905:
229:
rigorous methodological criteria. Insufficient research has been done to evaluate and compare the differential impacts of various modalities, despite the results of those modalities being relatively similar. The data is encouraging, but more objective studies are required to completely comprehend the efficacy of somatic psychology and experiencing, and improving the method-specific factors.
216:, transference impasse, and trauma. Incorporating somatic components through sensory awareness and movement of the body, is most effective for patients who experienced physiological trauma. Teaching body awareness through monitoring physiological responses or behaviors, achieves or improves self-regulation, stabilization and a close connection to themselves or others.
194:(SE) is used as such a treatment for PTSD. It focuses on interoceptive, kinesthetic, and proprioceptive experiences, which can resolve symptoms of chronic and traumatic stress. This bottom-up process focuses on the psycho-physiological consequences of the traumatic event and aims to recalibrate the dysregulation of the bodily responses in an indirect way.
261:. Another problem regarding the subject is an increased potential for re-traumatization of a patient. While somatic experiencing can be healing, it is also accessing trauma stored deeply in the body. Being such a fickle matter, if treated by an inefficiently trained practitioner, may lead to resurgence of traumatic symptoms.
89:. Reich's approach goes beyond traditional therapies, it emphasizes the significance of the body on therapeutic processes, by exploring the connections between the body, brain and mind to avoid certain tensions. His discovery continues to influence contemporary therapy processes and is still relevant in today’s practice.
97:
Since somatic clinical psychotherapy tries to heal mental and physical injury and trauma through body awareness, it is important to know what happens in the body when trauma is experienced to be able to help the patients. Trauma can manifest in the body and lead to mental and physical health issues.
228:
on PTSD-associated symptoms and depression. Somatic experiencing also showed positive impacts on affective and somatic symptoms, and general well-being outside of PTSD-treatment. Different limitations are encountered within studies that show positive results, such as small samples and not following
256:
Few studies have shown the beneficial effects of implementing somatic psychology into PTSD treatment, but the conclusion on the effectiveness of somatic therapy has yet to be established. Assessing the efficacy of that method, requires a broader examination of scientific research on body-oriented
37:
Several types of body-oriented psychotherapies trace their origins back to Reich, though there have been many subsequent developments and other influences on body psychotherapy, and somatic psychology is of particular interest in trauma work. Trauma describes a long-lasting distressing experience
157:. In a healthy person the HPA axis ensures that if the threat passes, the cortisol release is stopped which dilutes the stress response. If a person experienced trauma, due to the HPA axis being sensitized the HPA axis stays activated and the stress response can become chronic.
73:, an Austrian physician that initially was Freud’s student. His approach has been influenced by Salvador Ferenczi, a Hungarian neurologist who also studied with Freud and gave insight to Reich to write his book
201:. Such sensorimotor techniques are often versatile and highly individual, created and adjusted for the patient, ranging in differing physical movements targeting the patient's weak point in an effort to build
53:
The body and the mind have always been seen either connected, one thing or two separate things. This has become one of the main problems in philosophy. Many philosophers can be cited writing about it, such as
98:
Whenever someone experiences trauma, it can manifest in the body and lead to mental and physical health issues. The way trauma can lead to those health issues is closely connected to the effect it has on the
205:
and self-regulation. Such bottom-up movements stimulate self-awareness and self-regulation, like dance, breathing, and even a full-body workout depending on the individual's condition and need.
66:, who is usually seen as one of the most influential figures in the evolution of psychology, also saw the body as central within his theory. For him, the ego was first of all a "body ego".
176:(PTSD) can be triggered as well by the constant stress response of the body. To help patients with those mental and physical health issues there are different somatic therapy techniques.
38:
that can be subconsciously stored and bear upon bodily health. Somatic psychology seeks to describe, explain and understand the nature of embodied consciousness and bridge the
Cartesian
188:. Failed prior therapy techniques enforced the need for more sophisticated ways of caring for the condition, through which Cognitive Behavioural Somatic Therapy was introduced.
776:
99:
397:
224:
The effectiveness of somatic psychology and experiencing is still unclear. There are studies that show beneficial data points of
81:, a friend of Ferenczi, influenced him a lot. He was the pioneer of somatic psychology from a medical point of view. Reich used
30:
approaches to the body. It seeks to explore and heal mental and physical injury and trauma through body awareness and movement.
185:
820:
344:
887:
359:
Boadella, D. (1990). Somatic psychotherapy: Its roots and traditions. A personal perspective. Energy and
Character, 21(1).
909:
868:
102:(HPA) axis, since experiencing trauma leads to the HPA getting sensitized. The HPA describes the interaction between the
880:
Principles of
Somatic Psychology: An Evidence-Based, Transdisciplinary Approach for the Holistic Healthcare Professions
547:"Somatic experiencing – effectiveness and key factors of a body-oriented trauma therapy: a scoping literature review"
458:
421:
718:
Brom, Danny; Stokar, Yaffa; Lawi, Cathy; Nuriel-Porat, Vered; Ziv, Yuval; Lerner, Karen; Ross, Gina (June 2017).
146:
299:
173:
164:
and digestive issues through the excessive release of epinephrine and cortisol. Psychological effects such as
607:"Applications of somatic psychology: movement and body experience in the treatment of dissociative disorders"
844:
Van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the
Healing of Trauma. Viking
184:
Somatic therapy techniques are commonly used to treat cases like Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and
197:
This technique aims to help regulate cognition and body, and is therefore powerful in addressing clinical
930:
925:
242:
150:
449:
Baranowsky, Anna B.; Gentry, J. Eric (2023). "Trauma practice: A Cognitive
Behavioral Somatic Therapy".
130:
370:
284:
Body self & psychological self: A developmental and clinical integration of disorders of the self.
606:
160:
The constant release of the stress hormones can lead to physiological problems, like heart damage,
138:
646:"Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy"
479:"Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy"
45:
The term somatopsychic was introduced by the German psychiatrist
Maximilian Jacobi (1775–1858).
935:
720:"Somatic Experiencing for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Outcome Study"
198:
59:
326:
225:
191:
26:" is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on somatic experience, including therapeutic and
8:
213:
39:
752:
719:
680:
645:
579:
546:
513:
478:
883:
864:
826:
816:
757:
739:
685:
667:
626:
584:
566:
518:
500:
454:
340:
169:
55:
788:
747:
731:
675:
657:
618:
574:
558:
508:
490:
332:
114:
and is responsible for controlling body functions such as breathing, heartbeat and
34:
was first to try to develop a clear psychodynamic approach that included the body.
622:
562:
545:
KuhfuĂź, Marie; Maldei, Tobias; Hetmanek, Andreas; Baumann, Nicola (January 2021).
107:
202:
115:
86:
78:
777:"The effectiveness of body-oriented psychotherapy: A review of the literature"
336:
919:
830:
743:
671:
662:
630:
570:
504:
495:
258:
209:
111:
82:
70:
63:
31:
23:
810:
761:
689:
588:
522:
238:
126:
103:
246:
77:. Reich was also interested in the origin of psychosomatic illness where
812:
In an unspoken voice: how the body releases trauma and restores goodness
792:
134:
735:
644:
Payne, Peter; Levine, Peter A.; Crane-Godreau, Mardi A. (2015-02-04).
477:
Payne, Peter; Levine, Peter A.; Crane-Godreau, Mardi A. (2015-02-04).
161:
154:
122:
165:
145:
perceives the situation as dangerous, the hypothalamus releases
904:
27:
142:
705:
The
Application of Somatic Psychology to Group Psychotherapy
232:
861:
The
Handbook of Body Psychotherapy & Somatic Psychology
544:
717:
331:. Palgrave Texts in Counselling and Psychotherapy. 2020.
643:
476:
328:
Functional
Somatic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
85:
to name somatic psychology as it was touching upon the
858:
775:Bloch-Atefi, Alexandra; Smith, Julie (2015-07-01).
781:Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia
917:
774:
448:
398:"How Trauma Affects the Body | Psychology Today"
604:
92:
121:In every person that feels distressed, the
368:
153:(ACTH) which then leads to the release of
118:as well as the endocrine stress response.
877:
751:
679:
661:
611:Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy
578:
512:
494:
300:"Somatic Psychology: Meaning and Origins"
233:East Asian examples of somatic psychology
219:
69:Somatic psychology was first studied by
918:
808:
551:European Journal of Psychotraumatology
186:complex post-traumatic stress disorder
22:or, more precisely, "somatic clinical
804:
802:
702:
600:
598:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
605:Reuille-Dupont, Stacy (2021-04-03).
472:
470:
444:
442:
392:
390:
321:
319:
294:
292:
278:
276:
274:
149:(CRH) which leads to the release of
422:"Understanding the stress response"
371:"The Curious Case of Wilhelm Reich"
13:
852:
815:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
799:
768:
595:
529:
208:Combining somatic psychology with
14:
947:
897:
882:. Center for Bodymind Education.
467:
439:
387:
316:
289:
271:
137:gets released which triggers the
903:
859:Marlock, G.; Weiss, H. (2015).
837:
711:
696:
637:
369:Blackstock, Joel (2023-05-20).
147:corticotropin-releasing hormone
125:sends a distress signal to the
414:
362:
353:
174:post-traumatic stress disorder
100:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
1:
623:10.1080/17432979.2020.1844295
563:10.1080/20008198.2021.1929023
264:
179:
251:
7:
724:Journal of Traumatic Stress
243:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
151:adrenocorticotropic hormone
10:
952:
375:Taproot Therapy Collective
236:
131:sympathetic nervous system
93:Trauma storing in the body
48:
809:Levine, Peter A. (2010).
337:10.1007/978-3-030-46184-3
863:. North Atlantic Books.
663:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00093
496:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00093
139:fight-or-flight response
650:Frontiers in Psychology
483:Frontiers in Psychology
451:Hogrefe Publishing GMBH
402:www.psychologytoday.com
282:Krueger, D. W. (1989).
199:dissociative disorders
172:and disorders such as
220:Efficiency/positivism
212:can be effective for
16:Form of psychotherapy
912:at Wikimedia Commons
226:somatic experiencing
214:attachment disorders
192:Somatic Experiencing
129:which activates the
793:10.59158/001c.71153
707:. pp. 397–413.
304:Meridian University
40:mind-body dichotomy
931:Body psychotherapy
926:Somatic psychology
910:Somatic psychology
878:Shane, P. (2023).
75:Character Analysis
20:Somatic psychology
908:Media related to
822:978-1-55643-943-8
736:10.1002/jts.22189
346:978-3-030-46183-6
141:. As long as the
943:
907:
893:
889:978-166788-590-2
874:
846:
841:
835:
834:
806:
797:
796:
772:
766:
765:
755:
715:
709:
708:
700:
694:
693:
683:
665:
641:
635:
634:
602:
593:
592:
582:
542:
527:
526:
516:
498:
474:
465:
464:
453:(4th ed.).
446:
437:
436:
434:
433:
418:
412:
411:
409:
408:
394:
385:
384:
382:
381:
366:
360:
357:
351:
350:
323:
314:
313:
311:
310:
296:
287:
280:
133:and the hormone
951:
950:
946:
945:
944:
942:
941:
940:
916:
915:
900:
890:
871:
870:978-158394841-5
855:
853:Further reading
850:
849:
842:
838:
823:
807:
800:
773:
769:
716:
712:
701:
697:
642:
638:
603:
596:
543:
530:
475:
468:
461:
447:
440:
431:
429:
420:
419:
415:
406:
404:
396:
395:
388:
379:
377:
367:
363:
358:
354:
347:
325:
324:
317:
308:
306:
298:
297:
290:
281:
272:
267:
254:
249:
235:
222:
182:
108:pituitary gland
95:
79:George Groddeck
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
949:
939:
938:
933:
928:
914:
913:
899:
898:External links
896:
895:
894:
888:
875:
869:
854:
851:
848:
847:
836:
821:
798:
767:
730:(3): 304–312.
710:
703:Cohen (2011).
695:
636:
617:(2): 105–119.
594:
528:
466:
459:
438:
426:Harvard Health
413:
386:
361:
352:
345:
315:
288:
286:Brunner/Mazel.
269:
268:
266:
263:
253:
250:
234:
231:
221:
218:
203:self-awareness
181:
178:
116:blood pressure
112:adrenal glands
94:
91:
87:nervous system
50:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
948:
937:
936:Pseudoscience
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
911:
906:
902:
901:
891:
885:
881:
876:
872:
866:
862:
857:
856:
845:
840:
832:
828:
824:
818:
814:
813:
805:
803:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
763:
759:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
706:
699:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
599:
590:
586:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
524:
520:
515:
510:
506:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
462:
460:9781616765927
456:
452:
445:
443:
427:
423:
417:
403:
399:
393:
391:
376:
372:
365:
356:
348:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:
322:
320:
305:
301:
295:
293:
285:
279:
277:
275:
270:
262:
260:
259:psychotherapy
248:
244:
240:
230:
227:
217:
215:
211:
210:group therapy
206:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
90:
88:
84:
83:vegetotherapy
80:
76:
72:
71:Wilhelm Reich
67:
65:
61:
57:
46:
43:
41:
35:
33:
32:Wilhelm Reich
29:
25:
24:psychotherapy
21:
879:
860:
843:
839:
811:
784:
780:
770:
727:
723:
713:
704:
698:
653:
649:
639:
614:
610:
554:
550:
486:
482:
450:
430:. Retrieved
428:. 2011-06-15
425:
416:
405:. Retrieved
401:
378:. Retrieved
374:
364:
355:
327:
307:. Retrieved
303:
283:
255:
239:Yin and yang
223:
207:
196:
190:
183:
159:
127:hypothalamus
120:
104:hypothalamus
96:
74:
68:
52:
44:
36:
19:
18:
247:Acupuncture
135:epinephrine
920:Categories
432:2024-05-15
407:2024-05-15
380:2024-05-15
309:2024-05-15
265:References
237:See also:
180:Techniques
170:depression
831:496956960
744:0894-9867
672:1664-1078
631:1743-2979
571:2000-8066
505:1664-1078
252:Criticism
58:with his
56:Descartes
762:28585761
690:25699005
589:34290845
523:25699005
162:diabetes
155:cortisol
123:amygdala
28:holistic
753:5518443
681:4316402
580:8276649
514:4316402
166:anxiety
60:dualism
49:Origins
886:
867:
829:
819:
760:
750:
742:
688:
678:
670:
656:: 93.
629:
587:
577:
569:
521:
511:
503:
489:: 93.
457:
343:
245:, and
110:, and
787:(1).
557:(1).
143:brain
64:Freud
884:ISBN
865:ISBN
827:OCLC
817:ISBN
758:PMID
740:ISSN
686:PMID
668:ISSN
627:ISSN
585:PMID
567:ISSN
519:PMID
501:ISSN
455:ISBN
341:ISBN
789:doi
748:PMC
732:doi
676:PMC
658:doi
619:doi
575:PMC
559:doi
509:PMC
491:doi
333:doi
922::
825:.
801:^
783:.
779:.
756:.
746:.
738:.
728:30
726:.
722:.
684:.
674:.
666:.
652:.
648:.
625:.
615:16
613:.
609:.
597:^
583:.
573:.
565:.
555:12
553:.
549:.
531:^
517:.
507:.
499:.
485:.
481:.
469:^
441:^
424:.
400:.
389:^
373:.
339:.
318:^
302:.
291:^
273:^
241:,
168:,
106:,
62:.
42:.
892:.
873:.
833:.
795:.
791::
785:3
764:.
734::
692:.
660::
654:6
633:.
621::
591:.
561::
525:.
493::
487:6
463:.
435:.
410:.
383:.
349:.
335::
312:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.