660:
648:
634:
t-shirt 51%—though fitting any DIY mask properly and ensuring a good seal around the mouth and nose is crucial. The use of common fabrics in making face masks has been tested. Filter efficiency can be improved with multiple layers, high weave density, and a mix of different types of fabrics. Cotton is the most commonly used material, and filter efficiencies can reach >80% for particles <300 nm with fabric combinations such as cotton-silk, cotton-chiffon, or cotton-flannel. The most protective cloth masks need at least three layers with a hydrophilic inner layer (e.g. cotton) to absorb moisture from the wearer's breathing and hydrophobic outer layers (e.g. polyester). Masks should be cleaned after each use. They can either be laundered or hand-washed in soapy hot water and dried with high heat.
162:
251:
765:. Compared with bacteria recovery from unmasked volunteers, a mask made of muslin and flannel reduced bacteria recovered on agar sedimentation plates by 99%, total airborne microorganisms by 99%, and bacteria recovered from aerosols (<4 ÎĽm) by 88% to 99%. In 1975, 4 medical masks and 1 commercially produced reusable mask made of 4 layers of cotton muslin were compared. Filtration efficiency, assessed by bacterial counts, was 96% to 99% for the medical masks and 99% for the cloth mask; for aerosols (<3.3 ÎĽm), it was 72% to 89% and 89%, respectively.
780:
263:
50:
1021:
212:, and by healthcare workers when surgical masks and respirators are unavailable. Cloth face masks are only recommended for use by healthcare workers as a last resort if supplies of surgical masks and respirators are exhausted. They are also used by the general public in household and community settings as perceived protection against both infectious diseases and
201:
contaminant accumulation and shedding, air flow, and inflammability. Like surgical masks, and unlike respirators, cloth face masks do not provide a seal around the face, and prior to the 2019 COVID-19 outbreak were generally not authorized by institutions for protection from sub-HEPA particle size (less than 0.3 um) Influenza Like
Illness (ILI).
316:
layers are also believed to offer adequate filtration and breathability. When producing cloth face masks, two parameters should be considered: filtration efficiency of the material and breathability. The filter quality factor known as "Q" is commonly used as an integrated filter quality indicator. It
2538:
WHO director-general Dr Tedros
Adhanom Ghebreyesus said on Friday that 'in light of evolving evidence, the WHO advises that governments should encourage the general public to wear masks where there is widespread transmission and physical distancing is difficult, such as on public transport, in shops
2301:
The idea of using respirators was pioneered by Pliny the Elder in the first century A.D. when he recommended the use of animal bladder to protect Roman miners from inhaling lead oxide dust. Early inventions did not stop with Pliny as in the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci, advised the use of a wet
1352:
Clase, C.M., Fu, E.L.F., Ashur, A., Beale, R.C.L., Clase, I.A., Dolovich, M.B., Jardine, M.J., Joseph, M., Kansiime, G., Mann, J.F.E., Pecoirs-Filho, R., Winkelmayer, W. C. and
Carrero, J. J. Forgotten technology in the COVID-19 pandemic. Filtration properties of cloth and cloth masks: a narrative
801:
On June 5, 2020, WHO changed its advice on face masks, recommending that the general public should wear fabric masks where widespread COVID-19 transmission exists and physical distancing is not possible (for example, "on public transport, in shops or in other confined or crowded environments").
200:
process. In addition, respirators, unlike cloth face masks, are regulated for their effectiveness based upon efficiency of minimum particle size filtered and/or maximum penetrating particle (MPP) size, along with other criteria such as outer splash/spray protection, inner splash/spray absorption,
601:
or guidance on the use of reusable cloth face masks. Most research had been performed in the early 20th century, before disposable surgical masks became prevalent. One 2010 study found that 40–90% of particles in the 20–1000 nm range penetrated a cloth mask and other fabric materials. The
633:
An experiment carried out in 2013 by Public Health
England, that country's health-protection agency, found that a commercially made surgical mask filtered 90% of virus particles from the air coughed out by participants, a vacuum cleaner bag filtered out 86%, a tea towel blocked 72% and a cotton
1366:
Matuschek, Christiane; Moll, Friedrich; Fangerau, Heiner; Fischer, Johannes C.; Zänker, Kurt; van
Griensven, Martijn; Schneider, Marion; Kindgen-Milles, Detlef; Knoefel, Wolfram Trudo; Lichtenberg, Artur; Tamaskovics, Balint; Djiepmo-Njanang, Freddy Joel; Budach, Wilfried; Corradini, Stefanie;
606:
for use as surgical masks. A Vietnamese study of healthcare workers compared influenza-like illness outcome among those wearing cloth masks versus medical masks. They concluded that cloth masks were ineffective at preventing transmission in high-risk clinical settings. Although discouraged in
629:
Compared with bacteria recovery from unmasked volunteers, a mask made of muslin and flannel reduced bacteria recovered on agar sedimentation plates by 99%, total airborne microorganisms by 99%, and bacteria recovered from aerosols (<4 ÎĽm) by 88% to 99%. In 1975, 4 medical masks and 1
883:
282:(WHO) recommends that cloth face masks should be worn in public where social distancing is not possible to help stop the spread of coronavirus. It notes that wearing a cloth face mask is just one of a range of tools that can be used to reduce the risk of transmission. The US
630:
commercially produced reusable mask made of 4 layers of cotton muslin were compared. Filtration efficiency, assessed by bacterial counts, was 96% to 99% for the medical masks and 99% for the cloth mask; for aerosols (<3.3 ÎĽm), it was 72% to 89% and 89%, respectively.
618:, 634 people were found to be infected—52% had no symptoms at the time of testing, including 18% who never developed symptoms. It is important to note that mask wearers are more likely to engage in other hygiene measures such as hand washing and
2504:
1335:
1367:
Häussinger, Dieter; Feldt, Torsten; Jensen, Björn; Pelka, Rainer; Orth, Klaus; Peiper, Matthias; Grebe, Olaf; Maas, Kitti; Gerber, Peter Arne; Pedoto, Alessia; Bölke, Edwin; Haussmann, Jan (August 12, 2020).
602:
performance of cloth face masks varies greatly with the shape, fit, and type of fabric, as well as the fabric fineness and number of layers. As of 2006, no cloth face masks had been cleared by the U.S.
96:, worn over the mouth and nose. When more effective masks are not available, and when physical distancing is impossible, cloth face masks are recommended by public health agencies for disease
940:
Godoy, Laura R. Garcia; Jones, Amy E.; Anderson, Taylor N.; Fisher, Cameron L.; Seeley, Kylie M. L.; Beeson, Erynn A.; Zane, Hannah K.; Peterson, Jaime W.; Sullivan, Peter D. (May 1, 2020).
610:
The primary role of masks worn by the general public is to "stop those who are already infected broadcasting the virus into the air around them". This is of particular importance with the
302:
also recommended that those aged over 60 years old or with underlying health risks require more protection and should wear medical masks in areas where there is community transmission.
324:
of the filtration properties of cloth and cloth masks concluded that, pending further research, evidence is strongest for 2 to 4 layers of plain weave cotton or flannel, at least 100
242:. But depending on the situation, reusable cloth masks with incorporated filters can block particles nearly as well as medical-grade masks can, as long as they fit securely.
180:, reusable cloth face masks were predominantly used by healthcare workers in developing countries and were especially prominent in Asia. Cloth face masks contrast with
1418:
2517:
Table 2: Examples of where the general public should be encouraged to use medical and non-medical masks in areas with known or suspected community transmission
841:"Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings"
1649:
1625:
Mondal, Agnibho; Das, Arnavjyoti; Goswami, Rama Prosad (May 11, 2020). "Utility of Cloth Masks in
Preventing Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Review".
317:
is a function of filtration efficiency and breathability, with higher values indicating better performance. Experts recommend Q-factor of three or higher.
1539:"Using face masks in the community - Reducing COVID-19 transmission from potentially asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic people through the use of face masks"
1308:
1682:
2167:
1543:
2044:"Simple Respiratory Protection—Evaluation of the Filtration Performance of Cloth Masks and Common Fabric Materials Against 20–1000 nm Size Particles"
1478:"Simple Respiratory Protection—Evaluation of the Filtration Performance of Cloth Masks and Common Fabric Materials Against 20–1000 nm Size Particles"
1447:
607:
clinical settings, cloth masks may still serve a useful role in reducing disease transmission in public settings according to a systematic review.
104:
situations to protect others from virus laden droplets in infected mask wearers' breath, coughs, and sneezes. Because they are less effective than
1715:
1538:
2339:
Before Sam
Peckinpah ever wore a bandana , before Paul Newman and Robert Redford ever got into western gear, these gentlemen train robbers
659:
1566:
MacIntyre, C. R.; Seale, H.; Dung, T. C.; Hien, N. T.; Nga, P. T.; Chughtai, A. A.; Rahman, B.; Dwyer, D. E.; Wang, Q. (April 22, 2015).
287:
2266:
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846:
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for the wearer as they typically have very low filter efficiency. There are no standards or regulation for self-made cloth face masks.
166:
144:
1288:
647:
774:
156:
2554:
222:
Several types of cloth face masks are available commercially, especially in Asia. Homemade masks can also be improvised using
1002:
1067:
615:
688:, which originated in India around 500 B.C.E, wear cloth masks to avoid accidentally inhaling insects as part of practicing
123:
Cloth face masks were routinely used by healthcare workers starting from the late 19th century. They fell out of use in the
2239:
1249:"Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission"
762:
583:
205:
97:
696:
advised the use of a wet woven cloth to protect against toxic agents of chemical warfare. In the early modern period, the
2609:
1268:
1089:
147:, as well as for environmental concerns and practicality. Launderable cloth electret filters were also being developed.
1248:
840:
2325:
250:
1313:
1985:
Davies, Anna; Thompson, Katy-Anne; Giri, Karthika; Kafatos, George; Walker, Jimmy; Bennett, Allan (May 22, 2013).
1861:
Davies, Anna; Thompson, Katy-Anne; Giri, Karthika; Kafatos, George; Walker, Jimmy; Bennett, Allan (May 22, 2013).
161:
614:, as silent transmission seems to be a key feature of its rapid spread. For example, of the people on board the
1354:
321:
132:
1920:"Professional and Home-Made Face Masks Reduce Exposure to Respiratory Infections among the General Population"
719:, which could protect the face from blown dust and also potentially doubled as a means of obscuring identity.
591:
117:
2211:
2594:
1424:
603:
783:
758:
598:
2479:
757:
in the 1960s, although their use continued in developing countries. They were used in Asia during the
684:
recommended that miners use animal bladders to protect against inhaling lead oxides. Some followers of
622:. Best practice is to implement multiple prevention techniques to reduce risk, as characterized by the
283:
306:
299:
279:
255:
1194:
726:
pioneered the use of rubber gloves and surgical face masks, although some
European surgeons such as
734:
had worn cotton gloves and masks earlier. These masks became commonplace after World War I and the
54:
A cloth face mask made out of 2-ply construction with layers of 85% polyester and 15% cotton fabric
2192:
723:
2614:
2599:
329:
1631:
2274:
1568:"A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers"
697:
2355:
2604:
2589:
2351:
2104:
Konda, Abhiteja; Prakash, Abhinav; Moss, Gregory A.; Schmoldt, Michael; Grant, Gregory D.;
1931:
1626:
731:
1269:"5 Myths About Coronavirus and Face Masks, Debunked. Are you wearing yours the right way?"
8:
2296:
587:
209:
113:
1935:
1918:
van der Sande, Marianne; Teunis, Peter; Sabel, Rob (July 9, 2008). Pai, Madhukar (ed.).
2402:
2144:
2109:
2078:
2043:
2019:
1986:
1962:
1919:
1895:
1862:
1838:
1805:
1602:
1567:
1512:
1477:
1395:
1368:
1128:
974:
941:
922:
798:, most countries recommended the use of cloth masks to reduce the spread of the virus.
623:
136:
1987:"Testing the Efficacy of Homemade Masks: Would They Protect in an Influenza Pandemic?"
1863:"Testing the Efficacy of Homemade Masks: Would They Protect in an Influenza Pandemic?"
1778:
1745:
1088:
Shakya, Kabindra M.; Noyes, Alyssa; Kallin, Randa; Peltier, Richard E. (May 1, 2017).
746:, although Western medics doubted their efficacy in preventing the spread of disease.
258:
showing the do's and don'ts of wearing a fabric mask to prevent the spread of COVID-19
2461:
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2024:
2006:
1967:
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1843:
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1607:
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914:
906:
795:
787:
743:
693:
666:
619:
611:
177:
170:
140:
124:
1155:"Use of cloth masks in the practice of infection control – evidence and policy gaps"
1090:"Evaluating the efficacy of cloth facemasks in reducing particulate matter exposure"
926:
2443:
2433:
2422:"Plague Masks: The Visual Emergence of Anti-Epidemic Personal Protection Equipment"
2384:
2139:
2121:
2073:
2055:
2014:
1998:
1957:
1939:
1890:
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1055:
969:
953:
898:
295:
2438:
2421:
2315:
2110:"Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks"
1944:
1761:
754:
681:
291:
193:
2389:
2373:"A brief history of medical uniforms: from ancient history to the COVID-19 time"
2372:
1584:
1153:
Chughtai, Abrar Ahmad; Seale, Holly; MacIntyre, Chandini Raina (June 19, 2013).
1054:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. July 24, 2006. pp. 6, 36–38.
884:"Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings"
2244:
1385:
25:
2569:
2559:
957:
779:
309:
recommends using masks with at least three layers of different materials. Two
2583:
2457:
2135:
2105:
2069:
2010:
1953:
1886:
1829:
1769:
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1661:
1593:
1503:
1206:
1180:
1171:
1116:
1025:
965:
942:"Facial protection for healthcare workers during pandemics: a scoping review"
910:
750:
712:
701:
372:
313:
271:
216:
181:
109:
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2060:
1494:
1355:
https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30826-0/fulltext
262:
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1971:
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1404:
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983:
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231:
213:
197:
21:
2371:
O'Donnell, V. R.; Chinelatto, L. A.; Rodrigues, C.; Hojaij, F. C. (2020).
1847:
1154:
70:
2505:"Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: Interim guidance"
1293:
820:
739:
735:
727:
2570:
Mayo Clinic expert on nonmedical mask use to prevent public transmission
2002:
1978:
1878:
1108:
700:
included a beaked face-mask worn to protect the wearer from infectious "
116:
in protecting the wearer against viruses, they are not considered to be
2448:
1419:"FAQs on the Emergency Use Authorization for Face Masks (Non-Surgical)"
185:
2370:
1051:
Reusability of
Facemasks During an Influenza Pandemic: Facing the Flu
902:
465:
428:
1806:"The efficiency of surgical masks of varying design and composition"
49:
1059:
1049:
716:
378:
310:
189:
128:
105:
101:
17:
1911:
2573:
2563:
2099:
2097:
1024:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1003:"Use of Cloth Face Coverings to Help Slow the Spread of COVID-19"
685:
670:
227:
223:
89:
2302:
woven cloth to protect against toxic agents of chemical warfare.
2035:
1650:"Should the public wear masks to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2?"
1683:"How important is "silent spreading" in the covid-19 epidemic?"
708:
689:
93:
2094:
673:
refuses a person who attempts to board without wearing a mask.
556:
537:
267:
239:
235:
1365:
1097:
Journal of
Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
1369:"Face masks: benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis"
85:
29:
16:
For the mask approved for the prevention of infection from
2042:
Rengasamy, S.; Eimer, B.; Shaffer, R. E. (June 28, 2010).
1716:"Advice on Reopening Business: Frequently Asked Questions"
219:
and to contain the wearer's exhaled virus laden droplets.
204:
In healthcare settings, they are used on sick patients as
1984:
1860:
811:
653:
In 1918, the Red Cross recommended two-layer gauze masks.
586:
to reduce disease transmission arising from the wearer's
35:
Mask made of common textiles worn over the mouth and nose
2530:"Coronavirus: WHO advises to wear masks in public areas"
2360:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia W.B. Saunders. p. 761.
2103:
1917:
1231:"Coronavirus: WHO advises to wear masks in public areas"
1087:
939:
1746:"Method for Evaluating Effectiveness of Surgical Masks"
1336:"Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19"
1565:
1152:
2041:
1475:
2507:. World health Organization. June 5, 2020. p. 7
2350:
1471:
1469:
1289:"COVID-19: How much protection do face masks offer?"
738:
epidemic of 1918. Cloth face masks were promoted by
1448:"Meat and Poultry Processing Workers and Employers"
882:MacIntyre, C. R.; Chughtai, A. A. (April 9, 2015).
2185:
1544:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2120:(5). American Chemical Society (ACS): 6339–6347.
1756:(3). American Society for Microbiology: 663–667.
1466:
881:
2581:
1997:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 413–418.
1991:Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
1867:Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
1624:
1281:
1452:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1007:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
143:, their use in developed countries was revived
2539:or in other confined or crowded environments'.
2212:"Jain Ascetics Give It All Up for Their Faith"
1930:(7). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e2618.
1816:(12). Oxford University Press (OUP): 936–940.
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:"Coronavirus Face Masks & Protection FAQs"
749:Cloth masks were largely supplanted by modern
127:in favor of disposable surgical masks with an
2168:"Coronavirus: How to Care for Your Face Mask"
1799:
1797:
1739:
1737:
1261:
1225:
1223:
2054:(7). Oxford University Press (OUP): 789–98.
1743:
2522:
2480:"Which Countries Are Requiring Face Masks?"
1321:
1301:
288:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
169:on using and making cloth masks during the
2313:
1794:
1734:
1220:
1159:International Journal of Infection Control
847:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
167:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
48:
2447:
2437:
2388:
2240:"A Jainist Monk Brings Ascetic Ways Here"
2143:
2125:
2077:
2059:
2018:
1961:
1943:
1894:
1837:
1777:
1630:
1601:
1583:
1511:
1493:
1476:Rengasamy S, Eimer B, Shaffer RE (2010).
1394:
1384:
1241:
1170:
973:
336:Comparison of materials for fabric masks
298:all concur with this recommendation. The
2555:CDC Mask Guidance – Help Slow the Spread
2419:
814:- a mask designed to stop the spread of
778:
261:
249:
160:
1803:
1488:(7). Oxford University Press: 789–798.
833:
775:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic
208:to reduce disease transmission through
157:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic
2582:
2420:Lynteris, Christos (August 18, 2018).
2238:Briggs, Kenneth A. (August 28, 1975).
2237:
2210:George, Nirmala (September 11, 2005).
2209:
1533:
1531:
1353:review. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2020;
933:
2299:. Cambridge Mask Co. March 28, 2016.
2193:"Gauze Mask to Halt Spread of Plague"
1644:
1642:
1373:European Journal of Medical Research
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
997:
995:
993:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
768:
744:Manchurian pneumonic plague outbreak
274:and the black one is made of cotton.
266:Two French cloth masks certified by
1528:
1440:
13:
2048:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
1744:Greene, V. W.; Vesley, D. (1962).
1639:
245:
14:
2626:
2548:
1139:
1076:
1031:
990:
862:
582:Cloth face masks can be used for
2560:NPR: 3 Tips for Safer Face Masks
2199:. September 27, 1918. p. 3.
1314:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
1019:
761:, and in West Africa during the
658:
646:
577:
2497:
2472:
2413:
2364:
2344:
2307:
2289:
2259:
2231:
2203:
2160:
1854:
1722:. Cleveland Clinic. May 4, 2021
1708:
1675:
1618:
1559:
1411:
1359:
1346:
784:Rhode Island National Guardsmen
135:, but cloth masks persisted in
1482:Annals of Occupational Hygiene
1195:"The Best Reusable Face Masks"
1187:
597:As of 2015, there had been no
1:
2439:10.1080/01459740.2017.1423072
826:
592:personal protective equipment
332:of this review is available.
118:personal protective equipment
2484:Council on Foreign Relations
1945:10.1371/journal.pone.0002618
1762:10.1128/jb.83.3.663-667.1962
1425:Food and Drug Administration
616:Diamond Princess cruise ship
604:Food and Drug Administration
270:. The white mask is made of
7:
2390:10.1590/0100-6991e-20202597
2297:"The History of Respirator"
1632:10.1101/2020.05.07.20093864
1585:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006577
805:
669:, a streetcar conductor in
120:by public health agencies.
10:
2631:
2610:Infection-control measures
2320:. MetroBooks. p. 17.
2314:Guttmacher, Peter (1995).
1810:British Journal of Surgery
1386:10.1186/s40001-020-00430-5
786:sew face masks during the
772:
637:
599:randomized clinical trials
284:Center for Disease Control
154:
15:
1804:Quesnel, Louis B (1975).
958:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002553
590:, but are not considered
307:World Health Organization
300:World Health Organization
280:World Health Organization
256:World Health Organization
67:
59:
47:
42:
1172:10.3396/IJIC.v9i3.020.13
763:2013–2016 Ebola epidemic
485:Cellulose (paper towel)
150:
2172:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
2127:10.1021/acsnano.0c03252
1750:Journal of Bacteriology
759:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
724:William Stewart Halsted
692:. In the 16th century,
375:(interfacing material)
165:Guidance from the U.S.
131:(electrically charged)
1822:10.1002/bjs.1800621203
791:
519:Cotton (handkerchief)
330:plain-language summary
275:
259:
173:
2061:10.1093/annhyg/meq044
1495:10.1093/annhyg/meq044
782:
698:plague-doctor costume
322:peer-reviewed summary
265:
254:Infographic from the
253:
164:
2426:Medical Anthropology
2352:Fielding H. Garrison
2197:The Washington Times
732:Jan Mikulicz-Radecki
588:respiratory droplets
210:respiratory droplets
192:, which are made of
137:developing countries
2595:History of medicine
2357:History of Medicine
2277:on November 1, 2020
2003:10.1017/dmp.2013.43
1936:2008PLoSO...3.2618V
1879:10.1017/dmp.2013.43
1720:clevelandclinic.org
1201:. January 6, 2022.
1109:10.1038/jes.2016.42
337:
114:physical distancing
2317:Legendary Westerns
2267:"Jainism in India"
2108:(April 24, 2020).
1199:The New York Times
792:
624:Swiss cheese model
341:Material (source)
335:
276:
260:
174:
2217:Los Angeles Times
1069:978-0-309-10182-0
946:BMJ Global Health
897:(apr09 1): h694.
796:COVID-19 pandemic
788:COVID-19 pandemic
769:COVID-19 pandemic
715:often included a
694:Leonardo da Vinci
667:1918 flu pandemic
620:social distancing
612:COVID-19 pandemic
575:
574:
559:(exercise pants)
448:Cotton (T-shirt)
411:Cotton (T-shirt)
394:Cotton (sweater)
196:formed through a
178:COVID-19 pandemic
171:COVID-19 pandemic
141:COVID-19 pandemic
78:
77:
2622:
2542:
2541:
2536:. June 6, 2020.
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2341:
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2311:
2305:
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2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2273:. Archived from
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2256:
2254:
2252:
2235:
2229:
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2226:
2224:
2207:
2201:
2200:
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2164:
2158:
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2147:
2129:
2101:
2092:
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2063:
2039:
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1982:
1976:
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1965:
1947:
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1909:
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1841:
1801:
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1622:
1616:
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1605:
1587:
1563:
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1554:
1552:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1497:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1454:. April 26, 2020
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1428:. April 26, 2020
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1317:. June 25, 2020.
1305:
1299:
1298:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1274:Cleveland Clinic
1265:
1259:
1258:
1257:. April 3, 2020.
1245:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1150:
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1094:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1046:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
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999:
988:
987:
977:
937:
931:
930:
903:10.1136/bmj.h694
888:
879:
860:
859:
857:
855:
837:
790:, April 6, 2020.
680:In Roman times,
662:
650:
338:
334:
296:Cleveland Clinic
145:due to shortages
98:"source control"
71:edit on Wikidata
52:
40:
39:
2630:
2629:
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2498:
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2271:people.uwec.edu
2265:
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2191:
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2102:
2095:
2040:
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1983:
1979:
1916:
1912:
1859:
1855:
1802:
1795:
1742:
1735:
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1723:
1714:
1713:
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1666:
1664:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1623:
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1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1547:. April 8, 2020
1537:
1536:
1529:
1474:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1417:
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1412:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1342:. June 5, 2020.
1334:
1333:
1322:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:. May 28, 2020.
1287:
1286:
1282:
1277:. June 4, 2020.
1267:
1266:
1262:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1237:. June 6, 2020.
1229:
1228:
1221:
1211:
1209:
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1188:
1151:
1140:
1092:
1086:
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1012:
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1009:. April 4, 2020
1001:
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934:
886:
880:
863:
853:
851:
839:
838:
834:
829:
808:
777:
771:
755:nonwoven fabric
742:in the 1910–11
682:Pliny the Elder
678:
677:
676:
675:
674:
663:
655:
654:
651:
640:
580:
468:(tissue paper)
431:(toddler wrap)
366:
364:
362:
357:
355:
351:Efficiency (%)
350:
348:
292:The Mayo Clinic
248:
246:Recommendations
194:nonwoven fabric
159:
153:
133:filter material
125:developed world
88:made of common
82:cloth face mask
74:
55:
43:Cloth face mask
36:
33:
12:
11:
5:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
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2550:
2549:External links
2547:
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2496:
2471:
2432:(6): 442–457.
2412:
2363:
2343:
2326:
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2288:
2258:
2245:New York Times
2230:
2202:
2184:
2159:
2106:Guha, Supratik
2093:
2034:
1977:
1910:
1873:(4): 413–418.
1853:
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1578:(4): e006577.
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1103:(3): 352–357.
1075:
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1060:10.17226/11637
1030:
989:
952:(5): e002553.
932:
861:
850:. May 18, 2020
831:
830:
828:
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824:
823:
818:
807:
804:
773:Main article:
770:
767:
751:surgical masks
711:attire in the
664:
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584:source control
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182:surgical masks
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110:surgical masks
76:
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45:
44:
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26:N95 respirator
9:
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3:
2:
2627:
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2615:2020s fashion
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2383:: e20202597.
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1654:The Economist
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707:Conventional
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578:Effectiveness
570:
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373:Polypropylene
371:
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333:
331:
327:
323:
318:
315:
314:polypropylene
312:
308:
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293:
289:
286:, along with
285:
281:
273:
272:polypropylene
269:
264:
257:
252:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:handkerchiefs
229:
225:
220:
218:
217:air pollution
215:
211:
207:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:Prior to the
172:
168:
163:
158:
148:
146:
142:
139:. During the
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
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99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
72:
66:
62:
58:
51:
46:
41:
38:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2516:
2509:. Retrieved
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:
2474:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2338:
2331:. Retrieved
2316:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2270:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2243:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2215:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:
2162:
2117:
2113:
2051:
2047:
2037:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1813:
1809:
1753:
1749:
1724:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1653:
1620:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1542:
1485:
1481:
1456:. Retrieved
1451:
1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1348:
1339:
1312:
1303:
1292:
1283:
1272:
1263:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1210:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1162:
1158:
1100:
1096:
1050:
1011:. Retrieved
1006:
949:
945:
935:
894:
890:
852:. Retrieved
844:
835:
816:tuberculosis
800:
793:
748:
721:
706:
679:
632:
628:
609:
596:
581:
326:thread count
319:
304:
277:
221:
203:
198:melt blowing
175:
122:
81:
79:
37:
22:tuberculosis
2605:Air filters
2590:Cloth masks
2449:10023/16472
2281:October 31,
2251:October 31,
2223:October 31,
1294:Mayo Clinic
821:Nose filter
794:During the
740:Wu Lien-teh
736:Spanish flu
728:Paul Berger
665:During the
349:Filtration
214:particulate
186:respirators
63:Fabric mask
60:Other names
2584:Categories
2572:(video on
2562:(video on
2511:August 21,
2489:January 5,
2333:August 21,
827:References
365:factor, Q
358:drop (Pa)
344:Structure
155:See also:
92:, usually
2458:0145-9740
2407:219563013
2177:August 4,
2136:1936-0851
2070:1475-3162
2011:1935-7893
1954:1932-6203
1887:1935-7893
1830:0007-1323
1770:0021-9193
1700:April 20,
1695:0013-0613
1667:April 20,
1662:0013-0613
1594:2044-6055
1504:0003-4878
1379:(1): 32.
1212:March 28,
1207:0362-4331
1181:1996-9783
1117:1559-064X
966:2059-7908
911:1756-1833
466:Cellulose
429:Polyester
356:Pressure
190:N95 masks
106:N95 masks
18:pathogens
2534:BBC News
2466:30427733
2399:32520135
2354:(1921).
2154:32329337
2114:ACS Nano
2088:20584862
2029:24229526
1972:18612429
1924:PLOS ONE
1905:24229526
1788:13901536
1726:June 14,
1612:25903751
1572:BMJ Open
1522:20584862
1405:32787926
1125:27531371
1013:April 5,
984:32371574
927:46366687
919:25858901
806:See also
753:made of
722:In 1890
717:bandanna
536:Cotton,
379:spunbond
363:quality
354:Initial
347:Initial
311:spunbond
228:T-shirts
224:bandanas
188:such as
129:electret
102:epidemic
90:textiles
2574:YouTube
2564:YouTube
2145:7185834
2079:7314261
2020:7108646
1963:2440799
1932:Bibcode
1896:7108646
1848:1203649
1839:7161878
1627:medRxiv
1603:4420971
1551:May 21,
1513:7314261
1432:May 21,
1396:7422455
1133:8794360
975:7228486
854:May 21,
686:Jainism
671:Seattle
638:History
488:bonded
471:bonded
361:Filter
236:scarves
20:, like
2464:
2456:
2405:
2397:
2324:
2152:
2142:
2134:
2086:
2076:
2068:
2027:
2017:
2009:
1970:
1960:
1952:
1903:
1893:
1885:
1846:
1836:
1828:
1786:
1779:279325
1776:
1768:
1693:
1660:
1629:
1610:
1600:
1592:
1520:
1510:
1502:
1458:May 8,
1403:
1393:
1205:
1179:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1066:
982:
972:
964:
925:
917:
909:
709:cowboy
702:miasma
690:ahimsa
562:woven
542:woven
522:woven
505:woven
451:woven
367:(kPa)
294:, and
240:towels
94:cotton
24:, see
2403:S2CID
1423:U.S.
1165:(3).
1129:S2CID
1093:(PDF)
923:S2CID
887:(PDF)
845:U.S.
557:Nylon
551:0.47
538:gauze
531:0.48
440:12.3
434:knit
420:14.5
414:knit
397:knit
389:16.9
328:. A
268:AFNOR
238:, or
151:Usage
112:, or
84:is a
69:[
2513:2020
2491:2021
2462:PMID
2454:ISSN
2395:PMID
2335:2020
2322:ISBN
2283:2020
2253:2020
2225:2020
2179:2020
2150:PMID
2132:ISSN
2084:PMID
2066:ISSN
2025:PMID
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