1182:. On 7 January, the Soviet President Mikheil Gorbachev ordered all armed formations to leave the region except those of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. This also meant removal of the Georgian MVD and KGB troops which had been placed there since 12 December 1990. Gorbachev declared the South Ossetian declaration of independence from Georgia (while April 1990 law granted autonomies many new rights, it still did not grant them right to change their status) and Georgia's abolition of South Ossetia's autonomy as illegitimate. On 9 January, the Georgian Supreme Soviet held an extraordinary session and declared Gorbachev’s decree as "interference into Georgia’s internal affairs". Chairman of Georgia’s Supreme Soviet Zviad Gamsakhurdia stated that Gorbachev had provoked the confrontation to impose a direct presidential rule in the region, and that Georgia would not obey his decrees. Meanwhile, North and South Ossetia supported Gorbachev's decision.
1145:, a militia network across the region was created and professionalized as the South Ossetian force grew to 1,500 full-time fighters plus 3,500 volunteers. Georgia's forces were in much poorer shape. The ragtag Georgian forces composed of ethnic Georgians were not as well trained and equipped as their opponents. The Georgian National Guard that fought in the war was formed in January 1991, just before the fighting started. It was supposed to be a 12,000 strong force raised by conscription, but because of financial difficulties it had to be formed from volunteers instead. Several informal Georgian militias also participated in the conflict, including White Eagles (splinter group of the National Guard), White George, Black Panthers, Kutaisi National Guard and Merab Kostava Society. In late 1991, Gamsakhurdia purchased from Romania 1,000
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Ossetia proclaimed the state sovereignty. In early June, Georgians advanced further towards the direction of the
Tskhinvali and caputed the village of Teki in the vicinity of the city. On 10 June 1992, chairman of Georgia's State Council Eduard Shevardnadze and North Ossetian President Akhsarbek Galazov agreed on a ceasefire and a joint commission to monitor the situation, but the agreement collapsed soon, and fighting concentrated around the village of Teki. Georgians launched artillery assault on Tskhinvali. At that time, the South Ossetian conflict was one of the points of contention in Russia between the
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1041:). It is believed that the SAOA was established by central Soviet government in exchange for Ossetian loyalty and support of Russian Bolsheviks in their fight against Georgian Mensheviks. This area had never been a separate entity prior to the Russian invasion. The drawing of administrative boundaries of the South Ossetian AO was quite a complicated process. Many Georgian villages were included within the South Ossetian AO despite numerous protests by the Georgian population. While the city of
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1134:, accused Russia of military involvement in the conflict. At the same time, the Ossetians claimed that Russian military and police failed to protect the local civilian population during Georgian attacks on Tskhinvali and surrounding Ossetian villages. The Georgian side claimed there was overt help from military units of the
1335:
in North
Ossetia. During the war Georgian paramilitary groups committed acts of violence against Ossetian civilians within South Ossetia that were motivated by the desire to expel Ossetians and reclaim villages for Georgia, and by sheer revenge against the Ossetian people. Between 60 and 100 villages
1249:
in
Tbilisi against Gamsakhurdia, leading to some Georgian paramilitaries departing from South Ossetia to Tbilisi. During the Tbilisi coup, violence in South Ossetia was limited to sporadic gunfire outside Tskhinvali. The conflict intensified in January 1992. Taking advantage of political paralysis in
1196:
According to TASS, barricades reappeared in
Tskhinvali on 30 January, and the Soviet troops were ambushed while trying to take them down on the next day. According to Georgians, the Ossetians started burning down houses belonging to Georgians in Tskhinvali and surrounding villages, while according to
1177:
The urban warfare raged in
Tskhinvali in the following three weeks. Tskhinvali was divided into an Ossetian-controlled western part and a Georgian-controlled eastern part. Ossetians engaged in shoot-outs with Georgian troops and threw home-made bombs, but later began to shoot from houses as Georgians
1077:
adopted a policy of supporting separatist entities within these republics to pressure them to remain in the Soviet Union. In April 1990, a law on the 'Delimitation of Powers' was passed by the USSR Supreme Soviet, which equalized rights of autonomies with those of the union republics. This meant that
1232:
In May 1991, an agreement was signed between
Georgia, North Ossetia, the USSR, and the RSFSR to create a Joint Commission to resolve the conflict. In the period of June, July and August, the region remained relatively peaceful. A Joint Commission failed to be re-established after the summer vacation
1200:
The war in South
Ossetia remained remarkably static, if brutal, throughout its course and had several peaks of intense fighting. Georgian forces took up positions in the hills around Tskhinvali and besieged the city. Other fighting took place around the city in the nearby villages and along the road
1185:
On 25 January 1991, a ceasefire was negotiated by the Soviet troops between
Georgian Minister of Internal Affairs Dilar Khabuliani and Ossetian representatives, which led to the Georgians withdrawal to the hills around the city. However, the economic blockade of South Ossetia was kept in
1094:
which asserted the priority of the constituent republican power over the central power on their territories. While this did not mean full secession from the USSR, it was an important step towards such development. In May 1990, Georgian SSR passed a declaration of sovereignty. At the same time, at an
1157:
In
December 1990, the situation in the region became increasingly chaotic. Towards the end of 1990, the situation for ethnic Georgians in Tskhinvali worsened sharply. There were reports of multiple cases of lootings and beatings committed both by Georgian and Ossetian paramilitaries. On 12 December
1111:
declared independence from
Georgia. The South Ossetian Soviet Democratic Republic was proclaimed within the Soviet Union. This contradicted plans of Georgian dissidents who wanted to declare independence from the USSR. The Georgian dissidents claimed that the Soviet authorities were using Ossetian
1099:
of the Georgian SSR convened on 9 March 1990, the Soviet invasion of Georgia was officially denounced as "an occupation and effective annexation of Georgia by Soviet Russia." The Soviet Georgian government made another concession to the pro-independence movement in Georgia after officially dubbing
1277:
On 12 May 1992 Georgian officials sent 250 policemen to Tskhinvali, but Ossetian militants tried to capture them and led an assault on Georgian villages of Tamarasheni and Eredvi. Georgians counter-attacked and captured the village of Prisi near Tskhinvali. On 29 May, the Supreme Soviet of South
1336:
were burned down, destroyed by Georgian forces or otherwise abandoned. Several villages were ethnically cleansed by Georgian forces. On the other side, Georgians living in Ossetian controlled territory were "easy targets": Houses occupied by Georgians were singled out, looted and burned down.
1323:
The military action of the conflict was "confused and anarchic". Neither side had disciplined armed formations, and commanders and soldiers were often acting in their own interests, even Russian local commanders. Military groups were controlled by political factions and not accountable to the
1165:
TASS reported on 28 December that some 2,000 people had stormed police headquarters in the South Ossetian capital, Tskhinvali, on 27 December and taken a group of Georgian policemen hostage. The hostages were released only after police set free a local man arrested for illegal possession of a
1158:
1990, gunmen driving a car in Tskhinvali opened fire from a submachine gun, killing three Georgians and wounding two in what has been described as a terrorist attack and an act of ethnic violence. Following this, Georgia declared a state of emergency in the South Ossetia. The units of the
1116:
were held in Georgian SSR, which saw a coalition of pro-independence Georgian dissidents led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia winning the majority in the Supreme Soviet. The election was boycotted by South Ossetians, and they responded by organizing their own vote for a South Ossetian parliament.
1213:, northeast Georgia, and agreed to push for efforts to withdraw Soviet troops from South Ossetia and create a joint Georgian-Russian police force to restore peace in the region. On 24 March, a temporary ceasefire was signed. However, the RSFSR Supreme Soviet rejected the agreement.
1120:
On 11 December 1990, Zviad Gamsakhurdia's government declared the South Ossetian election illegitimate and abolished South Ossetia's political status altogether to counteract separatism. Gamsakhurdia said that Ossetians had no right to declare independence on Georgian territory.
1331:, the Georgian residents in Tskhinvali began to leave the city as soon as the war started on 6 January 1991 because of street fightings and Ossetian violence on Georgians. At the same time, Georgian paramilitaries began similar retaliations and Ossetian civilians fled to
1306:
was signed between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Georgian leader Eduard Shevardnadze. The ceasefire agreement left South Ossetia divided into areas controlled by Georgia and areas controlled by the unrecognised government of South Ossetia. It also created the
1254:
on Ossetian-controlled territories on proclaiming independence or joining Russian Federation. Using its newly-obtained weapons and in particular artillery, Georgian National Guard and Mkhedrioni forces began a siege of Tskhinvali and outlying villages.
1129:
South Ossetian forces consisted of militia, volunteers from North Ossetia and other regions in North Caucasus. Most of their equipment and arms were former Soviet arms abandoned following the break-up of the Soviet Union. Former Georgian president,
1053:. In 1989, around 98,000 people lived in South Ossetia. Of these, 66.61% were Ossetian and 29.44% Georgian. Another 99,000 Ossetians lived throughout the rest of Georgia. The South Ossetian Popular Front (Ademon Nykhas) was created in 1988, a first
1237:
in Moscow, and the fighting resumed. In mid-September, Gamsakhurdia ordered the Georgian National Guard to advance into South Ossetia. As the National Guard was in the active state of mutiny against the President and Georgia was on the brink of
1173:
entered the city. According to Georgian media, the units sent to South Ossetia numbered 3000 men. Georgia also imposed an economic blockade on South Ossetia and blocked the road to Tskhinvali, while the Ossetians blockaded Georgian villages.
1344:(part of Russia) and a further 23,000 ethnic Georgians fled from South Ossetia and settled in other Georgian areas. The flow of refugees into Northern Ossetia aggravated the tense ethnic situation there and played a significant role in the
1057:
organization in the region which called for separation from Georgia. On 10 November 1989, the local South Ossetian authorities made a decision to transform South Ossetia into an "autonomous republic". This decision was revoked by the
1294:
issued a heavy-handed statement against Georgia, accusing Georgia of "genocide" and threatening to annex South Ossetia if Georgia did not sign a ceasefire agreement on placement of Russian peacekeepers. Russian troops mobilized near
1086:
began to grow in South Ossetia and Abkhazia with clandestine and open support from Moscow. The Ossetian and also Abkhaz separatists began to voice demands against Georgia, and received the arms and financial assistance from Kremlin.
994:
In 18th century, Ossetians became the first people in the Caucasus to form an alliance with Russia. Ossetia was among the first areas of the northern Caucasus to come under Russian domination, starting in 1774, and the capital,
1224:
and several other villages. Georgians had mostly left Ossetian areas and vice versa. The Dzhava district, a mountainous and hardly accessible region, remained largely unaffected by fighting, but on 29 April 1991 it suffered an
958:
The territory of South Ossetia was part of Georgian kingdoms throughout antiquity and middle ages. Ossetian migration to the region began in the 13th and 14th centuries and is believed to be connected to the fall of Kingdom of
1299:, and Russian helicopter gunships opened fire on Georgian tanks. The Georgian media reported that Georgia and Russia were on the brink of war and that the relations between the countries "had never been so tense".
1339:
During the war, approximately 1,000 people died. It also led to the creation of large numbers of refugees: more than 40,000 ethnic Ossetians were forced to flee from South Ossetia and Georgia proper, mainly into
1713:
1311:(including Georgia, Russia, North Ossetia and South Ossetia) and, under JCC mandate, introduced the joint peacekeeping forces (JPKF), made up of Georgian, Russian and Ossetian soldiers. A small number of
1048:
During the collapse of the Soviet Union, the tensions began to grow between Georgians and Ossetians as Georgians pushed for independence from the Soviet Union, while Ossetians wanted to remain within the
1216:
Zviad Gamsakhurdia asserted that the Soviet leadership was encouraging South Ossetian separatism in order to force Georgia not to leave the Soviet Union. Georgia declared its independence in April 1991.
1290:, while the democrats supported Georgia's territorial integrity. As Russian President Boris Yeltsin departed to the USA and Canada to agree on the Western aid to Russia, chairman of Russian parliament
1193:
was arrested in Tbilisi. Georgian MVD had completed their withdrawal from Tskhinvali and according to a Georgian MVD spokesman, no shooting had been reported in the town for past three days.
947:
1002:
The first use of the term "South Ossetia" is recorded in the 19th century, after the territory of South Ossetia, along with the rest of Georgia, became part of Russian Empire. Following the
866:
1062:. On 23 November 1989, Georgians led by dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia planned to organize a rally against what they saw as growing separatist tendencies of South Ossetian authorities in
2315:
1308:
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1082:, which many union republics rejected. Gorbachev warned Georgia that if it tried to leave the "brotherly union", it would face problems in the regions on its own territory. An
1938:
DECREE ISSUED AT THE 13TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE 11TH CONVOCATION OF THE GEORGIAN SSR on Guarantees for Protection of State Sovereignty of Georgia
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In the first days of January 1991, several Georgian militiamen were assassinated in Tskhinvali. On the night of 5 to 6 January 1991, the additional Georgian MVD units and the
1108:
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Ossetians, Georgians starting shelling the city from the hills. In February 1991, the Soviet troops were patrolling Tskhinvali with the fighting renewing sporadically.
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859:
522:
1059:
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According to Gerasim Khugaev, a South Ossetian chief administrator who replaced Torez Kulumbegov, by April 1991 Ossetians controlled the city of Tskhinvali, the
1162:
and the KGB entered the region to enforce the state of emergency. The commander of the Georgian Interior Ministry troops was appointed as mayor of Tskhinvali.
1413:
1312:
852:
1952:
1066:, the capital of South Ossetia. South Ossetians prevented this by blocking the road. Violent clashes broke out resulting in several people being wounded.
1985:
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389:
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rifles at an apparently discounted price, $ 150 each, when the typical price for a Kalashnikov rifle during 1990–1991 was in the $ 250–$ 300 range.
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505:
17:
975:'s armies. They retreated into the mountains of the central Caucasus and gradually started moving south, across the Caucasus Mountains into the
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2171:
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involvement. Independent sources confirm that the Russian army assisted and supplied the Ossetian rebels during the conflict. In March 1992,
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dominated by left-wing and nationalist opposition, and the democrats or pro-Western group which supported Russian President
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firearm. By 1 January 1991, Ossetians had built barricades in Tskhinvali with concrete slabs, sandbags and trolley buses.
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respective governments. This led to the violation of ceasefires, taking of hostages and bombardment of civilian targets.
1205:. The most intense period of war was in March and April 1991. On 23 March 1991, the chairman of Russia's Supreme Soviet,
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1037:(SOAO) by the Soviet administration under pressure from Kavburo (the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the
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900:
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Bloodshed in the Caucasus: violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia – South Ossetia conflict
1141:
In early 1990, South Ossetia had only 300–400 poorly armed fighters. Led by the South Ossetian "Defense Minister"
1104:
as an "illegal occupation" and announced first multiparty election in the republic to take place in October 1990.
62:
Map of South Ossetia after the war, showing territories under Georgian and under South Ossetian separatist control
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2806:
2643:
1459:
999:, was the first Russian military outpost in the region. By 1830, Ossetia was completely under Russian control.
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1914:
1804:
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1948:
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separatism to pressure Georgia to remain in the Soviet Union. On 28 October 1990, the first free parliamentary
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551:
41:
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1497:
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2743:
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1026:
619:
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2137:. Central Asia and The Caucasus, Information and Analytical Center. 27 May 2004 – via Google Books.
1827:
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1981:
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546:
326:
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314:
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Emil A. Pain, "Contagious Ethnic Conflicts and Border Disputes Along Russia’s Southern Flank", p.185
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1279:
1242:, only a few detachments followed the order, and they were repelled by the South Ossetian militia.
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371:
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In late December 1991, the armed opposition and the rebel factions of the National Guard launched
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On 30 January, a leader of South Ossetian separatists, chairman of South Ossetian Oblast Soviet
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did not have a majority Ossetian population, it was made the capital of the South Ossetian AO.
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651:
600:
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2023:
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2621:
1226:
814:
784:
674:
1498:
Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Violations of humanitarian law in the Georgian-Ossetian Conflict
1054:
57:
8:
2693:
2320:
2153:
1418:
1263:
1131:
796:
189:
1723:
2811:
2678:
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1935:
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1239:
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976:
905:
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177:
45:
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988:
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208:
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119:
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1722:] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Кера - XXI. 1994. pp. 153–161. Archived from
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1007:
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1286:. The left-wing and nationalist groups called for an anti-Georgian policy and
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2821:
2703:
1683:
1555:
1341:
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1206:
1202:
968:
935:
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government forces and ethnic Georgian militias on one side and the forces of
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809:
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447:
361:
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260:
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139:
134:
1551:
Near Abroad – Putin, the West, and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus
2826:
2441:
2748:
2738:
2535:
2483:
2462:
Newspaper "Republic of Georgia", N203, 6 October 1992, p. 3 (in Georgian)
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1332:
1234:
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996:
253:
490:
2765:
2683:
2074:
1063:
1042:
980:
779:
1463:
1910:
1794:
1772:
De Waal et al, Beyond Frozen Conflict, chapter 6. South Ossetia Today
1019:
1011:
1775:
2575:
2478:
1023:
2229:
Newspaper "Republic of Georgia", N5, 9 January 1991 (in Georgian)
2172:"THE TRADE DECISION; A Curfew Is Declared In the Soviet Caucasus"
1462:. Danish Association for Research on the Caucasus. Archived from
1210:
2123:. Oxford University Press. 27 May 2003 – via Google Books.
1647:(in Georgian). Sak'art'velos Saxalxo Damc'veli. pp. 9, 63.
2358:
Confidence-building matters: the Georgia-South Ossetia conflict
2338:
Confidence-building matters: the Georgia-South Ossetia conflict
2212:
Confidence-building matters: the Georgia-South Ossetia conflict
1593:
1259:
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princes, Ossetians started a second wave of migration from the
960:
939:
396:
284:
272:
151:
146:
2536:
Russia. The Ingush-Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region
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and left South Ossetia divided between the rival authorities.
1146:
1090:
To counter Gorbachev's plans, the union republics passed the
972:
1884:
1022:
Georgia. Initially Georgia was successful, but in 1921, the
1258:
In spring 1992 the fighting escalated again, with sporadic
76:(1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)
1887:
History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day
1274:, which consumed much of the new government's attention.
2080:
Understanding civil war: evidence and analysis, Volume 2
1250:
Tbilisi, on 19 January 1992 the separatists organized a
2316:"Soviet Georgians, Ossetians locked in bitter struggle"
1288:
annexation of South Ossetia into the Russian Federation
2192:"Effects From South Ossetia War Linger 30 Years Later"
2573:
2009:
ICG, "Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia", page 3
1756:"Russian Federation: Legal Aspects of War in Georgia"
1738:"Russian Federation: Legal Aspects of War in Georgia"
1229:
which left 58 people dead and 6,500 people homeless.
2077:, Jan Koehler (2005). "Civil Wars in the Caucasus".
1936:
http://www.parliament.ge/files/426_5647_876510_5.pdf
1313:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2025:
Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War
2017:
2015:
1266:assumed duties as the chairman of Georgia's ruling
2149:"Ethnic Fighting Kills 3 in Soviet Georgia Region"
2442:В Москве поднят Государственный флаг Южной Осетии
2355:Cvetkovski, Nikola; Sammut, Dennis (March 1996).
2335:Cvetkovski, Nikola; Sammut, Dennis (March 1996).
2209:Cvetkovski, Nikola; Sammut, Dennis (March 1996).
2021:
1781:
1712:
1706:
1689:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus
2839:
2354:
2334:
2208:
2012:
2716:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)
1972:
1970:
1270:. Soon after, Gamsakhurdia loyalists staged an
979:. In the 17th century, under pressure from the
2498:
1632:
1107:Meanwhile, on 11 September 1990, the regional
946:, signed on 24 June 1992, which established a
874:
2559:
1558:: Oxford University Press. pp. 129–131.
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1069:To counter pro-independence movements in the
1010:in Russia, Ossetians allied with the Russian
860:
506:
2771:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)
2121:"Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied"
2068:
2066:
2064:
1967:
2431:(in Russian). Журнал «Власть». 18 May 1992.
2429:"Таджикистан: южане ломят, северяне гнутся"
2110:Foreign affairs magazine- The five-day war.
1984:. 26 November 2004. ICG Europe Report 159.
1941:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
2566:
2552:
2289:
2264:
2239:
2049:King, Charles (2008). "The Five-Day War".
1911:"События 1990 года | История новой России"
1829:Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988–1994
1502:
867:
853:
513:
499:
2368:
2061:
520:
2744:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
2538:, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, May 1996.
2028:. Cornell University Press. p. 98.
1889:. Publishing House Petite. p. 428.
1517:"Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia"
1478:
1460:"The Georgian – South Ossetian Conflict"
1453:
1451:
1449:
1315:monitors was also deployed in the area.
2786:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012)
1885:Nodar Asatiani; Otar Janelidze (2009).
1730:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
14:
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2531:
2529:
2504:
2423:
2421:
2166:
2164:
1978:Georgia: Avoiding War in South Ossetia
1917:from the original on 24 September 2015
1825:
1748:
1692:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 82–83.
1457:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1078:they could participate in negotiating
891:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
485:Approximately 1,000 fatalities overall
2595:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
2547:
2466:
2376:"Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia"
1864:. Taylor & Francis. p. 246.
1857:
1839:from the original on 27 November 2012
1758:. Library of Congress. Archived from
1740:. Library of Congress. Archived from
1682:
1585:
1178:tried to flatten the barricades with
848:
494:
2739:Slovenian War of Independence (1991)
2654:Russian constitutional crisis (1993)
2622:Transnistria conflict (1990–present)
2292:The USSR in 1991: A Record of Events
2290:Tolz, Vera; Newton, Melanie (1993).
2267:The USSR in 1991: A Record of Events
2265:Tolz, Vera; Newton, Melanie (1993).
2242:The USSR in 1991: A Record of Events
2240:Tolz, Vera; Newton, Melanie (1993).
2104:
2048:
2042:
1949:"Unrecognized states: South Ossetia"
1807:from the original on 1 December 2017
1579:
1547:
1426:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
2699:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)
2526:
2418:
2161:
1991:from the original on 13 August 2008
1541:
1401:
1029:and conquered the country. In 1922
942:on the other. The war ended with a
24:
2694:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)
2386:from the original on 4 August 2018
1664:from the original on 8 August 2014
1389:"Russians Cope With Arc of Crises"
1035:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
25:
2899:
2406:"Separate battles for separatism"
1374:
1102:1921 Red Army Invasion of Georgia
472:North Caucasian volunteers: 3,500
2873:Wars involving Georgia (country)
2382:. Encyclopedia Princetoniensis.
1031:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
901:Georgian-Ossetian Crisis of 2004
466:
456:
446:
436:Militias: 50–200 men per militia
430:
420:
395:
383:
370:
360:
348:
332:
320:
308:
283:
271:
259:
247:
235:
223:
207:
195:
183:
171:
145:
133:
118:
56:
2807:List of ongoing armed conflicts
2649:East Prigorodny conflict (1992)
2455:
2446:
2435:
2398:
2348:
2328:
2308:
2283:
2258:
2233:
2222:
2202:
2184:
2141:
2135:"Central Asia and the Caucasus"
2127:
2113:
2083:. The World Bank. p. 268.
2003:
1955:from the original on 5 May 2014
1951:(in Russian). 28 January 2014.
1929:
1903:
1878:
1851:
1819:
1787:
1766:
1676:
355:South Ossetian Republican Guard
50:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2776:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)
2669:Second Chechen War (1999–2009)
2634:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)
1626:
1617:
1073:, the Soviet government under
1018:against the newly independent
726:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes
452:Republican Guards: About 2,400
101:
13:
1:
2802:List of Post-Soviet conflicts
2754:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)
2721:Wagner Group rebellion (2023)
2659:First Chechen War (1994–1996)
2617:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)
1589:The Caucasus, an introduction
1394:The Christian Science Monitor
1368:
1124:
1095:extraordinary session of the
1092:declarations of sovereignties
953:
74:5 January 1991 – 24 June 1992
2689:Revolution of Dignity (2014)
2674:Tuzla Island conflict (2003)
2627:Transnistria War (1990–1992)
1861:Russian Politics and Society
1318:
1109:South Ossetian Oblast Soviet
1071:constituent Soviet republics
100:South Ossetian victory, see
7:
2709:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2644:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
2639:South Ossetia War (1991–92)
1414:"Russian threatens Georgia"
1351:
1033:was established within the
924:1991–1992 South Ossetia War
35:1991–1992 South Ossetia War
18:South Ossetia war (1991–92)
10:
2904:
2863:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
2022:Stuart J. Kaufman (2001).
1982:International Crisis Group
1358:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
878:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
390:North Caucasian volunteers
327:Internal Troops of Georgia
42:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
2883:Military of South Ossetia
2794:
2761:Albanian Civil War (1997)
2729:
2679:Russo-Georgian War (2008)
2585:
2474:"OSCE Mission to Georgia"
2294:. Routledge. p. 33.
2269:. Routledge. p. 33.
2244:. Routledge. p. 32.
896:1991–92 South Ossetia War
886:
640:North Caucasus insurgency
532:
484:
479:
410:
366:South Ossetian irregulars
315:National Guard of Georgia
298:
161:
111:
66:
55:
39:
34:
2853:1991 in the Soviet Union
2817:List of frozen conflicts
1795:
1714:
1641:Ethnic groups in Georgia
1635:
1586:Coene, Frederik (2010).
1346:Ossetian–Ingush conflict
1309:Joint Control Commission
948:joint peacekeeping force
2868:Wars involving Chechnya
2781:Unrest in Kosovo (2004)
2749:Bosnian War (1992–1995)
2505:Denber, Rachel (1992).
1858:Sakwa, Richard (2008).
1826:Zverev, Alexei (1996).
1633:Merab Basilaia (2008).
1171:Georgian National Guard
1084:anti-Georgian sentiment
1060:Georgian Supreme Soviet
1039:Russian Communist Party
928:First South Ossetia War
911:Murder of Tamaz Ginturi
426:National Guard: unknown
338:Georgian local militias
2878:1990s in South Ossetia
2766:Kosovo War (1998–1999)
2684:Maidan Uprising (2013)
2664:War in Abkhazia (1998)
2380:www.pesd.princeton.edu
1782:Ossetian Question 1994
1209:, met Gamsakhurdia in
1152:
830:Wagner Group rebellion
162:Commanders and leaders
2888:Wars involving Russia
2073:Zürcher, Cristopher;
1636:ეთნოსები საქართველოში
1548:Toal, Gerard (2017).
1302:On 24 June 1992, the
1297:Georgia–Russia border
930:) was fought between
785:Revolution of Dignity
722:Dungan–Kazakh clashes
524:Post-Soviet conflicts
480:Casualties and losses
2514:. Human Rights Watch
1458:Cvetkovski, Nikola.
1055:Ossetian nationalist
805:annexation of Crimea
2579:conflicts in Europe
2321:The Washington Post
2180:. 14 December 1990.
2157:. 13 December 1990.
2154:The Washington Post
1784:, pp. 153–161.
1419:The Washington Post
1264:Eduard Shevardnadze
1132:Eduard Shevardnadze
926:(also known as the
691:Kyrgyz revolutions
462:Irregulars: unknown
190:Eduard Shevardnadze
2812:List of proxy wars
2324:. 5 February 1991.
2177:The New York Times
1494:Human Rights Watch
1363:Russo-Georgian War
1329:Human Rights Watch
1292:Ruslan Khasbulatov
1280:Russian parliament
1136:Russian Federation
1051:renewed federation
977:Kingdom of Georgia
906:Russo-Georgian War
790:pro-Russian unrest
290:Ruslan Khasbulatov
178:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
46:Georgian Civil War
2858:Conflicts in 1992
2848:Conflicts in 1991
2835:
2834:
2198:. 5 January 1991.
2090:978-0-8213-6049-1
1720:Ossetian Question
1715:Осетинский Вопрос
1654:978-9941-0-0901-3
1603:978-0-415-66683-1
1565:978-0-19-025330-1
1304:Dagomys Agreement
1075:Mikhail Gorbachev
989:Kingdom of Kartli
944:Dagomys Agreement
919:
918:
842:
841:
489:
488:
402:Russian Air Force
278:Alexander Rutskoy
107:
106:
86:Tskhinvali Region
16:(Redirected from
2895:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2486:on 25 March 2007
2482:. Archived from
2470:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2019:
2010:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1762:on 16 July 2014.
1752:
1746:
1745:
1744:on 16 July 2014.
1734:
1728:
1727:
1726:on 21 June 2014.
1710:
1704:
1703:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1646:
1630:
1624:
1623:Coene, page 151
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1592:(1st ed.).
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1554:(1st ed.).
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1522:. Archived from
1521:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1466:on 30 April 2009
1455:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1399:
1398:
1385:
1191:Torez Kulumbegov
1080:New Union Treaty
938:separatists and
881:
879:
869:
862:
855:
846:
845:
717:Gorno-Badakhshan
712:South Kyrgyzstan
685:Batken spillover
542:Nagorno-Karabakh
527:
525:
515:
508:
501:
492:
491:
471:
470:
469:
461:
460:
451:
450:
435:
434:
425:
424:
400:
399:
388:
387:
386:
375:
374:
365:
364:
353:
352:
337:
336:
325:
324:
313:
312:
288:
287:
276:
275:
264:
263:
252:
251:
240:
239:
230:Torez Kulumbegov
228:
227:
213:Dilar Khabuliani
212:
211:
200:
199:
188:
187:
176:
175:
150:
149:
138:
137:
123:
122:
68:
67:
60:
32:
31:
27:20th-century war
21:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2790:
2731:Southern Europe
2725:
2581:
2572:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2411:Tampa Bay Times
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2071:
2062:
2051:Foreign Affairs
2047:
2043:
2036:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1529:on 30 June 2007
1526:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1492:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1456:
1427:
1422:. 16 June 1992.
1412:
1411:
1402:
1397:. 22 June 1992.
1387:
1386:
1375:
1371:
1354:
1321:
1272:armed rebellion
1222:Dzhava district
1155:
1127:
956:
920:
915:
882:
877:
875:
873:
843:
838:
797:Russo-Ukrainian
751:
666:
635:guerrilla phase
620:Chechen–Russian
528:
523:
521:
519:
475:
467:
465:
455:
445:
439:
429:
419:
406:
394:
384:
382:
369:
359:
347:
341:
331:
319:
307:
294:
282:
270:
266:Valeriy Hubulov
258:
246:
234:
222:
216:
206:
202:Tengiz Kitovani
194:
182:
170:
156:
144:
132:
117:
92:
75:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2795:Related topics
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2591:
2589:
2587:Eastern Europe
2583:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2525:
2497:
2465:
2454:
2445:
2434:
2417:
2414:. 21 May 1991.
2397:
2367:
2347:
2327:
2307:
2300:
2282:
2275:
2257:
2250:
2232:
2221:
2201:
2183:
2160:
2140:
2126:
2112:
2103:
2089:
2060:
2041:
2034:
2011:
2002:
1966:
1940:
1928:
1902:
1895:
1877:
1870:
1850:
1818:
1803:(in Russian).
1786:
1774:
1765:
1747:
1729:
1705:
1698:
1684:Foltz, Richard
1675:
1653:
1625:
1616:
1602:
1578:
1564:
1540:
1501:
1477:
1425:
1400:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1320:
1317:
1154:
1151:
1126:
1123:
1097:Supreme Soviet
1008:Tsarist regime
985:North Caucasus
965:North Caucasus
955:
952:
936:South Ossetian
917:
916:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
884:
883:
872:
871:
864:
857:
849:
840:
839:
837:
836:
835:
834:
833:
832:
827:
817:
812:
807:
794:
793:
792:
787:
782:
774:
769:
768:
767:
756:
755:
754:Eastern Europe
750:
749:
747:Karakalpakstan
744:
739:
738:
737:
732:
724:
719:
714:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
689:
688:
687:
677:
671:
670:
665:
664:
662:Russo-Georgian
659:
654:
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
617:
612:
611:
610:
609:
608:
603:
598:
588:
578:
577:
576:
574:2023 offensive
571:
570:
569:
559:
554:
549:
538:
537:
533:
530:
529:
518:
517:
510:
503:
495:
487:
486:
482:
481:
477:
476:
474:
473:
463:
453:
442:
440:
438:
437:
427:
416:
413:
412:
408:
407:
405:
404:
392:
380:
377:North Ossetian
367:
357:
344:
342:
340:
339:
329:
317:
304:
301:
300:
299:Units involved
296:
295:
293:
292:
280:
268:
256:
244:
232:
219:
217:
215:
214:
204:
192:
180:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
142:
129:
127:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:
84:
82:
78:
77:
72:
64:
63:
53:
52:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:War on terror
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:War in Donbas
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:2016 conflict
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2364:. p. 27.
2360:
2359:
2351:
2344:. p. 27.
2340:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2301:9780367297046
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2276:9780367297046
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2251:9780367297046
2247:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2218:. p. 27.
2214:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2196:Radio Liberty
2193:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2006:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1896:9789941906367
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1871:9781134120161
1867:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1838:
1831:
1830:
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1342:North Ossetia
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1327:According to
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1284:Boris Yeltsin
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1247:military coup
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820:2022 invasion
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2827:War on drugs
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2507:
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2484:the original
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2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1957:. Retrieved
1943:
1931:
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1905:
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1828:
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1801:eleven.co.il
1800:
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1760:the original
1750:
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1732:
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1524:the original
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1464:the original
1417:
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1160:Georgian MVD
1156:
1140:
1128:
1119:
1106:
1089:
1068:
1047:
1001:
993:
957:
927:
923:
921:
815:Kerch Strait
760:Transnistria
669:Central Asia
567:2022 clashes
112:Belligerents
29:
1811:29 November
1333:Vladikavkaz
1235:August Coup
1143:Oleg Teziev
997:Vladikavkaz
772:1993 Moscow
254:Oleg Teziev
2842:Categories
2610:Second War
2490:17 January
2390:30 October
2075:Pavel Baev
2035:0801487366
1980:(Report).
1609:6 February
1571:6 February
1369:References
1252:referendum
1227:earthquake
1125:Combatants
1064:Tskhinvali
1043:Tskhinvali
1012:Bolsheviks
954:Background
780:Euromaidan
742:Kazakhstan
680:Uzbekistan
675:Tajikistan
657:Ingushetia
379:volunteers
2600:First War
2518:19 August
1921:16 August
1533:13 August
1470:15 August
1319:Aftermath
1240:civil war
1114:elections
1020:Menshevik
1004:breakdown
981:Kabardian
800:(outline)
102:aftermath
2576:Cold War
2479:osce.org
2384:Archived
1986:Archived
1953:Archived
1915:Archived
1837:Archived
1805:Archived
1796:Цхинвали
1686:(2022).
1668:3 August
1659:Archived
1556:New York
1352:See also
1233:and the
1024:Red Army
932:Georgian
776:Ukraine
652:Dagestan
591:Abkhazia
536:Caucasus
411:Strength
81:Location
40:Part of
2096:21 July
1995:3 April
1843:4 April
1260:Russian
1211:Kazbegi
1186:place.
1027:invaded
1006:of the
987:to the
969:Mongols
967:to the
963:in the
825:prelude
581:Georgia
125:Georgia
90:Georgia
2298:
2273:
2248:
2087:
2032:
1893:
1868:
1696:
1651:
1643:]
1600:
1594:London
1562:
961:Alania
940:Russia
810:Donbas
606:Kodori
157:(1992)
152:Russia
97:Result
48:, and
2574:Post–
2512:(PDF)
2362:(PDF)
2342:(PDF)
2216:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1959:5 May
1833:(PDF)
1718:[
1662:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1639:[
1527:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
1147:AK-47
973:Timur
695:Tulip
2520:2009
2492:2022
2392:2019
2296:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2098:2010
2085:ISBN
2057:(6).
2030:ISBN
1997:2022
1961:2014
1923:2015
1891:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1845:2022
1813:2017
1694:ISBN
1670:2014
1649:ISBN
1611:2022
1598:ISBN
1573:2022
1560:ISBN
1535:2008
1472:2009
1180:APCs
1100:the
922:The
765:1992
735:2022
730:2021
705:2020
700:2010
552:2016
71:Date
1201:to
1153:War
1016:war
630:2nd
625:1st
601:2nd
596:1st
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547:1st
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