Snohomish people - Knowledge

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people participated in the seasonal gathering cycle each year. One of the factors in the unity of the various Snohomish villages was the common participation in the yearly cycle in the same areas. The cycle began in spring, as people began to gather salmonberries in the lowlands of the Cascades. By summer, people traveled widely throughout the territory for hunting, fishing, berrying, clamming, and gathering all around the islands and the coastline of the Sound. Some also traveled into Stevens Pass to berry during the later months of the summer season. Around August, people would travel inland to hunt elk and prepare for the salmon runs. In the early fall, salmon began running throughout Snohomish territory, and upriver fishing commenced. Hunters also widened their focus to deer, bear, beaver, and other animals during this time. In the late fall, as people returned to their villages for the winter, people would travel far upriver into Skykomish territory to hunt mountain goats in the Cascades. The winter was a time of religious ceremony as well as craftwork and building until the spring, with fishing for steelhead taking place in January.

1791:) are large intra-tribal gatherings which have long been practiced by the Snohomish and other neighboring Coast Salish peoples. The potlatch was the foundation of the economy prior to colonization, and today remains a very important cultural element of the Snohomish people. Traditional potlatches were essentially feasts for the purposes of gift-giving. Potlatches were held for many reasons, including (but not limited to) for a naming ceremony, for a funeral, after a successful hunt, for a marriage, for settlement of a debt or quarrel, or for celebrating a salmon run. Throwing an extravagant potlatch by giving away essentially all of one's possessions was highly respected and made someone widely famous. Traditionally, the potlatch cycle was used to strengthen alliances and relationships with nearby peoples. The potlatch cycle was also shared by the various villages of the Snohomish, solidifying their own inter-village connections. Among the Snohomish, the main potlatch houses were at 1355:) to remote locations where they would receive a power. Popular places to get spirit powers were at Stevens Pass and Lake Getchel in the Cascades. Generally, a spirit quest would take place during the spring, and it was best done during a storm. In order to acquire a spirit power, one had to do something challenging. This usually involved fasting, bathing many times a day, and diving deep into water. The longer someone fasted, or the more difficult the challenges they overcame, the more powerful spirit they would obtain. Spirits could also be obtained later in life due to overcoming personal challenges or developing skills. Traditionally, both women and men could get spirits, although men tended to get more powerful spirits. 1767: 1903: 670:

disallowed. This resulted in many leaving the reservation to find logging jobs elsewhere. Eventually, logging was made legal again, but by 1883, most of the forests on the reservation had been logged. Parts of the reservation that weren't forested, about 1,200 acres, were swampland, and the intent was for the residents to drain the swampland for farming. However, the soil quality was poor, and little funding was given for draining the swamps. Because of these problems, the Indian Agent at the time wrote: "possessed of few resources which are likely to kindle the flame of jealousy in the whites, it is preeminently the most proper selection which the Government has ever made for an Indian Reservation."

1763:). Slaves were prisoners of war, and, although they could not legally gain their freedom by themselves, it was possible (although uncommon) for the children of a slave to gain their freedom through a beneficial marriage. Otherwise, the children of an enslaved person were also to be slaves. Sometimes, a slave's family might buy them freedom if they could afford it. Enslaved children participated in the religious life as did other children, and those that got powerful spirit powers as they grew up were respected and treated as equals by their masters. The Snohomish never killed their slaves ritually or as punishment, unlike other Puget Sound peoples. 540: 1364:). In Snohomish religion, spirit powers travel around the world but return during the winter. When a spirit power returns, a person feels sick and hears their spirit power song. When this happens, one would traditionally host a large ceremony, often lasting several days, in which they would sing, dance, and give out gifts to friends and family. Unlike other ceremonies where people sang their spirit power songs alone, in this ceremony, friends were invited to help sing and dance. At the end of this ceremony, a person would usually give a potlatch. 195:

territory, and formed strong alliances between each other and outside with other peoples through marriage and diplomacy, which allowed their reach to extend far beyond their territory. Throughout the summer, they traveled across their territory and beyond to hunt, gather, and fish, while the winter was reserved for religious observances and ceremonies. Today, the Snohomish maintain their tradition of potlatching, as well as other cultural elements such as use of canoes, fishing, hunting, and gathering of traditional materials for cultural crafts.

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and storage. Two rows of sleeping platforms were around the wall, and above them were located storage shelves where provisions, blankets, and other belongings were stored. Fireplaces were never in the center of the house, but rather were located around the sides to allow for easy passage throughout the entire house. A replica of a traditional shed-roof longhouse was constructed at the Hibulb Cultural Center for gatherings and storytelling. The Gathering Hall at Tulalip Bay is inspired by the design of a traditional gable-roof longhouse.

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leaders could be appointed who had a higher level of authority during that activity. War leaders had high amounts of authority over warriors, but no one else, and still listened to other high-ranking people for counsel. In matters of law and justice, parties sent orators who decided on appropriate payment to settle the dispute. A dispute left unsettled could lead to war. A common show of friendship after a dispute would have two tribes cut up blankets together and weave the other people's blanket wool into the tribe's own blankets.

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arriving group would respond with a song. After the welcome ceremonies for all groups, there would be feasting, dancing, and singing. Distribution of gifts (i.e. "potlatching") was common, but did not (and do not) happen at every potlatch. Potlatches also traditionally included long speeches by famous orators, who were given gifts for their speeches. People displayed their spirit powers by singing power songs or by performing tricks.

3608: 691: 1465:, the Snohomish did not have secret societies for their shamans. The traditional belief is that shamans can cure people from many things, but those wounded in war could not be cured by a shaman, only by their own spirit powers. Shamans could also restore the spirit of a person who had their spirit power stolen. It was said that a shaman showed their power by wearing a stone or belt which could turn into a snake. 637:, the Snohomish remained neutral. This upset American authorities, who felt that the Snohomish were "doing nothing" for the American government, and one Indian Agent recommended that the tribe be "disbanded." During this period, the Snohomish were encouraged to remove to a temporary reservation on Whidbey Island, so as to lessen the influence of the tribes fighting the American government. 1349:). Spirit powers are used in many ways, from daily activities to warfare. For example: a hunter might sing their spirit song during their hunt, and if they heard the spirit singing back, they would be successful. Certain professions were only open to those with certain helpful spirits. Traditionally, Snohomish children were trained from a very young age to go on a spirit power journey ( 328:

deeply resented. Each subgroup was historically independent from one another, not seen as united under the Snohomish as they are today. Furthermore, each subgroup was composed of several independent villages who were tied together based on shared drainage systems and a complex network of alliances between families. In addition, all the people who came from island villages were known as

411:). Their territory included the Pilchuck River drainage, including Little Pilchuck Creek and Lake Stevens. They had two villages, and have sometimes been referred to as the Pilchuck people. Like the Sdodohobsh, they were low-class, seen by the Snohomish as mean and isolative. They were party to the Treaty of Point Elliot, as a subgroup of the Snohomish, and their land was ceded by 1606:), which were sheared for their wool. The wool was highly valuable and could be made into clothing and blankets. According to ethnologist Colin Tweddell, the Snohomish were the center of the woolly-dog craft among the Coast Salish. The Snohomish also made blankets out of feathers and fireweed, as well as from high-quality mountain goat wool caught high in the Cascade Mountains. 226:. Around the time of contact, a linguistic shift occurred where nasal consonants, such as m or n, shifted in many words to become b or d respectively. This is seen in many of the pronunciations of the oldest speakers of Lushootseed, some of which still pronounced words in the old way. When the Snohomish first encountered Europeans, their name was pronounced as 1963: 1380:

searching for people lost in the woods. During the winter ceremony, people with this spirit did not perform their spirit dance themselves; rather, they hired four men to dance for them in pairs. In each pair, one danced with a larger board and one danced with a smaller board, putting their hand through the hole in the board and dancing counter-clockwise. The

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that the number of people living along the rivers was as high as 1,800. The two sections of land (1,280 acres) set apart for the Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Skykomish, and Stillaguamish peoples was wholly inadequate according to anthropologist Barbara Lane, and all four tribes would never have been able to support themselves on such a reservation.

1974:, an intra-tribal culture event held across Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. In 2003, the Tulalip Tribes were the host nation. They celebrate Treaty Day on the weekend nearest January 22, and hold powwows and traditional celebrations throughout the year. The Tulalip Tribes also have Smokehouse religion facilities. 1654:), also called the war canoe or Chinook canoe, was a saltwater canoe originally from the Makah, but was widely adopted by the Snohomish for traveling. The Snohomish painted this canoe black on the outside, and red on the inside. It could carry as many as fifteen people. A smaller variant of this canoe, the 1857:

Although the Snohomish had permanent lodgings, they were only semi-sedentary. The traditional Snohomish lifestyle involved a year-long cycle of hunting, fishing, and gathering, all across their territory and beyond. Some remained at their villages year-round, especially the sick and elderly, but most

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Plant resources were also widely used. Roots and berries, as well as certain native vegetables were gathered in the prairies, forests, and marshes. Berries, especially blackberries, were dried and made into cakes for dessert, or for future use. Flour and potatoes were also added to the diet, obtained

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that would cede the lands of the people living in the northern Puget Sound region to the United States. The Snohomish were party to this treaty, and about 350 Snohomish attended. During the treaty process, the Snohomish were made subordinate to the Snoqualmie by Stevens, and the treaty was signed for

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A traditional potlatch generally saw the invitation of hundreds of people from local villages as well as distant villages. A traditional potlatch had an extensive welcome ceremony, in which each arriving group had its own day for welcome. When they arrived, they were greeted by a dance, to which the

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were allowed to visit Hat Island. Tulalip Bay was shared with the Stillaguamish and Snoqualmie, and the southern Puget Sound coast owned by the Snohomish was shared with their southern Duwamish neighbors. Likewise, many of these groups allowed the Snohomish to visit their lands for hunting, fishing,

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Although the Tulalip Reservation was initially chosen for its timber and nearby sawmill, funds were never given to rebuild the dilapidated sawmill. Not only that, but in 1874 it became illegal for the residents of the reservation to actually log their own forests, and all work on the reservation was

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At a later date, the Tulalip Reservation was established, as outlined in Article 3. It was originally planned to be a 36-section parcel of land to which all peoples living in western Washington would be relocated. The Tulalip Reservation encompassed the Snohomish reservation, and it was incorporated

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peoples. However, the treaty commission vastly underestimated the number of people who were living along the Snohomish and Stillaguamish drainage systems. In 1854, the treaty commission were under the impression that there were less than 400 people living along both watersheds. By 1856, reports said

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Some Snohomish people are members of the Snohomish Tribe of Indians or Snohomish Indian Tribe, commonly referred to as the Snohomish Tribe. The Snohomish Tribe is an unrecognized heritage group which claims descent from five aboriginal peoples: the Snohomish, the Sdodohobsh, the N'Quentlmamish, the

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houses. Longhouses were constructed out of long cedar planks tied to vertical posts for support. Houses were divided into rooms for each family. Inside the longhouse, the house posts were carved and painted by the oldest member of the family, and cattail mats were hung over the walls for insulation

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In the summer, Snohomish men generally wore long pants made of buckskin, fastened with a belt made also of buckskin or otter skin. Men wore shirts with or without sleeves which were trimmed with otter skin. Women wore long cedar-bark skirts and long-sleeved shirts made of buckskin. Women also used

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The potlatch house was a special type of longhouse that wealthier communities could afford. Although any longhouse could be used for potlatches, large and wealthy communities often elected to build special longhouses exclusively for potlatching. Such houses were constructed in a similar fashion to

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Like other Puget Sound tribes, the Snohomish historically had a strong conception of their territory and its boundaries. People were aware of tribal boundaries and where they were, and there was mutual respect for the boundaries of other tribes. Alliances and friendship between nations allowed for

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Like other Puget Sound tribes, the Snohomish traditionally did not have chiefs. Rather, there were high-ranking nobles who guided village affairs and resolved disputes, however, they did not have executive authority over anyone. In specific scenarios, like hunting parties or war parties, specific

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The Snohomish also built smaller, temporary summer lodgings. They were square shaped, either like a lean-to or with a gabled roof. It was constructed of a frame with large mats stacked on top of each other and overlapped to be waterproof to form the roof and walls. Generally, only one family at a

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and the Sktalejum to be subgroups of the Snohomish as well, due to their close ties with the Snohomish, with many Snohomish people seeing the Skykomish as an offshoot group. The Snohomish themselves were placed under the Snoqualmie as subordinates during treaty negotiations, a fact many Snohomish

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The highest level of regular political organization was traditionally that of the village. The extended family was one of the most important parts of the fabric of traditional Snohomish society. The extended family was made up of several related families who lived in the same house, divided into

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The Snohomish today are descended from several groups, including the N'Quentlmamish and Sdodohobsh, among others. Each group was traditionally independent at the village level, but there was a greater cultural connection, and all called themselves Snohomish. They had a strong conception of their

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and Puget Sound. They had at least 25 permanent villages throughout their lands, but in 1855, signed the Treaty of Point Elliott and were relocated to the Tulalip Reservation. Although some moved to the reservation, the harsh conditions, lack of land, and oppressive policies of the United States

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The Tulalip Reservation was severely overcrowded. Although people were trying to move to the reservation as required, there simply was not enough land. By 1909, the Tulalip Reservation had been completely allotted. Some lost their allotted land, while others never got any allotment at all. Most

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throughout Puget Sound. Lushootseed is split into two main dialect areas, Northern, and Southern, each of which is split into various subdialects.The Snohomish dialect (also called the Tulalip dialect today) is a subdialect of Northern Lushootseed which has characteristics of both Northern and

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Snohomish women wore their hair parted down the middle and hung lose on each side, covering the ear. Below the ear it was braided. Men wore their hair parted down the middle and tied in a knot at the neck. When at work or at war, men tied their hair in a bun at the top of their head, which was

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or solax. While many tribes had to trade for shells, the Snohomish were able to gather some types in their own territory, although certain shells did have to be traded. Shells were strung together with a string, and some high-class people wore shells as jewelry, on the end of a necklace or as

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tradition emerged in the Puget Sound region during the early historic period and a Snohomish woman claimed to be the first to get it. The boards are painted red and black and were about one-and-a-half feet long with a hole in it. This spirit is said to help people in catching fish, as well as

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For thousands of years, the Snohomish hunted, fished, and gathered around their territory. Ethnologist Colin Tweddell estimated that the pre-contact Snohomish population was in the thousands, possibly over 6,000. In the early 1800s, there were smallpox and measles epidemics which ravaged the

1567:, on the lakes, rivers, and saltwater. Many types of shellfish such as clams, cockles, and mussels were gathered on the coast. Bear, deer, beaver, elk, goat, and duck, and goose were all hunted in the surrounding forests. Fish was mainly dried, while meat was both smoked and dried. 352:"), also called the Whidbey Island Snohomish, were a wealthy people, widely famous throughout Puget Sound. They had several villages on the southern half of Whidbey Island. Some ethnographers disagree on whether they were a subgroup of the Snohomish or part of the Snohomish proper. 1512:

Longhouses were owned by those who built it, with many longhouses being owned by the whole community. In larger longhouses with partitions, each room would be owned by one or several families. Other longhouses were owned by just one man and his family, all living in the longhouse.

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The Snohomish were central in the trade of mountain goat wool and dog wool to many saltwater groups which had limited access to such resources. The Snohomish sold large quantities of mountain goat wool and blankets to the Indigenous peoples of Vancouver Island, in particular.

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Southern Lushootseed, due to its location on the border between the two main dialects. Although usage of the language has declined in favor of English, the Tulalip Tribes work towards revitalizing the language to daily use and promoting traditional cultural knowledge called

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In 2008 membership in the unrecognized Snohomish Tribe of Indians had increased to 1,200, although it is unknown what percentage of the members are Snohomish. As of 2023, there are at least 5,100 members of the Tulalip Tribes, the majority of whom are of Snohomish ancestry.

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Both men and women painted their faces with red paint to prevent chapping and to keep the skin cool during summer. Paint was sometimes in decorative designs representing one's spirit powers. Women also tattooed their arms and legs, but there was no religious significance.

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arrangements which could allow others to cross into the territory of one's group. Through this system of alliances, the Snohomish allowed other allied peoples to use certain areas of their territory. Snohomish-controlled areas on Whidbey Island were shared with the

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who led all the Snohomish villages and governed with the help of various subchiefs. The role was generally hereditary. Despite this, the chief did not have absolute authority, and matters were decided by majority vote at council. One such chief in this era was

772:. To the east and west, Snohomish territory encompasses the entire Snohomish River drainage, excluding the Snoqualmie River, and including the Skykomish River to just downriver of Elwell Creek. The eastern boundary is generally the small mountain range between 1994:

Skykomish, and the Sktalejum. It was incorporated in 1974, and has sought federal recognition and a reservation between Snohomish and Monroe. In 2004, they were denied federal recognition, and they appealed the decision in 2008. They hold an annual powwow on

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and reside on the reservation or nearby, although others are enrolled in other tribes, and some are members of the non-recognized Snohomish Tribe of Indians. Traditionally, the Snohomish occupied a wide area of land, including the Snohomish River, parts of

202:, although it has fallen out of use in favor of English in more modern times. The Tulalip Tribes are in the process of revitalizing the language, as well as preserving and restoring other traditional cultural teachings, which are known in Lushootseed as 677:

In addition to the overcrowding, disease, and lack of work, the oppressive policies of the American government, including suppression of traditional language and religion, caused many people to leave the reservation during the early reservation period.

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Snohomish did in fact relocate to the Tulalip reservation early on, however, due to the lack of land, most returned to their traditional homelands. In 1919, 360 Snohomish lived off-reservation, twice as many as those living on-reservation.

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people, like most of their neighbors. The Coast Salish are a related group of disparate peoples who speak related languages and share elements of culture, religion, and stories. The Southern Coast Salish branch includes all

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The main dwelling of the Snohomish was the winter longhouse. Longhouses were often between one-hundred to two-hundred feet long. The Snohomish had two types of longhouses as identified by their roof shape: the slanted

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Fishing is highly important to the Snohomish, and there are many traditional techniques used to catch many types of fish, both in rivers and on the saltwater. The most famous method of fishing on the river is with

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sections for each family. Some large houses fit multiple extended families. Families made a complex web of alliances through marriage, which secured hunting, fishing, and gathering rights at preferable locations.

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decorated with shell money. High-class men decorated their hair for ceremonies, braiding otter skin into the hair and painting it red. Very young children wore their hair loose. A slave's hair was cut short.

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people for some time. In December of that year, they met the trading party of John Work, a Hudson's Bay Company trader. The Snohomish were among the tribes that later traded with the Hudson's Bay Company at

263:. There were many villages and subgroups within the Snohomish proper, but they all had a level of social cohesion above their own village. In total, the Snohomish had 15 villages around their territory. 1644:

was the primary method of transportation in historic times. Even today, they are widely used in cultural contexts. Traditionally, the Snohomish utilized five types of canoes. The largest kind was the

1672:) was the smallest of the two, usually built for two people, and was made to look like the larger canoes. It was used most commonly for duck hunting and fishing. The more common shovel-nose canoe ( 3505:

A Historical and Ethnological Study of the Snohomish Indian People: A Report Specifically Covering Their Aboriginal and Continued Existence, and Their Effective Occupation of a Definable Territory

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A Historical and Ethnological Study of the Snohomish Indian People: A Report Specifically Covering Their Aboriginal and Continued Existence, and Their Effective Occupation of a Definable Territory

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The Snohomish today are descended from several peoples, including the Snohomish proper, the Sdodohobsh, and the N'Quentlmamish. Some ethnographers and historians have historically considered the

1959:, as well as a Montessori school and several early childhood education and other welfare and education programs for children and adults. In 2006, the Tribes employed 2,400 people in total. 817:

The Snohomish and their associated groups permanently occupied at least 25 villages throughout their territory. Villages were composed of at least one longhouse, and larger villages such as

1839:. It is likely that there were more potlatch houses before the population decline due to smallpox. Certain houses were built during the early colonial period, such as the potlatch house at 1928:. The Tulalip Tribes is successor-in-interest to several groups, including (but not limited to) the Snohomish, Skykomish, and the Snoqualmie. The Snoqualmie are also represented by the 594:), a Snoqualmie leader. This was widely resented by the Snohomish. Patkanim, along with nine Snohomish "sub-chiefs," authorized the cession of all Snohomish lands to the United States. 1446:(Ayahos). The Ayahos is a highly-powerful elk-snake spirit which as two horns which lives in the forest. Hunters which follow this spirit are believed to die soon after meeting it. 230:, producing the word "Snohomish" in English. After some time, the Lushootseed changed, while the English-language name stayed the same, creating the discrepancy that exists today. 640:

According to Article 2 of the treaty, the original plan for the Snohomish under the treaty was that they would be relocated to a temporary Snohomish reservation, alongside the

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has been debated by linguists and tribal historians. According to the Tulalip Tribes and several ethnologists and historians, the name means "many men" or "lots of people."

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In modern times, as more people began to be employed in hop fields, the summer months became a time of traveling to the fields to work before heading home for the winter.

1666:, which was manufactured natively by the Snohomish. The Snohomish used two types of canoes for river travel, the river canoe and the shovel-nose canoe. The river canoe ( 3696: 1981:, established for the Snohomish and other groups (including those waiting for previously promised reservations) by the Treaty of Point Elliot, is west of the city of 463:. Although they were once an independent group, they were closely related to both the Snohomish and the Stillaguamish, and got absorbed after the Smallpox epidemics. 1648:-style canoe, an ocean-going canoe manufactured by the Quinault, who traded it to the Snohomish. It could hold as many as 60 people. The smaller Nootka-style canoe ( 502:

saw the landslide happen, and some managed to escape to higher ground before the impact of the wave. The wave also almost destroyed the largest Snohomish village of

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or went barefoot. Both men and women wore cedar basket hats, which were secured with buckskin chin straps. In the winter, men wore warm racoon-skin hats with fur.

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The core of Snohomish territory was the lower Snohomish River, particularly the area near the mouth. The historical extent of Snohomish territory stretched over

488:), the southern tip of Camano Island. A massive landslide occurred when the bluff collapsed, burying a village directly below it. Another village on Hat Island ( 3905: 748:). It also encompassed most of Camano Island, controlling the western side of the island south of Point Demock and the eastern side south of Livingston Bay ( 1932:, which fought for and subsequently won federal recognition for themselves, and are also as the successor-in-interest to the aboriginal Snoqualmie peoples. 1952: 1589:) down into the trapped fish. Traps, hooks, and spears were used as well. Flare fishing, using flares made of pine chips, was done on rivers at night. 1438:

often were great and famous warriors. Both of these spirits were found only in deep water. The only spirit which one did not ever want to meet was the

1462: 364: 2417: 536:, established in 1833 at the southern tip of Puget Sound. They also met Roman Catholic missionaries who entered their lands in the early 1840s. 1480: 459:), were a group who lived on Hat Slough. They had just one village, and have been variously considered a subgroup of the Snohomish or of the 1535:

Food was always abundant on Puget Sound before colonization, and the traditional diet of the Snohomish was well-rounded. The Snohomish took

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cedar-bark capes to shield themselves from the rain. Both men and women wore capes of bearskin or sealskin, fastened with pins of bone or

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Main Snohomish village; four 100'x40' longhouses, many small houses, and a large potlatch house; very high-class and prestigious village

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The winter was historically a common time for many religious ceremonies, but especially prominent was the winter spirit power ceremony (

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Later, after the contact period, Snohomish society began to shift into a more hierarchical system. A system evolved where one chief at

2169:. Coast Salish and Western Washington Indians. Vol. II. New York & London: Garland Publishing (published 1974). p. 102. 2579: 2148: 1770:

A room modeled after a traditional shed-roof longhouse at the Hibulb Cultural Center. Original carved house posts are at the back.

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Five longhouses, two smaller houses, and a potlatch house; center of the Whidbey Island Snohomish; people living here were called

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Very old village with a potlatch house; along the creek there were up to 30 houses and 5 villages; people living along it were

3382: 3363: 3318: 3242: 3205: 3174: 3155: 3112: 3093: 3074: 3055: 3036: 2969: 2938: 2919: 2900: 2881: 2862: 2843: 2824: 2805: 2786: 2767: 2748: 2717: 2111: 2002:. There were approximately 1,200 members of the group in 2008, although it is unknown what percentage are Snohomish descent. 508:. The landslide was catastrophic, with hundreds of casualties. It was during the clamming season, and many who were visiting 3654: 1880: 305: 155: 115: 3497: 2334: 2031: 573: 3802: 3458: 2269: 2216: 279:

Snohomish has also been anglicized many other ways, including Sdoh-hobsh, Sdohobc, Sinahomish, and Sneomuses. Today,

146: 1420:). This spirit power is primarily a wealth spirit which helps one acquire wealth and property in life. Someone with 1386:

dances traditionally lasted four days and four nights, and the songs were sung four times fast and four times slow.

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in Coast Salish and Western Washington Indians. Vol II. New York & London: Garland Publishing (published 1974).

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Several longhouses; village was destroyed by a tidal wave in early 19th century, then it was a summer camping spot

3396: 3858: 3483: 382:), also known as the Upper Snohomish or Monroe people, hailed from three independent villages in the vicinity of 1985:, is located on traditional Snohomish territory. However, most enrolled members today live off the reservation. 1455:), are marked by their ability to get unique spirits which can be used to heal or hurt people. Traditionally, a 3797: 3443: 2103: 1766: 1735:, who was the last hereditary chief of the Snohomish before the eventual abolition of the hereditary chiefdom. 2570: 2139: 3910: 3422: 804:, Snoqualmie, and Kikiallus were allowed to use certain areas of Snohomish Camano Island. The Snoqualmie and 276:, a prominent leader of the Snohomish people in the early 20th century, said that it meant "lowland people". 1461:

did not have a winter dance, and their spirits are said to remain with them at all times. Unlike many other

3489: 2478: 2208: 1925: 1660:, was made for women and hauling trade goods. The Nootka-style canoe replaced a similar type of canoe, the 1517:

normal houses, but had generally no partitions inside. The largest Snohomish potlatch house was located at

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Also a feature of traditional Snohomish religion are shamanistic spirits. Shamans, also called doctors, (

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Destroyed by a landslide in early 19th century. After its destruction, it was only a summer camping spot.

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A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography, and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

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One of the primary beliefs of traditional Snohomish religion is in the spirit power or guardian spirit (

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Traditionally, Snohomish society was made up of a class system composed of three classes: high-class (

754:). On the mainland, the southernmost border of Snohomish territory along the coast was at what is now 392:, means "little Snohomish." They were a low-class group, compared to the high-class Snohomish proper. 3827: 3787: 1999: 769: 719: 839:, had large cedar palisades which protected the village. Low class villages, such as the village at 442:

epidemics and left to live in other villages. They were party to the Treaty of Point Elliott, where

3622: 2027: 1042: 368: 403:, also spelled Kwehtlamamish) refers to all those who lived in villages along the Pilchuck River ( 3915: 3817: 2017: 1929: 1732: 1023: 715: 580: 273: 1426:

was said to receive more gifts during a potlatch than others. Another highly powerful spirit is

1982: 1876: 1523:. A large shed-roof house, it was 115 feet long and 43 feet wide, with ten carved house posts. 987: 950: 731: 548: 252: 248: 3510: 2264:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 7. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 485–502. 657:

into the Tulalip Reservation. On December 3, 1873, the Tulalip Reservation was expanded by an

3863: 3853: 1971: 1940: 1583:). Weirs were built over a river so that one could walk on the platform and lower a dip-net ( 1196: 544: 284: 260: 480:

Around 1820, several Snohomish villages were decimated by a large landslide at Camano Head (

3837: 3701: 3593: 1576: 1473: 1469: 801: 649: 565: 561: 496:) was wiped out by a large tidal wave caused by the landslide. Residents of the village at 489: 481: 460: 452: 419: 404: 396: 375: 356: 256: 199: 132: 734:, the eastern shoreline of Puget Sound, the Snohomish River, and the lower reaches of the 8: 3574: 1978: 1962: 1242: 1177: 759: 3547: 2516: 1995: 1274: 539: 383: 170: 162: 68: 3757: 3727: 3493: 3454: 3416: 2330: 2265: 2212: 2117: 2107: 1944: 1890:. The Tribes offer Lushootseed language classes in local schools, and also have held 793: 645: 431: 3283: 1943:. The Tulalip Tribes also administrate the only tribal municipality in the country, 1432:, which is a war spirit which came to people in time of war or courage. People with 3884: 3762: 3742: 3732: 3722: 3691: 3681: 2472: 789: 641: 427: 324: 119: 80: 64: 1330: 3832: 3812: 3752: 3737: 2202: 1645: 1633: 1597: 1486: 805: 735: 658: 634: 543:

Pilchuck Julia (c. 1915), a Snohomish woman who lived at what is now the town of

528: 435: 317: 288: 239:) was traditionally used to refer to all those who lived in villages on southern 3879: 3807: 3671: 3291: 1916: 1739: 1552: 1548: 1227: 773: 755: 723: 533: 524: 240: 179: 174: 3899: 2326: 2257: 2232: 2207:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman: 1902: 727: 576: 244: 217: 183: 38: 2121: 3676: 3468: 2678: 2011: 1678:) was used widely by the Snohomish for quick river travel and for fishing. 1476: 785: 337:

however this was not an ethnic term, and purely a geographical identifier.

300: 158: 97: 3822: 3627: 3557: 3541: 1870: 1544: 1540: 833:) for specifically for ceremonies. Some villages, notably the village at 313: 166: 84: 2141:

Identity, Treaty Status, and Fisheries of the Snohomish Tribe of Indians

1614: 426:) have sometimes been classed as a Snohomish subgroup, other times as a 3767: 2318: 2095: 2023: 1505: 909: 187: 101: 1955:, a cultural center and museum. They also have several schools within 43:

A map of Snohomish territory in 1855 with historical village locations

3747: 1536: 1501: 797: 738:. The Snohomish controlled the entirety of Whidbey Island south of a 2054: 1047:

Three longhouses and a potlatch house; this was a low class village

3607: 1780: 1692: 1564: 1560: 824: 585: 439: 412: 141: 3488:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol 173 (3rd ed.). Norman: 690: 3686: 2793: 739: 3334:"Duwamish recognition fight underscores plight of treaty tribes" 3232: 3230: 2323:

sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ: Puget Sound Geography

1632:

A common currency used by the Snohomish was shell money, called

363:) were those who came from the many villages in the vicinity of 3642: 3540: 2385: 1441: 1402:

Traditionally, the most powerful and desired spirit powers was

2755: 2705: 438:, above Monroe. Once a powerful group, they were decimated by 3227: 3162: 3100: 3062: 3043: 2926: 2907: 2869: 2850: 2774: 2736: 1641: 1556: 309: 3266: 3264: 3217: 3215: 2572:

Identity, Treaty Status, and Fisheries of the Tulalip Tribes

198:

Traditionally, the Snohomish spoke a subdialect of Northern

2693: 2646: 2634: 2452: 1815:. Other villages had potlatch houses as well, including at 1572: 3482:

Ruby, Robert H., Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).

3451:

The Snohomish Tribe of Indians: Our Heritage... Our People

3193: 3143: 3081: 3024: 2988: 2976: 2957: 2888: 2831: 2812: 2201:

Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).

1389: 3475:. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology. 3261: 3212: 3119: 3012: 3000: 2945: 2724: 2497: 2440: 2363: 2361: 1688: 1468:

After colonization, many Snohomish also converted to the

1373:, which is a type of spirit in the shape of a board. The 1141:

Upriver of the bridge over the creek, near a small bluff

3370: 3351: 2598: 1028:

There were four closely-located villages within the bay

2622: 2485: 2373: 3249: 3181: 3131: 2658: 2358: 2296: 1681: 3485:

A Guide to the Indian Tribes Of The Pacific Northwest

2683:

University of Washington Publications in Anthropology

2535: 2348: 2346: 2313: 2311: 2204:

A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest

992:

Mixed Snohomish, Stillaguamish, and Quadsack village

768:), and continued easterly to Jordan and southerly to 523:

Around 1824, the Snohomish had been warring with the

147: 3306: 2586: 598:

The Snohomish signers of the Treaty of Point Elliott

2547: 2233:"History | Snohomish County, WA - Official Website" 1966:

Flag of the unrecognized Snohomish Tribe of Indians

1334:

The Indian Shaker Church on the Tulalip Reservation

434:subgroup. Their three villages were located on the 2397: 2343: 2317: 2308: 762:. The northernmost border encompassed Warm Beach ( 2610: 1970:Each year, the Tulalip Tribes participate in the 1885: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1725: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1619: 1601: 1584: 1518: 1456: 1450: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1394: 1381: 1374: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1344: 1314: 1301: 1284: 1264: 1255: 1218: 1209: 1187: 1166: 1154: 1132: 1115: 1110:An old ferrying spot for travel across the creek 1097: 1088: 1074: 1063: 1057: 1033: 1013: 997: 978: 960: 941: 924: 915: 900: 883: 874: 840: 834: 828: 818: 763: 749: 743: 702: 589: 515: 509: 503: 497: 443: 387: 347: 341: 329: 267: 234: 221: 203: 3897: 2681:(September 1930). "The Indians of Puget Sound". 2676: 2200: 2133: 2131: 2093: 1875:The language of the Snohomish is Lushootseed, a 1279:Large potlatch house, at least three longhouses 3241:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 3204:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 3173:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 3154:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 3111:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 3092:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 3073:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 3054:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 3035:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2968:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2937:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2918:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2899:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2880:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2861:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2842:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2823:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2804:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2785:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2766:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2747:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2716:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaeberlinGunther ( 2564: 2562: 1910: 1596:The Snohomish domesticated and kept the native 294: 2409: 1711: 3526: 2128: 2049: 2047: 1988: 1742:, which have their own governmental systems. 3906:Native American tribes in Washington (state) 3403:. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008 3236: 3199: 3168: 3149: 3106: 3087: 3068: 3049: 3030: 2963: 2932: 2913: 2894: 2875: 2856: 2837: 2818: 2799: 2780: 2761: 2742: 2711: 2559: 2196: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 1127:At least one longhouse and a potlatch house 451:The Quadsack, also called the Kwatsakwbixw ( 2481:, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 2256: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 1609: 560:In 1855, a council was held at what is now 3606: 3533: 3519: 2470: 2464: 2292:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2160: 2158: 2044: 291:are all named after the Snohomish people. 37: 16:Lushootseed-speaking people of Puget Sound 2418:"Village Descriptions--Snohomish-Everett" 2072: 1463:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast 685: 555: 3448: 3381:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRubyBrown ( 3362:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRubyBrown ( 3317:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRubyBrown ( 3270: 3255: 3221: 3187: 3137: 3125: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2951: 2730: 2699: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2580:United States Department of the Interior 2503: 2491: 2458: 2446: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2329:. Lushootseed Press. pp. 355, 366. 2302: 2173: 2164: 2149:United States Department of the Interior 1961: 1935:The Tulalip Tribes operate two casinos, 1906:Flag of the Tulalip Tribes of Washington 1901: 1765: 1613: 1485: 1388: 1329: 1201:Large village, unknown number of houses 689: 538: 2283: 2281: 2250: 2155: 1921:Most Snohomish are now enrolled in the 3898: 895:Three longhouses and a potlatch house 316:, except for the westernmost shore of 259:, and along the Snohomish River until 140: 3514: 3376: 3357: 3331: 3312: 2321:; Miller, Jay; Zahir, Zalmai (2001). 1738:Today, the Snohomish are part of the 1367:Snohomish religion also features the 1319:, 'Houses of the Sdodohobsh' 1313:Main Sdodohobsh village; also called 618:Watskalahtchie (aka John Hobststhoot) 211: 186:Islands, and the nearby coastline of 173:. Most Snohomish are enrolled in the 2616: 2604: 2592: 2553: 2541: 2403: 2352: 2278: 2137: 2005: 59:Regions with significant populations 2151:and the Snohomish Tribe of Indians. 1897: 1682:Traditional clothing and appearance 1624:) carved by William Shelton in 1880 1161:Post-treaty village; one longhouse 1107:South of the bridge over the creek 661:. It was enlarged to 24,320 acres. 13: 3503:Tweddell, Colin E. (August 1953). 3432: 2415: 2165:Tweddell, Colin E. (August 1953). 2138:Lane, Barbara (October 15, 1975). 2032:Notre Dame Fighting Irish football 664: 191:government caused many to leave. 14: 3927: 3803:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community 2287: 612:Tsenahtalc (aka Joseph Bonaparte) 609:Heuchkaman (aka George Bonaparte) 3332:Breda, Isabella (May 31, 2022). 2568: 251:, the coast of Puget Sound from 3859:Port Madison Indian Reservation 3389: 3325: 3276: 2670: 2521:Northwest History Room Archives 2509: 1852: 1494: 1490:Model of a gable-roof longhouse 823:often had smaller houses and a 547:, Washington. She attended the 430:subgroup, and other times as a 3798:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians 3444:University of Washington Press 3284:"About dxʷləšucid Lushootseed" 2225: 2104:University of Washington Press 1691:, and both men and women wore 1527:time occupied a summer house. 1293:Two miles southeast of Monroe 471: 1: 2038: 1593:through trade with settlers. 1530: 695: 3854:Swinomish Indian Reservation 3808:Tulalip Tribes of Washington 3490:University of Oklahoma Press 3292:Tulalip Tribes of Washington 2479:US Department of Agriculture 2209:University of Oklahoma Press 1926:Tulalip Tribes of Washington 1911:Tulalip Tribes of Washington 1233:Main N'Quentlmamish village 933:Sandy Point, Whidbey Island 448:signed the treaty for them. 306:Lushootseed-speaking peoples 295:Classification and subgroups 175:Tulalip Tribes of Washington 116:Lushootseed-speaking peoples 7: 3781:Federally recognized tribes 2471:Hollenbeck, Jan L. (1987). 2325:. Original Manuscript from 1864: 1774: 1712:Sociopolitical organization 1338: 892:Bush Point, Whidbey Island 849:List of Snohomish villages 812: 701:), a Snohomish leader from 367:, including the village at 96:Traditional folk religion, 10: 3932: 3793:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe 3473:The Indians of Puget Sound 3449:McDaniel, Nancy L (2004). 1989:Snohomish Tribe of Indians 1957:Marysville School District 1914: 1868: 1778: 1706: 1504:houses and the triangular 1325: 870: 742:at what is now Greenbank ( 466: 3872: 3846: 3828:Puyallup Tribe of Indians 3788:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe 3780: 3715: 3664: 3653: 3615: 3604: 3583: 3567: 3556: 3421:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3401:Four Directions Institute 2094:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; 1273:Three miles southwest of 1251: 1205: 809:and gathering in return. 635:1855-1856 Puget Sound War 520:were buried and drowned. 395:The name N'Quentlmamish ( 113: 108: 95: 90: 79: 74: 63: 58: 53: 48: 36: 30: 29: 3823:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe 3623:Salishan oral narratives 3438:Dover, Harriet Shelton. 2523:. Everett Public Library 2288:Dover, Harriet Shelton. 2260:; Lane, Barbara (1990). 1610:Trade and transportation 1316:gʷəɬ sduduhubš ʔalʔalʔal 1296:Four or five longhouses 606:Snahtalc (aka Bonaparte) 312:, extending over all of 266:The meaning of the word 220:of the Lushootseed name 3818:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe 3237:Haeberlin & Gunther 3200:Haeberlin & Gunther 3169:Haeberlin & Gunther 3150:Haeberlin & Gunther 3107:Haeberlin & Gunther 3088:Haeberlin & Gunther 3069:Haeberlin & Gunther 3050:Haeberlin & Gunther 3031:Haeberlin & Gunther 2964:Haeberlin & Gunther 2933:Haeberlin & Gunther 2914:Haeberlin & Gunther 2895:Haeberlin & Gunther 2876:Haeberlin & Gunther 2857:Haeberlin & Gunther 2838:Haeberlin & Gunther 2819:Haeberlin & Gunther 2800:Haeberlin & Gunther 2781:Haeberlin & Gunther 2762:Haeberlin & Gunther 2743:Haeberlin & Gunther 2712:Haeberlin & Gunther 2582:and the Tulalip Tribes. 1948: 1930:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe 1886: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1726: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1620: 1602: 1585: 1580: 1519: 1457: 1451: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1395: 1393:A representation of an 1382: 1375: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1345: 1315: 1302: 1285: 1265: 1256: 1219: 1210: 1188: 1167: 1155: 1144:At least one longhouse 1133: 1116: 1098: 1089: 1075: 1064: 1058: 1034: 1014: 998: 979: 961: 942: 925: 916: 901: 884: 875: 841: 835: 829: 819: 764: 750: 744: 703: 615:Ns'skioos (aka Jackson) 590: 569: 516: 510: 504: 498: 493: 485: 456: 444: 423: 408: 400: 388: 379: 360: 348: 342: 330: 268: 235: 222: 204: 136: 3833:Nisqually Indian Tribe 3440:Tulalip From my Heart. 2394:, p. 90, 109-110. 2100:Lushootseed Dictionary 1967: 1953:Hibulb Cultural Center 1937:Quil Ceda Creek Casino 1907: 1881:many different peoples 1771: 1625: 1491: 1399: 1335: 936:Famous potlatch house 707: 686:Territory and villages 630: 621:Shehtsoolt (aka Peter) 556:Treaty of Point Elliot 552: 549:Treaty of Point Elliot 355:The Quil Ceda people ( 233:The name "Snohomish" ( 3873:Non-recognized groups 3864:Nisqually Reservation 3546:-speaking peoples of 2290:Tulalip From my Heart 2262:Southern Coast Salish 2237:snohomishcountywa.gov 1965: 1941:Tulalip Resort Casino 1905: 1877:Coast Salish language 1769: 1617: 1489: 1483:was built at Tulalip. 1392: 1333: 693: 600: 542: 301:Southern Coast Salish 159:Southern Coast Salish 109:Related ethnic groups 3911:Lushootseed language 3838:Squaxin Island Tribe 3559:Lushootseed language 3467:Haeberlin, Hermann; 3453:. (Self-published). 2802:, p. 68, 72-73. 2677:Haeberlin, Hermann; 2428:on February 13, 2003 2211:. pp. 303–305. 1972:Tribal Canoe Journey 1949:qʷəl̕sidəʔ ʔalʔaltəd 1923:federally-recognized 1470:Indian Shaker Church 722:counties, including 624:Sahahhu (aka Hallam) 574:Territorial Governor 572:) in order for then- 562:Mukilteo, Washington 299:The Snohomish are a 156:Lushootseed-speaking 3633:Transformer/Changer 3575:Lushootseed grammar 3288:Tulalip Lushootseed 2607:, p. 9, 11-16. 2578:. Prepared for the 2147:. Prepared for the 1979:Tulalip Reservation 1951:), and operate the 1555:salmon, as well as 850: 26: 3471:(September 1930). 3379:, p. 352-353. 3360:, p. 350-352. 3294:. December 5, 2014 2702:, p. 153-180. 2655:, p. 125-127. 2643:, p. 141-142. 2461:, p. 114-115. 2059:The Tulalip Tribes 1996:Marrowstone Island 1968: 1908: 1772: 1626: 1492: 1400: 1336: 848: 708: 553: 216:"Snohomish" is an 212:Name and etymology 24: 3893: 3892: 3776: 3775: 3602: 3601: 2997:, p. 59, 61. 2985:, p. 45, 62. 2764:, p. 61, 67. 2714:, p. 26, 29. 2113:978-0-295-97323-4 2006:Notable Snohomish 1945:Quil Ceda Village 1894:in the language. 1323: 1322: 1230:, near the mouth 860:Anglicization(s) 694:William Shelton ( 584:the Snohomish by 142:[sdohobʃ] 125: 124: 3923: 3885:Steilacoom Tribe 3716:Southern peoples 3665:Northern peoples 3662: 3661: 3657: 3610: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3544: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3464: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3377:Ruby & Brown 3374: 3368: 3367: 3358:Ruby & Brown 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3313:Ruby & Brown 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3280: 3274: 3273:, p. 52-58. 3268: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3239:, p. 59-61. 3234: 3225: 3224:, p. 84-85. 3219: 3210: 3209: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3171:, p. 58-59. 3166: 3160: 3159: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3128:, p. 82-84. 3123: 3117: 3116: 3109:, p. 39-40. 3104: 3098: 3097: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3071:, p. 37-39. 3066: 3060: 3059: 3052:, p. 34-35. 3047: 3041: 3040: 3028: 3022: 3021:, p. 51-52. 3016: 3010: 3009:, p. 50-51. 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2961: 2955: 2954:, p. 58-64. 2949: 2943: 2942: 2935:, p. 18-19. 2930: 2924: 2923: 2916:, p. 17-18. 2911: 2905: 2904: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2878:, p. 15-16. 2873: 2867: 2866: 2859:, p. 75-77. 2854: 2848: 2847: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2783:, p. 70-71. 2778: 2772: 2771: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2745:, p. 67-75. 2740: 2734: 2733:, p. 73-74. 2728: 2722: 2721: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2544:, p. 19-21. 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2517:"Pilchuck Julia" 2513: 2507: 2506:, p. 66-69. 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2449:, p. 105-9. 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2424:. Archived from 2422:Coast Salish Map 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2315: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2198: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2091: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2051: 1898:Successor tribes 1889: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1729: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1623: 1605: 1588: 1522: 1479:denomination. A 1460: 1454: 1445: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1398: 1385: 1378: 1372: 1363: 1354: 1348: 1318: 1305: 1288: 1268: 1259: 1222: 1213: 1191: 1170: 1158: 1136: 1119: 1101: 1092: 1084:Quil Ceda Creek 1078: 1067: 1061: 1037: 1017: 1001: 982: 964: 945: 928: 919: 904: 887: 878: 851: 847: 844: 838: 832: 822: 767: 753: 747: 706: 700: 697: 593: 519: 513: 507: 501: 447: 415:, a Snoqualmie. 391: 374:The Sdodohobsh ( 351: 345: 333: 281:Snohomish County 271: 238: 225: 207: 171:Washington State 151: 144: 129:Snohomish people 65:Snohomish County 49:Total population 41: 27: 25:Snohomish people 23: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3868: 3842: 3813:Suquamish Tribe 3772: 3711: 3655: 3649: 3611: 3598: 3579: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3461: 3435: 3433:Further reading 3430: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3213: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2595:, p. 9-10. 2591: 2587: 2575: 2569:Lane, Barbara. 2567: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2199: 2174: 2163: 2156: 2144: 2136: 2129: 2114: 2092: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2018:William Shelton 2014:, basket weaver 2008: 1991: 1919: 1913: 1900: 1873: 1867: 1855: 1783: 1777: 1757:), and slaves ( 1733:William Shelton 1714: 1709: 1684: 1618:A river canoe ( 1612: 1598:Salish Wool Dog 1533: 1497: 1341: 1328: 1206:N'Quentlmamish 1176:Preston Point, 1173:Hibulb, Hibolb 1124:Sturgeon Creek 815: 736:Skykomish River 698: 688: 667: 665:Reservation Era 659:executive order 631: 599: 558: 474: 469: 436:Skykomish River 418:The Sktalejum ( 365:Quil Ceda Creek 318:Admiralty Inlet 297: 289:Snohomish River 274:William Shelton 214: 161:people who are 149: 44: 32: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3929: 3919: 3918: 3916:Tulalip Tribes 3913: 3908: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3880:Duwamish Tribe 3876: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3672:Skagit peoples 3668: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3639:Spirit Powers 3637: 3636: 3635: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3538: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3498:978-0806140247 3480: 3465: 3459: 3446: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3388: 3369: 3350: 3338:Everett Herald 3324: 3315:, p. 352. 3305: 3275: 3260: 3248: 3226: 3211: 3192: 3180: 3161: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3099: 3080: 3061: 3042: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2956: 2944: 2925: 2906: 2887: 2868: 2849: 2830: 2811: 2792: 2773: 2754: 2735: 2723: 2704: 2692: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2631:, p. 142. 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2558: 2556:, p. 2-6. 2546: 2534: 2508: 2496: 2494:, p. 100. 2484: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2382:, p. 104. 2372: 2357: 2342: 2336:979-8750945764 2335: 2307: 2305:, p. 101. 2295: 2277: 2270: 2258:Suttles, Wayne 2249: 2224: 2217: 2172: 2154: 2127: 2112: 2071: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2021: 2015: 2007: 2004: 1990: 1987: 1947:(Lushootseed: 1917:Tulalip Tribes 1915:Main article: 1912: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1869:Main article: 1866: 1863: 1854: 1851: 1779:Main article: 1776: 1773: 1751:), low-class ( 1740:Tulalip Tribes 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1683: 1680: 1611: 1608: 1532: 1529: 1496: 1493: 1408:(also spelled 1340: 1337: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1262: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228:Pilchuck River 1225: 1223: 1216: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 994: 993: 990: 985: 983: 975: 974: 971: 968: 965: 957: 956: 953: 948: 946: 938: 937: 934: 931: 929: 921: 920: 912: 907: 905: 897: 896: 893: 890: 888: 881: 868: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 814: 811: 774:Mount Pilchuck 756:Richmond Beach 724:Whidbey Island 687: 684: 666: 663: 629: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 597: 596: 557: 554: 534:Fort Nisqually 473: 470: 468: 465: 424:st̕aq̓taliǰabš 386:. Their name, 296: 293: 283:, the city of 261:Snohomish City 213: 210: 123: 122: 111: 110: 106: 105: 93: 92: 88: 87: 77: 76: 72: 71: 61: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 34: 33: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3928: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3702:Stillaguamish 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469:Gunther, Erna 3466: 3462: 3460:9780975904404 3456: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3424: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3354: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3309: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3272: 3271:Tweddell 1953 3267: 3265: 3258:, p. 86. 3257: 3256:Tweddell 1953 3252: 3244: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3222:Tweddell 1953 3218: 3216: 3207: 3202:, p. 57. 3201: 3196: 3190:, p. 83. 3189: 3188:Tweddell 1953 3184: 3176: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3152:, p. 59. 3151: 3146: 3140:, p. 87. 3139: 3138:Tweddell 1953 3134: 3127: 3126:Tweddell 1953 3122: 3114: 3108: 3103: 3095: 3090:, p. 39. 3089: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3038: 3033:, p. 29. 3032: 3027: 3020: 3019:Tweddell 1953 3015: 3008: 3007:Tweddell 1953 3003: 2996: 2995:Tweddell 1953 2991: 2984: 2983:Tweddell 1953 2979: 2971: 2966:, p. 27. 2965: 2960: 2953: 2952:Tweddell 1953 2948: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2921: 2915: 2910: 2902: 2897:, p. 17. 2896: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2845: 2840:, p. 67. 2839: 2834: 2826: 2821:, p. 80. 2820: 2815: 2807: 2801: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2777: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2750: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2731:Tweddell 1953 2727: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2700:Tweddell 1953 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679:Gunther, Erna 2673: 2667:, p. 96. 2666: 2665:Tweddell 1953 2661: 2654: 2653:Tweddell 1953 2649: 2642: 2641:Tweddell 1953 2637: 2630: 2629:Tweddell 1953 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2581: 2574: 2573: 2565: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2504:Tweddell 1953 2500: 2493: 2492:Tweddell 1953 2488: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2459:Tweddell 1953 2455: 2448: 2447:Tweddell 1953 2443: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416:Dailey, Tom. 2412: 2406:, p. 21. 2405: 2400: 2393: 2392:Tweddell 1953 2388: 2381: 2380:Tweddell 1953 2376: 2370:, p. 89. 2369: 2368:Tweddell 1953 2364: 2362: 2355:, p. 18. 2354: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2327:T.T. Waterman 2324: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2304: 2303:Tweddell 1953 2299: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2273: 2271:0-16-020390-2 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2220: 2218:9780806124797 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2003: 2001: 2000:Port Townsend 1997: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1892:Catholic Mass 1888: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1862: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1782: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1622: 1616: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481:Shaker church 1478: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1397: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1332: 1317: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211:dxʷkʷiƛ̕əbabš 1204: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153:Upriver from 1152: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117:dxʷqʷtaycədəb 1114: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1090:qʷəl̕sidəʔəbš 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006:Tulare Beach 1005: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 977: 976: 972: 969: 966: 963: 959: 958: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 940: 939: 935: 932: 930: 927: 923: 922: 918: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 899: 898: 894: 891: 889: 886: 882: 880: 877: 869: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 852: 846: 843: 837: 831: 830:sgʷigʷialʔtxʷ 826: 821: 810: 807: 803: 802:Stillaguamish 799: 795: 791: 787: 781: 779: 778:Bald Mountain 775: 771: 770:Granite Falls 766: 761: 757: 752: 746: 745:k̓ʷik̓ʷaac̓əb 741: 737: 733: 729: 728:Camano Island 725: 721: 717: 713: 705: 692: 683: 679: 675: 671: 662: 660: 654: 651: 650:Stillaguamish 647: 643: 638: 636: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 601: 595: 592: 587: 582: 578: 577:Isaac Stevens 575: 571: 567: 563: 550: 546: 541: 537: 535: 530: 526: 521: 518: 512: 506: 500: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 464: 462: 461:Stillaguamish 458: 454: 449: 446: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401:dxʷkʷiƛ̕əbabš 398: 393: 390: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 361:qʷəl̕sidəʔəbš 358: 353: 350: 344: 338: 336: 332: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 292: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 270: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 231: 229: 224: 219: 218:anglicization 209: 206: 201: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 152: 143: 138: 134: 130: 121: 117: 112: 107: 103: 99: 94: 89: 86: 82: 78: 73: 70: 66: 62: 57: 52: 47: 40: 35: 28: 19: 3847:Reservations 3706: 3504: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3450: 3439: 3405:. 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Retrieved 2058: 2012:Boeda Strand 1992: 1976: 1969: 1934: 1920: 1874: 1860: 1856: 1853:Yearly cycle 1847: 1785:Potlatches ( 1784: 1744: 1737: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1701: 1697: 1685: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1595: 1591: 1569: 1534: 1525: 1515: 1511: 1498: 1495:Architecture 1467: 1448: 1417:tiyuɬəbax̌ad 1401: 1366: 1357: 1342: 1253: 1207: 1043:Priest Point 970:Camano Head 872: 816: 782: 709: 680: 676: 672: 668: 655: 639: 632: 603:S'hootsthoot 559: 522: 479: 477:population. 475: 457:qʷacaʔkʷbixʷ 450: 445:siʔalapax̌ad 417: 394: 373: 369:Priest Point 354: 346:("people of 339: 334: 322: 298: 278: 265: 232: 227: 215: 197: 193: 128: 126: 98:Christianity 21:Ethnic group 18: 3549:Puget Sound 3543:Lushootseed 3397:"Snohomish" 2319:Hilbert, Vi 2102:. 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