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in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the
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There is debate as to whether burning wood can be considered carbon neutral, as technically the wood cannot release more carbon than was sequestered during its growth, although this does not take account of other impacts such as deforestation and rotting has on the
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Solid fuels require more destructive methods to extract/burn and often have higher carbon, nitrate and sulphate emissions. With the exception of sustainable wood/biomass solid fuel is normally considered non-renewable as it requires thousands of years to form.
542:) plus binders, plasticizers, stabilizers, and other additives. Solid propellant is much easier to store and handle than liquid propellant. It also has a higher energy density so it does not require as large of a space for the same amount of stored energy.
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or open fireplaces. The fuel is replacing coal as a fuel for open fires because of the reduction in particulate emissions and its increased efficiency. Smokeless fuel burns at a higher temperature and more slowly than a coal fire. The term also includes
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Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu (2021-02-18).
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Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K. (2021-02-18).
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274:. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no
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are made from compressed organic matter or biomass. Pellets can be made from any one of five general categories of biomass: industrial waste and co-products,
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330:, burning wood fuel creates numerous by-products, some of which may be useful (heat and steam), and others that are undesirable, irritating or dangerous.
102:. Solid fuels have been used throughout human history to create fire and solid fuel is still in widespread use throughout the world in the present day.
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from industry and households. Wood and wood residues is the largest biomass energy source today. Wood can be used as a fuel directly or processed into
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worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide The extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with
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exhibits the lowest value of all common fuels. Thus methane has an HHV (Higher heating value) of 55.50 MJ/kg, the highest value of common fuels.
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used and its design for example. However they do give a useful guide to the heat available from any fuel. Dry wood has roughly two thirds the
239:. Upgrading raw biomass to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods, broadly classified as thermal, chemical, or biochemical.
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Biomass that is used for energy production can be processed into solid fuels but also into liquid or gaseous fuels. In comparison, the term
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type of coal with a very high carbon content that gives off a smokeless flame when set alight. It is an important type of
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Smith, K.R. (1993). "Greenhouse gases from biomass and fossil fuel stoves in developing countries: A Manila pilot study".
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The EIA states: "Biofuels are transportation fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials."
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fuels, are often cheaper, easier to extract, more stable to transport and in many places are more readily available.
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1241:"Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India"
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content, as well as non-combustible or ash and water content. One measure of the heat produced by burning is the
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or organic matter that can be burnt once sufficiently dried. It is used widely in the country districts of
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material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of
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These are somewhat ideal values and the actual heat realized by any fuel will depend on the
476:. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as
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or other forms of fuels. Other plants can also be used as fuel, for instance
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Future energy : improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet
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Solid fuels which produce little smoke or volatiles are made from powdered
426:. Variations such as smokeless coal can be formed naturally in the form of
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The heat available from each type of fuel is variable, and depends on the
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is matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms which is used for
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Solid fuels are composed of organic materials and can contribute to poor
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of coal so a greater weight is needed to make the same amount of heat.
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where alternatives are absent or expensive. It has a relatively low
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because it is less expensive than its liquid and gas counterparts.
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764:. The burning of solid fuels releases more organic aerosol than
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https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=biofuel_home
871:"Evidence that human ancestors used fire one million years ago"
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has the lowest value of all common fuels of about 15.00 MJ/kg.
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and demanding complete combustion to carbon dioxide and water.
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956:. T. M. Letcher (3rd ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2020.
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Solid rocket propellant consists of a solid oxidizer (such as
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538:) bound with flakes or powders of energy compounds (such as
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784:. The emissions from solid fuels are major drivers of poor
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in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools. Today,
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wood is usually considered to be a renewable solid fuel (
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172:. Wood pellets are the most common type of pellet fuel.
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through the formation of secondary pollutants such as
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927:"Coal consumption statistics - Statistics Explained"
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Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
693:coal a value of 32.50 MJ/kg. Moisture and ash-free
580:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
530:
Rocket propellant § Solid chemical propellants
1150:. Solid Fuel Technology Institute. 9 February 2014
191:production. Examples include wood, wood residues,
142:is nowadays mainly (but not exclusively) used for
16:Solid material that can be burnt to release energy
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452:Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high
254:Wood fuel can refer to several fuels such as
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788:in regions where solid fuels are a dominant
697:has a lower value of 21.70 MJ/kg while dry
664:, an exact measure usually determined using
472:. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and
984:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
363:Peat fuel is an accumulation of partially
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1064:"About the Densified Biomass Fuel Report"
675:have higher values than solid fuels like
640:Learn how and when to remove this message
310:. Wood may be used indoors in a furnace,
46:. Common examples of solid fuels include
18:
1040:. BIOMASS Energy Centre. Archived from
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94:. Solid fuels are extensively used in
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950:"Chapter 9: Biofuels for transport".
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183:In the context of energy production,
38:. Solid fuels can be contrasted with
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746:Damage to health and the environment
689:has an HHV value of 44.80 MJ/kg and
578:adding citations to reliable sources
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523:
519:Solid fuels for special applications
502:usually for domestic use either in
13:
1115:"What Is Biomass Renewable Energy"
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195:, agricultural residues including
23:A fire made of charcoal briquettes
14:
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1300:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1248:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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498:coal and supplied in the form of
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176:This section is an excerpt from
150:fuels, used for transportation.
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772:, which can contribute to poor
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382:, even after essential drying.
298:, and occasionally for fueling
113:source which can contribute to
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515:to cook food on an open fire.
282:of wood is the largest use of
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125:) is not a renewable energy.
1201:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90440-G
318:, or outdoors in a furnace,
290:. Wood fuel can be used for
7:
1343:World Health Organization.
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456:content, usually made from
227:feedstocks are wood waste,
30:refers to various forms of
10:
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1215:"The Guide to Solid Fuels"
770:volatile organic compounds
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286:derived from a solid fuel
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1345:"Household air pollution"
782:secondary organic aerosol
724:Solid fuels, compared to
416:generation of electricity
117:efforts. Solid fuel from
115:climate change mitigation
1321:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021
1269:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021
1220:. Solid Fuel Association
466:destructive distillation
405:black or brownish-black
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766:liquefied petroleum gas
468:of low-ash, low-sulfur
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464:material derived from
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988:) CS1 maint: others (
750:Further information:
528:Further information:
488:Further information:
446:Further information:
409:usually occurring in
395:Further information:
357:Further information:
248:Further information:
233:municipal solid waste
162:agricultural residues
64:hexamine fuel tablets
22:
1376:at Wikimedia Commons
1038:"Sources of biomass"
574:improve this article
333:When harvested in a
308:generate electricity
1312:2021ACP....21.2383S
1260:2021ACP....21.2407S
1183:1993Chmsp..26..479S
671:Gaseous fuels like
335:sustainable fashion
237:manufacturing waste
1070:. October 17, 2018
1018:. Alternate Energy
852:on August 15, 2016
802:Biomass briquettes
778:ground level ozone
768:and releases many
720:Cost and transport
710:combustion chamber
662:heat of combustion
460:. It is the solid
229:agricultural waste
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1372:Media related to
1119:Real World Energy
963:978-0-08-102887-2
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100:solid propellants
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536:ammonium nitrate
407:sedimentary rock
347:carbon footprint
339:renewable energy
178:Biomass (energy)
170:untreated lumber
111:renewable energy
105:Solid fuel from
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879:. 2012-04-02
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726:liquid fuels
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630:January 2023
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589:"Solid fuel"
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572:Please help
567:verification
564:
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462:carbonaceous
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386:Fossil fuels
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193:energy crops
166:energy crops
154:Pellet fuels
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119:fossil fuels
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90:, and other
72:wood pellets
40:liquid fuels
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1390:Solid fuels
1374:Solid fuels
1171:Chemosphere
1094:www.eia.gov
1074:October 23,
1048:16 February
1022:16 February
807:Fossil fuel
786:air quality
774:air quality
762:air quality
740:electricity
687:Diesel fuel
448:Coke (fuel)
411:rock strata
403:combustible
223:. The main
213:switchgrass
205:pellet fuel
1350:2023-01-06
1099:2023-01-24
972:1137604985
936:2017-03-09
912:2017-03-09
883:2017-03-09
856:2017-03-09
828:References
691:anthracite
600:newspapers
500:briquettes
496:anthracite
428:anthracite
401:Coal is a
368:vegetation
302:and steam
264:wood chips
217:miscanthus
158:food waste
36:combustion
28:Solid fuel
1330:1680-7316
1278:1680-7316
1187:CiteSeerX
980:cite book
706:fireplace
513:barbecues
316:fireplace
250:Wood fuel
189:bioenergy
1384:Category
1068:U.S. EIA
796:See also
792:source.
695:firewood
658:hydrogen
509:charcoal
376:Scotland
320:campfire
304:turbines
266:sheets,
260:charcoal
256:firewood
96:rocketry
68:dry dung
52:charcoal
1308:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1224:22 June
1179:Bibcode
1154:22 June
1129:12 June
907:iea.org
842:"Solid"
730:gaseous
673:methane
614:scholar
372:Ireland
365:decayed
324:bonfire
296:heating
292:cooking
288:biomass
280:burning
272:sawdust
268:pellets
185:biomass
148:gaseous
140:biofuel
134:Biomass
107:biomass
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903:"Coal"
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504:stoves
474:porous
454:carbon
284:energy
270:, and
235:, and
221:bamboo
199:, and
168:, and
144:liquid
121:(i.e.
92:grains
1296:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
1218:(PDF)
621:JSTOR
607:books
322:, or
314:, or
312:stove
306:that
276:tools
225:waste
209:maize
197:straw
129:Types
80:wheat
32:solid
1326:ISSN
1274:ISSN
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1156:2015
1131:2014
1076:2018
1050:2015
1024:2015
990:link
986:link
968:OCLC
958:ISBN
790:fuel
780:and
736:Coal
699:peat
681:Peat
677:coal
656:and
593:news
458:coal
442:Coke
430:, a
422:and
397:Coal
391:Coal
374:and
359:Peat
353:Peat
328:fire
294:and
244:Wood
219:and
123:coal
84:rice
76:corn
60:coal
56:peat
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42:and
1316:doi
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1197:doi
728:or
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576:by
540:RDX
341:).
146:or
98:as
88:rye
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