88:
514:
645:
41:
33:
231:
171:
533:
427:
4977:
2361:
727:(CDC) for members of the public who left their homes, and health care facilities were recommended to consider requiring face masks for all people who enter a facility. Health care personnel and patients with COVID-19 symptoms were recommended to use surgical masks if available, as they are more protective. Masking patients reduces the personal protective equipment recommended by CDC for health care personnel under crisis shortage conditions.
371:
5006:
405:
397:
379:
356:
348:
330:
309:
301:
496:
792:, in hospitals was not associated with a increase in SARS-CoV-2 infections from weeks between December 4, 2021 to December 10, 2022. However, the authors noted that the end of mask mandates also coincided with an increase in Omicron infections, and that more data would be needed despite evidence for removal of mask mandates from 2022-2023.
2373:
549:
241:
263:, masks with unfiltered-exhalation valves ran counter to the requirements of some mandatory mask orders. Despite the aforementioned belief, a 2020 research by the NIOSH and CDC shows that an uncovered exhalation valve already provides source control on a level similar to, or even better than, surgical masks.
756:
may have been due to relaxing of policies preventing COVID-19 transmission (like source control policies). The 2023 paper also cites a research letter published in 2022, that suggests that the surge of COVID-19 cases in hospitals may have been due to the high contagiousness of
Omicron, an article
563:
in some regions of the US, despite extended close contact being a requisite factor for infection. Respirable particles are noted to be created by handling TB-infected tissue, or by coughing by those actively infected. Once in the air, droplet nuclei can persist in unventilated spaces. Most people
121:
Outside of respiratory source control, handwashing helps to protect people against contact transmission, and against indirect droplet transmission. Handwashing removes infectious droplets that their mask caught (from either side) and which transferred to their hands when they touched their mask.
194:
can be used for source control (as a last resort) but are not considered personal protective equipment as they have low filter efficiency (generally varying between 2–60%), although they are easy to obtain and reusable after washing. There are no standards or regulation for self-made cloth face
149:
In 2013, Gustavo et.al. looked into the effectiveness of various methods of source control, including via the arm, via a tissue, via bare hands, and via a surgical mask. They concluded that simply covering a cough was not an effective method of stopping transmission, and a surgical mask was not
741:
noted that the CDC had dropped mandates for masks in hospitals during COVID, limiting the COVID policies to an advisory role. Use of masks for source control is still recommended in times of high viral activity, but the CDC did not provide numbers for benchmarks. The new policies are thought,
113:
Masking any person who may be a source of infectious droplets (or aerosols) thus reduces the unsafe range of physical distances. If a person can be infectious before they are symptomatic and diagnosed, then people who do not yet know if they are infectious may also be a source of infection.
623:
be provided with some sort of personal protective equipment, to avoid contracting TB. If PPE cannot be provided in time, the infected patient should be delayed from being moved through an area not controlled by PPE until the controls are in place, unless the care of the infected patient is
597:
mainly involve people and areas in hospital responsible for TB controls, including training, skin-testing, and regulatory compliance, as well as those responsible for quantifying the amount of TB present in the hospital's community and in-hospital, like staff. To assist with this,
1351:
The results showed that cloth masks and other fabric materials tested in the study had 40–90% instantaneous penetration levels against polydisperse NaCl aerosols employed in the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health particulate respirator test protocol at 5.5 cm
107:). Different diseases spread in different ways; some spread by only some of these routes. For instance, fomite transmission of COVID-19 is thought to be rare while aerosol, droplet and contact transmission appear to be the primary transmission modes, as of April 2021.
221:
can provide source control in addition to respiratory protection, but respirators with an unfiltered exhalation valve may not provide source control and require additional measures to filter exhalation air when source control is required.
130:
In the past, suggestions have been made that covering the mouth and nose, like with an elbow, tissue, or hand, would be a viable measure towards reducing the transmissions of airborne diseases. This method of source control was suggested,
150:
effective at reducing the amount of displaced droplets detected compared to the other rudimentary forms of source control. Another paper noted that the fit of a face mask matters in its source control performance. (However, note that
619:, in this system of TB controls, requires the use of respirators whenever personnel are in contact with someone suspected of having TB, including during transport. This includes anyone near the infected person, all of whom
266:
It is possible to seal some unfiltered exhalation valves or to cover it with an additional surgical mask; this might be done where mask shortages make it necessary. However, so long as there are no shortages, respirators
117:
For pathogens transmitted through the air, strategies to block cough air jets and to capture aerosols, e.g. the "Shield & Sink" approach, can be highly effective in minimizing exposure to respiratory secretions.
2360:
2257:
Potter AL, Vaddaraju V, Venkateswaran S, Mansur A, Bajaj SS, Kiang MV, et al. (October 2023). "Deaths Due to COVID-19 in
Patients With Cancer During Different Waves of the Pandemic in the US".
2081:
Potter AL, Vaddaraju V, Venkateswaran S, Mansur A, Bajaj SS, Kiang MV, et al. (October 2023). "Deaths Due to COVID-19 in
Patients With Cancer During Different Waves of the Pandemic in the US".
4647:
4582:
1771:
1722:"Adapting re-usable elastomeric respirators to utilise anaesthesia circuit filters using a 3D-printed adaptor - a potential alternative to address N95 shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic"
252:) is about the mask itself and it does not warrant any safety about the air that is expelled by the wearer through the valve. A mask with valve mainly increases the comfort of the wearer.
673:
be required, so long as it was limited to "routine entry", patients were not confirmed to be infected, and no aerosol-generating procedures were being done. "Standard precautions"
4269:
1388:
Koh XQ, Sng A, Chee JY, Sadovoy A, Luo P, Daniel D (February 2022). "Outward and inward protection efficiencies of different mask designs for different respiratory activities".
91:
Droplet spread without source control: up to ~8 meters (26 ft) for sneezes and coughs, up to ~2 meters (6.6 ft) for talking. Aerosol spread is much further than this.
2165:
Lyngse FP, Mortensen LH, Denwood MJ, Christiansen LE, Møller CH, Skov RL, et al. (September 2022). "Household transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in
Denmark".
608:
mainly involve ventilation and planning isolation rooms, but can also involve environmental controls, like negative pressure, ultraviolet germicidal radiation, and the use of
2293:"Proposed Update to Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (2007), 'Protective Environment' Recommendation"
1889:"Part III DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H-371] RIN 1218-AB46 Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis"
1051:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1992. p. 12.
2382:
1543:
776:
union, as they felt the changes did not go far enough. Changes included clarifying by adding "source control" as a qualification for the use of "barrier precautions".
986:
Hunziker P (2020-12-16). "Minimizing exposure to respiratory droplets, 'jet riders' and aerosols in air-conditioned hospital rooms by a 'Shield-and-Sink' strategy".
55:
produced through breathing, speaking, coughing, sneezing or singing. Multiple source control techniques can be used in hospitals, but for the general public wearing
1281:
4147:
2430:
1793:"DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H-371] RIN 1218-AB46 Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis"
1465:
238:
N95s, powered air-purifying respirators were the recommended form of PPE for healthcare. However, they provide poor source control should the worker be infected.
2001:"Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings"
1435:"Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings"
4997:
4605:
3314:
1662:
1635:
139:
742:
according to the New York Times, based on various citations to medical literature, to increase mortality among vulnerable patients, especially those with
688:
in
Toronto, that "N95 or higher respirators may offer additional protection to those exposed to aerosol-generating procedures and high risk activities".
4791:
4576:
1311:"Simple respiratory protection--evaluation of the filtration performance of cloth masks and common fabric materials against 20-1000 nm size particles"
255:
Unfiltered exhalation of air is found on both filtering facepiece and elastomeric respirators with exhalation valves. Unfiltered air is also found on
4992:
4626:
4588:
1253:
5010:
4636:
4532:
1655:"Filtering Facepiece Respirators with an Exhalation Valve: Measurements of Filtration Efficiency to Evaluate Their Potential for Source Control"
4897:
3752:
437:
1688:
Filtering
Facepiece Respirators with an Exhalation Valve: Measurements of Filtration Efficiency to Evaluate Their Potential for Source Control
4600:
4550:
677:
the use of masks, face shields, and/or eye protection, would be needed if there was potential for the spraying of bodily fluids, like during
1614:
4140:
3306:
2423:
1254:"Meat and Poultry Processing Workers and Employers: Interim Guidance from CDC and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)"
110:
Coughs and sneezes can spread airborne droplets up to ~8 meters (26 ft). Speaking can spread droplets up to ~2 meters (6.6 ft).
1048:
NIOSH Recommended
Guidelines for Personal Respiratory Protection of Workers in Health-care Facilities Potentially Exposed to Tuberculosis
1205:
Hazard JM, Cappa CD (June 2022). "Performance of Valved
Respirators to Reduce Emission of Respiratory Particles Generated by Speaking".
2006:
1440:
724:
449:
2118:"Association of Omicron vs Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 Variants With Hospital-Onset SARS-CoV-2 Infections in a US Regional Hospital System"
1523:
5037:
4981:
4770:
4133:
2416:
2393:
2292:
87:
4957:
4816:
4229:
4087:
4074:
2688:
2444:
2403:
684:
The guidelines are the same regardless of the type of pathogen, but the guidelines also note that, based on the experience of
3359:
1589:
513:
2701:
1976:
1551:
888:"Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19"
3334:
1118:"A comparison of performance metrics for cloth masks as source control devices for simulated cough and exhalation aerosols"
248:
Some masks have exhalation valve that let the exhaled air go out unfiltered. The certification grade of the mask (such as
4219:
3013:
631:
During TB outbreaks in the 1990s, multiple hospitals upgraded their controls and policies to attenuate the spread of TB.
4887:
4079:
2000:
1434:
1067:"Effectiveness of cough etiquette maneuvers in disrupting the chain of transmission of infectious respiratory diseases"
3083:
1491:
4810:
4800:
4555:
3509:
3504:
467:
3114:
4048:
3588:
2995:
2611:
256:
3182:
541:
210:
24:
2028:
4987:
4852:
4507:
4244:
4156:
3923:
3521:
3240:
3218:
2649:
1957:"2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings"
218:
445:
19:
This article is about the strategy for reducing disease transmission. For the sepsis management strategy, see
5032:
4723:
4476:
3891:
2589:
770:
2007 Guideline for
Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
667:
2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
653:
584:
201:
are designed to protect against splashes and sprays, but do not provide complete respiratory protection from
187:
56:
2210:"Association of COVID-19 Vaccination With Breakthrough Infections and Complications in Patients With Cancer"
2057:
4765:
4698:
4451:
4239:
3918:
3071:
2834:
2549:
1565:
1287:
752:
article cites a paper published in 2023, that suggests the high mortality of cancer patients following the
522:
490:
2743:
1173:
4902:
4594:
4502:
4466:
4304:
3960:
3831:
3767:
3735:
3683:
2980:
2962:
1904:"Tuberculosis Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities: Environmental Control and Personal Protection"
235:
159:
155:
95:
Infections in general may spread by direct contact (for example, shaking hands or kissing), by inhaling
79:
recommended for use by the public only when there are shortages of both respirators and surgical masks.
4962:
4867:
4641:
4344:
3516:
2929:
2669:
788:, published in 2024, focusing on hospitals in the UK, found that the removal of mandates, based around
753:
4560:
4471:
4456:
4319:
4314:
4289:
4020:
4010:
3705:
3641:
3364:
3329:
3132:
3109:
2895:
2708:
886:
Sommerstein R, Fux CA, Vuichard-Gysin D, Abbas M, Marschall J, Balmelli C, et al. (July 2020).
205:
and other contaminants because of the loose fit between the surface of the face mask and the face.
4952:
4877:
4857:
4750:
4374:
4364:
4339:
3838:
3700:
3575:
3429:
2544:
2534:
758:
564:
infected with TB are asymptomatic, unless the immune system is weakened by some other factor, like
711:. These measures should be used whenever someone is suspected of harboring an "infectious agent".
174:
Masks with exhalation valves are not very effective for source control. However, some respirators
4922:
4708:
4025:
3943:
3809:
3339:
3137:
2844:
2782:
2616:
2584:
576:
503:
2696:
2208:
Gong IY, Vijenthira A, Powis M, Calzavara A, Patrikar A, Sutradhar R, et al. (March 2023).
1364:
992:
4517:
4497:
4284:
4254:
3612:
3397:
3147:
3020:
2626:
2483:
2473:
2035:. 2020-04-02. At section "Prioritize the use of N95 respirators and facemasks by activity type"
1574:
The Use and Effectiveness of Powered Air Purifying Respirators in Health Care: Workshop Summary
1508:
773:
762:
1888:
4512:
3933:
3565:
3434:
2942:
2849:
2768:
271:
exhalation valves should still be preferred in situations where source control is necessary.
100:
36:
Certified respirators, without exhalation valves, are the recommended form of source control.
2713:
1792:
832:
Naunheim MR, Bock J, Doucette PA, Hoch M, Howell I, Johns MM, et al. (September 2021).
768:
Also in 2023, new draft guidelines were proposed by the CDC HICPAC, to update the pre-COVID
695:", a specific protocol for "infectious agents transmitted by the airborne route", like with
644:
4713:
4688:
4492:
4409:
4259:
4249:
4209:
4164:
4015:
3908:
3854:
3782:
3772:
3464:
3319:
3192:
2799:
2408:
2174:
1397:
1214:
1129:
987:
939:"Coronavirus 2019 Infectious Disease Epidemic: Where We Are, What Can Be Done and Hope For"
704:
580:
669:, suggesting that use of "barrier precautions", defined as "masks, gowns, gloves", would
99:
in the air (droplet transmission), by inhaling long-lasting aerosols with tiny particles (
8:
4847:
4730:
4718:
4683:
4461:
4446:
4439:
4419:
4189:
4171:
4102:
4092:
4058:
3663:
3101:
2937:
2748:
1260:. 2020-05-12. At section "Cloth face coverings in meat and poultry processing facilities"
96:
52:
2234:
2209:
2178:
1956:
1520:
1401:
1218:
1133:
1116:
Lindsley WG, Blachere FM, Beezhold DH, Law BF, Derk RC, Hettick JM, et al. (2021).
1065:
Zayas G, Chiang MC, Wong E, MacDonald F, Lange CF, Senthilselvan A, et al. (2013).
4882:
4786:
4703:
4522:
3826:
3821:
3730:
3710:
3344:
3187:
3152:
3006:
2972:
2522:
2142:
2117:
1928:
1903:
1748:
1721:
1702:
1686:
1654:
1636:"Coronavirus: Bay Area mask order takes effect Wednesday. Here's what you need to know"
1337:
1310:
1150:
1093:
1066:
963:
938:
914:
887:
858:
833:
737:
602:
proposed TB guidelines in 1997, but withdrew them in 2003 following the decline of TB.
545:
486:
2758:
2299:
178:
exhalation valves performed as well as a surgical mask in source control. Respirators
4932:
4745:
4424:
4399:
4294:
4279:
4112:
4053:
3913:
3866:
3668:
3170:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2804:
2621:
2604:
2468:
2337:
2274:
2239:
2190:
2147:
2098:
1933:
1753:
1706:
1595:
1585:
1342:
1230:
1155:
1098:
1028:
1024:
968:
919:
863:
720:
260:
195:
masks, and source control on a well-fitted cloth mask is worse than a surgical mask.
2318:"Impact of removing the healthcare mask mandate on hospital-acquired COVID-19 rates"
40:
4673:
4668:
4334:
4274:
4107:
4043:
4030:
3859:
3848:
3740:
3720:
3555:
3469:
3444:
3175:
3122:
3061:
2952:
2599:
2527:
2329:
2266:
2229:
2221:
2182:
2137:
2129:
2090:
1923:
1915:
1743:
1733:
1692:
1666:
1577:
1409:
1405:
1332:
1322:
1222:
1145:
1137:
1088:
1078:
1020:
958:
950:
909:
899:
853:
845:
761:, and papers finding increased mortality of cancer patients due to higher rates of
32:
1141:
135:, in the "Control of Airborne Infection" section of a 1974 publication of Riley's
4947:
4927:
4755:
4434:
4429:
4384:
4125:
3975:
3970:
3814:
3762:
3570:
3547:
3392:
3369:
2753:
2718:
2594:
2539:
1983:
1772:"San Antonio hospital could have an answer to the PPE crisis-- elastomeric masks"
1527:
1046:
849:
294:
191:
76:
2723:
2270:
2225:
2094:
1870:
1845:
1827:
1809:
1569:
1226:
1117:
230:
186:
While source control protects others from transmission arising from the wearer,
4912:
4872:
4760:
4740:
4735:
4354:
4234:
4005:
3938:
3881:
3653:
3542:
3534:
3459:
3412:
3407:
3354:
3078:
2859:
2854:
2814:
2763:
2728:
2566:
2502:
2398:
2333:
2186:
1008:
954:
904:
708:
142:
also noted that the use of a tissue as source control, in their guidelines for
1919:
834:"Safer Singing During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: What We Know and What We Don't"
20:
5026:
4917:
4678:
4379:
4324:
3886:
3843:
3802:
3695:
3678:
3636:
3349:
2900:
2869:
2490:
2317:
1697:
1671:
1083:
691:
However, separate from "barrier precautions" and "standard precautions" are "
575:
guidelines brought three methods of source control for the prevention of TB:
319:
206:
198:
170:
72:
2736:
1327:
4832:
4806:
4796:
4389:
4329:
4299:
4097:
4035:
3797:
3777:
3725:
3673:
3624:
3424:
3374:
2985:
2556:
2341:
2278:
2243:
2194:
2151:
2133:
2102:
1937:
1780:
But she added you can easily cover the mask with a surgical mask or shield.
1757:
1720:
Liu D, Koo TH, Wong J, Wong YH, Fung K, Chan Y, et al. (August 2020).
1599:
1346:
1234:
1159:
1102:
972:
923:
867:
700:
560:
526:
143:
1032:
4842:
4309:
4204:
4199:
3990:
3792:
3715:
3690:
3439:
3419:
3324:
3284:
3208:
2579:
2574:
2495:
2478:
1653:
Portnoff L, Schall J, Brannen J, Suhon N, Strickland K, Meyers J (2020).
588:
537:
68:
4942:
4892:
4862:
4837:
4359:
4349:
4224:
4214:
4194:
4184:
3928:
3903:
3871:
3648:
3629:
3619:
3607:
3454:
3066:
3038:
2864:
2824:
2366:
1738:
1282:"FAQs on the Emergency Use Authorization for Face Masks (Non-Surgical)"
723:, cloth face masks for source control had been recommended by the U.S.
678:
389:
340:
103:), and by touching objects with infectious material on their surfaces (
4583:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
568:, which can turn a infected person's latent TB into active TB source.
532:
508:
No Admittance Without Wearing a Type N95 or More Protective Respirator
4663:
4631:
4369:
4179:
4000:
3479:
2512:
2507:
2440:
1521:中华人民共和国医药行业标准：YY/T 0969–2013 一次性使用医用口罩 (Single-use medical face mask)
1492:"Comparison of Mask Standards, Ratings, and Filtration Effectiveness"
125:
4907:
4394:
4264:
3983:
3898:
3474:
3449:
3402:
2947:
2517:
2460:
1581:
696:
685:
565:
214:
202:
64:
60:
2256:
2164:
2080:
937:
Carbone M, Lednicky J, Xiao SY, Venditti M, Bucci E (April 2021).
665:
In 2007, the CDC HICPAC published a set of guidelines, called the
3787:
3658:
2911:
885:
104:
2116:
Klompas M, Pandolfi MC, Nisar AB, Baker MA, Rhee C (July 2022).
4693:
3995:
3560:
3213:
2809:
2316:
Mehra R, Patterson B, Riley P, Planche T, Breathnach A (2024).
743:
165:
3224:
518:
225:
2438:
2207:
559:
was a noted co-infection in around 35% of those affected by
51:
is a strategy for reducing disease transmission by blocking
44:
In hospitals, proper source control protocols are essential.
2677:
1115:
936:
609:
599:
500:
495:
151:
2315:
1652:
2115:
2029:"Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Respirators"
1619:
757:
which suggested a high secondary attack rate relative to
572:
556:
249:
209:
are regulated by various national standards to have high
158:
1910.134 does not cover the fit of face masks other than
1615:"What is a mask valve, and why are cities banning them?"
1064:
831:
772:. The proposed updates were met with disapproval by the
4606:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2058:"In Hospitals, Viruses Are Everywhere. Masks Are Not"
1871:"Comparison of CDC Guidelines and Proposed OSHA Rule"
1663:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1564:
1308:
416:
2383:
NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions
1383:
1381:
525:, multiple controls are used for source control of
259:, which cannot ever filter exhaled air. During the
4792:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
4577:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
4155:
1977:"Hospital Respiratory Protection Program Toolkit"
1951:
1949:
1947:
1509:中华人民共和国医药行业标准：YY 0469–2011 医用外科口罩 (Surgical mask)
1466:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)"
1387:
1309:Rengasamy S, Eimer B, Shaffer RE (October 2010).
1302:
126:Potentially ineffective methods of source control
71:provide the greatest source control, followed by
5024:
4589:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
1378:
4637:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
2033:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1971:
1969:
1944:
1810:"Implementation and Effects of CDC Guidelines"
1719:
1576:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
1207:Environmental Science & Technology Letters
1060:
1058:
892:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
810:Source control (respiratory disease)#Pre-COVID
4601:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
4551:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
4141:
2790:
2424:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
434:The examples and perspective in this section
1966:
2369:has original text related to this article:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1204:
1055:
587:, particularly with the use of fit-checked
366:Respirator with unfiltered exhalation valve
166:Contrast with personal protective equipment
4245:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
4148:
4134:
2431:
2417:
2055:
2007:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1856:
1548:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1538:
1536:
1441:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1258:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1187:
881:
879:
877:
725:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
452:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
226:Exhalation source control with respirators
16:Strategy for reducing disease transmission
2233:
2141:
1927:
1747:
1737:
1696:
1679:
1670:
1489:
1483:
1336:
1326:
1149:
1092:
1082:
991:
962:
913:
903:
857:
468:Learn how and when to remove this message
1838:
1416:
985:
652:. A more general guideline for hospital
650:2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions
643:
531:
512:
494:
229:
169:
86:
39:
31:
4771:Immediately dangerous to life or health
3505:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
2678:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
2394:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic
1993:
1820:
1533:
1321:(7). Oxford University Press: 789–798.
874:
536:NIOSH guidelines for TB, with focus on
480:
5025:
4958:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
4230:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
4088:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
3980:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2404:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
2051:
2049:
1877:. National Academies Press (US). 2001.
1852:. National Academies Press (US). 2001.
1834:. National Academies Press (US). 2001.
1816:. National Academies Press (US). 2001.
1804:
1802:
1633:
1612:
1570:"Defining PAPRs and Current Standards"
1514:
1502:
1460:
1458:
707:for new facilities, and use of fitted
182:exhalation valves should be preferred.
4129:
2412:
1908:Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
1659:DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2021-107
1544:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
1276:
1274:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1006:
275:Comparison of face masks by function
5005:
4648:Working Environment Convention, 1977
3335:Compartmental models in epidemiology
634:
420:
4817:Workers' right to access the toilet
2046:
1901:
1799:
1455:
1174:"1910.134 - Respiratory Protection"
13:
4888:International Chemical Safety Card
1691:(Technical report). 30 June 2021.
1550:. 11 February 2020. Archived from
1315:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
1271:
1241:
417:Source Control during TB Outbreaks
146:, had not been tested as of 1992.
14:
5049:
4898:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
4556:International Labour Organization
1470:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1365:"Community Respirators and Masks"
979:
779:
714:
257:powered air-purifying respirators
5004:
4976:
4975:
4084:Economics of Infectious Diseases
2359:
1982:. OSHA. May 2015. Archived from
1013:The American Journal of Medicine
639:
425:
403:
395:
377:
369:
354:
346:
328:
307:
299:
190:protects the wearer themselves.
2309:
2285:
2250:
2201:
2158:
2109:
2074:
2021:
1895:
1881:
1785:
1764:
1713:
1646:
1627:
1606:
1558:
1357:
802:
219:filtering facepiece respirators
211:bacterial filtration efficiency
25:Source control (disambiguation)
5038:Occupational safety and health
4853:Environment, health and safety
4508:Occupational health psychology
4157:Occupational safety and health
4093:Infectious disease informatics
3924:Transmission-based precautions
1410:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105905
1166:
1122:Aerosol Science and Technology
1109:
1039:
1000:
930:
825:
809:
392:with filtered exhalation valve
1:
4724:Personal protective equipment
4477:Workplace health surveillance
3510:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
3285:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
2646:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
2322:Journal of Hospital Infection
1875:Tuberculosis in the Workplace
1850:Tuberculosis in the Workplace
1832:Tuberculosis in the Workplace
1814:Tuberculosis in the Workplace
1490:Robertson P (15 March 2020).
1142:10.1080/02786826.2021.1933377
993:10.1101/2020.12.08.20233056v1
818:
786:Journal of Hospital Infection
617:personal protective equipment
585:personal protective equipment
487:N95 respirator § History
188:personal protective equipment
82:
57:personal protective equipment
4766:Standard operating procedure
4699:Hierarchy of hazard controls
4452:Hierarchy of hazard controls
3072:Aerosol-generating procedure
2850:Silent/Subclinical infection
2550:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
1288:Food and Drug Administration
1025:10.1016/0002-9343(74)90140-5
943:Journal of Thoracic Oncology
850:10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.06.028
730:
660:
656:procedures. (PDF, 225 pages)
523:Hierarchy of Hazard Controls
491:Hierarchy of hazard controls
370:
21:Sepsis § Source control
7:
4903:NIOSH air filtration rating
4595:Health and Safety Executive
4503:Occupational health nursing
4467:Occupational exposure limit
4305:Hospital-acquired infection
4270:Exposure to human nail dust
3736:Vaccine-preventable disease
3684:Monoclonal antibody therapy
2352:
2271:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.3066
2226:10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.6815
2095:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.3066
2056:Mandavilli A (2023-09-23).
1613:Wilson M (April 28, 2020).
1227:10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00210
448:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5054:
4963:Workplace health promotion
4868:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
4642:Worker Protection Standard
4345:Noise-induced hearing loss
3877:Respiratory source control
2334:10.1016/j.jhin.2023.12.004
2187:10.1038/s41467-022-33328-3
1634:Webeck E (22 April 2020).
1390:Journal of Aerosol Science
955:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.12.014
905:10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0
484:
160:NIOSH-approved respirators
133:but not empirically tested
18:
4971:
4825:
4779:
4656:
4619:
4569:
4561:World Health Organization
4543:
4531:
4485:
4472:Occupational epidemiology
4457:Prevention through design
4408:
4315:Laboratory animal allergy
4240:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
4215:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
4163:
4067:
4021:Global Health Initiatives
4011:Evolutionary epidemiology
3959:
3751:
3706:Post-exposure prophylaxis
3642:Antimicrobial stewardship
3600:
3587:
3492:
3383:
3365:Multiplicity of infection
3330:Basic reproduction number
3305:
3277:
3263:
3249:
3233:
3201:
3163:
3106:Percutaneous inoculation
3092:
3054:
3047:
3029:
2961:
2928:
2921:
2885:
2878:
2781:
2668:
2590:Host–pathogen interaction
2565:
2459:
2452:
1920:10.4046/trd.2016.79.4.234
1846:"Basics of Tuberculosis."
4878:Hostile work environment
4858:Environmental toxicology
4751:Redundancy (engineering)
4365:Repetitive strain injury
3839:Protective sequestration
3701:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
2992:Generational difference
2545:Horizontal gene transfer
2535:Antimicrobial resistance
1698:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2021107
1672:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2021107
1084:10.1186/1471-2458-13-811
795:
343:without exhalation valve
4923:Quality of working life
4709:Administrative controls
4026:Microbial phylogenetics
3944:Wastewater surveillance
3465:Geographic distribution
3340:Critical community size
3138:Surgical site infection
2986:Iatrogenic/Medical care
2905:Microbial translocation
2901:Endogenous reactivation
2896:Normal flora overgrowth
2845:Opportunistic infection
2617:Opportunistic infection
1902:Lee JY (October 2016).
763:breakthrough infections
595:Administrative controls
577:administrative controls
286:Inhaled air filtration
4518:Occupational therapist
4498:Industrial engineering
4290:Glassblower's cataract
4255:Decompression sickness
4098:Microbial bioterrorism
3721:efficacy/effectiveness
3129:Surgical intervention
3021:Breakthrough infection
2643:Genetic predisposition
2627:Susceptible individual
2474:Germ theory of disease
2134:10.1001/jama.2022.9609
774:National Nurses United
657:
553:
529:
510:
245:
183:
92:
53:respiratory secretions
45:
37:
23:. For other uses, see
4988:Occupational diseases
4953:Workers' compensation
4513:Occupational medicine
4375:Silo-filler's disease
4340:Mule spinners' cancer
3934:Universal precautions
2892:Endogenous overgrowth
2744:Poultry and livestock
2167:Nature Communications
1566:Institute of Medicine
1367:. NIOSH. 21 June 2023
1328:10.1093/annhyg/meq044
647:
535:
516:
498:
374:Depends on respirator
233:
173:
101:airborne transmission
90:
43:
35:
5033:Respiratory diseases
4714:Engineering controls
4689:Emergency evacuation
4493:Environmental health
4260:De Quervain syndrome
4250:Concussions in sport
4036:Genomic reassortment
4016:Genetic epidemiology
3855:Health communication
3783:Flattening the curve
3773:Disease surveillance
3556:Systemic/Generalized
3320:Animal disease model
2800:Asymptomatic carrier
1009:"Airborne infection"
705:air changes per hour
693:airborne precautions
626:administrative delay
606:Engineering controls
581:engineering controls
481:US HIV/AIDS epidemic
446:improve this section
436:may not represent a
4848:Effects of overtime
4731:Job safety analysis
4719:Hazard substitution
4684:Emergency procedure
4462:Exposure assessment
4447:Occupational stress
4440:Psychosocial hazard
4420:Occupational hazard
4285:Flock worker's lung
4103:Pandemic prevention
4059:Viral phylodynamics
4040:Re-emerging disease
3929:Travel restrictions
3133:Postoperative wound
3102:Blood-borne disease
3084:Respiratory droplet
2996:Vertical/Congenital
2981:Nosocomial/Hospital
2938:Spillover infection
2179:2022NatCo..13.5573L
1402:2022JAerS.16005905K
1219:2022EnSTL...9..557H
1134:2021AerST..55.1125L
304:Worse than surgical
276:
137:Airborne Infection.
97:infectious droplets
4883:Indoor air quality
4787:Diving regulations
4704:Hazard elimination
4523:Safety engineering
4049:Selection pressure
3345:Force of infection
2973:Contagious disease
2908:Endogenous seeding
2805:Chain of infection
2729:Injection drug use
2640:Vaccination status
2523:Case fatality rate
2441:infectious disease
1739:10.1111/anae.15108
1526:2021-02-25 at the
750:The New York Times
738:The New York Times
658:
624:compromised by an
554:
530:
511:
274:
246:
215:N95/N99/N100 masks
184:
93:
46:
38:
5020:
5019:
4933:Safety data sheet
4746:Operations manual
4627:Bangladesh Accord
4615:
4614:
4425:Biological hazard
4123:
4122:
4113:Tropical medicine
4054:Synthetic biology
3955:
3954:
3914:Social distancing
3867:Outbreak response
3488:
3487:
3315:Agent-based model
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
2840:Natural reservoir
2830:Infectious period
2820:Incubation period
2777:
2776:
2733:Natural disaster
2702:Tropical diseases
2685:Biodiversity loss
2622:Risk of infection
2612:Microbiome health
2605:Immunosuppression
2265:(10): 1417–1422.
2089:(10): 1417–1422.
1591:978-0-309-31595-1
1496:Smart Air Filters
1128:(10): 1125–1142.
1071:BMC Public Health
1007:Riley RL (1974).
721:COVID-19 pandemic
635:COVID-19 pandemic
478:
477:
470:
414:
413:
325:Avoid if possible
322:or procedure mask
261:COVID-19 pandemic
5045:
5008:
5007:
4979:
4978:
4674:Contingency plan
4669:Code of practice
4541:
4540:
4335:Metal fume fever
4150:
4143:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4108:Tropical disease
4044:Reverse zoonosis
4031:One Health Model
3860:Health education
3849:Community health
3768:Cordon sanitaire
3741:Ring vaccination
3711:Repurposed drugs
3598:
3597:
3517:Gastrointestinal
3360:Machine learning
3164:Gastrointestinal
3115:Intravenous line
3052:
3051:
2966:/Cross-infection
2953:Reverse zoonosis
2926:
2925:
2883:
2882:
2788:
2787:
2769:War and conflict
2637:Nutrition status
2600:Immunodeficiency
2457:
2456:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2363:
2346:
2345:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2298:. Archived from
2297:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1732:(8): 1022–1027.
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:The Mercury News
1631:
1625:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1540:
1531:
1518:
1512:
1506:
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1499:
1487:
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1480:
1478:
1477:
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1453:
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1450:
1449:
1431:
1414:
1413:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1340:
1330:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1202:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1062:
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998:
997:
995:
983:
977:
976:
966:
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928:
927:
917:
907:
883:
872:
871:
861:
838:Journal of Voice
829:
812:
806:
473:
466:
462:
459:
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429:
428:
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381:
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373:
372:
358:
357:
350:
349:
332:
331:
311:
310:
303:
302:
277:
273:
192:Cloth face masks
77:cloth face masks
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
4967:
4948:Toxic workplace
4928:Risk management
4821:
4775:
4756:Risk assessment
4652:
4611:
4565:
4536:
4527:
4481:
4435:Physical hazard
4430:Chemical hazard
4411:
4404:
4169:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4124:
4119:
4063:
3976:Antigenic shift
3971:Antigenic drift
3962:
3951:
3815:Barrier nursing
3763:Contact tracing
3754:
3747:
3592:
3590:
3583:
3494:
3484:
3385:
3379:
3370:Serial interval
3289:
3273:
3264:Cervico-vaginal
3259:
3250:Trans-placental
3245:
3229:
3197:
3159:
3095:Vascular system
3094:
3088:
3043:
3031:
3025:
2965:
2957:
2917:
2874:
2792:
2773:
2664:
2595:Immune response
2561:
2540:Drug resistance
2484:Infectious dose
2448:
2437:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2364:
2355:
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2110:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1778:. May 1, 2020.
1770:
1769:
1765:
1718:
1714:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1651:
1647:
1632:
1628:
1611:
1607:
1592:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1528:Wayback Machine
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
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1001:
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980:
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931:
884:
875:
830:
826:
821:
816:
815:
807:
803:
798:
784:A paper in the
782:
733:
717:
709:N95 respirators
703:, requiring 12
663:
642:
637:
493:
483:
474:
463:
457:
454:
443:
430:
426:
419:
404:
396:
378:
355:
347:
329:
308:
300:
295:Cloth face mask
239:
228:
168:
128:
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28:
17:
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5041:
5040:
5035:
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4968:
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4960:
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4950:
4945:
4940:
4938:Source control
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4913:Process safety
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4873:Health physics
4870:
4865:
4860:
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4845:
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4835:
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4827:
4823:
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4804:
4794:
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4783:
4781:
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4776:
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4768:
4763:
4761:Safety culture
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:Permit To Work
4738:
4736:Lockout-tagout
4733:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4721:
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4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
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4402:
4400:Writer's cramp
4397:
4392:
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4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4355:Pneumoconiosis
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:Lead poisoning
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:Golfer's elbow
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:Fiddler's neck
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Chronic stress
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Cardiovascular
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Emergent virus
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3939:Vector control
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:N95 respirator
3874:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3755:pharmaceutical
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3602:
3601:Pharmaceutical
3595:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:Cardiovascular
3550:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3531:Nervous system
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Infection rate
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3110:Injection site
3104:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3079:Dental aerosol
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:Human-to-human
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Super-spreader
2857:
2855:Superinfection
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2764:Vector control
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2693:Climate zones
2691:
2689:Climate change
2686:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2503:Quorum sensing
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:N95 respirator
2396:
2379:
2374:NIOSH TB guide
2370:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2308:
2305:on 2023-08-22.
2284:
2249:
2220:(3): 386–394.
2200:
2157:
2128:(3): 296–298.
2108:
2073:
2062:New York Times
2045:
2020:
1992:
1989:on 2018-04-28.
1965:
1943:
1914:(4): 234–240.
1894:
1880:
1855:
1837:
1828:"Introduction"
1819:
1798:
1784:
1763:
1712:
1678:
1645:
1626:
1605:
1590:
1582:10.17226/18990
1557:
1554:on 2020-05-05.
1532:
1513:
1501:
1482:
1454:
1415:
1377:
1356:
1301:
1270:
1240:
1213:(6): 557–560.
1186:
1165:
1108:
1054:
1038:
1019:(3): 466–475.
999:
978:
949:(4): 546–571.
929:
873:
844:(5): 765–771.
823:
822:
820:
817:
814:
813:
800:
799:
797:
794:
790:surgical masks
781:
780:United Kingdom
778:
732:
729:
716:
715:Early measures
713:
662:
659:
641:
638:
636:
633:
544:, replaced in
540:under the old
504:administrative
499:1997 proposed
482:
479:
476:
475:
440:of the subject
438:worldwide view
433:
431:
424:
418:
415:
412:
411:
409:
401:
393:
386:
385:
383:
375:
367:
363:
362:
360:
352:
344:
337:
336:
334:
326:
323:
316:
315:
313:
305:
297:
291:
290:
287:
284:
283:Source control
281:
227:
224:
207:Surgical masks
199:Surgical masks
167:
164:
127:
124:
84:
81:
73:surgical masks
49:Source control
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5050:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5013:
5012:
5003:
4999:
4998:Organizations
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Public health
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4811:United States
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:United States
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Diving safety
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:International
4542:
4539:
4537:organizations
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4410:Occupational
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Sports injury
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Low back pain
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Farmer's lung
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4165:Occupational
4162:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Sterilization
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Surgical mask
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:Public health
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Phage therapy
3694:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:Immunotherapy
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:Antimicrobial
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3528:Genitourinary
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:in population
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Herd immunity
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:Genitourinary
3232:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:Contamination
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:Vector-borne
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2930:Cross-species
2927:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2870:Window period
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Latent period
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Deforestation
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2659:Stress levels
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:Pathogenicity
2489:
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5009:
4980:
4937:
4807:Right to sit
4797:Potty parity
4390:Tennis elbow
4385:Surfer's ear
4330:Mesothelioma
4300:Hearing loss
3876:
3827:Notification
3798:Hand washing
3793:Food hygiene
3778:Disinfection
3674:Immunization
3625:Anthelmintic
3613:prophylactic
3501:Respiratory
3425:Hyperendemic
3375:WAIFW matrix
3030:Environment-
2783:Transmission
2759:Urbanization
2557:Host tropism
2453:Determinants
2439:Concepts in
2381:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2325:
2321:
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2300:the original
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2125:
2121:
2111:
2086:
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2065:. Retrieved
2061:
2037:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2010:. 2020-05-18
2004:
1995:
1984:the original
1911:
1907:
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1573:
1560:
1552:the original
1547:
1530:(in Chinese)
1516:
1511:(in Chinese)
1504:
1495:
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1472:. 2020-04-05
1469:
1446:. Retrieved
1444:. 2020-05-18
1438:
1393:
1389:
1369:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1293:. Retrieved
1291:. 2020-04-26
1285:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1210:
1206:
1178:. Retrieved
1168:
1125:
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769:
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754:Omicron wave
749:
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736:
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701:tuberculosis
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136:
132:
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120:
116:
112:
109:
94:
48:
47:
29:
4843:Drug policy
4780:Legislation
4486:Professions
4310:Indium lung
4205:Brucellosis
4200:Berylliosis
4080:Eradication
3991:Biosecurity
3716:Vaccination
3691:Inoculation
3669:Drug safety
3664:Combination
3591:and Control
3539:Soft tissue
3493:Anatomical
3460:Seasonality
3440:Mesoendemic
3420:Holoendemic
3413:Farr's laws
3325:Attack rate
3123:Animal bite
3119:Insect bite
3055:Respiratory
2682:Air quality
2670:Environment
2580:Comorbidity
2496:Attack rate
2479:Infectivity
2173:(1): 5573.
1726:Anaesthesia
719:During the
615:The use of
589:respirators
538:respirators
517:Similar to
69:respirators
5027:Categories
4943:Toxic tort
4893:Job strain
4863:Ergonomics
4838:Break room
4360:Radium jaw
4350:Phossy jaw
4225:Chalicosis
4195:Barotrauma
4185:Asbestosis
3963:infections
3904:Sanitation
3872:Quarantine
3731:resistance
3649:Antiseptic
3630:Ascaricide
3620:Antifungal
3608:Antibiotic
3589:Prevention
3522:Intestinal
3455:Prevalence
3435:Inequality
3384:Occurrence
3183:Breastmilk
3067:Bioaerosol
3039:Sapronosis
3014:Horizontal
2886:Endogenous
2865:Viral load
2825:Index case
2367:Wikisource
2067:2024-06-27
2039:2020-05-21
2014:2020-05-21
1476:2020-05-23
1448:2020-05-21
1371:2024-06-22
1295:2020-05-21
1264:2020-05-24
1180:2024-07-18
898:(1): 100.
819:References
679:intubation
550:Wikisource
485:See also:
390:Respirator
341:Respirator
242:Wikisource
217:and other
83:Mechanisms
4664:Checklist
4632:ISO 45001
4620:Standards
4370:Silicosis
4180:Acrodynia
4075:Discovery
4001:Disease X
3961:Emerging
3909:Screening
3810:Isolation
3654:Antiviral
3480:Twindemic
3430:Incidence
3307:Modelling
3270:Perinatal
3202:Cutaneous
3093:Linked to
3003:Perinatal
2922:Exogenous
2914:formation
2656:Pregnancy
2513:Endotoxin
2508:Virulence
2328:: 59–64.
1776:kens5.com
1707:235456824
735:By 2023,
731:Post-2023
675:requiring
661:Pre-COVID
612:filters.
542:30 CFR 11
458:June 2024
450:talk page
240:(Read on
236:42 CFR 84
65:pandemics
61:epidemics
4993:Journals
4982:Category
4908:Overwork
4826:See also
4579:(Canada)
4570:National
4533:Agencies
4395:Tinnitus
4265:Erethism
4172:injuries
4167:diseases
3984:EARS-Net
3899:Safe sex
3851:services
3822:Lockdown
3593:measures
3495:location
3475:Syndemic
3470:Sporadic
3450:Pandemic
3445:Outbreak
3403:Epidemic
3256:Prenatal
3148:Mosquito
3032:to-human
3007:Neonatal
3000:Prenatal
2948:Zoonosis
2793:concepts
2724:Humidity
2709:Commerce
2585:Diabetes
2518:Exotoxin
2353:See also
2342:38141666
2279:37651113
2244:36580318
2235:10020872
2195:36151099
2152:35704347
2103:37651113
1938:27790274
1758:32348561
1600:25996018
1568:(2015).
1524:Archived
1347:20584862
1235:37552726
1160:35923216
1103:24010919
973:33422679
924:32631450
868:32753296
697:SARS-CoV
686:SARS-CoV
566:HIV/AIDS
444:You may
5011:Commons
4591:(Spain)
4585:(Italy)
4412:hygiene
4210:Burnout
3788:Hygiene
3726:booster
3659:Asepsis
3398:Endemic
3393:Cluster
2977:Source
2912:Biofilm
2749:Poverty
2719:Ecology
2697:El Niño
2650:Smoking
2528:factors
2469:Biofilm
2445:Outline
2175:Bibcode
2143:9201738
1929:5077726
1749:7267584
1398:Bibcode
1338:7314261
1215:Bibcode
1151:9345405
1130:Bibcode
1094:3846148
1077:: 811.
1033:4212915
988:medRxiv
964:7832772
915:7336106
859:7330568
648:HICPAC
269:without
234:Before
213:(BFE).
180:without
105:fomites
75:, with
59:during
4694:Hazard
4657:Safety
4190:Asthma
3996:CRISPR
3948:Zoning
3803:Gloves
3214:Fomite
3048:Routes
2943:Vector
2810:Fomite
2791:Basic
2754:Travel
2634:Gender
2340:
2277:
2242:
2232:
2193:
2150:
2140:
2101:
1936:
1926:
1756:
1746:
1705:
1598:
1588:
1345:
1335:
1233:
1176:. OSHA
1158:
1148:
1101:
1091:
1031:
990:
971:
961:
922:
912:
866:
856:
744:cancer
583:, and
506:rule:
489:, and
4833:Break
4068:Other
3576:Fetus
3571:Mouth
3566:Tooth
3561:Blood
3548:Joint
3408:Curve
3278:Other
3225:wound
3223:Open
3193:Feces
3188:Water
2879:Modes
2737:Flood
2461:Agent
2303:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2005:U.S.
1987:(PDF)
1980:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1703:S2CID
1439:U.S.
1286:U.S.
796:Notes
759:Delta
571:1994
519:NIOSH
408:Good
382:Good
359:Good
203:germs
140:NIOSH
4644:(US)
4608:(US)
4597:(UK)
4535:and
4170:and
3832:list
3753:Non-
3543:Bone
3535:Skin
3219:Soil
3209:Burn
3171:Food
3153:Tick
2815:Host
2575:Burn
2567:Host
2338:PMID
2275:PMID
2240:PMID
2191:PMID
2148:PMID
2122:Jama
2099:PMID
1934:PMID
1754:PMID
1596:PMID
1586:ISBN
1343:PMID
1231:PMID
1156:PMID
1099:PMID
1029:PMID
969:PMID
920:PMID
864:PMID
808:See
699:and
621:must
610:HEPA
600:OSHA
548:(On
546:1995
501:OSHA
400:Good
351:Good
333:Bad
312:Bad
289:Ref
280:Type
176:with
152:OSHA
3892:PPE
3580:Eye
3241:Sex
3062:Air
2631:Age
2330:doi
2326:145
2267:doi
2230:PMC
2222:doi
2183:doi
2138:PMC
2130:doi
2126:328
2091:doi
1924:PMC
1916:doi
1744:PMC
1734:doi
1693:doi
1667:doi
1620:MSN
1578:doi
1406:doi
1394:160
1333:PMC
1323:doi
1223:doi
1146:PMC
1138:doi
1089:PMC
1079:doi
1021:doi
959:PMC
951:doi
910:PMC
900:doi
854:PMC
846:doi
746:.
671:not
654:PPE
573:CDC
557:HIV
521:'s
250:N95
162:.)
156:CFR
154:29
63:or
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