1603:
all farmland. The bulk of India's hungry and poor people are constituted of smallholder farmers and landless people. 78% country's farmers own less than 2 hectares (5 acres), which constitutes 33% of total farmland but at the same time, they produce 41% of the country's food grains. 20% of the world's poor live in India, although the country was self-sufficient in food production in 2002 due to the first Green
Revolution started in the latter half of the twentieth century, numerous households lacked resources to purchase food. Holdings less than 2 ha contributed 41% of total food grain production in 1991 compared to 28% in 1971, which means a substantial increase, whereas medium holdings registered a mere 3% increase in the same period and large holdings registered a decline from 51 to 35%. This signifies the importance of smallholders in the Green Revolution and the attainment of national food security. Smallholder families are becoming more vulnerable and more disadvantaged due to the expansion of international trade liberalisation. The needs and aspirations of small farmers must feature prominently in policies of market reform that seek to improve food and nutritional security. India's total increase rate of productivity across the farming sector was far less in 1990's when compared to previous decades.
1559:, smallholding is a small plot of land with low rental value, used to grow crops. By some estimates, there are 525 million smallholder farmers in the world. These farms vary in land sizes, production and labor intensities. The distribution of farm sizes depends on a number of agroecological and demographic conditions, as well as on economic and technological factors. Smallholders are critical to local and regional food systems, as well as livelihoods, and especially so during periods of food supply chain disruptions. Smallholders dominate production in certain key sectors such as coffee and cocoa. Various types of
1631:
more. Increasing the productivity of smallholder farmers is encouraged due to its potential of improving food availability, increasing rural incomes, lowering poverty rates, and growing the economy. Diversification of crops in smallholder farms is one of the potential strategies in sustaining agricultural productivity, and copping with marketing risks. It is also a transitional step from subsistence to commercial agriculture. Age, education of household head, type of crops, cropping system, amount of credit, and irrigation facilities are some of the factors influencing diversification in smallholder farms.
27:
1245:
548:
39:
1475:
1612:
1181:
1402:
3150:
1547:
income or employment opportunities off the farm contributes to the economic stability of smallholder farming households. These off-farm income-generating activities offer a buffer against agricultural shocks and allow for a diversified livelihood strategy, providing families with increased financial security and access to essential resources.
1230:, in terms of inputs versus outputs, to rise as the size of the farm rises. Specialization has also been a major factor in increasing agricultural productivity, for example as commodity processing began to move off the farm in the 19th century, farmers could spend more effort on primary food production.
1538:
Smallholder farms, also known as small-scale farms, encompass a diverse array of agricultural operations, varying from those owning the land they cultivate to those who do not. These farmers, often family-oriented, rely significantly on family labor to meet production needs, with women contributing a
1644:
to the water, a study found that those large-scale farms which adhere to the traditional water rights structures fare better in terms of social reputation, which better ensures their access to water. Adhering to the water law in order to enforce their permits is less effective, as regional
Tanzanian
1714:
defined small farms as those with less than $ 250,000 in gross receipts annually on which day-to-day labor and management are provided by the farmer and/or the farm family that owns the production, or owns or leases the productive assets. In 2000, such farms accounted for about 90% of the more than
1639:
Along the upper and middle reaches of the
Nduruma River in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania, there is not enough water to go around. Smallholder farmers address inequities in land and water distribution by enforcing existing traditional local rules. Whilst larger estate farms may have governmental
1602:
and 5 acres), 'semi medium' between 2 and 4 hectares (5 and 10 acres), 'medium' between 4 and 10 hectares (9.9 and 24.7 acres), 'large' above 10 hectares (25 acres). If we use 4 hectares (10 acres) (marginal + small + medium) as a threshold, 94.3% of holdings are small and these constitute 65.2% of
1546:
Many smallholder farms supplement their income through off-farm work, crucial for sustaining livelihoods, particularly during agricultural downturns like droughts. Engaging in off-farm employment also serves to build social capital and resilience within these communities. Having multiple sources of
1630:
acres). This represents the vast majority of Kenya's rural poor population who depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Adverse risk events during the period 1980–2012 led to production losses in smallholder farms resulting in a drop in agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) of 2 percent or
1542:
The agricultural work on smallholder farms predominantly involves family members, with occasional hired labor, particularly during peak seasons. However, the productivity per hectare tends to increase with higher involvement of family members in farm activities. In addition to farm-related duties,
1619:
Kenya's smallholder means someone who owns, possess or produces agricultural products in small-scale . smallholder production accounts for 78 percent of total agricultural production and 70 percent of commercial production. Majority of the smallholder population work in farm sizes averaging 0.47
1264:
of their communities. An
American study showed that small farms with incomes of $ 100,000 or less spend almost 95 percent of their farm-related expenses within their local communities. The same study took into comparison the fact that farms with incomes greater than $ 900,000 spend less than 20
1760:
Many farmers are upset by their inability to fix the new types of high-tech farm equipment. This is due mostly to companies using intellectual property law to prevent farmers from having the legal right to fix their equipment (or gain access to the information to allow them to do it). This has
1781:
is ongoing. The
European Commission states that more than three-quarters of farm holdings in the European Union are less than 10 hectares, with a large number less than five hectares,. However as of 2009 it had not established a formal definition of the term that could be used in its
1272:
gives the farmer the profit that would otherwise go to the wholesaler, the distributor, and the supermarket. About two-thirds of the revenue is expended on product marketing. If farmers sell their products directly to consumers, they receive a higher percentage of the
1718:
The concentration of production on fewer and larger operations is a longstanding concern among some segments of the agricultural community. Others view these changes as inevitable, and even necessary to maintain the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector.
1452:. The nucleus is the part of such a plantation that is under concession and management of the company, while another part of the plantation is operated by smallholders typically on their own land but planted by the company. NES farming is a particular form of
2059:
1379:
have analyzed the distinctions among farm sizes since the field's inception. Traditional agricultural economic theory considered small farms inefficient, a stance that began to be challenged in the 1950s. An overview of research published by the
428:
and economic impact. There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farms in developing countries of the world alone, supporting almost two billion people. Smallholdings are usually farms supporting a single family with a mixture of
1659:
In 1975, there were 4.2 million smallholder farming households in
Thailand. In 2013, Thailand had 5.9 million smallholder farming households. The average area of these smallholdings had shrunk from 3.7 to 3.2 hectares
1354:
industry of
Southeast Asia, contributing 40% of the production. Because such farmers are less able to access financing than larger businesses, they are unable to fund methods to increase the productivity of their farms when
476:, rely heavily on small holders; globally, as of 2008 90% of cocoa is grown by smallholders. These farmers rely on cocoa for up to 60 to 90 per cent of their income. Similar trends in supply chains exist in other crops like
33:
in Kenya. In many parts of Africa and other parts of the world, women are the primary smallholders. In many contexts, women face unequal access to land, markets, knowledge, and other assets needed to maintain their
1645:
local governments generally attempt to avoid conflict with their populace. On a larger scale, however, existing traditional rules are ineffective in maintaining cooperation among users along the
Nduruma River.
1419:
that is maintained without expectation of being a primary source of income. Some are held simply to bring homeowners closer to nature, to provide recreational land for horses, or as working farms for secondary
2067:
1925:
Babu, Suresh C.; Sanyal, Prabuddha (2009). "Effects of commercialization of agriculture (Shift from traditional crop to cash crop) on food consumption and nutrition – application of chi-square statistic".
2325:"Building the Resilience of Smallholder Farmers | Land & Water | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | Land & Water | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
1324:
portends to smallholder farmers in different and widely varying agroecological environments and socio-economic realities, and what management strategies they are employing to deal with these impacts.
437:. As a country becomes more affluent, smallholdings may not be self-sufficient, but may be valued for providing supplemental sustenance, recreation, and general rural lifestyle appreciation (often as
2397:
Kristjanson, Patti; Neufeldt, Henry; Gassner, Anja; Mango, Joash; Kyazze, Florence B.; Desta, Solomon; Sayula, George; Thiede, Brian; Förch, Wiebke; Thornton, Philip K.; Coe, Richard (2012-09-01).
3154:
1359:
decline, increasing their need to clear more land. Increasing productivity, especially amongst smallholder farms, is an important way to decrease the amount of land needed for farming and slow
1320:
efforts are still hindered by lack of information on how smallholder farmers are experiencing and responding to climate change. There is lack of detailed, context-specific information on what
1252:. Cooperatives give small farmers an opportunity to be more competitive in markets, especially markets like coffee and cocoa where many of the purchasers are large businesses with high
1698:, defined a small farm as one with sales under $ 20,000. At the time these comprised 70% of farms in the US. The Act sponsored additional research on small farming operations by US
2990:
1293:
in less-developed contexts, addressing the productivity and financial sustainability of small holders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of
507:
in less-developed contexts, addressing the productivity and financial sustainability of small holders is an international development priority and measured by indicator 2.3 of
381:
2348:
Harvey, Celia A.; Saborio-RodrĂguez, Milagro; Martinez-RodrĂguez, M. Ruth; Viguera, Barbara; Chain-Guadarrama, Adina; Vignola, Raffaele; Alpizar, Francisco (2018-08-14).
3086:
1327:
Especially for smallholders working in commodity crops, climate change introduces an increasing amount of variability to farmer economic viability; for example,
1233:
Although numerous studies show that larger farms are more productive than smaller ones, some writers state that whilst conventional farming creates a high
360:
1543:
women on smallholder farms often shoulder responsibilities such as collecting fuel and water and engaging in low-value, small-scale trading activities.
1316:
While the historical focus on smallholders has been increasing global food supply under climate change and the role played by smallholder communities,
2693:
Savary, Serge; Akter, Sonia; Almekinders, Conny; Harris, Jody; Korsten, Lise; Rötter, Reimund; Waddington, Stephen; Watson, Derrill (August 2020).
1298:
2497:
2129:
1102:
1062:
580:
1563:
enterprises work with smallholding farmers in a range of roles including buying crops, providing seed, and acting as financial institutions.
415:
2147:"2.3.1 Productivity of small-scale food producers | Sustainable Development Goals | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
449:
movements grow in affluent countries, some of these smallholdings are gaining increased economic viability in the developed world as well.
1766:
3195:
2741:
International
Finance Corporation (2013). Working with Smallholders: A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains, p. 12.
512:
2466:
2968:"The Role of Statutory and Local Rules in Allocating Water between Large- and Small-Scale Irrigators in an African River Catchment"
2927:"Crop diversification analysis amongst smallholder farmers in Kenya(empirical evidence from Kamariny ward, Elgeyo Marakwet County)"
2886:"Crop diversification analysis amongst smallholder farmers in Kenya(empirical evidence from Kamariny ward, Elgeyo Marakwet County)"
1164:
2225:
Deolalikar, Anil B. (1981). "The
Inverse Relationship between Productivity and Farm Size: A Test Using Regional Data from India".
1901:
388:
1566:
In low-income countries, women make up 43 percent of smallholding agricultural labor but produce 60–80 percent of food crops.
2566:
2511:
1943:
1209:
3099:
2616:
Rapsomanikis, G., 2015. The economic lives of smallholder farmers: An analysis based on household data from nine countries.
2114:
2060:"How many smallholders are there worldwide producing cocoa? What proportion of cocoa worldwide is produced by smallholders?"
1998:
2261:
1786:. The public perception of the possible benefits of small-scale farming has led to requests for further studies from the
2088:
2439:
2552:
3138:
2638:
2499:
A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature: Traditional fields of agricultural economics, 1940s to 1970s, Volume 1
2209:
1805:
261:
1695:
281:
3131:
Förderung von Existenzgründungen in der Landwirtschaft: ein Projekt im Auftrag des BMELV (03HS016): Projektbericht
2175:
492:
investment in small holders improving food security. Today some companies try to include smallholdings into their
2654:. International Food Policy Research Institute and Overseas Development Institute Vision 2020 Initiative, p. 356.
1810:
1144:
1129:
1124:
630:
473:
3044:
3169:
2755:
2399:"Are food insecure smallholder households making changes in their farming practices? Evidence from East Africa"
1981:
1437:
1431:
1294:
1134:
1097:
1092:
610:
508:
3185:
1703:
1674:
to 8 acres) over that period. Instead of farms getting larger and less numerous, as has been the case in the
1336:
595:
1289:
Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve
499:
Because smallholding farms frequently require less industrial inputs and can be an important way to improve
3219:
2991:"Modern country, persistent smallholder: Explaining the puzzle of Thailand's truncated agrarian transition"
1975:"Defining Small-scale Food Producers to Monitor Target 2.3. of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development"
615:
590:
1707:
1574:
In India, there is five sizes classification for smallholders. These are 'marginal' less than 1 hectare (
1332:
600:
197:
30:
1783:
1406:
1340:
921:
640:
575:
251:
2527:
2146:
3016:
1726:
1360:
1317:
1227:
1202:
896:
520:
469:
2870:
2806:
3224:
2651:
1249:
1159:
993:
906:
891:
829:
755:
493:
2839:
2324:
3229:
2822:
The economic lives of smallholder farmers-An analysis based on household data from nine countries
2680:
The economic lives of smallholder farmers-An analysis based on household data from nine countries
2665:
Commodities and Development Report 2015-Smallholder Farmers and Sustainable Commodity Development
2503:
1855:
1654:
1415:(also called a lifestyle block, acreage living, or rural residential) is a smallholding or small
1057:
1052:
943:
911:
504:
442:
74:
2582:
1711:
1376:
1234:
1154:
1139:
1010:
1003:
765:
557:
374:
271:
86:
20:
424:
or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology,
2857:
2793:
1800:
1699:
998:
824:
760:
733:
276:
91:
3065:
2938:
2897:
2361:
1556:
1506:
1444:, practised in different world regions. It is most famous today for its application in the
1384:
in 1998 indicated that the productivity of small farms often exceeded that of larger ones.
1195:
948:
901:
570:
303:
2840:
D’Alessandro, Stephen P.; Caballero, Jorge; Lichte, John; Simpkin, Simon (November 2015).
8:
2967:
1860:
1787:
1762:
916:
481:
434:
421:
118:
3160:
2942:
2901:
2365:
547:
3162:
Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
3106:
2719:
2694:
2420:
2379:
2242:
1935:
1870:
1502:
1308:, and the attendant disruptions of food systems, their role has become more important.
1223:
1185:
1149:
738:
620:
465:
461:
331:
224:
165:
1277:, although they will spend more time selling the same amounts of product, which is an
3134:
2724:
2634:
2562:
2507:
2205:
1939:
1865:
1328:
1305:
1269:
1244:
1067:
1040:
988:
958:
807:
750:
713:
477:
453:
81:
26:
3184:
2884:
Kemboi, Evans; Muendo, Kavoi; Kiprotich, Collins (2020-01-01). Yildiz, Fatih (ed.).
2424:
2383:
2350:"Climate change impacts and adaptation among smallholder farmers in Central America"
1331:
globally is under increased threat, and smallholders in East Africa, such as in the
3201:
This provides an extensive historical and global view as of the early 20th century.
2946:
2905:
2845:
2714:
2706:
2410:
2369:
2234:
1931:
1880:
1830:
1453:
1343:
industries, are rapidly losing both viable coffee land and productivity of plants.
1278:
1261:
1045:
953:
938:
676:
635:
516:
348:
343:
338:
308:
219:
38:
2951:
2926:
2910:
2885:
2006:
1755:
1479:
1015:
787:
772:
708:
691:
519:
described "Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders" an important method for
485:
229:
212:
62:
2347:
2785:
2710:
1973:
Khalil, Clara Aida; Conforti, Piero; Ergin, Ipek; Gennari, Pietro (June 2017).
1875:
1778:
1321:
814:
96:
2554:
Agriculture and the environment: perspectives on sustainable rural development
2415:
2398:
2374:
2349:
3213:
3190:
1840:
1722:
1526:
1474:
1347:
1290:
1087:
1020:
802:
703:
696:
500:
353:
296:
239:
158:
113:
106:
3199:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 699–704.
2728:
1850:
1815:
1675:
1611:
1560:
1498:
1467:
1274:
1253:
1025:
983:
928:
886:
843:
266:
234:
123:
101:
69:
2784:
Bank, World; Agriculture, International Center for Tropical (2016-01-15).
2204:(3 ed.). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press. pp. 10–20.
2263:
Bringing the Food Economy Home: Local Alternatives to Global Agribusiness
2200:
Beierlein, James G.; Schneeberger, Kenneth C.; Osburn, Donald D. (2003).
2030:
1825:
1820:
1715:
2.1 million U.S. farms, but only about 40% of U.S. farm production.
1691:
1522:
1514:
1483:
1356:
1035:
861:
851:
792:
777:
686:
671:
645:
539:
489:
457:
425:
326:
244:
192:
170:
148:
1706:
and mandated that an annual report on these activities be issued by the
2849:
2756:"Small Holder Farmers in India:Food Security & Agricultural Policy"
2558:
2440:"How climate change threatens African coffee farmers | DW | 18.11.2020"
2246:
2040:. High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition. June 2013
1835:
1412:
1394:
1381:
1238:
1030:
978:
973:
866:
856:
745:
723:
718:
446:
438:
153:
53:
1902:"International Women's Day: Closing the gender gap among smallholders"
1248:
A smallholder coffee farmer in Colombia contributing her coffee to an
1237:, some small-scale, sustainable, polyculture farmers can produce more
1510:
1449:
968:
430:
2966:
Condon, Madison; Komakech, Hans; Zaag, Pieter van der (2012-01-01).
2841:
2238:
1974:
1268:
Small-scale agriculture often sells products directly to consumers.
1518:
1487:
1445:
1441:
1351:
1301:
has an ongoing program for Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture.
933:
256:
1401:
2925:
Kemboi, Evans; Muendo, Kavoi; Kiprotich, Collins (January 2020).
1845:
782:
728:
182:
2396:
2300:
1260:
Small farms have some economic advantages. Farmers support the
681:
175:
143:
43:
2695:"Mapping disruption and resilience mechanisms in food systems"
1999:"Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution"
1350:. For example, smallholders are an important component of the
2742:
2618:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
2089:"Why Sustainable Cocoa Farming Matters for Rural Development"
1265:
percent of their farm-related expenses in the local economy.
797:
3066:"We Can't Let John Deere Destroy the Very Idea of Ownership"
2692:
2115:
Impact of Export-Driven Cash Crops on Smallholder Households
1678:, the reverse happened: they got smaller and more numerous.
496:, providing seed, feed or fertilizer to improve production.
19:"Smallholder" redirects here. For the British magazine, see
3023:
2199:
1491:
1416:
963:
663:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2467:"Future Smallholder Deforestation: Possible Palm Oil Risk"
1972:
3045:"New High-Tech Farm Equipment Is a Nightmare for Farmers"
1777:
The debate concerning the role of small farms within the
1729:
divides the small family farm category into five groups:
2031:"Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security"
2828:
2038:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1346:
In some cases, smallholders are an important source of
1311:
488:
In other markets, small scale agriculture can increase
2113:
Schneider, Kate; Gugerty, Mary Kay (August 17, 2010).
420:
model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a
2924:
2883:
2259:
1769:
to begin to make open-source agricultural machinery.
2461:
2459:
2117:(Report). Evans School Policy Analysis and Research.
1928:
Food Security, Poverty and Nutrition Policy Analysis
513:
agriculture has such large impacts on climate change
361:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
2997:. University of Nottingham, Asia Research Institute
2965:
2528:"Evolving Themes in Rural Development 1950s-2000s"
2301:"Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme"
456:, which finds efficiencies by increasing outputs,
2456:
1690:have been formulated in legislation. In 1977 the
1424:
452:Small-scale agriculture is often in tension with
3211:
2112:
1517:, and usually, but not always, with a crofter's
2783:
2260:Gorelick, Steven; Norberg-Hodge, Helen (2002).
2127:
1749:
1440:is a farming system for commodity crops, often
1299:International Fund for Agricultural Development
2176:"Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders"
468:. Certain labor-intensive cash-crops, such as
3128:
1203:
382:
3100:"Small Farms in the EU: How Small is Small?"
2633:, pp. 125, 315. SNP Pan Pacific Publishing.
1405:An old dairy farm used as a hobby farm near
2284:
2128:Christina Gradl; et al. (March 2013).
3133:. MĂĽnster-Hiltrup: Landwirtschaftsverlag.
2765:. FAO Regional office for Asia and Pacific
2753:
2285:Chism, J.W.; Levins, R.A. (1994). "Farm".
2227:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
2224:
1924:
1588:acres), 'small' between 1 and 2 hectares (
1210:
1196:
389:
375:
3158:
2950:
2909:
2718:
2414:
2373:
2533:. Development Policy Review. p. 440
1610:
1473:
1400:
1243:
37:
25:
3129:Thomas, Frieder; Schmidt, Götz (2006).
1900:Gulden, Kathrine Torday (Mar 8, 2019).
1550:
464:under big agricultural operations, and
3212:
3182:
3017:"Status Report: Small Farms in the US"
2495:
2491:
2489:
2487:
1899:
1363:through processes like deforestation.
3186:"Allotments and Small Holdings"
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2202:Principles of Agribusiness Management
2170:
2168:
2166:
2141:
2139:
1375:has varied over time and by country.
16:Small farm, often for a single family
3092:
2988:
2786:"Climate-Smart Agriculture in Kenya"
2550:
2025:
2023:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1710:. A 1997 study by the United States
1539:substantial portion of farm labor.
1533:
1525:and use of the land, typically as a
1438:Nucleus estate and smallholder (NES)
1312:Environmental and climate adaptation
2989:Rigg, Jonathan (3 September 2018).
2819:
2677:
2484:
1980:(Report). FAO Statistics Division.
13:
3176:
2599:
2163:
2136:
1936:10.1016/B978-0-12-374712-9.00003-1
1521:thereon. A crofter is one who has
1222:According to conventional theory,
14:
3241:
3205:
2437:
2020:
1987:from the original on Nov 8, 2020.
1961:
1806:Asset-based community development
1772:
3153: This article incorporates
3148:
2287:Minnesota Agricultural Economist
2064:International Cocoa Organization
1696:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
1681:
1513:area of land, usually small and
1466:This section is an excerpt from
1430:This section is an excerpt from
1393:This section is an excerpt from
1284:
1179:
546:
3183:Graham, Peter Anderson (1911).
3122:
3079:
3058:
3037:
3009:
2982:
2959:
2918:
2877:
2813:
2777:
2747:
2735:
2686:
2671:
2657:
2644:
2623:
2583:"What is a Smallholder Farmer?"
2575:
2544:
2520:
2431:
2390:
2354:Agriculture & Food Security
2341:
2317:
2293:
2278:
2253:
2218:
2193:
2121:
2066:. 27 March 2012. Archived from
1811:Building-integrated agriculture
1742:farming occupation/lower-sales,
1615:Kenyan smallholder dairy farmer
1165:Agriculture and the environment
631:British Agricultural Revolution
531:
3170:Congressional Research Service
2754:Singh, R.B.; Kumar, P (2002).
2106:
2081:
2052:
1991:
1952:
1918:
1893:
1745:farming occupation/high-sales.
1432:Nucleus estate and smallholder
1425:Nucleus estate and smallholder
1387:
1295:Sustainable Development Goal 2
611:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
509:Sustainable Development Goal 2
426:involvement of family in labor
1:
2952:10.1080/23311932.2020.1834669
2931:Cogent Food & Agriculture
2911:10.1080/23311932.2020.1834669
2890:Cogent Food & Agriculture
1887:
1750:Technology for small farmers
1739:residential/lifestyle farms;
1529:, especially in rural areas.
616:Arab Agricultural Revolution
7:
1793:
1708:US Secretary of Agriculture
1648:
1634:
10:
3246:
3089:, accessed 11 October 2022
2743:http://www.farms2firms.org
2711:10.1007/s12571-020-01093-0
2667:. UN. 2015. pp. 2–21.
1784:Common Agricultural Policy
1761:encouraged groups such as
1753:
1652:
1480:Shetland Crofthouse Museum
1465:
1429:
1392:
1366:
576:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
18:
2652:The Future of Small Farms
2416:10.1007/s12571-012-0194-z
2375:10.1186/s40066-018-0209-x
1727:Economic Research Service
1361:environmental degradation
1228:agricultural productivity
1103:Universities and colleges
1063:Universities and colleges
526:
521:climate change mitigation
470:cocoa production in Ghana
31:Woman smallholder farmers
3087:The Small Farmers Scheme
2650:Nagayets,Oksana (2005).
2130:"Promising agribusiness"
1606:
1569:
1460:
1250:agricultural cooperative
1088:Agriculturist profession
907:Agricultural engineering
892:Agricultural cooperative
505:sustainable food systems
42:Small vegetable farm in
3196:Encyclopædia Britannica
2631:Interactive Geography 4
2504:University of Minnesota
2496:Martin, Lee R. (1992).
2471:Chain Reaction Research
1856:Subsistence agriculture
1733:limited-resource farms;
1700:land grant universities
1686:Several definitions of
1655:Agriculture in Thailand
1377:Agricultural economists
1058:Sustainable food system
1053:Sustainable agriculture
944:Animal-free agriculture
912:Agricultural technology
511:. Additionally, since
3155:public domain material
2865:Cite journal requires
2801:Cite journal requires
2629:Bunnett, R.B. (2002).
1712:Small Farms Commission
1640:licences guaranteeing
1616:
1495:
1409:
1257:
1186:Agriculture portal
1145:History of agriculture
1130:Agriculture by country
1125:Agricultural machinery
1093:Agricultural machinery
1011:Mechanised agriculture
581:Austronesian expansion
454:industrial agriculture
47:
35:
21:Smallholder (magazine)
3085:European Commission,
2266:. Kumarian Press (US)
1801:Allotment (gardening)
1725:analysis by the USDA
1653:Further information:
1614:
1477:
1404:
1247:
1135:Agriculture companies
1098:Government ministries
897:Agricultural supplies
734:Convertible husbandry
41:
29:
2587:Heifer International
2551:Lutz, Ernst (1998).
2289:. Spring 1994 (676).
1557:developing countries
1551:Developing countries
1371:The definition of a
949:Cellular agriculture
902:Agricultural science
571:Neolithic Revolution
252:Types of communities
3220:Agriculture by type
3068:. WIRED. 2015-04-21
3047:. WIRED. 2015-02-05
2943:2020CogFA...634669K
2902:2020CogFA...634669K
2506:Press. p. 30.
2366:2018AgFS....7...57H
1861:Underground farming
1788:European Commission
1763:Open Source Ecology
1407:Leicester, New York
830:Steam sterilization
435:subsistence farming
3107:University of Kent
2095:. 6 September 2012
1930:. pp. 39–59.
1871:Urban horticulture
1704:extension services
1617:
1496:
1410:
1318:climate adaptation
1304:During the global
1258:
1224:economies of scale
739:Rotational grazing
621:Columbian exchange
466:economies of scale
462:consolidating land
413:operating under a
166:Indigenous peoples
48:
36:
2995:The Asia Dialogue
2568:978-0-8213-4249-7
2513:978-0-8166-0801-0
2438:Welle, Deutsche.
1958:extensive farming
1945:978-0-12-374712-9
1866:Urban agriculture
1736:retirement farms;
1534:Smallholder Farms
1501:is a traditional
1329:coffee production
1306:COVID-19 pandemic
1270:Disintermediation
1235:output per worker
1220:
1219:
1068:Urban agriculture
1041:Rice-duck farming
989:Intensive farming
959:Extensive farming
399:
398:
3237:
3200:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2853:
2837:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:. (see pp. 5-20)
2614:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2180:Project Drawdown
2172:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2005:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1897:
1881:Vertical farming
1831:Forest gardening
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1454:contract farming
1279:opportunity cost
1212:
1205:
1198:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1046:Rice-fish system
954:Contract farming
939:Animal husbandry
677:Animal husbandry
636:Green Revolution
587:Ancient history
550:
536:
535:
517:Project Drawdown
443:sustainable food
391:
384:
377:
349:Peasant movement
339:Nomadic conflict
87:Delivery service
50:
49:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3225:Land management
3210:
3209:
3208:
3179:
3177:Further reading
3165:
3159:Jasper Womach.
3149:
3141:
3125:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2987:
2983:
2964:
2960:
2923:
2919:
2882:
2878:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2838:
2829:
2818:
2814:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2691:
2687:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2432:
2395:
2391:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2239:10.2307/1239565
2223:
2219:
2212:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2126:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2070:on Oct 20, 2020
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2012:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1796:
1775:
1758:
1756:Right to repair
1752:
1684:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1553:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1494:stacked outside
1471:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1398:
1390:
1369:
1314:
1287:
1216:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1160:Poultry farming
1117:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1016:Organic farming
881:
873:
872:
871:
846:
836:
835:
834:
666:
656:
655:
654:
653:
652:
627:Modern history
607:Post-classical
560:
534:
529:
395:
366:
365:
322:
314:
313:
299:
289:
288:
215:
205:
204:
139:
131:
130:
92:Electrification
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3230:Human habitats
3227:
3222:
3207:
3206:External links
3204:
3203:
3202:
3191:Chisholm, Hugh
3178:
3175:
3146:
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3139:
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3121:
3119:
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3036:
3008:
2981:
2958:
2937:(1): 1834669.
2917:
2896:(1): 1834669.
2876:
2867:|journal=
2827:
2812:
2803:|journal=
2776:
2746:
2734:
2705:(4): 695–717.
2685:
2670:
2656:
2643:
2622:
2598:
2574:
2567:
2561:. p. 57.
2543:
2519:
2512:
2483:
2455:
2430:
2409:(3): 381–397.
2389:
2340:
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2292:
2277:
2252:
2233:(2): 275–279.
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2162:
2135:
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2080:
2051:
2019:
1990:
1960:
1951:
1944:
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1891:
1889:
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1878:
1876:Urban forestry
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1779:European Union
1774:
1773:European Union
1771:
1754:Main article:
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1568:
1561:agribusinesses
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1462:
1459:
1436:
1428:
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1423:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1368:
1365:
1322:climate change
1313:
1310:
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1283:
1218:
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1215:
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1192:
1189:
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827:
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817:
815:Slash-and-burn
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596:Ancient Greece
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198:in Agriculture
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149:Family farmers
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2699:Food Security
2696:
2689:
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2660:
2653:
2647:
2640:
2639:981-208-657-9
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2403:Food Security
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2009:on 2013-05-05
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1723:Farm typology
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1682:United States
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3123:Bibliography
3110:. Retrieved
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3028:. Retrieved
3026:. 1998-05-01
3011:
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2820:FAO (2015).
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2767:. Retrieved
2763:coin.fao.org
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2678:FAO (2015).
2673:
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2590:. Retrieved
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2473:. 2019-10-29
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2184:. Retrieved
2182:. 2020-02-06
2179:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:
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2108:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:www.csis.org
2092:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2063:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2037:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
2002:
1993:
1954:
1927:
1920:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:
1895:
1851:Permaculture
1776:
1759:
1721:
1717:
1687:
1685:
1676:Global North
1658:
1641:
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1618:
1573:
1565:
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1541:
1537:
1468:Croft (land)
1372:
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1345:
1326:
1315:
1303:
1288:
1275:retail price
1267:
1259:
1254:market power
1232:
1221:
1026:Permaculture
984:Horticulture
929:Agroforestry
887:Agribusiness
844:Hydroculture
820:Smallholding
819:
808:
601:Ancient Rome
532:Productivity
498:
451:
414:
410:
406:
403:smallholding
402:
400:
304:Agricultural
245:Agricultural
188:Smallholders
187:
171:Pastoralists
2850:10986/23350
2769:24 February
2329:www.fao.org
2151:www.fao.org
2132:. dandc.eu.
2044:23 February
1826:Foodscaping
1821:Family farm
1692:US Congress
1620:hectares (1
1505:term for a
1484:Dunrossness
1388:Hobby farms
1036:Polyculture
862:Hydroponics
852:Aquaculture
793:Paddy field
778:Monoculture
672:Agrivoltaic
646:Monoculture
567:Prehistory
540:Agriculture
494:value chain
490:food system
458:monoculture
439:hobby farms
422:smallholder
418:agriculture
416:small-scale
407:smallholder
327:Agrarianism
119:Reservation
82:Development
3214:Categories
3112:2009-08-20
3072:2016-06-05
3051:2016-06-05
3030:2009-08-20
2592:2023-11-18
2559:World Bank
2537:2009-08-20
2477:2020-10-17
2449:2020-11-19
2334:2020-12-01
2310:2020-11-07
2270:5 November
2186:2020-10-16
2156:2020-10-17
2099:2020-11-30
2074:2020-10-17
2013:2018-01-02
1911:2021-10-05
1888:References
1836:Hobby farm
1702:and their
1694:, via the
1688:small farm
1448:sector in
1413:hobby farm
1395:Hobby farm
1382:World Bank
1373:small farm
1116:Categories
1031:Plantation
979:Free range
974:Feed ratio
867:Aeroponics
857:Aquaponics
724:Free-range
719:Fertilizer
447:local food
441:). As the
431:cash crops
411:small farm
344:Parliament
262:By Country
154:Farmworker
54:Rural area
2978:(1): 115.
2360:(1): 57.
1767:Farm Hack
1450:Indonesia
1337:Tanzanian
1150:Livestock
969:Farmhouse
751:Intensive
714:Extensive
332:Socialism
230:Diversity
63:Economics
3001:23 April
2972:Water SA
2729:32837660
2425:16140399
2384:52048360
1982:Archived
1906:Nibio EN
1794:See also
1649:Thailand
1635:Tanzania
1555:In many
1519:dwelling
1511:enclosed
1503:Scottish
1488:Shetland
1446:palm oil
1442:oil palm
1352:oil palm
1241:of land.
934:Agronomy
798:Ranching
486:bananas.
482:palm oil
321:Politics
309:Regional
257:Rurality
220:Agrarian
97:Internet
3193:(ed.).
2939:Bibcode
2898:Bibcode
2842:"Kenya"
2720:7399354
2362:Bibcode
2247:1239565
1846:Peasant
1669:⁄
1625:⁄
1597:⁄
1583:⁄
1490:, with
1420:income.
1367:Formats
1333:Ugandan
994:animals
917:Digital
880:Related
825:Terrace
809:Colonia
788:Organic
783:Orchard
773:Natural
756:animals
729:Grazing
709:Dryland
692:poultry
664:On land
641:Organic
558:History
297:History
240:Tourism
225:Country
213:Society
183:Peasant
114:Poverty
107:Housing
46:, China
3137:
2824:. FAO.
2727:
2717:
2682:. FAO.
2637:
2565:
2510:
2444:DW.COM
2423:
2382:
2245:
2208:
1942:
1642:rights
1523:tenure
1515:arable
1507:fenced
1357:yields
1341:Kenyan
1297:. The
1226:allow
682:cattle
527:Issues
484:, and
478:coffee
267:Canada
235:Flight
176:Herder
159:Tenant
144:Farmer
138:People
124:Ghetto
102:Health
70:Crafts
44:Hainan
34:farms.
3189:. In
3166:(PDF)
3157:from
3103:(PDF)
3020:(PDF)
2759:(PDF)
2531:(PDF)
2421:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2243:JSTOR
2034:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1978:(PDF)
1816:Croft
1607:Kenya
1570:India
1499:croft
1461:Croft
1081:Lists
1004:crops
766:crops
746:Hobby
704:Dairy
697:sheep
409:is a
272:China
193:Women
75:India
3135:ISBN
3024:USDA
3003:2020
2871:help
2807:help
2771:2021
2725:PMID
2635:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2508:ISBN
2305:IFAD
2272:2014
2206:ISBN
2046:2021
2003:IFAD
1940:ISBN
1765:and
1492:peat
1478:The
1417:farm
999:pigs
964:Farm
761:pigs
687:pigs
503:and
445:and
433:and
277:Laos
2947:doi
2906:doi
2846:hdl
2715:PMC
2707:doi
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