4722:
2567:
system. In modern chess, these scores are used only to break ties between equally scoring players, where adding the square of the player's raw score has no impact on the tie-break, so the improvement of
Sonneborn and Berger is omitted in modern usage. However the system kept the Sonneborn-Berger name and the result is widely called the Sonneborn-Berger score.
1702:
In 1873, at the Vienna
International tournament, not all competitors had played the same number of games and there were disagreements about the final standings. Austrian lawyer and contestant Oscar Gelbfuhs proposed a weighted scoring method that both avoided most ties and provided a full ranking of
102:
The rationale of using the
Sonneborn-Berger score in Round Robin tournaments is that it is better to score well against higher-ranking players than against lower-ranking players. Therefore the top players of the tournament are more in a battle with each other than counting how much they defeat the
82:
Both the
Gelbfuhs and the non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score provide a full weighted score to replace the raw score, but this is not needed for breaking ties between players with conventional scoring. As a result, it is the Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score that is in common use for tiebreaks in
2566:
In 1886, Sonneborn criticized the
Neustadtl score and suggested adding the square of the player's points to the weighted score. In 1887 and 1888, Berger studied Gelbfuhs' system and Sonneborn's suggestion, and adopted Sonneborn's approach for tournaments. This was known as the Sonneborn-Berger
66:
in 1873, to be used as a weighted score in place of the raw score; his system was also designed to work for tournaments where not everyone had played the same number of games. The scoring system is often called the
Sonneborn–Berger score, though this is something of a misnomer, since
141:
Since players may share the same score, further means of breaking ties may be required; common methods include considering the score in games played between the tied players or favouring the player with the most wins. Some tournaments do not use
Neustadtl to break ties at all
146:, for example, gives preference to the player with the most wins), and others use no tie-breaking method at all, sharing the prize money on offer between players. In national championships or events which act as qualifying tournaments for others, there may be a
1447:
1302:
1148:
finished with 11 points from 14 games, but Sloth won the tournament because his
Neustadtl score of 69.5 was higher than Zagovorsky's 66.75. Kosenkov had a higher Neustadl score (67.5) than Zagovorsky, but finished third due to his lower points total of
1995:
2847:
2754:
110:
should not have trouble beating lower-ranking opponents in addition to scoring well against higher-ranking opponents, and therefore wins against lower and higher ranked opponents should be counted equally.
1687:
99:, where such tiebreaker scores indicate who had the stronger opponents according to final rankings, in Round Robin all players have the same opponents, so the logic is a lot less clear-cut.
2654:
2545:
1882:
1598:
1306:
58:
1164:
2570:
As a result, when talking about their original scoring system, it is called the non-Neustadtl
Sonneborn–Berger score. For comparison, in a tournament where everyone has played
163:
138:
against. The main point is to give more value for a win/draw against a player performing well at the tournament, than for a win/draw against a player performing poorly.
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2181:
2251:
1774:
1479:
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1821:
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score is calculated by adding the sum of the conventional scores of the players they have defeated to half the sum of the conventional scores of those they have
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2432:
2412:
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2332:
2312:
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2106:
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2015:
1902:
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1724:
1618:
1539:
1519:
1499:
68:
53:
3268:
1908:
2759:
2659:
1159:. Sloth's Neustadtl score can be calculated by multiplying his results by the points total of each opponent, then summing them together:
2563:, to be used as a weighted score in round-robin tournaments instead of the raw score for final places, similar to the Gelbfuhs score.
4752:
4502:
4054:
2857:
38:
20:
4517:
4477:
179:
4497:
2878:
4492:
49:. It is computed by summing the full score of each defeated opponent and half the conventional score of each drawn opponent.
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4044:
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1623:
4757:
4512:
4412:
4305:
4270:
2591:
2487:
1442:{\displaystyle (0.5\times 7)+(1\times 7)+(0.5\times 5.5)+(1\times 5.5)+(1\times 4.5)+(1\times 4.5)+(1\times 1)=69.5}
4482:
4472:
4390:
4275:
3025:
3020:
1297:{\displaystyle (0.5\times 11)+(0.5\times 10.5)+(1\times 8.5)+(0.5\times 8)+(0.5\times 7)+(1\times 7)+(1\times 7)+}
4467:
4457:
2973:
1828:
1544:
4462:
4452:
4447:
3110:
3072:
2559:
score is the original scoring system proposed by
William Sonneborn and Johann Berger as an improvement to the
4597:
4507:
4442:
4018:
3780:
3331:
3856:
3336:
4611:
4560:
4265:
118:, or favoring the player with the most wins (or black games). In Swiss system events, comparison of the
4684:
4662:
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4555:
4214:
4166:
4161:
4151:
3819:
3497:
3341:
4616:
4550:
4400:
4295:
4290:
4139:
4592:
4565:
4407:
4124:
3517:
3512:
3469:
3368:
2334:, and then sums the individual weighted scores. In the Gelbfuhs score calculation, a loss is worth
143:
3203:
4701:
4226:
3891:
3237:
4280:
4209:
3507:
3353:
3258:
3103:
3035:
2256:
151:
92:
4417:
4340:
4221:
3921:
3916:
3603:
3326:
3285:
3067:
2151:
107:
2226:
1749:
1454:
4129:
4066:
4025:
3986:
3768:
3758:
3688:
3502:
3433:
3358:
3243:
3042:
2883:
2460:
2024:
1799:
150:
playoff between the tied players. Neustadtl remains the most common tie-breaking method in
114:
Other common tiebreaking methods in chess tournaments include the head-to-head score, the
8:
4582:
4362:
4109:
3996:
3966:
3936:
3908:
3881:
3824:
3725:
3693:
3653:
3608:
3321:
3263:
3138:
3086:
3081:
3008:
2966:
2357:
1145:
4119:
4689:
4587:
4330:
4134:
3775:
3663:
3626:
3275:
3143:
2440:
2417:
2397:
2377:
2337:
2317:
2297:
2206:
2186:
2131:
2111:
2091:
2071:
2051:
2000:
1887:
1779:
1729:
1709:
1603:
1524:
1504:
1484:
4672:
4545:
4357:
4315:
4241:
4193:
4176:
4156:
4008:
3946:
3886:
3861:
3708:
3673:
3668:
3648:
3636:
3479:
3447:
3413:
3393:
3230:
3224:
3185:
3052:
46:
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4382:
4325:
4231:
4181:
4030:
3976:
3971:
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3797:
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2990:
2928:
Harkness 1967:136–37; The Oxford Companion to Chess, Hooper and Whyld, 1992, p. 270
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A counter-argument would be that the champion of a chess tournament such as the
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The Oxford Companion To Chess First Edition By David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld
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63:
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1990:{\displaystyle G_{i}=\sum _{j\neq i}x_{ij}\left(1+{\frac {s_{j}}{n}}\right)}
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2457:-round tournament, a player's Gelbfuhs score is the sum of his raw score
147:
91:
The Sonneborn–Berger score is the most popular tiebreaker method used in
42:
4642:
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3534:
3524:
3457:
3441:
3133:
175:
115:
3204:
4657:
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3941:
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3539:
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3403:
3128:
2842:{\displaystyle N\times GF(p)=N\times R_{p}+S_{w}+{\frac {1}{2}}S_{d}}
4535:
4345:
3388:
2749:{\displaystyle NNSB(p)=R_{p}\times R_{p}+S_{w}+{\frac {1}{2}}S_{d}}
1703:
players even when not all have played the same number of games.
3062:
3529:
79:, which added in the square of the raw score of each player.
2982:
3047:
2223:. The Gelbfuhs score therefore first weights each result
4721:
2951:
62:
in 1882. A similar scoring system was first proposed by
2550:
16:
Scoring system used to break ties in chess tournaments
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2003:
1911:
1890:
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1712:
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1606:
1547:
1527:
1507:
1487:
1457:
1309:
1167:
174:As an example of the system in action, here is the
125:
2841:
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86:
4744:
1682:{\displaystyle N_{i}=\sum _{j\neq i}x_{ij}s_{j}}
2649:{\displaystyle SB(p)=S_{w}+{\frac {1}{2}}S_{d}}
2540:{\displaystyle G_{i}=s_{i}+{\frac {1}{n}}N_{i}}
122:and the sum of progressive scores are common.
2967:
75:were advocates of a variant now known as the
2879:"Zur relativen Bewertung von Turnierpartien"
1877:{\displaystyle s_{i}=\sum _{j\neq i}x_{ij}}
1593:{\displaystyle s_{i}=\sum _{j\neq i}x_{ij}}
56:, who proposed it in a letter published in
2974:
2960:
1692:
2578:), non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score (
2858:Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments
21:Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments
180:World Correspondence Chess Championship
4745:
2876:
2955:
2551:Non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score
77:non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score
2574:games, the Sonneborn–Berger score (
13:
14:
4769:
4753:Tie-breaking in group tournaments
2935:
2891:(10/11 October–November): 181–192
1697:
4720:
4391:List of strong chess tournaments
2484:and his scaled Neustadtl score:
126:Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger score
35:Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger score
3364:Gökyay Association Chess Museum
2947:Tie-Breaks in Swiss Tournaments
52:Neustadtl score is named after
2922:
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2607:
2601:
2557:non-Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger
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194:Results against each opponent
87:Use in Round Robin Tournaments
1:
4489:Computer chess championships
2863:
2394:, and a win is worth between
2902:Chess.com: Tie-break methods
7:
4266:Bishop and knight checkmate
2851:
10:
4774:
4434:Other world championships
2354:, a draw is worth between
193:
169:
158:events, comparison of the
132:Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger
18:
4715:
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4528:
4381:
4276:Opposite-coloured bishops
4256:
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3119:
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2981:
2287:{\displaystyle 1+s_{j}/n}
199:
196:
190:
187:
164:sum of progressive scores
95:. However in contrast to
4758:Chess tournament systems
4408:World Chess Championship
3369:World Chess Hall of Fame
1501:'s score against player
103:lower-ranked players.
4702:Simultaneous exhibition
4612:Chess newspaper columns
4301:Rook and bishop vs rook
4286:Queen and pawn vs queen
2582:), and Gelbfuhs score (
2176:{\displaystyle s_{j}/n}
1823:is defined as follows:
1693:Similar scoring systems
152:round-robin tournaments
93:Round Robin tournaments
4152:Richter–Veresov Attack
4140:Queen's Indian Defence
2843:
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2650:
2541:
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2408:
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2246:{\displaystyle x_{ij}}
2217:
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2011:
1991:
1898:
1878:
1817:
1790:
1770:
1769:{\displaystyle x_{ij}}
1740:
1720:
1683:
1620:'s Neustadtl score is
1614:
1594:
1535:
1515:
1495:
1475:
1474:{\displaystyle x_{ij}}
1443:
1298:
27:Sonneborn–Berger score
4418:Candidates Tournament
4306:Rook and pawn vs rook
4271:King and pawn vs king
4222:List of chess gambits
4125:King's Indian Defence
3803:Isolated Queen's Pawn
3327:List of chess players
3269:Top player comparison
3068:Internet chess server
2844:
2751:
2651:
2542:
2479:
2477:{\displaystyle s_{i}}
2452:
2429:
2409:
2389:
2369:
2349:
2329:
2309:
2289:
2248:
2218:
2198:
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2148:if he lost), so that
2143:
2123:
2103:
2083:
2063:
2043:
2041:{\displaystyle s_{j}}
2012:
1992:
1899:
1879:
1818:
1816:{\displaystyle G_{i}}
1796:, his Gelbfuhs score
1791:
1771:
1741:
1721:
1684:
1615:
1595:
1536:
1516:
1496:
1476:
1444:
1299:
4130:Nimzo-Indian Defence
4026:Scandinavian Defense
3987:Semi-Italian Opening
3892:King's Indian Attack
3781:first-move advantage
3434:Threefold repetition
3359:Bobby Fischer Center
3244:Charlemagne chessmen
3238:Göttingen manuscript
3202:
3043:Correspondence chess
2884:Wiener Schachzeitung
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4363:Two knights endgame
4110:Bogo-Indian Defence
3997:Two Knights Defense
3937:Nimzowitsch Defence
3627:Artificial castling
3264:Soviet chess school
3139:Dubrovnik chess set
2877:Ahrens, W. (1901),
2367:{\displaystyle 0.5}
2128:won every game and
2017:'s Gelbfuhs score.
1904:'s raw point total;
1146:Vladimir Zagorovsky
4593:endgame literature
4135:Old Indian Defense
4045:Accelerated Dragon
3917:Alekhine's Defence
3649:Checkmate patterns
3518:symbols in Unicode
3513:annotation symbols
3276:Geography of chess
3144:Staunton chess set
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1541:'s point total is
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1471:
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4617:Chess periodicals
4546:Chess in the arts
4478:Chess composition
4316:Philidor position
4252:
4251:
4194:Trompowsky Attack
4177:Semi-Slav Defence
4067:Queen's Pawn Game
3947:Four Knights Game
3922:Caro–Kann Defence
3887:Zukertort Opening
3674:Discovered attack
3394:Cheating in chess
3231:Versus de scachis
2827:
2734:
2634:
2525:
2450:{\displaystyle n}
2437:At the end of an
2427:{\displaystyle 2}
2407:{\displaystyle 1}
2387:{\displaystyle 1}
2347:{\displaystyle 0}
2327:{\displaystyle 2}
2307:{\displaystyle 1}
2216:{\displaystyle 1}
2196:{\displaystyle 0}
2141:{\displaystyle 0}
2121:{\displaystyle j}
2101:{\displaystyle n}
2081:{\displaystyle n}
2061:{\displaystyle 0}
2010:{\displaystyle i}
1980:
1925:
1897:{\displaystyle i}
1845:
1789:{\displaystyle j}
1746:games and scored
1739:{\displaystyle n}
1719:{\displaystyle i}
1640:
1613:{\displaystyle i}
1561:
1534:{\displaystyle i}
1514:{\displaystyle j}
1494:{\displaystyle i}
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97:Swiss tournaments
83:modern chess.
69:William Sonneborn
54:Hermann Neustadtl
47:chess tournaments
4765:
4727:Chess portal
4725:
4724:
4668:Leela Chess Zero
4599:Oxford Companion
4551:early literature
4541:Chess aesthetics
4281:Pawnless endgame
4232:Bongcloud Attack
4210:List of openings
4182:Chigorin Defense
4120:Grünfeld Defence
4031:Sicilian Defence
3977:Ponziani Opening
3972:Philidor Defence
3967:Petrov's Defence
3909:King's Pawn Game
3882:Larsen's Opening
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1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1654:
1636:
1635:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1575:
1557:
1556:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1158:
1157:
1153:
185:
184:
166:is more common.
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4719:
4711:
4621:
4607:Chess libraries
4524:
4428:FIDE Grand Prix
4423:Chess World Cup
4377:
4373:Wrong rook pawn
4311:Lucena position
4248:
4198:
4115:Catalan Opening
4090:English Defence
4075:Budapest Gambit
4061:
4019:Austrian Attack
3903:
3872:English Opening
3834:
3830:School of chess
3813:Minority attack
3745:
3714:Queen sacrifice
3613:
3474:
3470:White and Black
3465:Touch-move rule
3424:Perpetual check
3419:Fifty-move rule
3375:
3211:
3208:
3115:
2985:
2980:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2854:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2561:Neustadtl score
2553:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1861:
1849:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:against player
1757:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:who has played
1711:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1581:
1577:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:denotes player
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:In general, if
1308:
1305:
1304:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1150:
201:
178:of the 1975–80
172:
160:Buchholz scores
128:
120:Buchholz scores
89:
31:Neustadtl score
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4650:
4648:Chess composer
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4503:North American
4500:
4495:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4396:Chess Olympiad
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4242:Scholar's mate
4239:
4234:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4157:Queen's Gambit
4154:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4100:Benoni Defence
4095:Indian Defence
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4009:Owen's Defence
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3932:Modern Defence
3929:
3927:French Defence
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Bird's Opening
3859:
3853:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3793:Pawn structure
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3637:Alekhine's gun
3629:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:Half-open file
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3493:Chess notation
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3448:Pawn promotion
3445:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3349:Women in chess
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Hypermodernism
3256:
3254:Romantic chess
3251:
3249:Lewis chessmen
3246:
3241:
3234:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:world rankings
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3016:Computer chess
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2936:External links
2934:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2905:
2894:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2552:
2549:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2471:
2467:
2446:
2423:
2403:
2383:
2363:
2343:
2323:
2303:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2212:
2192:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2137:
2117:
2097:
2077:
2057:
2035:
2031:
2006:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1893:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1810:
1806:
1785:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1735:
1715:
1699:
1698:Gelbfuhs score
1696:
1694:
1691:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1609:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1530:
1510:
1490:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
900:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
605:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
204:
203:
198:
195:
192:
189:
171:
168:
127:
124:
88:
85:
64:Oscar Gelbfuhs
41:often used to
39:scoring system
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4770:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4708:
4707:Solving chess
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Chess prodigy
4695:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:Chess problem
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:opening books
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4576:short stories
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:Art and media
4527:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:triangulation
4339:
4337:
4336:Tarrasch rule
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Queen vs rook
4294:
4292:
4291:Queen vs pawn
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:London System
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Modern Benoni
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Dutch Defence
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:King's Gambit
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Grob's Attack
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Dunst Opening
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Benko Opening
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3849:Flank opening
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Transposition
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:Chess museums
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Notable games
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:World records
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:Rating system
3080:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:FIDE handbook
2940:
2939:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2469:
2465:
2444:
2435:
2421:
2401:
2381:
2361:
2341:
2321:
2301:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2210:
2190:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2135:
2115:
2095:
2075:
2055:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2004:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1891:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1783:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1733:
1713:
1706:For a player
1704:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1607:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1528:
1508:
1488:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
186:
183:
181:
177:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
137:
133:
123:
121:
117:
112:
109:
104:
100:
98:
94:
84:
80:
78:
74:
73:Johann Berger
70:
65:
61:
60:
59:Chess Monthly
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
4653:Chess engine
4638:Chess boxing
4598:
4368:Wrong bishop
4215:theory table
4189:Torre Attack
4172:Slav Defence
4080:Colle System
4055:Scheveningen
4014:Pirc Defence
3957:Italian Game
3952:Giuoco Piano
3897:Réti Opening
3820:Piece values
3808:Maróczy Bind
3769:the exchange
3759:Compensation
3689:Interference
3679:Double check
3453:Time control
3440:
3414:by agreement
3342:grandmasters
3286:South Africa
3236:
3229:
3205:Score sheets
3151:Chess pieces
3058:Online chess
3004:Chess titles
2999:Chess theory
2924:
2914:
2908:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2872:
2588:
2586:) would be:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2436:
2253:by a factor
2020:
1825:
1705:
1701:
1450:
1161:
1139:
552:De Carbonnel
173:
156:Swiss system
154:, though in
140:
131:
129:
113:
105:
101:
90:
81:
76:
57:
51:
34:
30:
26:
24:
4583:Chess books
4383:Tournaments
4237:Fool's mate
4002:Vienna Game
3992:Scotch Game
3825:Prophylaxis
3741:Zwischenzug
3726:Undermining
3694:Overloading
3654:Combination
3503:descriptive
3198:Chess table
3193:Chess clock
3009:Grandmaster
2183:is between
2048:is between
130:A player's
4747:Categories
4690:joke chess
4643:Chess club
4331:opposition
3788:Middlegame
3776:Initiative
3699:Pawn storm
3664:Deflection
3535:Key square
3525:Fianchetto
3458:Fast chess
3442:En passant
3134:chessboard
2864:References
2294:, between
2088:(equal to
2021:Note that
1142:Jørn Sloth
316:Zagorovsky
176:crosstable
116:Koya score
108:Candidates
43:break ties
33:or rarely
19:See also:
4673:Stockfish
4663:Deep Blue
4658:AlphaZero
4566:paintings
4358:Tablebase
4322:Strategy
4227:Irregular
3982:Ruy Lopez
3942:Open Game
3709:Sacrifice
3669:Desperado
3572:connected
3545:Open file
3540:King walk
3498:algebraic
3429:Stalemate
3404:Checkmate
3129:Chess set
3121:Equipment
2791:×
2767:×
2698:×
1997:, player
1934:≠
1927:∑
1884:, player
1854:≠
1847:∑
1649:≠
1642:∑
1570:≠
1563:∑
1425:×
1407:×
1389:×
1371:×
1353:×
1335:×
1317:×
1283:×
1265:×
1247:×
1229:×
1211:×
1193:×
1175:×
200:Neustadtl
188:Position
4732:Category
4685:glossary
4346:Zugzwang
4326:fortress
4258:Endgames
4167:Declined
4162:Accepted
3840:Openings
3798:Hedgehog
3764:Exchange
3751:Strategy
3731:Windmill
3582:isolated
3567:backward
3389:Castling
3332:amateurs
3225:Timeline
3099:Variants
3053:Glossary
3036:software
3021:glossary
2852:See also
1521:, then
670:Dunhaupt
375:Kosenkov
162:and the
29:(or the
4633:Arbiter
4626:Related
4483:Solving
4473:Amateur
4050:Najdorf
3632:Battery
3619:Tactics
3594:Swindle
3577:doubled
3557:Outpost
3488:Blunder
3303:Armenia
3217:History
3063:Premove
3031:engines
3026:matches
2991:Outline
1154:⁄
965:Abramov
847:Walther
729:Maedler
611:Arnlind
493:Kletsel
197:Points
182:Final:
170:Example
144:Linares
37:) is a
4571:poetry
4561:novels
4536:Caïssa
4468:Senior
4458:Junior
4041:Dragon
4036:Alapin
3721:Skewer
3587:passed
3530:Gambit
3337:female
3298:Europe
3281:Africa
3176:Knight
3171:Bishop
1600:, and
1075:22.75
1024:Siklos
1016:24.75
898:33.25
788:Estrin
603:45.25
544:47.75
485:54.75
434:Khasin
367:66.75
202:score
4518:WCSCC
4463:Youth
4453:Blitz
4448:Rapid
4438:Women
4401:Women
4353:Study
4203:Other
3736:X-ray
3659:Decoy
3644:Block
3599:Tempo
3562:Pawns
3480:Terms
3399:Check
3381:Rules
3315:India
3308:Spain
3293:China
3186:Fairy
3161:Queen
3092:norms
2983:Chess
1140:Both
1134:7.75
957:28.5
839:40.5
780:41.5
721:41.5
662:42.5
426:67.5
308:69.5
257:Sloth
191:Name
148:blitz
136:drawn
4556:film
4513:WCCC
4508:TCEC
4498:CSVN
4443:Team
4413:List
3684:Fork
3609:Trap
3409:Draw
3181:Pawn
3166:Rook
3156:King
3104:List
3073:list
3048:FIDE
2580:NNSB
2555:The
2414:and
2374:and
2314:and
2203:and
2068:and
1437:69.5
1196:10.5
1144:and
906:Boey
71:and
25:The
4493:CCC
3704:Pin
3508:PGN
2362:0.5
2108:if
1410:4.5
1392:4.5
1374:5.5
1356:5.5
1350:0.5
1314:0.5
1244:0.5
1226:0.5
1214:8.5
1190:0.5
1172:0.5
1083:Nun
1080:15
1021:14
962:13
903:12
844:11
785:10
423:10½
249:15
246:14
243:13
240:12
237:11
234:10
45:in
4749::
2887:,
2881:,
2584:GF
2576:SB
2547:.
2434:.
1689:.
1178:11
1149:10
1072:4½
1013:4½
954:5½
895:5½
726:9
667:8
608:7
549:6
490:5
482:8½
431:4
372:3
364:11
313:2
305:11
254:1
231:9
228:8
225:7
222:6
219:5
216:4
213:3
210:2
207:1
4043:/
2975:e
2968:t
2961:v
2918:.
2889:4
2835:d
2831:S
2825:2
2822:1
2817:+
2812:w
2808:S
2804:+
2799:p
2795:R
2788:N
2785:=
2782:)
2779:p
2776:(
2773:F
2770:G
2764:N
2742:d
2738:S
2732:2
2729:1
2724:+
2719:w
2715:S
2711:+
2706:p
2702:R
2693:p
2689:R
2685:=
2682:)
2679:p
2676:(
2673:B
2670:S
2667:N
2664:N
2642:d
2638:S
2632:2
2629:1
2624:+
2619:w
2615:S
2611:=
2608:)
2605:p
2602:(
2599:B
2596:S
2572:N
2533:i
2529:N
2523:n
2520:1
2515:+
2510:i
2506:s
2502:=
2497:i
2493:G
2470:i
2466:s
2445:n
2422:2
2402:1
2382:1
2342:0
2322:2
2302:1
2282:n
2278:/
2272:j
2268:s
2264:+
2261:1
2239:j
2236:i
2232:x
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1923:=
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1843:=
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1638:=
1633:i
1629:N
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1559:=
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1464:i
1460:x
1434:=
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1419:(
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541:8
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361:1
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355:1
352:1
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325:0
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287:1
284:½
281:1
278:1
275:½
272:½
269:1
266:½
263:½
260:-
142:(
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