
1745:
1731:
2985:
2657:
3037:. Human Rights Watch. 15 November 2015.
2906:. Al Arabiya Network. 19 December 2016.
2688:
2663:
2364:
2135:comes from Arabic, and the related word
2071:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1772:
1764:
1756:
1537:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1402:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1382:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2930:"Migration in the Gulf: 2016 in Review"
2547:
2330:http://journals.openedition.org/cy/2971
2109:, which have been compared to slavery.
2078:already banned, in order to save face.
3620:
2995:Bahrain's Legal Framework of Migration
2922:
2193:History of slavery in the Muslim world
1994:The British Empire, having signed the
1828:(1692–1856), Oman was a center of the
1807:History of slavery in the Muslim world
3214:
3131:from the original on 22 February 2017
3041:from the original on 28 November 2016
3027:
2991:
2645:from the original on 10 December 2014
2496:
2494:
2465:
2463:
2351:
2349:
2083:1956 Supplementary Slavery Convention
1424:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1101:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
3101:from the original on 18 January 2023
3071:from the original on 18 January 2023
2940:from the original on 8 November 2018
2910:from the original on 8 November 2018
2823:from the original on 2 November 2017
2793:from the original on 18 January 2023
2676:from the original on 6 December 2013
2305:
2303:
2203:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2017:In 1932, the official report of the
1621:Slave marriages in the United States
1220:Human trafficking in the Middle East
3240:
2851:Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
2156:Labour Market Regulatory Suggestion
955:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
3205:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery
3161:from the original on 14 March 2017
2736:from the original on 25 March 2010
2491:
2460:
2346:
2160:Labour Market Regulation Authority
1832:. Slaves were trafficked from the
1609:last survivors of American slavery
14:
3679:
2666:"Bahrain to end 'slavery' system"
2664:Harmassi, Mohammed (6 May 2009).
2300:
2095:
570:Field slaves in the United States
437:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3601:
3592:
3591:
2973:from the original on 21 May 2019
2706:from the original on 2 June 2012
2609:from the original on 11 May 2012
2114:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
1938:
447:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
442:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
271:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
41:
3016:from the original on 4 May 2021
2576:
2524:
2509:
2478:
2445:
2436:
2421:
2406:
2393:
2334:https://doi.org/10.4000/cy.2971
2023:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1397:Committee of Experts on Slavery
948:East, Southeast, and South Asia
3648:Human rights abuses in Bahrain
3559:British Indian Ocean Territory
2764:Middle East Law and Governance
2321:
2312:
2287:
2275:
2260:
2245:
2230:
2221:
1969:
1819:
1096:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
3003:European University Institute
2214:
2146:was the first country in the
2371:William D. Phillips (1985).
2188:Human trafficking in Bahrain
2056:
1990:Activism against slave trade
1918:Islamic views on concubinage
1387:Temporary Slavery Commission
1048:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2377:Manchester University Press
2180:
1407:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
452:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
3684:
2863:10.1177/011719681102000303
2165:However, in November 2009
1911:
1804:
1800:
1592:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1429:Anti-Slavery International
1194:North Africa and West Asia
3653:Anti-black racism in Asia
3587:
3546:
3506:
3248:
2776:10.1163/18763375-00601001
1693:Emancipation Proclamation
1360:Opposition and resistance
1118:Sex trafficking in Europe
1106:Blackbirding in Polynesia
669:Trans-Saharan slave trade
3663:Indian Ocean slave trade
3308:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3202:William Clarence-Smith:
2556:Cornell University Press
2167:Human Rights Watch (HRW)
2148:Gulf Cooperation Council
2101:Kafala system in Bahrain
1468:Compensated emancipation
679:Indian Ocean slave trade
3569:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1996:1926 Slavery Convention
1945:concubines (sex slaves)
1908:Function and conditions
1392:1926 Slavery Convention
1148:Germany in World War II
765:North and South America
287:Contract of manumission
3668:1937 disestablishments
1778:
1770:
1762:
873:British Virgin Islands
425:Circassian slave trade
391:Safavid imperial harem
386:Ottoman Imperial Harem
3127:. 28 September 2010.
2969:. 30 September 2012.
2340:June 6, 2020, at the
1805:Further information:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1112:Europe and North Asia
1072:Australia and Oceania
772:Pre-Columbian America
344:Slave raid of Suðuroy
276:Slavery in al-Andalus
198:Black Sea slave trade
127:21st-century jihadism
3483:United Arab Emirates
3007:Gulf Research Center
2819:. 11 November 2009.
2702:. 11 November 2009.
2088:Many members of the
1922:Ma malakat aymanukum
1830:Zanzibar slave trade
1567:Indentured servitude
1495:Underground Railroad
1295:United Arab Emirates
684:Zanzibar slave trade
651:By country or region
464:Atlantic slave trade
366:Ma malakat aymanukum
250:Venetian slave trade
3510:limited recognition
3157:. 17 October 2016.
3067:. 8 November 2015.
2732:. 4 November 2009.
2332: ; DOI :
1658:Slave Route Project
784:Americas indigenous
674:Red Sea slave trade
664:Contemporary Africa
527:Topics and practice
297:Crimean slave trade
292:Bukhara slave trade
245:Genoese slave trade
122:Contemporary Africa
102:Forced prostitution
3643:History of Bahrain
3633:Slavery by country
3194:C.W.W. Greenidge:
3155:Migrant-Rights.org
3125:Human Rights Watch
3095:Human Rights Watch
3065:Human Rights Watch
2992:Zahra, M. (2015),
2967:Human Rights Watch
2936:. 1 January 2017.
2934:Migrant-Rights.org
2904:Al Arabiya English
2817:Migrant-Rights.org
2730:Human Rights Watch
2638:. 9 October 2014.
2636:Human Rights Watch
2603:Human Rights Watch
2131:system". The word
1811:In the 1890s, the
1779:
1771:
1763:
1434:Blockade of Africa
741:Somali slave trade
657:Sub-Saharan Africa
349:Turkish Abductions
307:Khivan slave trade
302:Khazar slave trade
255:Balkan slave trade
213:Prague slave trade
3658:Racism in Bahrain
3628:Islam and slavery
3615:
3614:
3552:other territories
3186:Jerzy Zdanowski:
2551:City of Strangers
2534:. 19 August 2022.
2386:978-0-7190-1825-1
2154:. Changes to the
2075:League of Nations
2038:League of Nations
2030:League of Nations
2008:League of Nations
1869:Muslim pilgrimage
1838:Arabian Peninsula
1755:
1754:
1705:Freedmen's Bureau
1522:Third Servile War
1517:International law
1084:Human trafficking
846:Human trafficking
521:Thirteen colonies
339:Sack of Baltimore
107:Human trafficking
3675:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3564:Christmas Island
3250:Sovereign states
3242:Slavery in Asia
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3097:. 30 June 2015.
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3000:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2857:(3–4): 293–313.
2848:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2225:
1844:, including the
1747:
1740:
1733:
1717:Emancipation Day
1545:
1512:Slave Trade Acts
203:Byzantine Empire
45:
18:
17:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3638:Slavery in Asia
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3583:
3551:
3542:
3523:Northern Cyprus
3509:
3502:
3244:
3239:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3089:
3088:
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3072:
3059:
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3033:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3013:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2976:
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2961:
2960:
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2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
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2846:
2840:
2836:
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2806:
2796:
2794:
2790:
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2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2605:. 8 July 2008.
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:Suzanne Miers:
2581:
2577:
2566:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:Suzanne Miers:
2514:
2510:
2500:Suzanne Miers:
2499:
2492:
2483:
2479:
2469:Suzanne Miers:
2468:
2461:
2451:Suzanne Miers:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2427:Suzanne Miers:
2426:
2422:
2412:Suzanne Miers:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2369:
2365:
2355:Suzanne Miers:
2354:
2347:
2342:Wayback Machine
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2266:Suzanne Miers:
2265:
2261:
2251:Suzanne Miers:
2250:
2246:
2236:Suzanne Miers:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2183:
2103:
2098:
2059:
1992:
1972:
1941:
1936:
1910:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1751:
1722:
1721:
1626:Slave narrative
1577:Fugitive slaves
1557:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1507:Slave rebellion
1362:
1352:
1351:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1122:United Kingdom
1058:Yankee princess
652:
644:
643:
371:Avret Pazarları
317:Avret Pazarları
186:Medieval Europe
152:
142:
141:
80:Forced marriage
55:
12:
11:
5:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
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3613:
3612:
3610:
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3599:
3588:
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3576:
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3514:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
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3455:
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3445:
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3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
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3405:
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3395:
3390:
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3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
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3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3173:
3172:
3142:
3112:
3082:
3052:
3026:
2984:
2951:
2921:
2891:
2834:
2804:
2747:
2717:
2700:Migrant Rights
2687:
2656:
2620:
2590:
2575:
2565:978-0801476020
2564:
2537:
2523:
2508:
2490:
2477:
2459:
2444:
2435:
2420:
2405:
2392:
2385:
2379:. p. 76.
2363:
2345:
2320:
2311:
2299:
2293:ZDANOWSKI, J.
2286:
2274:
2259:
2244:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Modern slavery
2094:
2067:George Maxwell
2058:
2055:
1991:
1988:
1971:
1968:
1940:
1937:
1909:
1906:
1846:Trucial States
1821:
1818:
1813:British Empire
1802:
1799:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
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1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1599:List of slaves
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
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1379:
1374:
1363:
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1306:
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1301:
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1287:
1282:
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1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Dutch Republic
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
967:
962:
957:
951:
950:
944:
943:
938:
931:
930:
929:
924:
914:
909:
904:
903:
902:
892:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
860:
855:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
793:
792:
791:
781:
780:
779:
768:
767:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
744:
743:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
676:
671:
666:
660:
659:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
614:
610:
609:
604:
602:Child soldiers
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
578:
577:
567:
562:
557:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
529:
528:
524:
523:
518:
513:
511:Spanish Empire
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:Middle Passage
488:
483:
478:
473:
467:
466:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
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393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
353:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
320:
319:
312:Ottoman Empire
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
273:
267:
266:
260:
259:
258:
257:
247:
242:
237:
236:
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230:
225:
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210:
205:
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195:
189:
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182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
159:
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
132:Sexual slavery
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
98:
97:
92:
90:Child marriage
87:
77:
72:
67:
65:Child soldiers
62:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
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3634:
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3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3589:
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3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:South Ossetia
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
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3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
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3459:
3456:
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3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2399:Zdanowski J.
2396:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2209:
2208:Kafala system
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:pearl hunting
2115:
2110:
2108:
2107:Kafala system
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2048:were granted
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1939:Female slaves
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:Swahili coast
1831:
1827:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1795:Kafala system
1792:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Slave catcher
1646:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
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1572:Forced labour
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1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:comfort women
1017:
1016:
1015:
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1003:
1002:Chukri System
1000:
998:
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986:
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978:
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891:
890:Latin America
888:
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871:
869:
866:
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861:
859:
856:
854:
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847:
844:
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841:interregional
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:prison labour
824:
822:
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814:
812:
809:
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796:United States
794:
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622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
611:
608:
607:White slavery
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Slave raiding
595:
593:
590:
588:
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583:
580:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
566:
565:Corvée labour
563:
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382:
381:Abbasid harem
379:
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357:
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347:
345:
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327:
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324:Barbary Coast
322:
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49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:Forced labour
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3548:Dependencies
3478:Turkmenistan
3443:Saudi Arabia
3272:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3178:Joel Quirk:
3163:. Retrieved
3154:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3124:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3094:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3064:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3029:
3018:, retrieved
2994:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2966:
2942:. Retrieved
2933:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2903:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2854:
2850:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2816:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2770:(1): 32–52.
2767:
2763:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2729:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2699:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2669:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2635:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2569:
2549:
2526:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2480:
2470:
2452:
2447:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2372:
2366:
2361:, p. 204-205
2356:
2323:
2314:
2289:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2223:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:pearl divers
2111:
2104:
2090:Afro-Arabian
2087:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2035:
2027:
2019:India Office
2016:
2012:
2003:India Office
2000:
1993:
1984:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:pearl divers
1942:
1934:Abd (Arabic)
1891:
1872:
1862:
1826:Omani Empire
1823:
1810:
1791:Afro-Arabian
1782:
1780:
1653:Slave patrol
1485:Freedom suit
1461:Sierra Leone
1451:Colonization
1367:Abolitionism
1347:Baháʼí Faith
1320:Christianity
1270:Saudi Arabia
1209:
1126:Penal Labour
1091:Blackbirding
997:Debt bondage
985:penal system
811:Contemporary
801:Field slaves
789:U.S. Natives
748:South Africa
619:Galley slave
592:Slave market
582:House slaves
555:Blackbirding
533:Conscription
457:21st century
420:Umm al-walad
264:Muslim world
233:Emancipation
137:Wage slavery
117:Penal labour
95:Wife selling
85:Bride buying
70:Conscription
60:Child Labour
53:Contemporary
15:
3607:Asia portal
3508:States with
3428:Philippines
3368:South Korea
3363:North Korea
3258:Afghanistan
3045:27 November
2884:17 November
2797:24 November
2588:, p. 265-66
2475:, p. 265-67
2457:, s. 265-66
2418:, p. 164-66
2272:, p. 265-66
2257:, p. 304-07
2242:, p. 304-06
2050:manumission
1978:during the
1970:Male slaves
1898:Balochistan
1824:During the
1820:Slave trade
1785:existed in
1668:court cases
1540: [
1490:Slave Power
1478:Manumission
1325:Catholicism
1200:Afghanistan
941:Puerto Rico
853:The Bahamas
831:Slave codes
634:Shanghaiing
624:Impressment
516:Slave Coast
396:Qajar harem
356:Concubinage
329:slave trade
3622:Categories
3488:Uzbekistan
3463:Tajikistan
3378:Kyrgyzstan
3358:Kazakhstan
3278:Bangladesh
3268:Azerbaijan
3165:1 December
3135:1 December
3105:1 December
3075:1 December
3005:(EUI) and
2977:1 December
2944:1 December
2914:1 December
2827:1 December
2649:1 February
2554:. Ithaca:
2215:References
1912:See also:
1683:J.Q. Adams
1673:Washington
1643:Slave name
1587:convention
1562:Common law
935:Encomienda
731:Seychelles
716:Mauritania
639:Slave ship
506:Panyarring
501:New France
150:Historical
3574:Hong Kong
3528:Palestine
3453:Sri Lanka
3448:Singapore
3328:Indonesia
3020:3 January
2879:154570877
2871:0117-1968
2784:1876-3375
2142:In 2009,
2057:Abolition
1980:Karmatian
1678:Jefferson
1330:Mormonism
1265:Palestine
1079:Australia
1009:Indonesia
900:Lei Áurea
883:Code Noir
863:Caribbean
836:Treatment
575:Treatment
548:Devshirme
410:Odalisque
228:In Russia
169:Babylonia
157:Antiquity
3597:Category
3518:Abkhazia
3468:Thailand
3423:Pakistan
3403:Mongolia
3398:Maldives
3393:Malaysia
3293:Cambodia
3159:Archived
3129:Archived
3099:Archived
3069:Archived
3039:Archived
3011:archived
2971:Archived
2938:Archived
2908:Archived
2821:Archived
2788:Archived
2734:Archived
2704:Archived
2674:Archived
2670:BBC News
2640:Archived
2607:Archived
2521:, p. 344
2506:, p. 267
2433:, p. 265
2338:Archived
2181:See also
1894:Balochis
1710:Iron bit
1700:40 acres
1663:breeding
1473:Freedman
1308:Religion
1168:Portugal
1053:Thailand
1043:Maldives
1038:Malaysia
1031:Kwalliso
975:Booi Aha
927:Restavek
907:Colombia
878:Trinidad
868:Barbados
758:Zanzibar
706:Ethiopia
587:Saqaliba
481:Database
432:Saqaliba
193:Ancillae
23:a series
21:Part of
3493:Vietnam
3408:Myanmar
3388:Lebanon
3318:Georgia
3273:Bahrain
3263:Armenia
3197:Slavery
3009:(GRC),
2740:23 July
2710:23 July
2680:20 June
2613:23 July
2152:slavery
2144:Bahrain
2073:of the
2046:Sharjah
2021:to the
1982:state.
1976:Bahrain
1854:Bahrain
1801:History
1787:Bahrain
1783:slavery
1688:Lincoln
1556:Related
1456:Liberia
1342:Judaism
1280:Tunisia
1255:Morocco
1245:Lebanon
1210:Bahrain
1205:Algeria
1173:Romania
1138:Denmark
1131:Slavery
1065:Vietnam
736:Somalia
726:Nigeria
701:Comoros
629:Pirates
538:Ghilman
471:Bristol
361:history
334:pirates
223:History
112:Peonage
35:slavery
3538:Taiwan
3473:Turkey
3438:Russia
3373:Kuwait
3353:Jordan
3343:Israel
3303:Cyprus
3288:Brunei
3283:Bhutan
2877:
2869:
2782:
2562:
2383:
2137:kafeel
2133:kafala
2129:kafala
1932:, and
1883:Medina
1865:Jeddah
1858:Kuwait
1842:Persia
1604:owners
1240:Kuwait
1235:Jordan
1188:Sweden
1178:Russia
1163:Poland
1158:Norway
980:Laogai
965:Brunei
960:Bhutan
922:revolt
895:Brazil
858:Canada
821:partus
806:female
691:Angola
560:Coolie
543:Mamluk
496:Nantes
476:Brazil
405:Cariye
240:Thrall
208:Kholop
174:Greece
3579:Macau
3498:Yemen
3458:Syria
3433:Qatar
3413:Nepal
3348:Japan
3323:India
3313:Egypt
3298:China
3014:(PDF)
2999:(PDF)
2875:S2CID
2847:(PDF)
2791:(PDF)
2760:(PDF)
2643:(PDF)
2632:(PDF)
2042:Qatar
1930:Jarya
1926:Qiyan
1896:from
1887:Hejaz
1879:Mecca
1877:, to
1850:Qatar
1781:Open
1636:songs
1631:films
1544:]
1500:songs
1337:Islam
1315:Bible
1290:Yemen
1285:Qatar
1275:Syria
1250:Libya
1215:Egypt
1183:Spain
1153:Malta
1026:Korea
1014:Japan
992:India
970:China
917:Haiti
777:Aztec
753:Sudan
721:Niger
613:Naval
486:Dutch
415:Qiyan
401:Jarya
376:Harem
218:Serfs
164:Egypt
3418:Oman
3383:Laos
3338:Iraq
3333:Iran
3167:2018
3137:2018
3107:2018
3077:2018
3047:2018
3022:2021
2979:2018
2946:2018
2916:2018
2886:2018
2867:ISSN
2829:2018
2799:2018
2780:ISSN
2742:2012
2712:2012
2682:2013
2651:2015
2615:2012
2571:gulf
2560:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2065:Sir
1902:Oman
1881:and
1874:Hajj
1856:and
1840:and
1582:laws
1444:U.S.
1439:U.K.
1377:U.S.
1372:U.K.
1260:Oman
1230:Iraq
1225:Iran
912:Cuba
816:maps
711:Mali
696:Chad
282:Baqt
179:Rome
75:Debt
33:and
3550:and
2859:doi
2772:doi
2112:In
1951:.
3624::
3153:.
3123:.
3093:.
3063:.
2965:.
2954:^
2932:.
2902:.
2873:.
2865:.
2855:20
2853:.
2849:.
2815:.
2786:.
2778:.
2766:.
2762:.
2728:.
2698:.
2672:.
2668:.
2634:.
2601:.
2568:.
2558:.
2540:^
2493:^
2462:^
2375:.
2348:^
2336:.
2302:^
2124:.
1928:,
1924:,
1920:,
1916:,
1871:,
1852:,
1848:,
1542:fa
25:on
3234:e
3227:t
3220:v
3169:.
3139:.
3109:.
3079:.
3049:.
2981:.
2948:.
2918:.
2888:.
2861::
2831:.
2801:.
2774::
2768:6
2744:.
2714:.
2684:.
2653:.
2617:.
2389:.
1746:e
1739:t
1732:v
937:)
933:(
403:/
278:
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
