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of the social machine is specific to its participants, whereas the telos of a platform is independent of its participants’ purposes; the platform is there to facilitate communication. A social machine may also spread across more than one platform, depending on how its participants interact, while a
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have also been defined as social machines. However, a social machine does not necessarily produce outcomes which directly affect the individuals or machines involved and an alternative viewpoint states that Social
Machines are "rather than being an intentionally engineered piece of software - the
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is an environment comprising humans and technology interacting and producing outputs or action which would not be possible without both parties present. It can also be regarded as a machine, in which specific tasks are performed by human participants, whose interaction is mediated by an
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infrastructure (typically, but not necessarily, digital). The growth of social machines has been greatly enabled by technologies such as the
Internet, the smartphone, social media and the World Wide Web, by connecting people in new ways.
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discusses extensively social machines as a model for many online platforms where participants automatically annotate content during usage, in this way contributing to the overall behaviour of the system.
418:
Meira, Silvio R. L.; Buregio, Vanilson A. A.; Nascimento, Leandro M.; Figueiredo, Elaine; Neto, Misael; Encarnacao, Bruno; Garcia, Vinicius
Cardoso (2011). "The Emerging Web of Social Machines".
149:. Social machines are characterised as 'social systems on the Web ... computational entities governed by both computational and social processes'.
288:
515:
Luczak-Roesch, M.; Tinati, R.; Shadbolt, N. (2015). "When
Resources Collide: Towards a Theory of Coincidence in Information Spaces".
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Shadbolt, N.; Kleek, M. Van; Binns, R. (2016-04-01). "The rise of social machines: The development of a human/digital ecosystem".
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and input from humans. They often take the form of collaborative online projects which produce web content, such as
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841:
21:
472:
Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference
Companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing
957:
724:
Cristianini, Nello; Scantamburlo, Teresa (8 October 2019). "On social machines for algorithmic regulation".
24:. As the largest bookkeeping project in history, this would not have been possible without such technology.
683:
117:
567:
932:
Social
Machines: The Coming Collision of Artificial Intelligence, Social Networking, and Humanity
870:
Ursula Martin, Alison Pease (2013), "Mathematical
Practice, Crowdsourcing, and Social Machines",
346:
Shadbolt, Nigel R.; Daniel A. Smith; Elena
Simperl; Max Van Kleek; Yang Yang; Wendy Hall (2013).
205:
200:
173:
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Luczak-Roesch, M.; Tinati, R.; O'Hara, K.; Shadbolt, N. (2015). "Socio-technical
Computation".
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Recent work focuses on the idea that certain social machines can be regarded as autonomous and
45:
470:
377:"From the Semantic Web to social machines: A research challenge for AI on the World WideWeb"
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The idea of social machines has been around for a long time, discussed as early as 1846 by
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expressed some of the underlying scientific challenges with respect to AI research using
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Machines: How to Develop Connected Products That Change Customers' Lives
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and Teresa Scantamburlo argued that the combination of a human society and an
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substrate of accumulated human cross-system information sharing activities".
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Cristianini, Nello; Scantamburlo, Teresa; Ladyman, James (4 October 2021).
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platform like Twitter could host many thousands of social machines.
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2011 IEEE 35th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference
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Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web
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The shortcut : why intelligent machines do not think like us
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An academic field investigating the idea has been active since
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348:"Towards a Classification Framework for Social Machines"
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Early computing machinery was used to establish the US
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agents, and should be analysed and regulated as such.
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32:Graphical representation of social machines on the
952:SOCIAM: The Theory and Practice of Social Machines
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958:Observing Social Machines Part 1: What to Observe
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913:The Social Machine: Designs for Living Online
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684:"The social turn of artificial intelligence"
651:""From the Semantic Web to Social Machines""
176:forms a social machine. Cristianini's book
649:Hendler, J.; Berners-Lee, T. (2010-02-10).
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930:James Hendler and Alice Mulvehill (2016),
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806:The Theory and Practice of Social Machines
324:The Theory and Practice of Social Machines
287:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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100:Social machines blur the lines between
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375:Berners-Lee, Tim; J. Hendler (2009).
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161:technology as a point of departure.
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259:(First ed.). Boca Raton.
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668:10.1016/j.artint.2009.11.010
397:10.1016/j.artint.2009.11.010
7:
524:. ACM. pp. 1137–1142.
253:Cristianini, Nello (2023).
184:
10:
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756:10.1007/s00146-019-00917-8
703:10.1007/s00146-021-01289-8
76:
856:, John Wiley & Sons,
852:Peter Semmelhack (2013),
840:Wade Roush (1 Aug 2005),
478:. ACM. pp. 139–142.
595:10.1109/MCE.2016.2516179
979:Government by algorithm
822:Anatol W. Holt (1997),
530:10.1145/2740908.2743973
484:10.1145/2685553.2698991
438:10.1109/COMPSAC.2011.12
384:Artificial Intelligence
206:Human-based computation
201:Government by algorithm
102:computational processes
46:reference architectures
231:Sociotechnical systems
191:Augmented intelligence
174:algorithmic regulation
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974:Technology neologisms
846:MIT Technology Review
83:Captain William Allen
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131:et al. say that the
36:that have access to
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874:, pp. 98–119,
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422:. pp. 26–27.
355:WWW 2013 Companion
211:Internet of things
66:
26:
899:978-3-642-39319-8
842:"Social Machines"
815:978-3-030-10888-5
447:978-1-4577-0544-1
333:978-3-030-10888-5
266:978-1-003-33581-8
226:Social technology
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166:goal-driven
116:, and even
50:communicate
968:Categories
940:148421157X
934:, Apress,
739:1904.13316
655:AI Journal
275:1352480147
237:References
114:Galaxy Zoo
52:with many
42:data bases
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625:"About"
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