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other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from the person. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates themself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see their marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether they themself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.
463:. The central idea is that an individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations and the extent to which they have commitments to those explorations or a particular identity. A person may display either relative weakness or strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, there were four possible results: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person avoids or refuses both exploration and making a commitment. Foreclosure occurs when a person does make a commitment to a particular identity but neglected to explore other options. Identity moratorium is when a person avoids or postpones making a commitment but is still actively exploring their options and different identities. Lastly, identity achievement is when a person has both explored many possibilities and has committed to their identity.
948:
and overall quality of life play significant roles in these decisions. Individuals in such jobs face the challenge of forging an identity that aligns with their values and beliefs. Crafting a positive self-concept becomes more arduous when societal standards label their work as "dirty" or undesirable. Consequently, some individuals opt not to define themselves solely by their occupation but strive for a holistic identity that encompasses all aspects of their lives, beyond their job or work. On the other hand, individuals whose identity strongly hinges on their occupation may experience a crisis if they become unable to perform their chosen work. Therefore, occupational identity necessitates an active and adaptable process that ensures both
761:
works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being "the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses", social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries.
752:
contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis. Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as
Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely. Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression.
683:. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from their social self. The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or "essential" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of
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primarily during adolescence and described potential outcomes that depend on how one deals with this conflict. Those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities. On some readings of
Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an
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resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm – highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts – for example, an
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not only careers or jobs but also activities such as travel, volunteering, sports, or caregiving. However, when individuals face limitations in their ability to participate or engage in meaningful activities, such as due to illness, it poses a threat to the active process and continued development of identity. Feeling socially unproductive can have detrimental effects on one's
939:. Importantly, the relationship between occupation and identity is bidirectional; occupation contributes to the formation of identity, while identity shapes decisions regarding occupational choices. Furthermore, individuals inherently seek a sense of control over their chosen occupation and strive to avoid stigmatizing labels that may undermine their occupational identity.
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important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa. Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity – the "person" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others.
347:, in which an individual's identity is strongly associated with role-behavior or the collection of group memberships that define them. According to Peter Burke, "Identities tell us who we are and they announce to others who we are." Identities subsequently guide behavior, leading "fathers" to behave like "fathers" and "nurses" to act like "nurses".
378:. Individuals' identities are situated, but also contextual, situationally adaptive and changing. Despite their fluid character, identities often feel as if they are stable ubiquitous categories defining an individual, because of their grounding in the sense of personal identity (the sense of being a continuous and persistent self).
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context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.
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Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which
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and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social
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Within identity theory, an identity is a set of meanings defining who one is in a role (e.g., father, plumber, student), in a group or social category (e.g., member of a church or voluntary association, an
American, a female), or a unique individual (e.g., a highly moral person, an assertive person,
760:
Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity
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factors and roles that impact one's identity. In
Erikson's theory, he describes eight distinct stages across the lifespan that are each characterized by a conflict between the inner, personal world and the outer, social world of an individual. Erikson identified the conflict of identity as occurring
335:
Identity serves multiple functions, acting as a "self-regulatory structure" that provides meaning, direction, and a sense of self-control. It fosters internal harmony and serves as a behavioral compass, enabling individuals to orient themselves towards the future and establish long-term goals. As an
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is one of the parables of Jesus. it is about a shepherd who leaves his flock of ninety-nine sheep in order to find the one which is lost. The parable of the lost sheep is an example of the rediscovery of identity. Its aim is to lay bare the nature of the divine response to the recovery of the lost,
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As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the
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In the realm of occupational identity, individuals make choices regarding employment based on the stigma associated with certain jobs. Likewise, those already working in stigmatized occupations may employ personal rationalization to justify their career path. Factors such as workplace satisfaction
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Identity is an ongoing and dynamic process that impacts an individual's ability to navigate life's challenges and cultivate a fulfilling existence. Within this process, occupation emerges as a significant factor that allows individuals to express and maintain their identity. Occupation encompasses
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for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by
960:
The modern notion of personal identity as a distinct and unique characteristic of individuals has evolved relatively recently in history beginning with the first passports in the early 1900s and later becoming more popular as a social science term in the 1950s. Several factors have influenced its
724:. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others and to a particular group of people.
490:
Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to
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is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual, involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, mythology, and faith and mystical experience. Religious identity refers to the personal practices related to
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often lead to shifts in social identity. The extent of this change depends on the disparities between the individual's heritage culture and the culture of the host country, as well as the level of adoption of the new culture versus the retention of the heritage culture. However, the effects of
499:
Laing's definition of identity closely follows
Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the "metaperspective of self", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely
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theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective
557:
Different social situations also compel people to attach themselves to different self-identities which may cause some to feel marginalized, switch between different groups and self-identifications, or reinterpret certain identity components. These different selves lead to constructed images
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communal faith along with rituals and communication stemming from such conviction. This identity formation begins with an association in the parents' religious contacts, and individuation requires that the person chooses the same or different religious identity than that of their parents.
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These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity,
336:
active process, it profoundly influences an individual's capacity to adapt to life events and achieve a state of well-being. However, identity originates from traits or attributes that individuals may have little or no control over, such as their family background or ethnicity.
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individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.
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Illness
Diagnosis: The diagnosis of an illness can provoke an identity shift, altering an individual's self-perception and influencing how they navigate life. Additionally, illnesses may result in changes in abilities, which can affect occupational identity and require
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Identity formation has to do with the complex manner in which human beings establish a unique view of self and is characterized by continuity and inner unity. It is therefore highly related to terms such as the self, self-concept, values, and personality
428:), which is described as an individual's personal sense of continuity. He suggested that people can attain this feeling throughout their lives as they develop and is meant to be an ongoing process. The ego-identity consists of two main features: one's
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Transition: Individuals experiencing gender dysphoria may embark on a journey to align their lives with their true gender identity. This process involves profound personal and social changes to establish an authentic sense of
558:
dichotomized between what people want to be (the ideal self) and how others see them (the limited self). Educational background and occupational status and roles significantly influence identity formation in this regard.
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can offer some insight into how identity is maintained. From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the
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going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change.
3980:
Vryan, Kevin D., Patricia A. Adler, Peter Adler. 2003. "Identity." pp. 367–390 in
Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
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Occupation and
Identity: The concept of occupation as a crucial aspect of identity was introduced by Christiansen in 1999, highlighting the influence of employment and work roles on an individual's sense of
3997:
Weinreich, P. (1986). The operationalisation of identity theory in racial and ethnic relations, in J.Rex and D.Mason (eds). "Theories of Race and Ethnic
Relations". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Identity offers a way of thinking about the links between the personal and the social, that is, how the psychological and social aspects of the self are tied together to create a self-concept (Woodward,
546:, i.e., why they tend to favour those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the
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properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with
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Saunderson, Wendy; O'Kane, Maria (2003). "Anorexia nervosa: Analysing identity for predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors". In
Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy (eds.).
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Change: When individuals undergo significant shifts in their career paths or occupational identities, they face the challenge of redefining themselves within a new professional context.
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accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."
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In the face of environmental challenges and forced displacement, individuals may experience shifts in their identity as they adapt to new geographical locations and cultural contexts.
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in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall
850:
Due to the multiple functions of identity which include self regulation, self-concept, personal control, meaning and direction, its implications are woven into many aspects of life.
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979:: The emergence of psychology as a separate field of knowledge and study starting in the 19th century has played a significant role in shaping our understanding of identity.
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is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of
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Hall, S. (1992). The Question of Cultural Identity. In: S. Hall, D. Held and T. McGrew (Eds.), Modernity and Its Futures. Milton Keynes. Cambridge: Open University Press.
926:. This established personal identity can serve as an "anchor" and play a "protective role" during the process of social and cultural identity transformations that occur.
826:, throughout history, various Western thinkers who contributed to the development of European identity were influenced by classical cultures and incorporated elements of
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1015:: Understanding and assessing personality pathology has highlighted the significance of identity problems in comprehending individuals' psychological well-being.
316:
is shaped by social and cultural factors and how others perceive and acknowledge one's characteristics. The etymology of the term "identity" from the Latin noun
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is a specific form of personality formation, though often used only by certain practitioners to describe various forms of prayer and the process of knowing the
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Jary and Jary (1991) define identity as 'a sense of self that develops as the child differentiates from parents and the family, and takes a place in society.'
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Adoption entails exploring alternative familial features and reconciling with the experience of being adopted, which can significantly impact an individual's
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Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism : social and literary contexts for the New Testament
884:: Relocating to a new country necessitates adaptation to unfamiliar societal norms, leading to adjustments in cultural, social, and occupational identities.
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Tracy, S. J.; Tretheway, A. (2005). "Fracturing the Real-Self-Fake-Self Dichotomy: Moving Toward "Crystallized Organizational Discourses and Identities"".
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tradition has underscored individuals' responsibility for their own soul or spiritual well-being, contributing to a heightened focus on personal identity.
982:
Rise of Privacy: The Renaissance era witnessed a growing sense of privacy, leading to increased attention and importance placed on individual identities.
554:, it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others.
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Tracy, S. J.; Scott, C. (2006). "Sexuality, masculinity and taint management among firefighters and correctional officers: Getting down and dirty with
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Hughes, E (1951) Work and the self. In: Rohrer, J, Sherif, M (eds) Social Psychology at the Crossroads. New York: Harper & Brothers, pp. 313–323.
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emphasizes an individual's mental image of themselves and their "sameness with others". Identity encompasses various aspects such as occupational,
417:
1344:"The Role of Identity in Acculturation among Immigrant People: Theoretical Propositions, Empirical Questions, and Applied Recommendations"
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and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History,
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systems to specialized worker roles. This change impacted how individuals identified themselves in relation to their occupations.
748:. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.
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Cohen, A. (1998). "Boundaries and Boundary-Consciousness: Politicising Cultural Identity," in M. Anderson and E. Bort (Eds.),
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Kurzwelly, J (2019). "Being German, Paraguayan and Germanino: Exploring the Relation Between Social and Personal Identity".
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516:, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some
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is the set of qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or a
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ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as
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1656:. Comparative Ethnic and Race Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1988). pp. 299ff.
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358:, or the distinctive qualities or traits that make an individual unique. Identities are strongly associated with
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and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in
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3575:; being a condensation of the "Principles of social science" of H.C. Carey, LL. D.. Philadelphia: H.C. Baird.
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Marcia, James E.; Waterman, Alan S.; Matteson, David R.; Archer, Sally L.; Orlofsky, Jacob L. (2012-12-06).
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Weinreich, Peter (1986). "14: The operationalisation of identity theory in racial and ethnic relations". In
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Stryker, Sheldon; Burke, Peter J. (December 2000). "The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory".
3643:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity"
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which investigated the different manners of behavior that individuals may have. Their typology includes:
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3212:"Defining Lives: Occupation as Identity: An Essay on Competence, Coherence, and the Creation of Meaning"
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Judaism and Hellenism : studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period
1925:"The Evolution of Eriksonian and, Neo-Eriksonian Identity Theory and Research: A Review and Integration"
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3259:"Employment and the Reconstruction of Self. A Model of Space for Maintenance of Identity by Occupation"
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Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of
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Hurd, Ellis (1 October 2010). "Confessions of Belonging: My Emotional Journey as Medical Translator".
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Chakkarath, Pradeep (17 October 2013). "Cultural identity". In Keith, Kenneth D.; et al. (eds.).
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theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual
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3675:"Being German, Paraguayan and Germanino: Exploring the Relation Between Social and Personal Identity"
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Specialization in Work: The industrial period brought about a shift from undifferentiated roles in
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Bogaerts, Annabel; Luyckx, Koen; Bastiaens, Tim; Kaufman, Erin A.; Claes, Laurence (March 2021).
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experiences. These discussions have contributed to a broader understanding of diverse identities.
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Has an extremely rigid sense of social identity and strong identification with adult communities
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Shows extensive dependency upon others and no meaningful engagement with the community of adults
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Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012).
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Another issue of interest in social psychology is related to the notion that there are certain
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479:(the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to
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immigration and acculturation on identity can be moderated if the person possesses a strong
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Interacts to some degree with role-models, but ultimately these relationships are abandoned
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Qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and/or expressions that distinguish a person or group
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Possesses greater psychological resources than the Refuser (i.e., intelligence, charisma)
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3023:"Climate migrants and new identities? The geopolitics of embracing or rejecting mobility"
2363:"Religious Identity Formation Among Adolescents: The Role of Religious Secondary Schools"
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487:, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information.
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Schmeck, Klaus; Schlüter-Müller, Susanne; Foelsch, Pamela A; Doering, Stephan (2013).
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1448:"Reflections on: "So... what do you do?" Occupation and the construction of identity"
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There has been an increased emphasis on gender identity, including issues related to
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to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common
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The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity and Community.
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The Cambridge Handbook of Social Theory: Volume 2: Contemporary Theories and Issues
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1396:"Linking Occupation and Identity: Lessons Learned Through Qualitative Exploration"
1228:
5477:
5472:
5236:
5181:
5166:
5146:
5126:
5081:
5056:
4966:
4918:
4903:
4803:
4763:
4654:
4649:
4476:
4364:
4278:
4253:
3796:
3746:
3686:
3658:
3572:
3466:
2720:
2695:
2584:
2489:
2317:
2186:
1651:
1592:
1113:
1061:
1046:
997:
888:
873:
819:
570:
which a person may use to adapt to the social world. Cote and Levine developed a
509:
467:
329:
188:
167:
125:
2771:
Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Jonathan W Daly (2015).
2770:
2582:
1343:
5532:
5422:
5352:
5251:
5226:
5096:
5066:
5026:
4991:
4848:
4773:
4758:
4753:
4644:
4634:
4344:
4295:
3369:
2171:"Components of intercultural identity: towards an effective integration policy"
1580:
1463:
1071:
863:
Identity transformations can occur in various contexts, some of which include:
831:
721:
701:
668:
543:
429:
120:
4188:
4105:
3521:
1940:
1612:. "Identity is the construct that defines who or what a particular person is."
1543:
1158:
642:
Possesses clear personal values and attitudes, but also a deep fear of change
5570:
5537:
5246:
5231:
5221:
5206:
5156:
5111:
5071:
5006:
5001:
4971:
4838:
4778:
4720:
4444:
4258:
4065:
The foundations of social science; an analysis of their psychological aspects
4047:
4020:
3955:
3889:
Sökefeld, M. (1999). "Debating Self, Identity, and Culture in Anthropology."
3377:
3282:
3235:
3188:
3093:
3046:
3003:
2969:
2887:
2848:
2529:
2378:
2237:
2229:
2194:
2155:
1948:
1893:
1471:
1419:
1367:
1283:
1081:
1076:
969:
965:
918:
839:
835:
727:
The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and
375:
172:
41:
2985:
2970:"Ethnic Identity, Immigration, and Well-Being: An Interactional Perspective"
2863:
2815:
2463:
1924:
1447:
628:
Has a sense of dissatisfaction due to high personal and social expectations
416:
to take an explicit interest in identity. An essential feature of Erikson's
5216:
5211:
5186:
5116:
5051:
5011:
4981:
4976:
4888:
4878:
4768:
4503:
4498:
4486:
4407:
4393:
4317:
3742:
3274:
3243:
2879:
1810:
1730:
1479:
1301:
1274:
1258:"The role of identity in the DSM-5 classification of personality disorders"
898:
823:
728:
709:
645:
Sense of personal identity is almost exhausted by sense of social identity
476:
452:
413:
409:
386:
367:
359:
309:
302:
73:
3227:
3085:
2895:
2058:
1901:
1820:
822:, personal and secular identity are deeply influenced by the formation of
312:, and it remains a consistent aspect throughout different stages of life.
5497:
5292:
5266:
5261:
5061:
5046:
4913:
4893:
4873:
4725:
4700:
4659:
4520:
4429:
4419:
4381:
4339:
4302:
4268:
3530:
3441:
Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
3329:"Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression"
2610:
2443:
2050:
Analysing identity : cross-cultural, societal, and clinical contexts
1005:
914:
881:
492:
480:
472:
371:
146:
78:
3069:
2697:
The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
389:
noted in 1998: "At some point in the 1970s this term was borrowed from
308:
Identity emerges during childhood as children start to comprehend their
5502:
5462:
5031:
5021:
4898:
4828:
4715:
4684:
4664:
4608:
4603:
4558:
4453:
3849:
3619:
Working identity: unconventional strategies for reinventing your career
3196:
976:
949:
736:
684:
363:
351:
68:
3820:
2994:
1622:
1359:
662:
Is responsive to communities that provide opportunity for self-growth
600:
Develops cognitive blocks that prevent adoption of adult role-schemas
5542:
5492:
5256:
5131:
4858:
4629:
4553:
4460:
4434:
4354:
3975:
The Anthropology of Ethnicity: 'Beyond Ethnic Groups and Boundaries'.
3400:
3354:"Identity Impairment as a Central Dimension in Personality Pathology"
3164:
2773:
Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789
2519:
1885:
1219:
Franco-Zamudio, Jamie; Dorton, Harold (2014). "Collective Identity".
1212:
986:
770:
745:
713:
620:
Has no meaningful engagement with or commitment to adult communities
539:
521:
340:
332:, educational, generational, and political identities, among others.
325:
4193:
3841:
3748:
Oneself as Another (Soi-même comme un autre), trans. Kathleen Blamey
3642:
3180:
1255:
5467:
4943:
4669:
4639:
4598:
4593:
4359:
4334:
4093:
4030:
Analysing identity: cross-cultural, societal, and clinical contexts
4003:
Analysing identity: cross-cultural, societal, and clinical contexts
3812:
3553:
Camilleri, C.; Kastersztein, J. & Lipiansky E.M. et al. (1990)
3495:
Narrative and Identity: Studies in Autobiography, Self and Culture.
1647:
1149:
Schwartz, Seth J.; Luyckx, Koen; Vignoles, Vivian L., eds. (2011).
766:
732:
448:
321:
4153:
Identity Process Theory: Identity, Social Action and Social Change
2086:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 306–308.
1342:
Schwartz, Seth J.; Montgomery, Marilyn J.; Briones, Ervin (2006).
4705:
4568:
4349:
4307:
4290:
1579:
Cheek, Jonathan M. (1989), Buss, David M.; Cantor, Nancy (eds.),
1031:
394:
3479:
Living Boundaries: Frontiers and Identity in the Basque Country.
659:
Accepts personal skills and competencies and uses them actively
483:, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing
5487:
4578:
4548:
4400:
4312:
4243:
4177:
4144:
Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment
3827:
867:
466:
Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of
398:
3351:
2967:
2367:
International Christian Community of Teacher Educators Journal
1758:
942:
4588:
4583:
4563:
4371:
3481:
Brussels: Presses interuniversitaires européenes, Peter Lang.
1585:
Personality Psychology: Recent Trends and Emerging Directions
3647:
Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
3594:
Self Consciousness: An Alternative Anthropology of Identity.
1969:
4573:
1538:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 63–78,
617:
Is apathetic toward application of psychological resources
49:
955:
2047:
Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy (December 18, 2002).
1341:
671:
formulated additional classifications, which include the
2747:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789
1809:
Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy, eds. (2005-12-08).
1316:"The term identity comes from the Latin noun Definition"
1142:
858:
687:
culture and the rise of telecommunications technology.
354:, the term "identity" is most commonly used to describe
3108:"Life After Diagnosis: How Illness Changed My Identity"
3016:
578:
Cote and Levine's identity formation strategy typology
3447:
2862:
ADAMS, GERALD R.; MARSHALL, SHEILA K. (October 1996).
2136:
Benet-Martínez, Verónica; Hong, Ying-Yi, eds. (2014).
1175:
1148:
5343:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
3399:
Feinberg, Todd E.; Keenan, Julian Paul (2005-08-18).
1223:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 256–259.
805:
with the lost sheep representing a lost human being.
631:
Shows disdain for imperfections within the community
4027:
3358:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
3305:"Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions"
2398:
The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development
1218:
4000:
2910:"Making a Radical Career Change | Psychology Today"
2046:
2034:
2022:
1870:"Development and validation of ego-identity status"
1843:
1808:
432:and development, and the culmination of social and
4092:
4001:Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy, eds. (2003).
3799:(1968). "Identity Salience and Role Performance".
3616:
2135:
1973:Ego Identity: A Handbook for Psychosocial Research
3724:Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
2517:
2391:
2319:Questions of Cultural Identity: SAGE Publications
1262:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
1182:Herman, William E. (2011). "Identity Formation".
1112:Covington, Peter (2008). "Culture and Identity".
5568:
3795:
3450:Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
2478:"The Q Parables of Jesus: "Sapiential" Parables"
2257:
2255:
1393:
561:
4150:
4098:Self, Ego, and Identity: Integrative Approaches
4072:Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity.
1587:, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 275–285,
1581:"Identity Orientations and Self-Interpretation"
708:to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely
451:emerged in 1966, driven largely by the work of
4189:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Identity
3973:Vermeulen, H. & Gowers, C. (Eds.) (1994).
3906:
3500:
3398:
3151:
3139:
2576:
2448:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
2294:
2282:
1184:Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development
4209:
3992:Dynamic sociology. Series in American studies
3741:
2861:
2693:
2252:
2138:The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity
2084:The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology
1688:
1502:"Identity: Definition, Types, & Examples"
1186:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 779–781.
279:
4451:
4405:
4391:
3985:Dynamic sociology, or Applied social science
3684:
3263:Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy
3216:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
3209:
2743:
2392:Etengoff, Chana; Rodriguez, Eric M. (2020),
2140:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
2007:
2005:
1874:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1682:
952:and continuity amid shifting circumstances.
4151:Jaspal, Rusi; Breakwell, Glynis M. (2014).
3734:Modood, T. & Werbner P. (Eds.) (1997).
3601:Beyond the Body: Death and Social Identity.
2945:"Transition meaning | transgender identity"
2800:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers.
2671:Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age
2662:
1530:Burke, Peter (2020), Kivisto, Peter (ed.),
943:Navigating stigma and occupational identity
909:
4216:
4202:
4056:Werbner, P. and T. Modood. (Eds.) (1997).
3935:
3774:
3493:Brockmeier, J. & Carbaugh, D. (2001).
3165:"Identifying Identity: A Semantic History"
2400:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–10,
2315:
2261:
2081:
2011:
1996:
1855:
1735:Dark Continent: Europe's twentieth century
286:
272:
3779:, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
3567:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co.
3529:
3411:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173413.001.0001
3067:
2993:
2737:
2687:
2565:by Thomas Zanzig, Marilyn Kielbasa 2000,
2543:An Introduction to Christian Spirituality
2002:
1976:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1733:(1998). "The Social Contract in Crisis".
1694:
1645:
1291:
1273:
1111:
690:
4155:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3775:Cote, James E.; Levine, Charles (2002),
3751:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3557:Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
3484:
3465:
3438:
3256:
1922:
1452:Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
1151:Handbook of Identity Theory and Research
929:
455:. This model focuses on the concepts of
343:, emphasis is placed by sociologists on
4146:. New York: Farrar, Strause and Giroux.
4122:
3791:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3777:Identity Formation, Agency, and Culture
3497:Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
3448:Barnard, A.; Spencer, J., eds. (1996).
3210:Christiansen, Charles H. (1999-11-01).
3162:
1781:
1729:
1394:Laliberte-Rudman, Debbie (April 2002).
956:Factors shaping the concept of identity
704:have most frequently employed the term
503:
14:
5569:
3614:
3571:Carey, H. C. & McLean, K. (1864).
3489:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3473:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2932:
2828:
2795:
2168:
2108:
1867:
1181:
1118:. Dublin: Folens Limited. p. 12.
527:
4223:
4197:
4127:(3rd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
3765:
3685:Leary, M. R.; Tangney, J. P. (2003).
3637:
3560:
3456:
2668:
2609:
2441:
2348:
1653:Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations
1578:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1337:
1335:
968:Influence: In Western societies, the
859:Contexts Influencing Identity Changes
412:(1902–94) became one of the earliest
4141:
3987:. New York: D. Appleton and company.
3783:
3548:Social Theory and Identity Politics.
2360:
2215:
834:, leading to some movements such as
3867:IDENTITIES: How Governed, Who Pays?
3068:Grotevant, Harold D. (1997-09-01).
2631:
1221:Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology
1153:. New York, NY: Springer New York.
853:
550:. For example, in work relating to
424:identity (often referred to as the
24:
4086:
3944:Management Communication Quarterly
3921:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00331.x
3881:. 9 September 2004. Archived from
3801:Journal of Marriage and the Family
3321:
3297:
3250:
2750:. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–.
2694:Jonathan Daly (19 December 2013).
2589:. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX.
2563:Christian Meditation for Beginners
2224:(10). SAGE Publications: 783–791.
2181:(3). Informa UK Limited: 221–235.
1518:
1434:
1382:
1332:
418:theory of psychosocial development
30:For other uses of "Identity", see
25:
5598:
4170:
3994:. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp.
3679:doi:10.1080/15283488.2019.1604348
3501:Brubaker, R.; Cooper, F. (2000).
2775:. Cengage Learning. p. 105.
1506:The Berkeley Well-Being Institute
1446:Unruh, Anita M. (December 2004).
1249:
514:"psychological" social psychology
5413:The Closing of the American Mind
5333:Civilization and Its Discontents
5313:A Vindication of Natural Society
4176:
3021:; Lazrus, Heather (2016-05-18).
2586:Western Civilization: Since 1400
1923:Schwartz, Seth J. (2001-01-01).
656:Consciously desires self-growth
518:"sociological" social psychology
404:
3431:
3392:
3345:
3203:
3169:The Journal of American History
3156:
3145:
3133:
3124:
3100:
3070:"Coming to Terms with Adoption"
3061:
3027:Social & Cultural Geography
3010:
2961:
2937:
2926:
2902:
2855:
2822:
2789:
2764:
2744:Marvin Perry (1 January 2012).
2700:. A&C Black. pp. 7–9.
2603:
2556:
2536:
2511:
2470:
2435:
2385:
2354:
2342:
2309:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2267:
2209:
2162:
2129:
2092:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp128
2075:
2040:
2035:Weinreich & Saunderson 2003
2028:
2023:Weinreich & Saunderson 2003
2016:
1990:
1963:
1916:
1861:
1849:
1844:Weinreich & Saunderson 2003
1837:
1802:
1775:
1751:
1723:
1676:
1639:
1615:
1572:
1494:
1400:Journal of Occupational Science
1108:Collins Dictionary of Sociology
845:
3599:Hallam, E. M., et al. (1999).
3163:Gleason, Philip (March 1983).
2644:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2406:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad458
1788:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1759:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
1308:
1192:10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_1443
1100:
781:
697:Australian Aboriginal identity
603:Engages in childlike behavior
210:Personal identity (philosophy)
13:
1:
5303:Oration on the Dignity of Man
4100:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
4096:; Lapsley, Daniel K. (1988).
3688:Handbook of self and identity
3677:. Identity. 19 (2): 144–156.
3039:10.1080/14649365.2015.1089589
2649:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2316:Hall, S.; du Gay, P. (1996).
1709:10.1080/15283488.2019.1604348
1412:10.1080/14427591.2002.9686489
1229:10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_381
1093:
568:identity formation strategies
562:Identity formation strategies
524:and of collective behaviour.
5373:The Society of the Spectacle
3896:(4), August–October, 417–31.
3768:The Ethnic Origin of Nations
3659:10.1080/1369801X.2014.993332
3564:Principles of social science
3459:Ethnic Groups and Boundaries
2490:10.5040/9780567678744.ch-007
2361:Wang, Timothy (2012-01-01).
2187:10.1080/14675986.2012.699373
1593:10.1007/978-1-4684-0634-4_21
393:and applied with abandon to
7:
3870:Malaga: Entelequia. 2nd Ed.
3864:Hasan Bülent Paksoy (2006)
3830:Social Psychology Quarterly
3745:; Blamey, Kathleen (1995).
3691:. New York:Guilford Press.
3471:Language and Symbolic Power
3405:. Oxford University Press.
2829:Porter, Stanley E. (2013).
1737:. New York: Vintage Books.
1019:
64:Self-knowledge (psychology)
10:
5603:
3942:scum of law enforcement".
3903:New York: Greenwood Press.
3623:. Harvard Business Press.
3370:10.1007/s10862-020-09804-9
3152:Tracy & Tretheway 2005
3140:Tracy & Tretheway 2005
2518:Jeremias, Joachim (1963).
2295:Brubaker & Cooper 2000
2283:Brubaker & Cooper 2000
1785:Identity: Youth and Crisis
1464:10.1177/000841740407100508
785:
737:biological characteristics
694:
531:
100:Self-categorization theory
29:
5577:Identity (social science)
5551:
5455:
5443:Intellectuals and Society
5393:The Culture of Narcissism
5284:
4952:
4744:
4693:
4622:
4536:
4529:
4469:
4231:
4183:Identity (social science)
4123:Jenkins, Richard (2008).
4106:10.1007/978-1-4615-7834-5
3709:Boulder: Westview Press.
3615:Ibarra, Herminia (2003).
2673:. Phoenix. p. xiii.
1941:10.1207/S1532706XSCHWARTZ
1868:Marcia, James E. (1966).
1782:Erikson, Erik H. (1968).
1544:10.1017/9781316677452.005
1159:10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9
1011:Relevance of Identity in
802:Parable of the Lost Sheep
548:social identity tradition
215:Identity (social science)
32:Identity (disambiguation)
5587:Sociological terminology
5433:The Malaise of Modernity
5383:The History of Sexuality
4482:Catholic social teaching
4063:Williams, J. M. (1920).
3977:Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
3956:10.1177/0893318906287898
3875:"Social Identity Theory"
3587:The Frontiers of Europe.
3573:Manual of social science
3555:Stratégies Identitaires.
3487:Ethnicity without Groups
3257:Jakobsen, Klara (2001).
2974:Journal of Social Issues
2230:10.1177/1077800410383117
2169:Kislev, Elyakim (2012).
2116:"Social Identity Theory"
1683:Leary & Tangney 2003
1088:
910:Immigration and identity
739:. The second, rooted in
430:personal characteristics
381:
160:As applied to activities
152:True self and false self
5513:Philosophy of education
4067:. New York: A.A. Knopf.
3899:Thompson, R.H. (1989).
3789:Mind, Self, and Society
3522:10.1023/A:1007068714468
2986:10.1111/0022-4537.00225
2914:www.psychologytoday.com
2796:Hengel, Martin (2003).
2545:by F. Antonisamy, 2000
2484:, T&T Clark, 2018,
2442:Green, Joel B. (1997).
2175:Intercultural Education
1650:; Mason, David (eds.).
887:Identity Change due to
255:Respectability politics
4452:
4406:
4392:
3901:Theories of Ethnicity.
3720:Meyers, D. T. (2004).
3589:London: Printer Press.
3275:10.1080/11038120120825
2880:10.1006/jado.1996.0041
2868:Journal of Adolescence
2524:. C. Scribner's Sons.
2262:Cote & Levine 2002
2025:, pp. 65–7, 105–6
2012:Cote & Levine 2002
1997:Cote & Levine 2002
1856:Cote & Levine 2002
1275:10.1186/1753-2000-7-27
961:evolution, including:
741:social constructionist
691:In social anthropology
552:social identity theory
235:Social identity threat
230:In-group and out-group
225:Social identity theory
116:Self-perception theory
5518:Philosophy of history
5508:Philosophy of culture
5403:A Conflict of Visions
4070:Woodward, K. (2004).
4032:. London: Routledge.
4005:. London: Routledge.
3673:Kurzwelly, J (2019).
3561:Carey, H. C. (1877).
3485:Brubaker, R. (2002).
3309:Human Rights Campaign
3228:10.5014/ajot.53.6.547
3086:10.1300/J145v01n01_02
2521:The parables of Jesus
2322:. SAGE Publications.
2118:. Universiteit Twente
2059:10.4324/9780203988800
2053:. Routledge, London.
1821:10.4324/9780203988800
1013:Personality Pathology
930:Occupational identity
673:strategic manipulator
444:The "Neo-Eriksonian"
5523:Political philosophy
5323:Democracy in America
4185:at Wikimedia Commons
3990:Ward, L. F. (1968).
3983:Ward, L. F. (1897).
3909:Communication Theory
3891:Current Anthropology
3885:on 31 December 2006.
3770:. Oxford: Blackwell.
3766:Smith, A.D. (1986).
3452:. London: Routledge.
3439:Anderson, B (1983).
2617:. Berlin: Springer.
2394:"Religious Identity"
1115:Success in Sociology
1042:Identity performance
809:Christian meditation
677:pastiche personality
586:Psychological signs
508:At a general level,
504:In social psychology
420:was the idea of the
95:Neural basis of self
5363:One-Dimensional Man
4142:Fukuyama, Francis.
4094:Gil G. Noam, Gil G.
4074:London: Routledge.
3879:Universiteit Twente
3705:Little, D. (1991).
3603:London: Routledge.
3503:"Beyond 'Identity'"
2218:Qualitative Inquiry
1567:an outgoing person)
579:
534:Collective identity
528:Collective identity
345:collective identity
220:Collective identity
5483:Cultural pessimism
5478:Cultural criticism
4377:National character
4060:London: Zed Books.
3738:London: Zed Books.
3596:London: Routledge.
3592:Cohen, A. (1994).
3578:Cohen, A. (1974).
3550:Oxford: Blackwell.
3510:Theory and Society
3457:Barth, F. (1969).
3074:Adoption Quarterly
2445:The Gospel of Luke
1812:Analysing Identity
1763:dictionary.apa.org
1627:dictionary.apa.org
1067:Self-consciousness
1037:Identity formation
889:Climate Migration:
794:religious identity
788:Religious identity
589:Personality signs
577:
475:which compose the
260:Political identity
131:Self-consciousness
5582:Identity politics
5564:
5563:
5280:
5279:
4425:Spontaneous order
4415:Social alienation
4264:Cultural heritage
4225:Social philosophy
4181:Media related to
4162:978-1-107-02270-6
4134:978-0-203-92741-0
4115:978-1-4615-7836-9
4039:978-0-415-64581-2
4012:978-0-415-64581-2
3758:978-0-226-71329-8
3630:978-1-57851-778-7
3582:London: Routledge
3477:Bray, Z. (2004).
3420:978-0-19-517341-3
3019:Stratford, Elaine
3017:Farbotko, Carol;
2833:. Leiden: Brill.
2807:978-1-59244-186-0
2782:978-1-305-44548-2
2757:978-1-111-83720-4
2707:978-1-4411-1851-6
2680:978-0-7538-2413-9
2669:Green, P (2008).
2639:"Hellenistic Age"
2596:978-1-111-83169-1
2499:978-0-5676-7872-0
2482:The Parables in Q
2415:978-1-119-17149-2
2329:978-1-4462-2920-0
2147:978-0-19-979669-4
1983:978-1-4613-8330-7
1830:978-1-134-42522-8
1795:978-0-393-31144-0
1744:978-0-307-55550-2
1602:978-1-4684-0634-4
1553:978-1-107-16269-3
1360:10.1159/000090300
1348:Human Development
1238:978-1-4614-5582-0
1201:978-0-387-77579-1
1168:978-1-4419-7987-2
1027:Cultural identity
924:personal identity
666:
665:
391:social psychology
356:personal identity
296:
295:
251:Identity politics
16:(Redirected from
5594:
5528:Social criticism
5448:
5438:
5428:
5418:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5358:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5298:
4534:
4533:
4516:Frankfurt School
4494:Communitarianism
4457:
4411:
4397:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4180:
4166:
4147:
4138:
4119:
4051:
4024:
3968:
3938:America's heroes
3932:
3886:
3861:
3824:
3797:Stryker, Sheldon
3792:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3702:
3670:
3634:
3622:
3568:
3543:
3533:
3507:
3490:
3474:
3467:Bourdieu, Pierre
3462:
3453:
3444:
3443:. London: Verso.
3425:
3424:
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2014:
2009:
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1994:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1961:
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1920:
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1886:10.1037/h0023281
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1104:
1057:Racial dysphoria
1002:gender dysphoria
998:Gender Identity:
854:Identity changes
718:social movements
580:
576:
288:
281:
274:
194:Self-concealment
37:
36:
21:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5596:
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5473:Critical theory
5451:
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4477:Budapest School
4465:
4254:Cosmopolitanism
4227:
4222:
4173:
4163:
4135:
4125:social identity
4116:
4089:
4087:Further reading
4084:
4040:
4013:
3873:
3842:10.2307/2695840
3785:Mead, George H.
3759:
3699:
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3461:. Oslo: Bergen.
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2721:Thomas E. Woods
2719:
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2080:
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2069:
2045:
2041:
2037:, pp. 22–3
2033:
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1096:
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1086:
1062:Role engulfment
1047:Online identity
1022:
975:Development of
958:
945:
937:social identity
932:
912:
874:Gender Identity
861:
856:
848:
820:Western culture
790:
784:
702:Anthropologists
699:
693:
681:relational self
564:
536:
530:
510:self-psychology
506:
468:self-psychology
446:identity status
439:identity crisis
407:
384:
292:
189:Self-disclosure
168:Self-assessment
126:Self-reflection
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Social identity
15:
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5533:Social science
5530:
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5452:
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5423:Gender Trouble
5419:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5353:The Second Sex
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4347:
4345:Invisible hand
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4171:External links
4169:
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3915:(2): 168–195.
3904:
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3825:
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3202:
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3009:
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2854:
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786:Main article:
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710:Eriksonian way
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532:Main article:
529:
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441:or confusion.
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5384:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Radhakrishnan
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:20th and 21st
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:18th and 19th
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4080:0-415-32967-1
4077:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:(4): 558–64.
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3743:Ricoeur, Paul
3740:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:0-7425-1478-1
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:0-8133-0566-7
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3698:1-57230-798-6
3694:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3609:0-415-18291-3
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3531:2027.42/43651
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:The Lost Self
3395:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3142:, p. 169
3141:
3136:
3127:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2950:
2949:Identiversity
2946:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2624:3-540-20396-6
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2571:0-88489-361-8
2568:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2551:81-7109-429-5
2548:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2455:0-8028-2315-7
2451:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2101:9781118339893
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2068:9780203988800
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:. Routledge.
1814:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:Mazower, Mark
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1665:
1663:9780521369398
1659:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1127:
1125:9781850082606
1121:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1083:
1082:Social stigma
1080:
1078:
1077:Social defeat
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
963:
962:
953:
951:
940:
938:
927:
925:
920:
919:acculturation
916:
903:
900:
899:self-identity
896:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
864:
851:
843:
841:
840:Philosemitism
837:
836:Philhellenism
833:
829:
828:Greek culture
825:
821:
816:
814:
813:contemplation
810:
806:
803:
798:
795:
789:
779:
775:
772:
768:
762:
758:
755:
749:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
592:Social signs
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
575:
573:
569:
559:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
501:
497:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
442:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:psychologists
411:
405:In psychology
402:
401:and groups."
400:
396:
392:
388:
379:
377:
376:individuality
373:
370:of oneself),
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
289:
284:
282:
277:
275:
270:
269:
267:
266:
261:
258:
256:
252:
249:
248:
247:
246:
242:
241:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
201:
200:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
181:Interpersonal
180:
179:
174:
173:Self-efficacy
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
159:
158:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:
138:
137:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
112:
111:
107:
106:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
86:
85:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5441:
5431:
5421:
5411:
5401:
5391:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5351:
5341:
5331:
5321:
5311:
5301:
5291:
4711:Guicciardini
4694:Early modern
4530:Philosophers
4504:Conservatism
4499:Confucianism
4487:Distributism
4420:Social norms
4408:Sittlichkeit
4394:Ressentiment
4340:Institutions
4322:
4318:Human nature
4152:
4143:
4124:
4097:
4071:
4057:
4029:
4002:
3974:
3969:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3883:the original
3878:
3866:
3833:
3829:
3804:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3767:
3747:
3735:
3721:
3706:
3687:
3650:
3646:
3618:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3563:
3554:
3547:
3513:
3509:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3432:Bibliography
3401:
3394:
3364:(1): 33–42.
3361:
3357:
3347:
3336:. Retrieved
3332:
3323:
3312:. Retrieved
3308:
3299:
3269:(1): 40–48.
3266:
3262:
3252:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3147:
3135:
3126:
3115:. Retrieved
3112:CaringBridge
3111:
3102:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3030:
3026:
3012:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2928:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:
2904:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2830:
2824:
2797:
2791:
2772:
2766:
2746:
2739:
2716:
2696:
2689:
2670:
2664:
2642:
2633:
2614:
2611:Russo, Lucio
2605:
2585:
2578:
2562:
2558:
2542:
2538:
2520:
2513:
2503:, retrieved
2481:
2472:
2444:
2437:
2427:, retrieved
2397:
2387:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2351:, p. 15
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2318:
2311:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2273:Erikson 1972
2269:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2137:
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2110:
2083:
2077:
2049:
2042:
2030:
2018:
1999:, p. 24
1992:
1972:
1965:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1858:, p. 22
1851:
1839:
1811:
1804:
1784:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1734:
1725:
1700:
1696:
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625:Searcher
540:community
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395:societies
341:sociology
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5556:Category
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4884:Rousseau
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