History of Southeast Asia

2103: 2571: 1915: 3378: 4192: 1969: 2318: 2964: 3893: 4408: 3448: 1559: 30: 3325: 4590: 4439: 4031: 3943: 2523: 4850: 67: 4336: 3555: 9115:.... Prior to the late nineteenth century reforms of King Chulalongkorn, the territory of the Siamese Kingdom was divided into three administrative categories. First were the inner provinces which were in four classes depending on their distance from Bangkok or the importance of their local ruling houses. Second were the outer provinces, which were situated between the inner provinces and further distant tributary states. Finally there were the tributary states which were on the periphery.... 3218: 4674: 3120: 2241: 1671: 4842: 2956: 3743: 2202: 876: 1781: 2625:, nobles or Southeast Asian mariner-merchants played central roles in bringing Indian conceptions to Southeast Asia. Additionally, the depth of the influence of Indian traditions is still contested. Whereas early 20th-century scholars emphasized the thorough Indianization of Southeast Asia, more recent authors have argued that Indian influence was much more limited, affecting only a small section of the elite. 3994:, hundreds of naval vessels of then unparalleled size, grandeur, and technological advancement and manned by sizeable military contingents, ambassadors, merchants, artists and scholars repeatedly visited major Southeast Asian principalities. The individual fleets engaged in a number of clashes with pirates and occasionally supported various royal contenders. However, pro-expansionist voices at the court in 2696: 3013: 4911:(ASEAN) was founded by Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. Since Cambodian admission into the union in 1999, East Timor is the only Southeast Asian country that is not part of ASEAN, although plans are under way for eventual membership. The association aims to enhance co-operation among Southeast Asian community. 5073:

The Chinese amount to 8595, and are landowners, field-labourers, mechanics of almost every description, shopkeepers, and general merchants. They are all from the two provinces of Canton and Fo-kien, and three-fourths of them from the latter. About five-sixths of the whole number are unmarried men, in

3184:

during July to September, forcing trade routes to pass through Srivijaya. However, the kingdom's wealth and influence began to fade when advancements in nautical technology in the 10th century enabled Chinese and Indian merchants to ship cargo directly between their countries. These advancements also

6064:

Demeter, Fabrice; Shackelford, Laura; Westaway, Kira; Duringer, Philippe; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Ponche, Jean-Luc; Wu, Xiujie; Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa; Zhao, Jian-Xin; Barnes, Lani; Boyon, Marc; Sichanthongtip, Phonephanh; Sénégas, Frank; Karpoff, Anne-Marie; Patole-Edoumba, Elise; Coppens, Yves; Braga,

6277:

analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c,

3998:

lost influence after the 1450s, and the voyages were discontinued. The protraction of the ritualistic ceremonies and scanty travels of emissaries in the Tributary System alone was not sufficient to develop firm and lasting Chinese commercial and political influence in the region, especially during

4394:

The United States does not hold any possessions in the East, nor does it desire any. The form of government forbids the holding of colonies. The United States therefore cannot be an object of jealousy to any Eastern Power. Peaceful commercial relations, which give as well as receive benefits, is

4534:

Colonial rule had had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent. Commercial agriculture, mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this

2226:

culture established a tradition of bronze production and the manufacture of evermore refined bronze and iron objects, such as plows, axes and sickles with shaft holes, socketed arrows and spearheads and small ornamented items. By about 500 BCE, large and delicately decorated bronze drums of

862:

national survival and progress required a modern state and a strong national identity. Most modern Southeast Asian countries enjoy a historically unprecedented degree of political freedom and self-determination and have embraced the practical concept of intergovernmental co-operation within the

693:

presence in Mainland Southeast Asia can be traced back to 70,000 years ago and to at least 50,000 years ago in Maritime Southeast Asia. Since 25,000 years ago, East Asian-related (Basal East Asian) groups expanded southwards into Maritime Southeast Asia from Mainland Southeast Asia. As early as

6290:

Barker, Graeme; Barton, Huw; Bird, Michael; Daly, Patrick; Datan, Ipoi; Dykes, Alan; Farr, Lucy; Gilbertson, David; Harrisson, Barbara; Hunt, Chris; Higham, Tom; Kealhofer, Lisa; Krigbaum, John; Lewis, Helen; McLaren, Sue; Paz, Victor; Pike, Alistair; Piper, Phil; Pyatt, Brian; Rabett, Ryan;

1854:

and dates back to approximately 50,000 years BP. Items found there such as burial jars, earthenware, jade ornaments and other jewellery, stone tools, animal bones and human fossils date back to 47,000 years BP. Unearthed human remains are approximately 24,000 years old.

1906:. Research emphasises considerable variations in quality and nature of the artefacts, influenced by region-specific environmental conditions and proximity and access to local resources. The Hoabinhian culture accounts for the first verified ritual burials in Southeast Asia. 2176:

Intensive wet-rice cultivation in an ideal climate enabled the farming communities to produce a regular crop surplus that was used by the ruling elite to raise, command and pay work forces for public construction and maintenance projects such as canals and fortifications.

6291:

Reynolds, Tim; Rose, Jim; Rushworth, Garry; Stephens, Mark; Stringer, Chris; Thompson, Jill; Turney, Chris (March 2007). "The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo)".

5931:

Morwood, M. J.; Brown, P.; Jatmiko; Sutikna, T.; Wahyu Saptomo, E.; Westaway, K. E.; Rokus Awe Due; Roberts, R. G.; Maeda, T.; Wasisto, S.; Djubiantono, T. (13 October 2005). "Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia".

10182: 3867:, marked a religious turning point with the conversion of the strait into an Islamic water. With the fall of Srivijaya, the way was open for effective and widespread proselytization and the establishment of Muslim trading centers. Many modern Malays view the 5074:

the prime of life : so that, in fact, the Chinese population, in point of effective labour, may be estimated as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000, and, as will afterwards be shown, to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000!

3312:

spread throughout much of today's Indonesia, making it possibly the largest empire ever to exist in Southeast Asia, though the true character of its control over these territories is unclear. The empire declined in the early 16th century after the rise of

9025:

Having some years since become acquainted with the commerce of Asia and Eastern Africa, the information produced on my mind a conviction that considerable benefit would result from effecting treaties with some of the native powers bordering on the Indian

1702:). The hunter-gatherer individual had approximately 50% "Basal-East Asian" ancestry and was positioned in between modern East Asians and Papuans of Oceania. The authors writing about the individual concluded that East Asian-related ancestry expanded from 2231:

process. This industry of highly sophisticated metal processing was developed independent of Chinese or Indian influence. Historians relate these achievements to the presence of organized, centralized and hierarchical communities and a large population.

4404:, saw the conquest of nearly all Southeast Asian territories by the colonial powers. The Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. 828:, which marked the beginning of recorded history in the area and the continuation of a characteristic cultural development. Chinese culture diffused into the region more indirectly and sporadically, as trade was mostly based on land routes like the 4102:

during the early 15th century. Regular and momentous voyages only began in the 16th century after the arrival of the Portuguese, who actively sought direct and competitive trade. They were usually accompanied by missionaries, who hoped to promote

2748:, the Zhou capital. Although current knowledge about port localities and shipping lanes is very limited, it is assumed that most of this exchange took place on land routes, and only a small percentage was shipped "on coastal vessels crewed by 2605:. Selective adoption of Indian sociocultural elements stimulated the emergence of centralised states and development of highly organised societies. Local leaders began to adopt Hindu worship into state religion, using the Hindu concept of 10127:

Demeter, F.; Shackelford, L. L.; Bacon, A.-M.; Duringer, P.; Westaway, K.; Sayavongkhamdy, T.; Braga, J.; Sichanthongtip, P.; Khamdalavong, P.; Ponche, J.-L.; Wang, H.; Lundstrom, C.; Patole-Edoumba, E.; Karpoff, A.-M. (20 August 2012).

2767:

began to evolve under Han rule. This tributary system was based on the Chinese worldview that had developed under the Shang dynasty, in which China was deemed the center and apogee of culture and civilization, the "Middle kingdom"

2526:

Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast

2184:

and rice cultivation was introduced around 2000 BCE, hunting and gathering remained an important aspect of food provision, in particular in forested and mountainous inland areas. Many tribal communities of the aboriginal

6974:

Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan

2278:. The objects and artifacts of the Buni tradition are known for their originality and remarkable quality of incised and geometric decors. Its resemblance to the Sa Huỳnh culture and the fact that it represents the earliest 1914: 3620:. Of these, two seem to take prominence: either Arabian traders and scholars who did not live or settle in India spread Islam directly to maritime Southeast Asia, or Arab traders that had been settling in coastal India and 3201:

position in the Indo-Chinese trade route. As the influence of the Srivijaya kingdom faded by about the 13th century, Sumatra came to be ruled by a kaleidoscope of Buddhist kingdoms for the next two centuries, including the

4514:

that ended the war with Spain, the United States gained the Philippines and other territories; in refusing to recognise the nascent republic, America effectively reversed her position of 1856. This led directly to the

3927:

as its enforcer. The integration of the traditional East Asian tributary system with China at the centre Muslim Malays and Indonesians exacted a pragmatic approach of cultural Islam in diplomatic relations with China.

2259:. Ceramic jar burial sites that included grave goods have been discovered at various sites along the entire territory. Among large, thin-walled terracotta jars, ornamented and colorized cooking pots, glass items, 3737:

Islam spread in Southeast Asia via Muslims of diverse ethnic and cultural origins, from Middle Easterners, Arabs and Persians, to Indians and even Chinese, all of whom followed the great commercial routes of the

4399:

From the end of the 1850s onwards, while the attention of the United States shifted to maintaining their union, the pace of European colonisation shifted to a significantly higher gear. This phenomenon, denoted

3532:, and gold to trade. In return, the lower part of the empire imported Chinese manufactures and Indonesian spices through its ports. Additionally, merchants from West Asia and India exchanged large quantities of 756:

The wide topographical diversity of Southeast Asia has greatly influenced its history. For instance, Mainland Southeast Asia with its continuous but rugged and difficult terrain provided the basis for the early

5784: 3888:

in Hinduism at the time. However, Islam also taught obedience and submission, which could have helped guarantee that the social structure of a converted people or political entity saw less fundamental changes.

5156:

Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (30 March 2021).

2620:

The exact nature, process and extent of Indian influence upon the civilizations of the region is still fiercely debated by contemporary scholars. One such debate is over the extent to which Indian merchants,

808:

states indifferent to territorial ambitions, where growth and prosperity were associated with sea trade. Since around 100 BCE, Maritime Southeast Asia has occupied a central position at the crossroads of the

3508:. Early European accounts describe the lower part of the Toungoo Empire as having possessed 3–4 excellent ports that facilitated considerable trade in a variety of goods. The empire supplied the port of 4325:

on an 18-month voyage that returned with a bulk cargo of pepper, the first to be so imported into the country, which sold at the extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent. In 1831, the merchantman

2993:, which almost simultaneously arrived in Southeast Asia, developed during the subsequent centuries, gaining more appeal among the general population. In the 3rd century BCE, the Buddhist Indian Emperor 6199:

Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (August 2021).

6124:

5224:

7959: 8207: 7248: 9187: 6678: 8289: 1000:. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia. The term was officially used to designate the area of operation (the 5039:

the emporium for all foreign trade, and to receive all duties on imports; but, by a strange infatuation, the Portuguese government refused, and its decline is dated from that period.

3428:

was another major regional presence, first appearing in records around the 6th century CE. By the 10th century, however, Dvaravati had come under the influence of the Khmer. Nearby,

9944:

Scott, James C., The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia (Yale Agrarian Studies Series), 464 pages, Yale University Press (30 September 2009),

1862:, the name given to an industry and cultural continuity of stone tools and flaked cobble artefacts that appear around 10,000 BP in caves and rock shelters first described in 2551:

remodelling. Southeast Asia was now situated at the convergence of the Indian and the East Asian maritime trade routes, a basis for economic and cultural growth. The concept of "

6965:

Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751

2133:

developed an economy by around 500 BCE based on surplus crop cultivation and moderate coastal trade of domestic natural products. Several states of the Malayan-Indonesian "

2102: 8703: 891:

Though there are numerous ancient historic Asian designations for Southeast Asia, none are geographically consistent with each other. Names referring to Southeast Asia include

3536:

for Burmese luxury products and eastern goods. The arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century further strengthened the empire's position, both commercially and militarily.

7885: 3793:

in the East. Cultural and institutional adoption was a creative and selective process, in which foreign elements were incorporated into a local synthesis. Unlike some other "

7503: 9141: 9099: 7704: 9238: 5777: 3469:

was one of the largest, strongest and richest empires in Southeast Asia. At its peak, it was the dominant power in mainland Southeast Asia, exercising "suzerainty from

4435:, such that the country could be said to have successfully colonised itself. Western powers did, however, continue to interfere in both internal and external affairs. 5647: 4716:

provided a forum for nationalism, post-independent self-definition, nation-building and the acquisition of territorial integrity for many newly independent nations.

3781:. Most principalities developed highly distinctive cultures as a result of centuries of active participation in cultural exchange situated at the cross-roads of the 3290:). In the late 8th and early 9th centuries, the Śailendra dynasty that ruled the Mataram kingdom built a number of massive monuments in Central Java, including the 8835: 7260: 4700:

against the returning Dutch; the Philippines was granted independence by the United States in 1946; Burma secured their independence from Britain in 1948, and the

4554:

movements in the colonial territories. In the inter-war years, these nationalist movements grew and often clashed with the colonial authorities when they demanded

2570: 8201:"A Short History of South East Asia Chapter 3. The Repercussions of the Mongol Conquest of China ...The result was a mass movement of Thai peoples southwards..." 4267: 846:

ideas arrived in insular Southeast Asia as early as the 8th century, and the first Muslim societies in the area emerged by the 13th century. The era of European

6725: 4431:

reforms of the late 19th Century continuing up till around 1910, imposed a Westernised form of government on the country's partially independent cities called

2663:

cultural and religious elements from India and developed complex polities ruled by native dynasties. Early Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia include the 4th-century

4915:

has been established to encourage greater trade among ASEAN members. ASEAN has also been a front runner in greater integration of Asia-Pacific region through

10313: 7952: 5859: 5417: 9203:

Negotiations 1909–1917. On the 8th of August 1909, Siam's Adviser in Foreign Affairs presented a proposal to the American Minister in Bangkok. The Adviser,

8200: 6861: 5035:

For fifty or sixty years, the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan. In 1717, and again in 1732, the Chinese government offered to make

3643:

Extensive trade between Arabia and China before the 10th century is well documented and has been corroborated by archaeological evidence (see, for example,

4633:, the only invaded country to maintain nominal independence, due to her political and military alliance with the Japanese—on 10 May 1942, her northwestern 9828:

Oriental trade ceramics in South-East Asia, ninth to sixteenth centuries: with a catalogue of Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai wares in Australian collections

9174: 6900: 2989:. Historians increasingly argue that the process of Hindu religious diffusion in the region must be attributed to the initiative of the local chieftains. 4802:. By the war's end in 1975, all these countries were controlled by communist parties. After the communist victory, two wars between communist states—the 2312: 2274:

production that has been well documented on the basis of excavated burial gifts, deposited between 400 BCE and 100 CE in coastal north-western

1757:

South-Eurasian populations of Maritime Southeast Asia were largely replaced by the expansion of various East-Eurasian populations, beginning about 25,000

595: 2398:). The trade network also connected the material cultures of India and China, as well as constituting the majority of the Indian Ocean component of the 352: 4141: 3848:" or "Nine Saints," although the historical identity of such people is almost impossible to determine. The foundation of the first Islamic kingdom in 8568: 8484: 5364: 7658: 6671: 3009:. To missionaries used Buddhist teachings to offer guidance in central existential questions, placing an emphasis on individual effort and conduct. 6993:

Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.

9319: 7109:

culture in Thu Bồn Valley (Reinecke et al. 2002, 153–216); 2) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons, ..."

1645:

groups, ancestral to East-Eurasian (East Asian-related) populations, and South-Eurasian (Papuan-related) populations, reached the region by 50,000

9038: 8387: 1803:, enabling hunter-gatherer populations to freely access insular Southeast Asia via extensive terrestrial corridors. Modern human presence in the 8282: 7756: 4576: 3075:

had fallen out of favor India centuries before reaching the region. However, a pure form of Theravada Buddhist teachings had been preserved in

2093: 525: 473: 153: 10290: 7732:

The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts and History of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants

4650: 1611:

migration routes and episodes of presence as early as 120,000 years ago, with even older isolated finds dating back to 1.8 million years ago.

8510: 5672: 4383: 4359: 1653:

BCE, with some arguing earlier. These immigrants might have, to some extent, merged and reproduced with members of the archaic population of

6563: 7146:

The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java, From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with Royal Center of Bogor, Over 1000 Years of Propsperity and Glory

6588:

Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (19 August 2014).

4662: 817:

trading routes, immensely stimulating its economy and influencing its culture and society. Most local trading polities selectively adopted

451: 5592: 737:

production and processing. Around the same time, the first Agrarian Kingdoms emerged where territory was abundant and favourable, such as

9485:

Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.

6387:"Multiple Optima in Hoabinhian flaked stone artifact palaeoeconomics and palaeoecology at two archaeological sites in Northwest Thailand" 5919: 4004: 3810: 5444:"Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: jumping scale in Southeast Asia 2002 – Willem van Schendel Asia Studies in Amsterdam" 7892: 6418:

Ji, Xueping; Kuman, Kathleen; Clarke, R.J.; Forestier, Hubert; Li, Yinghua; Ma, Juan; Qiu, Kaiwei; Li, Hao; Wu, Yun (1 December 2015).

4487: 4427:

was spared the experience of foreign rule, though Thailand, too, was greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. The

4419:

a Dutch cartographer in 1665. During the European colonialism period in Southeast Asia, only Thailand was spared from the Western rule.

4133: 3982:, establish greater diplomatic and military presence, and widen the Chinese sphere of influence. He ordered the construction of a huge 2193:, a diverse sea-based trade network which functioned for 3,000 years, mostly in Southeast Asia, between 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. 8696: 4760: 4618: 540: 4829:, East Timor won its independence and was recognised by the UN in 2002. Finally, Britain ended its protectorate of the Sultanate of 3884:(the people of God) and a personal religious effort through regular prayer in Islam could have been more appealing than a perceived 8594: 7496: 5450: 4580: 4231:. During the conflicts, Britain had struggled for naval superiority with the French, and the need of good harbours became evident. 3761:-style building in the background, exemplifying the adoption and syncretism of local elements within Islam practiced in the region. 1737:

BCE, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Geneflow of East-Eurasian ancestry into

832:. Long periods of Chinese isolationism and political relations that were confined to ritualistic tribute procedures prevented deep 463: 9128: 4884:

have traditionally experienced high growth and are commonly recognised as the more developed countries of the region. As of late,

3919:

Islam and its notion of exclusivity and finality is seemingly incompatible with other religions, including the Chinese concept of

3612:

In addressing the issue of how Islam was introduced into Southeast Asia, historians have elaborated various routes from Arabia to

9086: 7697: 7610: 7285:

Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

4693: 4658: 4550:

like a state bureaucracy, courts of law, print media and to a smaller extent, modern education, sowed the seeds of the fledgling

4025: 1519: 698:

settlers from Mainland Southeast Asia had developed a tradition and culture of distinct artefact and tool production. During the

588: 369: 17: 8543: 6645: 4450:. The port city was the center of British rule in Southeast Asia, and has grown to become one of the world's major trading hubs. 1432: 8313: 5559: 5385: 4908: 4572: 4503: 864: 568: 545: 9231: 8734:

In: Ken Miichi and Omar Farouk (Eds), Southeast Asian Muslims in the Era of Globalization, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, Pp. 61-85

1815:, although archaeological documentation of the early settlement period suggests only brief occupation phases. However, author 10268: 10238: 10007: 9935: 9914: 9892: 9857: 9787: 9755: 9734: 9713: 9692: 9671: 9650: 9622: 9588: 9543: 9522: 9501: 9474: 9305: 8680: 8627: 8367:"The Architecture of the Early Mosques and Shrines of Java: Influences of the Arab Merchants in the 15th and 16th Centuries?" 8243: 8022: 7805: 7539: 7461: 7197: 7170: 6842: 6812: 6540: 6507: 5818: 5709: 5486: 5135: 5108: 4614: 4322: 5640: 10120: 7480: 6468: 2811:. Despite its association with China in recent centuries, the Maritime Silk Road was primarily established and operated by 1663:

suggest. During much of this time the present-day islands of western Indonesia were joined into a single landmass known as

535: 407: 9002:

Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: In the U.S. Sloop-of-War Peacock During the Years 1832–34

8307:"Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524-27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486-1539" 7917:

Kitiarsa, Pattana (1 March 2009). "Beyond the Weberian Trails: An Essay on the Anthropology of Southeast Asian Buddhism".

7003:

Higham, Charles; Higham, Thomas; Ciarla, Roberto; Douka, Katerina; Kijngam, Amphan; Rispoli, Fiorella (10 December 2011).

4220: 2189:

settlers continued a lifestyle of mixed sustenance until the modern era. Many areas in Southeast Asia participated in the

1625:

attest to a sustained regional presence and isolation, long enough for notable diversification of the species' specifics.

1323: 6784: 4826: 4228: 4191: 3609:

reflected a shift to a more personal, introverted spirituality acquired through individual ritual activities and effort.

3377: 2343: 2308: 7050: 4864:

Modern Southeast Asia has been characterised by high economic growth by most countries and closer regional integration.

1629:(parietal art) dating from 40,000 years ago (which is currently the world's oldest) has been discovered in the caves of 10332: 10095: 10056: 10028: 9957: 9808: 9063: 7740: 7294: 6335: 4355: 1789: 581: 206: 46: 8865: 8346: 8330: 4132:

followed and soon superseded Portugal as the main European powers in the region. In 1599, Spain began to colonise the

1409: 804:, the patchwork of recurring land-sea patterns on widely dispersed islands and archipelagos admitted moderately sized 9991: 9971: 9875: 9836: 9769: 9438: 9010: 8931: 7995: 7833: 7399: 7372: 7319: 7231: 6719: 6704: 6480: 5519: 4822: 4354:

obligated the Dutch to ensure the safety of shipping and overland trade in and around Aceh, who accordingly sent the

3979: 3545: 2764: 1538: 325: 158: 10295: 9218: 8233: 5327:"Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads" 4685:

With the rejuvenated nationalist movements in wait, the Europeans returned to a very different Southeast Asia after

4332:

of Salem returned to report the ship had been plundered, and the first officer and two crewmen murdered in Sumatra.

3348:

dating from 900 CE is the earliest known calendar-dated document from the islands. It relates a debt granted from a

1968: 7336: 5410: 4256: 520: 10310: 6042: 5867: 2997:

initiated missionary efforts to send trained monks and missionaries abroad to proselytise Buddhism, including its

10023:. Vol. 2 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680 (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. 9745: 8412: 6868: 6420:"The oldest Hoabinhian technocomplex in Asia (43.5 ka) at Xiaodong rockshelter, Yunnan Province, southwest China" 4642: 4387: 4290:

as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an

3639:

as another route of Islamic introduction to Southeast Asia. Arguments for this hypothesis include the following:

3031:

Between the 5th and the 13th century CE, Buddhism flourished in Southeast Asia. By the 8th century, the Buddhist

2907: 753:. Smaller and insular principalities increasingly engaged in and contributed to the rapidly expanding sea trade. 530: 7849:

Sen, Tansen (3 February 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century".

6893: 3168:

merchants began sailing to Srivijaya, where goods were transported directly in Sumatran ports. The winds of the

2910:

of these regions). Prior to the 10th century, the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian traders, although

9949: 9640: 4697: 4535:

period. The introduction Christianity bought by the colonist also have profound effect in the societal change.

3798: 3345: 3329: 1816: 1473: 1226: 490: 190: 7105:

2011 Page 251 "This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the

6744:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator" 4212: 710:

immigrants preferably settled in Maritime Southeast Asia. The earliest agricultural societies that cultivated

9567: 9296:(2010). "'Out of Africa I': Current Problems and Future Prospects". In Fleagle, John G.; et al. (eds.). 4646: 4208: 6927:"Holocene landscape intervention and plant food production strategies in island and mainland Southeast Asia" 4327: 842:, particularly in Indochina, began to affect political structures beginning in the 8th to 9th centuries CE. 6067:"Early Modern Humans and Morphological Variation in Southeast Asia: Fossil Evidence from Tam Pa Ling, Laos" 4803: 4764: 4275: 3802: 2300: 1107: 8756: 8572: 8488: 7632: 5326: 2317: 1390: 1385: 10285: 9182: 9136: 9094: 7665: 7189:

The Archaeology of Batujaya (West Java, Indonesia):an Interim Report, in Uncovering Southeast Asia's past

6471:. In Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura and David Bulbeck, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). 4516: 2963: 1512: 1271: 485: 446: 9563: 9559: 8963: 7659:"THEORIES OF INDIANIZATION Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia)" 6984:

Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.

5502:

Woodward, Mark (1 September 2009). "Islamic Societies in Southeast Asia". In Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.).

4625:, ended on 9 May 1941 by a Japanese-imposed treaty signed in Tokyo. On 7/8 December, Japan's entry into 3079:

since the 3rd century. Pilgrims and wandering monks from Sri Lanka introduced Theravada Buddhism in the

9351: 4994: 4934: 4929: 4654: 4371: 4351: 4291: 3892: 3871:, which existed from the 15th to the early 16th century, as the first political entity of contemporary 3817:, but because of trade routes. In this way, the Islamisation of Southeast Asia is more akin to that of 2950: 2403: 1549: 1073: 300: 222: 217: 10305: 7077: 5987:"A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa" 5834: 10183:"Stone artefacts and recent research in the archaeology of mainland Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers" 10051:. Contributor Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Hawaii Press. 8992: 8813: 8039:"The Buddhist World: Buddhism in Southeast Asia: Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia" 7764: 5055: 4755:. In one of the most bloody single incidents of violence in Cold War Southeast Asia, General Suharto 4507: 4407: 4379: 4367: 4200: 3558: 3533: 3359: 2838: 2038: 2029:. They dominated the lowlands and coasts of Island Southeast Asia, intermarrying with the indigenous 1639:

also lived in the area up until at least 50,000 years ago, after which they became extinct. Distinct

859: 858:

era revealed the reality of limited political significance for the various Southeast Asian polities.

285: 10199: 2563:

incorporated central aspects of Indian institutions, religion, statecraft, administration, culture,

9052: 8038: 6464: 5920:

Kiona N. Smith (11/9/2018) What the world’s oldest figurative drawing reveals about human migration

4630: 4499: 4137: 3853: 3651: 3570: 3447: 1580: 1309: 729:

site (modern Thailand) account for the earliest use of copper by around 2,000 BCE, followed by the

441: 423: 290: 9207:, desired a revision of the existing extraterritorial arrangement of jurisdictional authority. ... 8514: 6556: 5676: 2763:(202 BCE–220 CE) brought a number of foreign peoples within the Chinese empire when the 2166: 2162: 1678:

hunter-gatherer in Maritime Southeast Asia) and East and southeast Asian and Near Oceanian groups.

1404: 1399: 1216: 74: 9902: 7822:

Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).

4939: 4821:

In 1975, Portuguese rule ended in East Timor. However, independence was short-lived as Indonesia

4775: 4475: 4299: 4114: 3913: 3806: 3598: 3590: 3549: 3397: 3135: 3123: 3040: 2656: 2061: 1938: 1919: 1770: 1762: 1738: 1730: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1558: 1281: 1001: 703: 657: 625: 621: 428: 418: 330: 8757:

Southeast Asia: A political and economic introduction – Commons Library briefing – UK Parliament

8462: 5071:

of the relative economic prowess of the peoples there, giving special attention to the Chinese:

4099: 2227:

remarkable quality, weighing more than 70 kg (150 lb), were produced in the laborious

10194: 9632: 8924:

Journal of an Embassy from the Governor–general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China

8063: 8012: 5596: 4610: 4511: 4188:; the republic lasted until 1884, when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned. 4091: 3814: 3710: 3197:, in carrying out a series of destructive attacks on Srivijaya, effectively ending Palembang's 2649: 2154: 1982: 1973: 1950: 1863: 1719: 1695: 1505: 1263: 1197: 1019: 996:

The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book

824:

elements of statecraft, religion, culture and administration during the early centuries of the

738: 707: 342: 148: 10248: 9300:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 247–74. 8670: 8617: 8283:"THAI-BURMESE WARFARE DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY AND THE GROWTH OF THE FIRST TOUNGOO EMPIRE" 7730: 7529: 7389: 7187: 7160: 6497: 5699: 5511: 9684:

Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel

8919: 8101: 7416: 7362: 7219: 7072: 6832: 6802: 5476: 5358: 4969: 4912: 4520: 4495: 4295: 4236: 4196: 4008: 3937: 3818: 3324: 3165: 3104: 2749: 2640:

for distribution in India. This trading link boosted the development of Funan, its successor

2439: 2351: 2304: 2097: 2006: 1942: 1819:

argues that despite glacial periods, modern humans were able to cross the sea barrier beyond

1095: 435: 389: 347: 8996: 8778:

Elder, Joseph W. (July 1966). "Fatalism in India: A Comparison between Hindus and Muslims".

4589: 1380: 10141: 9377: 7162:

Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange

6938: 6758: 6601: 6431: 6300: 6212: 6137: 6078: 5943: 5863: 5237: 5170: 5068: 4999: 4974: 4949: 4756: 4736: 4215:, had little interest or impact in the region, and were effectively expelled following the 4121: 3868: 3466: 3455: 3451: 3002: 2831: 2812: 2473: 2347: 2321: 2252: 2216: 2211:

The earliest known evidence of copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia was found at

1923: 1828: 1774: 1370: 1300: 1221: 1207: 1083: 1079: 722: 359: 175: 29: 8388:"Islam: Islam in Southeast Asia – Dictionary definition of Islam: Islam in Southeast Asia" 4438: 4030: 2985:

during the early common era, using it to greatly enhance the legitimacy of their reign as

883:'s world map. Gulf of the Ganges left, Southeast Asian peninsula in the centre written as 8: 8890: 5443: 5004: 4984: 4964: 4807: 4528: 4424: 4279: 4244: 3836:

There are various records of lay Muslim missionaries, scholars and mystics, particularly

3750: 2792: 2552: 2129:

Territorial principalities in both Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia, characterised as

1365: 1249: 1182: 851: 641: 563: 379: 202: 10145: 9456: 9381: 6942: 6762: 6605: 6532: 6435: 6304: 6216: 6141: 6082: 5947: 5241: 5174: 3413: 2460:, various traditional maritime trade networks also existed. Among them were the ancient 255: 10164: 10129: 9571: 9343: 9032: 8795: 8182: 8174: 7866: 7432: 7024: 6776: 6622: 6589: 6264: 6251: 6200: 6176: 6125: 6101: 6066: 6019: 5986: 5967: 5641:"SOVEREIGNTY AND THE STATE IN ASIA: THE CHALLENGES OF THE EMERGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER" 5289: 5276: 5225: 5201: 5158: 5009: 4989: 4815: 4555: 4524: 4416: 4395:

what the President wishes to establish with Siam, and such is the object of my mission.

3986:

that, between 1405 and 1433, undertook several voyages into Southeast Asia, India, the

3822: 3782: 3769:

manner that allowed the continuation and inclusion of elements and ritual practices of

3644: 3606: 3481: 3401: 3072: 3067:, the first Buddhist kings of Mainland Southeast Asia emerged during the 11th century. 3044: 2933:

in the 10th century, participating directly in the trade route up until the end of the

2780: 2700: 2532: 2435: 2328: 2190: 2042: 1804: 1785: 1576: 1562: 1423: 1295: 1126: 955: 412: 8536: 7122:

Excavations at Gò Cầm, Quảng Nam, 2000–3: Linyi and the Emergence of the Cham Kingdoms

4378:

incident thus afforded the Dutch a reason to take over Ache; and Jackson, to dispatch

4007:, who later became the Shangshu of the Ministry of War, hid or burned the archives of 2776:

peoples. Contact with Southeast Asia steadily increased by the end of the Han period.

10264: 10234: 10169: 10116: 10091: 10052: 10024: 10003: 9987: 9967: 9953: 9945: 9931: 9910: 9888: 9871: 9853: 9832: 9804: 9783: 9765: 9751: 9730: 9709: 9688: 9667: 9646: 9618: 9600: 9584: 9539: 9518: 9497: 9470: 9462: 9434: 9393: 9301: 9158: 9016: 9006: 8971: 8937: 8927: 8676: 8623: 8366: 8306: 8239: 8186: 8018: 7991: 7934: 7930: 7870: 7829: 7823: 7736: 7535: 7457: 7436: 7395: 7368: 7315: 7290: 7227: 7193: 7166: 7028: 7004: 6838: 6808: 6715: 6649: 6627: 6536: 6503: 6476: 6419: 6316: 6268: 6256: 6238: 6181: 6163: 6106: 6024: 6006: 5959: 5814: 5705: 5566: 5515: 5482: 5378: 5293: 5281: 5263: 5206: 5188: 5131: 5104: 4959: 4732: 4412: 4343: 4314: 4232: 4216: 3978:

resolved to focus on the Indian Ocean sea routes, seeking to consolidate the ancient

3920: 3905: 3864: 3697:

proposed ancient Chinese architecture as the stylistic basis for the oldest Javanese

3676:, are indices of an early and permanent Islamic community in mainland Southeast Asia. 3505: 3477: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3363: 3172:

during October to December prevented sailing ships from proceeding directly from the

3088: 3068: 2796: 2614: 2427: 1726: 1699: 1635: 1621: 1286: 1240: 972: 778: 515: 384: 270: 9614:

A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500

9347: 8128:"The Laguna Copperplate Inscription: Tenth-Century Luzon, Java, and the Malay World" 7555: 6780: 5309:

A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500

2906:(although Chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being "Indian" due to the 10300: 10204: 10159: 10149: 9385: 9339: 9335: 8787: 8166: 8139: 7926: 7858: 7794: 7590: 7424: 7016: 6946: 6766: 6617: 6609: 6528: 6439: 6398: 6308: 6246: 6228: 6220: 6171: 6153: 6145: 6096: 6086: 6014: 5998: 5971: 5951: 5934: 5734: 5618: 5507: 5338: 5271: 5253: 5245: 5196: 5178: 4916: 4849: 4483: 4443: 4283: 4165: 4161: 4000: 3983: 3765:

Unlike in other Islamic regions, Islam developed in Southeast Asia in a distinctly

3578: 3181: 3169: 3016: 2769: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2465: 2363: 2228: 2223: 1660: 1451: 1112: 934: 929: 782: 769:

civilizations. The sub-region's extensive coastline and major river systems of the

730: 661: 402: 337: 119: 9800:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1

8926:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. image 52, p. 34. 7825:

Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

7220:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships" 5595:. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Archived from 3436:

valley of modern-day central Thailand around the 12th century and established the

2556: 2522: 10317: 10258: 10227: 10216: 10085: 10074: 10046: 10018: 9925: 9882: 9847: 9826: 9798: 9724: 9703: 9682: 9661: 9612: 9533: 9512: 9491: 9449: 9428: 9204: 9000: 8440:

A History of Islam in the Malay-Indonesian World: between Acculturation and Rigor

7985: 7595: 7578: 7484: 7451: 6862:"Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong" 6469:"The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia" 6443: 6360: 6312: 6091: 5125: 5098: 5051: 5014: 4979: 4954: 4622: 4606: 4401: 4271: 4260: 4181: 4173: 3790: 3680: 3636: 3529: 3367: 3318: 3300: 3268: 3177: 2899: 2879: 2864: 2668: 2489: 2186: 2161:. Văn Lang, founded in the 7th century BCE, endured until 258 BCE under the 2150: 2142: 2138: 2054: 1836: 1468: 1150: 968: 814: 790: 770: 750: 478: 10020:

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Expansion and crisis, Volume 2

7477: 6834:

The Social Evolution of Indonesia: The Asiatic Mode of Production and Its Legacy

5739: 4546:, which brought about massive demographic change. The institutions for a modern 1795:

Ocean drops of up to 120 m (393.70 ft) below the present level during

9979: 9368:

Swisher, C. C. (1994). "Age of the earliest known hominin in Java, Indonesia".

9161:

that Portugal had its first official contact with the Kingdom of Siam, in 1511.

7098: 6743: 6224: 6149: 5249: 5163:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4728: 4713: 4638: 4602: 4459: 4363: 4335: 4083: 3975: 3830: 3726: 3617: 3569:

was the earliest place where Islam was established in Southeast Asia since the

3554: 3366:

area. The document mentions several contemporary states in the area, including

3355: 3272: 3203: 3194: 2915: 2891: 2846: 2816: 2788: 2706:

The earliest attested trading contacts in Southeast Asia were with the Chinese

2633: 2540: 2461: 2371: 2355: 2263:

earrings and metal objects were deposited near the rivers and along the coast.

1998: 1986: 1812: 1765:. Southeast Asia was dominated by East Asian-related ancestry already in 15,000 1687: 1187: 613: 510: 397: 393: 163: 34: 7185: 7020: 6951: 6926: 6771: 6403: 6386: 5778:"SOUTHEAST ASIA a Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor 2004" 3942: 10326: 9775: 9636: 9293: 8915: 7938: 7579:"Urban Morphology of Commercial Port Cities and Shophouses in Southeast Asia" 6523:

Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".

6242: 6167: 6010: 5342: 5267: 5192: 4944: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4709: 4539: 4491: 4306: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4224: 4153: 3924: 3758: 3314: 3245: 3186: 2990: 2895: 2707: 2517: 2205: 2134: 2034: 1954: 1808: 1461: 1136: 1027: 833: 805: 774: 665: 265: 185: 66: 10154: 9389: 9020: 8941: 8858: 8730:"Ghazwul fikri or Arabisation? Indonesian Muslim responses to globalisation" 6002: 5183: 3217: 1682:

Ancient remains of hunter-gatherers in Maritime Southeast Asia, such as one

718:

emerged around 1700 BCE in the lowlands and river floodplains of Indochina.

10208: 10173: 9907:

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: The Lands Below the Winds

9315: 8975: 7698:"A Short History of China and Southeast Asia.pdf – A Short History of Asia" 7106: 6631: 6320: 6260: 6185: 6110: 6028: 5963: 5285: 5210: 4686: 4673: 4626: 4547: 4339: 4318: 4145: 4104: 3987: 3971: 3959: 3909: 3897: 3786: 3702: 3655: 3489: 3393: 3385: 3305: 3260: 3256: 3173: 3100: 3080: 3060: 3052: 3006: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2918:

traders also sailed them. The route was influential in the early spread of

2911: 2903: 2729: 2684: 2672: 2629: 2560: 2339: 2332: 2267: 2244: 2169:

that sustained a dense and organised population that produced an elaborate

2069: 1655: 1571: 1158: 1131: 1009: 907: 893: 810: 786: 762: 733:, which by around 500 BCE had developed a highly sophisticated industry of 689: 245: 9397: 8143: 8127: 3119: 8463:"Introduction to Southeast Asia – The Arrival of Islam in Southeast Asia" 8157:

Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1948). "Siamese Attacks On Angkor Before 1430".

7531:

Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History

7428: 6590:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" 6361:"The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 5930: 5050:

Other experiments in republicanism in adjacent regions were the Japanese

4873: 4811: 4787: 4678: 4634: 4584: 4551: 4310: 4185: 4125: 4053: 3826: 3493: 3429: 3341: 3333: 3211: 3157: 2860: 2834: 2824: 2820: 2760: 2753: 2725: 2637: 2610: 2548: 2501: 2457: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2324: 2240: 2050: 2046: 1851: 1847: 1796: 1670: 1592: 1588: 1337: 1332: 1202: 1052: 1005: 847: 758: 715: 677: 114: 89: 84: 9483:

Lokesh, Chandra, & International Academy of Indian Culture. (2000).

7862: 6233: 6158: 5955: 5811:

First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia

5726: 5258: 4841: 4113:

was the first European power to establish a bridgehead on the lucrative

3863:

that once controlled trade in much of Southeast Asia, in particular the

3267:

were dominated by a myriad of competing agrarian kingdoms including the

3152: 2434:

by 500 CE. It continued through historic times, later becoming the

9705:

The Sociology of Southeast Asia: Transformations in a Developing Region

8799: 8178: 7478:

Asia's French Connection : George Coedes and the Coedes Collection

6613: 5127:

The Sociology of Southeast Asia: Transformations in a Developing Region

4901: 4095: 3845: 3766: 3690: 3629: 3601:

until the 13th century. Instead, widespread and gradual replacement of

3421: 3381: 3276: 2855: 2737: 2645: 2535:

led to socio-economic and cultural stimulation and diffusion of mainly

2497: 2485: 2450: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2387: 2296: 2212: 2170: 2137:" zone shared these characteristics with Indochinese polities like the 2065: 2022: 2010: 1962: 1871: 1859: 1843:, hunting and making stone tools between 43,000 and 49,000 years ago." 1832: 1353: 1163: 1116: 1091: 1037: 964: 825: 766: 726: 695: 669: 617: 180: 131: 109: 8416: 4657:, formally dissolved in Tokyo on 17 August 1945. Also on 17 August, a 4538:

Increased labour demand resulted in mass immigration, especially from

4140:, which the Philippines was territory of. In 1619, acting through the 3742: 2418:

using catamarans and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the

2201: 1780: 875: 10048:

Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese

5159:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" 4877: 4865: 4771: 4740: 4724: 4705: 4690: 4471: 4447: 4287: 4177: 3967: 3860: 3794: 3754: 3718: 3621: 3521: 3425: 3309: 3295: 3280: 3264: 3238: 3230: 3222: 3190: 3161: 3147: 3146:

developed into the dominant power by the 5th century CE. Its capital

3139: 3127: 3076: 3056: 3032: 2967: 2955: 2842: 2773: 2676: 2564: 2505: 2477: 2395: 2367: 2359: 2275: 2077: 2018: 2014: 2002: 1934: 1927: 1800: 1754: 1664: 1596: 1584: 1456: 1177: 1041: 829: 699: 681: 673: 320: 235: 230: 143: 136: 104: 99: 94: 10000:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

9845: 9726:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

9602:

The art of Indochina: including Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

8791: 8644: 8438: 8170: 7289:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 7158: 6336:"Hunter-Gatherers in Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to the Present" 2422:

in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as

1690:, had ancestry from both the South-Eurasian lineage (represented by 8729: 8537:"An Earlier Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia : 900–1300 C.E." 7120: 6894:"Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium" 5536: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4795: 4752: 4720: 4519:, in which the First Republic was defeated; wars followed with the 4479: 4169: 4110: 4063: 3999:

the impending onset of highly competitive global trade. During the

3991: 3947: 3885: 3872: 3774: 3770: 3694: 3602: 3586: 3517: 3501: 3474: 3242: 3226: 3092: 3064: 2998: 2986: 2982: 2923: 2919: 2883: 2741: 2680: 2660: 2606: 2544: 2536: 2407: 2379: 2260: 2146: 2122: 2107: 2081: 1895: 1883: 1875: 1840: 1683: 1675: 1626: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1168: 1065: 855: 839: 746: 645: 629: 500: 295: 260: 170: 9581:

Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000-1700

6705:"The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis" 6063: 5860:"Malaysian scientists find stone tools 'oldest in Southeast Asia'" 3813:, Islamic faith in Southeast Asia was not enforced in the wake of 2628:

Maritime trade from China to India passed Champa and Funan at the

1729:(East-Eurasian) ancestry was recently found to have originated in 9232:"Some reflections on Southeast Asia and its position in academia" 8348:

Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580-1760

8235:

Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580-1760

6274: 5882: 5155: 4889: 4885: 4857: 4748: 4731:

process. After suppressing the communist insurrection during the

4428: 4157: 4149: 3995: 3951: 3901: 3849: 3840:, who were active in peacefully proselytizing in Southeast Asia. 3778: 3746: 3714: 3673: 3625: 3566: 3525: 3509: 3470: 3409: 3404:

was developed, exemplified in the structures of the capital city

3350: 3143: 3108: 3036: 3024: 2800: 2745: 2622: 2590: 2582: 2383: 2271: 2270:

is the name given to another early independent centre of refined

2256: 2030: 2026: 1958: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1742: 1691: 1553: 960: 880: 801: 785:

have directed socio-cultural and economic activities towards the

649: 637: 8332:

Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c.1580-1760

7633:"Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia by Monica Sar on Prezi" 6646:"Austronesian Southeast Asia: An outline of contemporary issues" 5067:

Company agent John_Crawfurd used the census taken in 1824 for a

3658:(1271–1368), hundreds of thousands of Muslims entered China. In 3512:

with rice and other foodstuffs, along with luxury goods such as

3160:

between India and China. Srivijaya was also a notable center of

10126: 8595:"Signatures on gravestones: two XII century Iranian tombstones" 7364:

Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific

7186:

Manguin, Pierre-Yves and Agustijanto Indrajaya (January 2006).

4830: 4701: 4594: 4467: 4463: 4432: 4043: 3963: 3844:, for example, received Islam by nine men, referred to as the " 3837: 3706: 3698: 3669: 3659: 3582: 3497: 3485: 3417: 3405: 3400:

from the early 9th until the 15th century, during which time a

3207: 2994: 2887: 2808: 2641: 2602: 2578: 2438:. This trade network also included smaller trade routes within 2423: 2391: 2181: 2158: 1990: 1899: 1630: 1492: 924: 920: 797: 742: 734: 711: 653: 628:(or Insular Southeast Asia). Mainland Southeast Asia comprises 250: 124: 10087:

Southeast Asian Archaeology: Wilhelm G. Solheim II Festschrift

8970:. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. xx–xxiii. 8360: 8358: 7224:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

4152:) as a base for trading and expansion into the other parts of 3130:

inscription used in ceremonial allegiance ritual (7th century)

2882:

controlled the flow of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the

2772:: 中国, Zhōngguó), surrounded by several layers of increasingly 1835:"at an altitude of 2,000 m (6,561.68 ft) exploiting 10130:"Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka" 10090:(illustrated ed.). University of the Philippines Press. 7851:

TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia

7664:. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Archived from 7556:"The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-Central Thailand" 6499:

The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume One, Part One

5765:. New York City: Trade & Trade & Travel Publications. 5761:

Eliot, Joshua; Bickersteth, Jane; Ballard, Sebastian (1996).

5036: 4853: 4833:

in 1984, marking the end of European rule in Southeast Asia.

4744: 4543: 4455: 4129: 4073: 3880: 3665: 3613: 3594: 3463: 3084: 3020: 2970: 2804: 2784: 2733: 2722: 2695: 2664: 2598: 2574: 2282:

recorded in Southeast Asia are subjects of ongoing research.

2073: 1994: 1946: 1903: 1824: 1641: 843: 821: 818: 9430:

South-east Asia: a social, economic, and political geography

7453:

Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia

7287:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

4649:

and the Philippines, which ended in independence movements.

3164:

Buddhist learning and influence. Around the 6th century CE,

3012: 9764:

Heidhues, Mary Somer. "'Southeast Asia: A Concise History"

8355: 6201:"Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea" 6126:"Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea" 5226:"Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea" 4897: 4791: 3841: 3684: 3562: 3513: 3371: 3291: 3096: 3048: 2974: 2850: 2594: 2446: 2375: 1887: 1820: 706:

peoples populated Indochina via land routes, and sea-borne

633: 280: 9986:, I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6, 1979, 9831:(illustrated, revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 9298:

Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia

8132:

Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints

6587: 6473:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

5835:"Results of New Research at La-ang Spean Prehistoric Site" 4751:

in 1957 and 1963 respectively within the framework of the

4621:

of 9 March 1945. On 5 January 1941, Thailand launched the

4259:; this marked the beginning of British expansion into the 4098:

during the 13th century in the service of Kublai Khan and

2072:

peoples and migrated to the broad riverine floodplains of

1710:

much earlier than previously suggested, as early as 25,000

796:

In Maritime Southeast Asia, apart from exceptions such as

10253:. Nhà xuá̂t bản Chính trị quó̂c gia. 2008. pp. 208–. 10076:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics

9597: 7103:

Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia

4294:

demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia.

3585:, the first Islamic traders and merchants who adhered to 10045:

Reid, Anthony; Alilunas-Rodgers, Kristine, eds. (1996).

9659: 9469:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 6557:"THE AUSTRONESIAN SETTLEMENT OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA" 7002: 6672:"Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia" 5760: 4156:

and the surrounding territory. In 1641, the Dutch took

3733:, which maintains an inclusive attitude on the matter: 3632:

descent are variously considered to play a major role.

2732:(1050–771 BCE), various natural products, such as 9279:(5th ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing 6417: 5898: 4810:

of 1979—were fought in the region. The victory of the

4160:

from the Portuguese. Economic opportunities attracted

2744:

shells, pearls and birds' feathers found their way to

2290: 9426: 8675:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 239. 8645:"Cheng Ho and the History of Chinese Muslims in Java" 8622:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 147. 8064:"Śrīvijaya towards Chaiya ー The History of Srivijaya" 7728: 7337:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region" 7165:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 124. 7118: 7051:"How and When the Bronze Age Reached South East Asia" 6837:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 41. 6198: 6123: 5701:

History of Ancient India (portraits of a Nation), 1/e

5223: 4888:

too had been experiencing an economic boom. However,

4386:. In 1856 negotiations for amendment of this treaty, 4034:

European colonisation of Southeast Asia in the 1800s.

3990:, and as far as East Africa. Under the leadership of 3577:

By the 8th century CE, less than 200 years after the

2779:

Between the 2nd-century BCE and 15th-century CE, the

10079:. University of California Press. GGKEY:XZ70D3XUH9A. 10044: 9976:

R. C. Majumdar, Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia

9782:. I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6. 9277:

Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945–1995

9098:. JSS Vol.62.1e (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: 38. 8859:"The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian – Book III" 6289: 6043:"Oldest bones from modern humans in Asia discovered" 4566: 1799:

glacial periods revealed the vast lowlands known as

10296:

Wikiversity – Department of Southeast Asian History

10084:Paz, Victor; Solheim, II, Wilhelm G., eds. (2004). 9126: 9078: 7341:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

6714:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 317–345. 5411:"Culture, Regionalism and Southeast Asian Identity" 5331:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

4735:from 1948 to 1960, Britain granted independence to 3420:were rivals to the Khmer Empire in the region. The 3071:took hold first in Southeast Asia, as the original 2929:China later built its own fleets starting from the 2313:

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network

1858:Signs of an early tradition are discernible in the 10226: 9663:A Short History of Malaysia: Linking East and West 9599: 6800: 5724: 5151: 5149: 5147: 2830:The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier 2531:By around 500 BCE, Asia's expanding land and 2037:peoples to varying degrees, giving rise to modern 1788:, with the indication of the later development of 1575:from approximately 1,500,000 years ago during the 959:(南洋) in Japan. A 2nd-century world map created by 10306:Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia 10115:. Prähistorische Bronzefunde XX,8, Munich, 1985, 10072: 9997: 9927:Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia 9722: 9680: 9219:Vichy versus Asia: The Franco-Siamese War of 1941 7159:Pierre-Yves Manguin; A. Mani; Geoff Wade (2011). 7048: 7005:"The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia" 6327: 5565:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from 5560:"BUDDHISM AND SOCIETY IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY" 4346:(1916). The text reads "Our most precious jewel." 1827:, who around 45,000 years ago left traces in the 1698:), and the East-Eurasian lineage (represented by 312:Decline of Hindu/Buddhist influence and sea trade 10324: 9421:A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads 8836:"Zheng He – Chinese Admiral in the Indian Ocean" 7527: 5557: 4763:of approximately 500,000 alleged members of the 4502:began in Cuba in 1898, Filipino revolutionaries 3624:for generations did. Muslim traders from India ( 3055:that found its strongest expression in the vast 2981:Local rulers benefited from the introduction of 2849:(established 1000–600 BCE), as well as the 2430:, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of 10286:A Short History of China and Southeast Asia.pdf 10134:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9846:David G. Marr; Anthony Crothers Milner (1986). 9610: 9489: 8755:Thompson, Gavin; Lunn, Jon (14 December 2011). 8569:"Gravestone – Collections – Antiquities Museum" 7356: 7354: 6457: 5593:"Colonialism and Nationalism in Southeast Asia" 5441: 5144: 5096: 3859:The conversion of the remnants of the Buddhist 2504:); and the vast inter-island trade networks of 2121:). The approximate coastlines during the early 2087: 1686:hunter-gatherer from cave of Leang Panninge in 10221:. Institute of South East Asian Studies. 1995. 10083: 9880: 9774: 9743: 9701: 9229: 8485:"Made in China – National Geographic Magazine" 8413:"Islam, The Spread of Islam To Southeast Asia" 8125: 8010: 7722: 7449: 7417:"Stone tool reveals lengthy Polynesian voyage" 7213: 7211: 7209: 5474: 5123: 4836: 4577:List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan 4561: 2094:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia 1997:. Due to their early invention of ocean-going 1674:Genetic difference between Leang Panninge(one 9493:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia 9406:Encyclopaedia of South East and Far East Asia 7883: 6804:Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali 6702: 5704:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 465. 5363:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 5100:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia 4677:Combat operations at Ia Drang Valley, during 4164:to the region in great numbers. In 1775, the 3966:in the South, yet it had lost control of the 3662:, Islam was propagated and commonly embraced. 3308:poem completed in 1365, vassal states of the 2690: 2406:in particular were trading in spices (mainly 2338:The first true maritime trade network in the 1937:was characterized by several migrations into 1513: 589: 9923: 9531: 9510: 9129:"The 1820 Land Concession to the Portuguese" 8920:"Chapter I – Description of the Settlement." 8754: 8266: 8087:Deśawarṇana (Nāgarakṛtāgama) by Mpu Prapañca 7795:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea" 7603: 7360: 7351: 7328: 7280: 7278: 7137: 6830: 6735: 6475:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. 6065:José; Macchiarelli, Roberto (7 April 2015). 5763:Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook 5697: 5590: 4845:Contemporary political map of Southeast Asia 4663:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 4317:) was low key. In 1795, a secret voyage for 3150:became a major seaport and functioned as an 3039:emerged as a major trading power in central 2255:flourished along the south-central coast of 2196: 1981:The most widespread migration event was the 620:to the present in two distinct sub-regions: 10311:Democracy and Citizen Politics in East Asia 10291:Ancient Southeast Asia Throbbing Blood Tube 9849:Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries 9447: 9166: 9140:. JSS Vol. 059.2g (digital). Siam Society. 9120: 9037:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8993:Roberts, Edmund (Digitised 12 October 2007) 8014:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations 7953:"EXPANSION OF BUDDHISM INTO SOUTHEAST ASIA" 7206: 6502:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. 6463: 5984: 5478:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation 4712:) against the Vietnamese nationalists. The 4201:conquer a part of Southeast Asia of Malacca 3931: 3059:temple. Following the establishment of the 2251:Between 1000 BCE and 100 CE, the 978: 938: 8980:When Captain Jonathan Carnes set sail. ... 8908: 8727: 8668: 8615: 8100:Sastrawan, Wayan Jarrah (9 January 2020). 7456:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. 7387: 7381: 6925:Hunt, C.O.; Rabett, R.J. (November 2014). 6924: 6807:. Princeton University Press. p. 22. 6333: 5481:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. 4668: 2219:of northern Vietnam around 2000 BCE. 2110:and likely routes of early rice transfer ( 1520: 1506: 652:whereas Maritime Southeast Asia comprises 596: 582: 65: 10198: 10163: 10153: 9631: 9578: 9186:. JSS Vol.53.1e (digital). Siam Society. 8955: 8856: 8759:(Report). Researchbriefings.parliament.uk 8571:. Antiquities.bibalex.org. Archived from 8231: 8099: 7987:Mysteries of Borobudur Discover Indonesia 7828:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 7594: 7303: 7275: 7240: 6950: 6867:. Anthropology.hawaii.edu. Archived from 6770: 6621: 6402: 6250: 6232: 6175: 6157: 6100: 6090: 6018: 5985:Lipson, Mark; Reich, David (April 2017). 5738: 5275: 5257: 5200: 5182: 4708:in 1954 after a bitterly fought war (the 4619:Japanese coup de main in French Indochina 4605:and pursuant to the Pacific war goals of 4390:stated the position of the United States: 4235:had been brought to the attention of the 2878:). For most of its history, Austronesian 2699:Major trading routes in the pre-colonial 1235: 1004:, SEAC) for Anglo-American forces in the 9852:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 9535:The Indianized States of South-East Asia 9275:Olson, James S.; Roberts, Randy (2008). 8985: 8914: 7916: 7656: 7576: 6826: 6824: 6741: 6522: 5808: 5775: 5673:"Revisiting the "Lands Below the Winds"" 5501: 4848: 4840: 4672: 4588: 4581:South-East Asian theatre of World War II 4437: 4406: 4334: 4190: 4029: 4019: 3941: 3891: 3878:The idea of equality before God for the 3741: 3597:did not play a notable role anywhere in 3553: 3446: 3376: 3323: 3216: 3118: 3011: 2962: 2954: 2694: 2597:, followed by mainland polities such as 2569: 2521: 2316: 2239: 2200: 2101: 1967: 1913: 1846:The oldest habitation discovered in the 1779: 1669: 1557: 887:, China Sea right, with "Sinae" (China). 874: 28: 10180: 9964:The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia 9868:Southeast Asia. An introductory history 9617:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9579:von Glahn, Richard (27 December 1996). 9467:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 9367: 9320:"Revised age for Mojokerto 1, an early 9314: 9292: 9084: 8991: 8728:Bruinessen, Martin van (January 2014). 7821: 7815: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7443: 7414: 7367:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 7217: 7143: 6856: 6854: 6495: 6384: 5908: 5904: 5892: 5888: 5619:"S-E Asia's identity long in existence" 5534: 5512:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.001.0001 5504:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions 5320: 5318: 4659:proclamation of Indonesian Independence 4266:The British also temporarily possessed 4247:was founded at the northeastern tip of 4026:European colonisation of Southeast Asia 2589:The earliest Hindu kingdoms emerged in 2539:beliefs into the regional cosmology of 2285: 1909: 14: 10325: 9681:Michael C. Howard (23 February 2012). 9423:(Blackwell History of the World, 2015) 8156: 8084: 7983: 7886:"The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia" 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7497:"Southeast Asia: Imagining the region" 7415:Borrell, Brendan (27 September 2007). 7347:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50. 7334: 7226:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 6391:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5324: 4909:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 4651:Japanese occupation of the Philippines 4641:. From 1941 until war's end, Japanese 4573:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3856:, took place during the 13th century. 2959:The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia 2613:(as opposed to the Chinese concept of 2511: 2362:as early as 1500 BCE, exchanging 865:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 546:Communist rebellion in the Philippines 9461: 9457:online version of 1955 edition, 810pp 9172: 8777: 8364: 8232:Lieberman, Victor B. (14 July 2014). 8126:Clavé, Elsa; Griffiths, Arlo (2022). 7309: 7284: 7253:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 7246: 6821: 6703:Sidwell, Paul; Blench, Roger (2011). 4825:soon after. However, after more than 2944: 2547:trade expansion also caused regional 2354:. They established trade routes with 2215:in north-east Thailand and among the 1318: 10233:. Lonely Planet. 15 September 2010. 10016: 9901: 9611:Kenneth R. Hall (28 December 2010). 9175:"A Very Small Part of World Affairs" 9127:de Mendonha e Cunha, Helder (1971). 9087:"The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion" 8961: 8672:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia 8619:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia 8319:from the original on 9 October 2022. 8295:from the original on 9 October 2022. 8017:. Infobase Publishing. p. 261. 7811:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7792: 7779: 7049:Daryl Worthington (1 October 2015). 6851: 6790:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6731:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5315: 5041:(Roberts, 2007 PDF image 173 p. 166) 4309:entry into what was then called the 4223:later turned their attention to the 4094:to have visited Southeast Asia were 1569:The region was already inhabited by 9884:Historical Atlas of South-East Asia 9825:Guy, John (1986). Guy, John (ed.). 9824: 9796: 9451:A History of South-East Asia 4th ed 9244:from the original on 9 October 2022 9193:from the original on 9 October 2022 9147:from the original on 9 October 2022 9105:from the original on 9 October 2022 8871:from the original on 9 October 2022 8709:from the original on 9 October 2022 8642: 8549:from the original on 9 October 2022 8415:. History-world.org. Archived from 8213:from the original on 9 October 2022 7965:from the original on 9 October 2022 7848: 7710:from the original on 9 October 2022 7683: 7509:from the original on 9 October 2022 6906:from the original on 9 October 2022 6742:Bellwood, Peter (9 December 2011). 6684:from the original on 9 October 2022 6569:from the original on 9 October 2022 6533:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2 5790:from the original on 9 October 2022 5653:from the original on 9 October 2022 5456:from the original on 9 October 2022 5423:from the original on 9 October 2022 5391:from the original on 9 October 2022 4696:on 17 August 1945 and subsequently 4531:, all of which were also defeated. 4117: 4014: 3298:Buddhist temples. According to the 2632:, proceeded along the coast to the 2555:", a term coined by French scholar 2344:Austronesian maritime trade network 2309:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere 2291:Austronesian maritime trade network 1659:, as the fossil discoveries in the 24: 9803:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. 9598:Bernard Philippe Groslier (1962). 9583:. University of California Press. 9514:A Short History of South-East Asia 9412: 9324:cranium from East Java, Indonesia" 9264:Genocide and International Justice 9064:National Museum of Natural History 8697:"International research update 62" 7361:Friedlaender, Jonathan S. (2007). 7314:. Texas A&M University Press. 7312:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins 6057: 5802: 5675:. Library.ucla.edu. Archived from 4770:Following the independence of the 4454:By 1913, the British had occupied 4368:first Sumatran punitive expedition 4356:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 4229:Peace with France and Spain (1783) 4172:in the region, was established in 3539: 3114: 2235: 2005:, Austronesians rapidly colonized 1714:BCE, long before the expansion of 725:(modern northern Vietnam) and the 25: 10344: 10279: 10113:The Bronze Age Metalwork of India 9660:Virginia Matheson Hooker (2003). 7984:Miksic, John (22 February 2013). 7534:. Cengage Learning. p. 299. 6931:Journal of Archaeological Science 5866:. 31 January 2009. Archived from 5809:Bellwood, Peter (10 April 2017). 5539:(Report). Oxford University Press 4601:In September 1940, following the 4567:Japanese invasion and occupations 4370:of 1832, which was followed by a 4207:The British, in the guise of the 3701:during his 15th-century visit to 3589:'s prophecies began to appear in 3546:Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia 2815:sailors in Southeast Asia and by 2765:Imperial Chinese tributary system 2636:, portaged across the narrow and 2484:; the ancient trading voyages in 1579:age. Data analysis of stone tool 1539:Genetic history of Southeast Asia 9747:Southeast Asia, Past and Present 9511:Peter Church (3 February 2012). 9269: 9256: 9223: 9212: 9045: 8883: 8850: 8828: 8806: 8771: 8748: 8721: 8689: 8662: 8636: 8609: 8587: 8561: 8529: 8503: 8477: 8455: 8431: 8405: 8380: 8339: 8323: 8299: 8275: 8252: 8225: 8102:"Was Majapahit Really an Empire" 7931:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00135.x 7558:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 7476:National Library of Australia. 7388:Cunningham, Lawrence J. (1992). 7101:, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O Connor – 5306: 5061: 5044: 5028: 4904:are still lagging economically. 4798:and heavy intervention from the 4593:Japanese imperial army entering 4504:declared Philippine independence 3958:By the end of the 14th century, 3635:A number of sources propose the 2655:Numerous coastal communities in 2559:, describes how Southeast Asian 2009:, before spreading further into 1985:, which began around 5,500 1811:dates back to 40,000 years 1769:BCE, predating the expansion of 1749:BCE (possibly as early as 50,000 564:Revolution and fall of Communism 536:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 9465:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 9286: 8365:Wahby, Ahmed E I (April 2008). 8193: 8150: 8119: 8093: 8078: 8056: 8031: 8004: 7977: 7945: 7910: 7877: 7842: 7749: 7650: 7625: 7570: 7548: 7521: 7489: 7470: 7408: 7179: 7152: 7112: 7092: 7065: 7042: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6968: 6959: 6918: 6886: 6794: 6696: 6664: 6638: 6581: 6549: 6516: 6489: 6411: 6378: 6353: 6283: 6192: 6117: 6035: 5991:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5978: 5924: 5913: 5852: 5827: 5813:(1 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 5769: 5754: 5718: 5691: 5665: 5633: 5611: 5584: 5551: 5528: 5495: 5468: 3654:and the subsequent rule of the 3496:and annexed territories in the 2728:served as currency. During the 464:World War II and decolonisation 9924:Anthony Reid (1 August 2000). 9645:. Cambridge University Press. 9642:The Cambridge History of Islam 9538:. University of Hawaii Press. 9427:Charles Alfred Fisher (1964). 9340:10.1080/03122417.2003.11681757 8597:. squarekufic. 18 October 2014 8238:. Princeton University Press. 7729:Samuel Wells Williams (2006). 7577:Han, Wang; Beisi, Jia (2016). 5727:"Gold in early Southeast Asia" 5435: 5403: 5371: 5300: 5217: 5117: 5090: 4827:20 years of fighting Indonesia 4661:was read at the conclusion of 4617:, which ended in the abortive 4255:, under the administration of 3984:trade and representation fleet 3565:. This northern tip region of 3346:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 3330:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 3043:. Around the same period, the 2759:Military conquests during the 2331:maritime trade network in the 1543: 491:Indonesian National Revolution 13: 1: 10181:Marwick, Ben (January 2008). 9554:Encyclopedia of Asian history 8962:Trow, Charles Edward (1905). 8513:. Asia.si.edu. Archived from 7218:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). 7119:Ian Glover; Nguyễn Kim Dung. 7038:– via Researchgate.net. 5083: 4313:(usually in reference to the 4243:. In 1786, the settlement of 4144:, the Dutch took the city of 3970:after the fall of the Mongol 3757:-style red brick tower, with 3462:By the mid-16th century, the 3284: 3249: 3237:To the southeast of Sumatra, 3111:and Maritime Southeast Asia. 2868: 2711: 2111: 1532: 998:Travels in South-Eastern Asia 9262:Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). 8968:The old shipmasters of Salem 7891:. Suny Press. Archived from 7611:"Hinduism in Southeast Asia" 7596:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.031 7259:(2): 130–140. Archived from 7148:. Yayasan cipta Loka Caraka. 6648:. Omnivoyage. Archived from 6444:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.080 6313:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011 6092:10.1371/journal.pone.0121193 5325:Carter, Alison Kyra (2010). 4814:in Cambodia resulted in the 4765:Communist Party of Indonesia 4003:period of the Ming Dynasty, 3687:was of Sino-Javanese origin. 3440:in the 13th century and the 2567:, writing and architecture. 2301:Marshall Islands stick chart 2088:Early agricultural societies 2064:migration wave involved the 1977:(3500 BCE–1200 CE) 1583:and fossil discoveries from 75:Prehistory of Southeast Asia 7: 10218:The South East Asian Review 9797:Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. (2004). 9183:Journal of the Siam Society 9137:Journal of the Siam Society 9095:Journal of the Siam Society 9053:"1b. Harris Treaty of 1856" 7613:. oxford press. 28 May 2013 7394:. Bess Press. p. 195. 7222:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). 7073:"history of Southeast Asia" 7009:Journal of World Prehistory 6899:. Anthropology.hawaii.edu. 6801:J. Stephen Lansing (2012). 6712:Dynamics of Human Diversity 6527:. American Cancer Society. 5740:10.4000/archeosciences.2072 5725:Anna T. N. Bennett (2009). 5506:. Oxford University Press. 5449:. University of Amsterdam. 4922: 4837:Contemporary Southeast Asia 4723:, countering the threat of 4562:20th-century Southeast Asia 4510:the following year. In the 4360:punitive expedition of 1831 4120:, with the conquest of the 3914:Islamic faith in the region 3896:Portuguese illustration of 3777:and ancient Pan-East Asian 3354:(royalty) who lived in the 2999:sizeable body of literature 1418: 915:) in Indian tradition, the 555:Contemporary Southeast Asia 486:End of World War II in Asia 338:Arrival of European traders 10: 10349: 10073:Edward H. Schafer (1963). 10002:. Editions Didier Millet. 9998:Paul Michel Munoz (2006). 9723:Paul Michel Munoz (2006). 9237:. Project Southeast Asia. 7735:. Routledge. p. 408. 7192:. NUS Press. p. 246. 6710:. In Enfield, N.J. (ed.). 6496:Tarling, Nicholas (1999). 6293:Journal of Human Evolution 6278:Supplementary Figs. 7–11). 6225:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 6150:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 5250:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 4995:History of the Philippines 4935:Hinduism in Southeast Asia 4930:Buddhism in Southeast Asia 4900:and the newly independent 4655:Second Philippine Republic 4653:led to the forming of the 4570: 4382:, who in 1833 secured the 4380:diplomatist Edmund Roberts 4352:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 4148:, renamed it Batavia (now 4023: 3935: 3543: 3402:sophisticated architecture 2951:Buddhism in Southeast Asia 2948: 2691:Early relations with China 2644:and the Malayan states of 2515: 2294: 2125:are shown in lighter blue. 2091: 1870:, and later documented in 1550:Peopling of Southeast Asia 1547: 1536: 223:Buddhism in Southeast Asia 218:Hinduism in Southeast Asia 10333:History of Southeast Asia 10263:. Touring Editore. 2005. 9984:India and South-East Asia 9909:. Yale University Press. 9780:India and South-East Asia 9729:. National Book Network. 9517:. John Wiley & Sons. 9085:Murdoch, John B. (1974). 9060:Royal Gifts from Thailand 9005:. Harper & Brothers. 8780:Anthropological Quarterly 8159:The Far Eastern Quarterly 7528:Craig A. Lockard (2014). 7247:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 7021:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6 6952:10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.011 6772:10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 6404:10.1016/j.jaa.2013.08.004 6045:. CBSNews. 20 August 2012 5646:. University of Chicago. 5076:(Crawfurd image 48. p.30) 5056:Republic of Taiwan (1895) 4790:. The conflict spread to 4757:seized power in Indonesia 4727:was a major theme in the 4637:invaded Burma during the 4508:First Philippine Republic 3980:Imperial Tributary System 3946:A statue of Ming Admiral 3731:European Commission Forum 3559:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque 3408:. Situated in modern-day 2839:Islander Southeast Asians 2648:on the eastern coast and 2197:Bronze Age Southeast Asia 2108:language family homelands 2039:Islander Southeast Asians 1790:mitochondrial haplogroups 1667:due to lower sea levels. 610:history of Southeast Asia 10316:21 February 2022 at the 9962:Tarling, Nicholas (ed). 9552:Embree, Ainslie T., ed. 9490:Daigorō Chihara (1996). 9173:Oblas, Peter B. (1965). 8895:Encyclopaedia Britannica 7793:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). 7391:Ancient Chamorro Society 7310:Doran, Edwin B. (1981). 7144:Zahorka, Herwig (2007). 6424:Quaternary International 5345:(inactive 27 March 2024) 5343:10.7152/bippa.v30i0.9966 5097:Daigorō Chihara (1996). 5021: 4804:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4384:Roberts Treaty with Siam 4199:, the first European to 4142:Dutch East India Company 4138:Viceroyalty of New Spain 4136:via the Mexico-governed 3932:Chinese treasure voyages 3854:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 3480:and from the borders of 3255:) after the fall of the 2937:and the collapse of the 541:Indonesian mass killings 526:Second Malayan Emergency 424:Second Anglo-Burmese War 419:First Anglo-Burmese War 154:Austronesian agriculture 10155:10.1073/pnas.1208104109 9881:Jan M. Pluvier (1995). 9744:D. R. SarDesai (2003). 9702:Victor T. King (2008). 9390:10.1126/science.8108729 8272:Lieberman 2003: 151–152 8206:. Stanford University. 8085:Robson, Stuart (1995). 8011:Charles Higham (2014). 7703:. Docs8.minhateca.com. 7483:21 October 2011 at the 7450:Kenneth R. Hal (1985). 7078:Encyclopædia Britannica 5783:. Library of Congress. 5698:Kapur; Kamlesh (2010). 5537:Islam in Southeast Asia 5475:John M. Hobson (2004). 5184:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 5124:Victor T. King (2008). 4940:Islam in Southeast Asia 4776:battle of Dien Bien Phu 4669:Post-war decolonisation 4529:Republic of Katagalugan 4517:Philippine–American War 4512:Treaty of Paris of 1898 4494:was a precursor to the 4476:Netherlands East Indies 4366:also ordered America's 4300:first Anglo-Burmese War 4115:maritime Southeast Asia 3785:coming from across the 3616:and then from India to 3599:mainland Southeast Asia 3591:maritime Southeast Asia 3550:Islam in Southeast Asia 3488:". The empire included 3398:mainland Southeast Asia 3136:Maritime Southeast Asia 3124:Telaga Batu inscription 3041:Maritime Southeast Asia 3017:Shwezigon golden pagoda 2783:flourished, connecting 2657:maritime Southeast Asia 2374:, sewn-plank boats and 1786:coastal migration model 1763:Mainland Southeast Asia 1745:is estimated to ~25,000 1739:Maritime Southeast Asia 1731:Mainland Southeast Asia 1708:Maritime Southeast Asia 1704:Mainland Southeast Asia 1002:South East Asia Command 870: 658:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 626:Maritime Southeast Asia 622:Mainland Southeast Asia 447:Philippine–American War 429:Third Anglo-Burmese War 331:Islam in Southeast Asia 18:Southeast Asian history 10209:10.3828/bfarm.2008.4.1 10017:Reid, Anthony (1993). 9328:Australian Archaeology 8089:. Leiden: KITLV Press. 7335:Blench, Roger (2004). 5907:, p. 266, citing 5558:Thongchai Winichakul. 4907:On 8 August 1967, the 4861: 4846: 4759:in 1965 and initiated 4753:Federation of Malaysia 4682: 4615:Vichy French Indochina 4611:Japanese Imperial Army 4598: 4498:(1896–1898). When the 4482:managed to hold on to 4474:, the Dutch ruled the 4451: 4420: 4397: 4347: 4340:Dutch imperial imagery 4204: 4087: 3955: 3916: 3762: 3740: 3711:Red Mosque of Panjunan 3579:establishment of Islam 3574: 3459: 3389: 3337: 3234: 3131: 3028: 2978: 2960: 2703: 2586: 2528: 2335: 2248: 2208: 2126: 1989:(3,500 BCE) from 1983:Austronesian expansion 1978: 1974:Austronesian Expansion 1930: 1792: 1784:Representation of the 1696:Aboriginal Australians 1679: 1566: 888: 360:Spread of Christianity 343:Portuguese discoveries 149:Austronesian expansion 38: 9666:. Allen & Unwin. 9532:George Cœdès (1968). 8864:. Public Library UK. 8816:. Columbia University 8643:Qurtuby, Sumanto Al. 8144:10.13185/PS2022.70202 7990:. Tuttle Publishing. 6831:F. Tichelman (2012). 6594:Nature Communications 6003:10.1093/molbev/msw293 5442:Willem van Schendel. 5416:. Amitavacharya.com. 5384:. Britishmuseum.org. 4970:History of East Timor 4913:ASEAN Free Trade Area 4852: 4844: 4823:annexed the territory 4694:declared independence 4676: 4592: 4571:Further information: 4521:Republic of Zamboanga 4496:Philippine Revolution 4441: 4411:The map of Thai city 4410: 4392: 4338: 4296:British rule in Burma 4197:Afonso de Albuquerque 4194: 4168:, possibly the first 4033: 4020:European colonisation 4009:Ming treasure voyages 3945: 3938:Ming treasure voyages 3895: 3815:territorial conquests 3745: 3735: 3557: 3450: 3444:in the 14th century. 3432:tribes conquered the 3380: 3362:which is now part of 3327: 3317:in coastal Java, the 3220: 3122: 3051:extensively promoted 3015: 2966: 2958: 2698: 2573: 2525: 2516:Further information: 2440:Island Southeast Asia 2352:Island Southeast Asia 2320: 2305:Polynesian navigation 2280:Indian Rouletted Ware 2243: 2204: 2105: 2098:Domestication of rice 2007:Island Southeast Asia 1993:and coastal southern 1971: 1943:Island Southeast Asia 1917: 1783: 1673: 1561: 1537:Further information: 1108:Age of the human race 917:Lands below the Winds 878: 612:covers the people of 436:Philippine Revolution 32: 9448:D.G.E. Hall (1981). 9230:Tom G. Hoogervorst. 8312:. pp. 379–382. 7757:"Maritime Silk Road" 7583:Procedia Engineering 7429:10.1038/news070924-9 6874:on 23 September 2015 6652:on 25 September 2016 6385:Marwick, B. (2013). 5864:Agence France-Presse 5069:statistical analysis 5000:History of Singapore 4975:History of Indonesia 4950:Two Layer hypothesis 4782:attempts to conquer 4631:invasion of Thailand 4506:and established the 4500:Spanish–American War 4323:Salem, Massachusetts 4122:Sultanate of Malacca 3869:Sultanate of Malacca 3789:in the West and the 3573:in the 13th century. 3467:First Toungoo Empire 3456:First Toungoo Empire 3452:Kanbawzathadi Palace 3105:Cambodia's dark ages 2474:Sepik Coast exchange 2462:Lapita trade network 2348:Austronesian peoples 2286:Early historical era 2217:Phùng Nguyên culture 1910:Neolithic migrations 1775:Austronesian peoples 1617:Homo erectus erectus 723:Phung Nguyen culture 452:American Philippines 442:Spanish–American War 370:European colonialism 10250:Tri thức Đông Nam Á 10146:2012PNAS..10914375D 10140:(36): 14375–14380. 9633:Holt, Peter Malcolm 9606:. Crown Publishers. 9382:1994Sci...263.1118S 8891:"Niccolò dei Conti" 8669:Tan Ta Sen (2009). 8616:Tan Ta Sen (2009). 8491:on 1 September 2009 8262:. pp. 151–152. 7884:Donald K. Swearer. 7863:10.1017/trn.2013.15 7671:on 15 December 2017 6943:2014JArSc..51...22H 6763:2011Rice....4...93B 6606:2014NatCo...5.4689L 6465:Simanjuntak, Truman 6436:2016QuInt.400..166J 6305:2007JHumE..52..243B 6217:2021Natur.596..543C 6142:2021Natur.596..543C 6083:2015PLoSO..1021193D 5956:10.1038/nature04022 5948:2005Natur.437.1012M 5942:(7061): 1012–1017. 5870:on 18 February 2014 5679:on 11 February 2017 5242:2021Natur.596..543C 5175:2021PNAS..11826132L 5169:(13): e2026132118. 5005:History of Thailand 4985:History of Malaysia 4965:History of Cambodia 4808:Sino-Vietnamese War 4806:of 1975–89 and the 4698:fought a bitter war 4372:punitive expedition 4257:Sir John Macpherson 4237:Government of India 3819:Turkic Central Asia 3809:and later northern 3751:Menara Kudus Mosque 3679:The founder of the 3001:, oral traditions, 2859:artifacts from the 2803:and all the way to 2793:Indian subcontinent 2553:Indianised kingdoms 2512:Indianised kingdoms 2496:(and possibly also 2187:Australo-Melanesian 1918:Proposed routes of 1183:Classical antiquity 642:Peninsular Malaysia 624:(or Indochina) and 380:Spanish Philippines 348:Spanish discoveries 159:Lal-lo and Gattaran 9930:. Silkworm Books. 9750:. Westview Press. 8814:"The Ming Voyages" 8419:on 8 November 2018 7502:. Amitav Acharya. 7263:on 18 January 2020 6614:10.1038/ncomms5689 5621:. Hartford-hwp com 5591:Constance Wilson. 5572:on 4 December 2016 5010:History of Vietnam 4990:History of Myanmar 4862: 4856:members' flags in 4847: 4816:Cambodian genocide 4683: 4665:since March 1942. 4599: 4556:self-determination 4525:Republic of Negros 4452: 4421: 4417:Johannes Vingboons 4348: 4292:Anglo-Dutch treaty 4209:East India Company 4205: 4088: 3956: 3917: 3823:sub-Saharan Africa 3783:Maritime Silk Road 3763: 3645:Belitung shipwreck 3628:) and converts of 3607:Theravāda Buddhism 3575: 3460: 3412:, the kingdoms of 3390: 3338: 3235: 3132: 3073:Theravada Buddhism 3045:Shailendra dynasty 3029: 2991:Buddhist teachings 2979: 2961: 2945:Spread of Buddhism 2853:industry trade in 2781:Maritime Silk Road 2704: 2701:Eastern Hemisphere 2659:adopted Hindu and 2587: 2529: 2436:Maritime Silk Road 2336: 2249: 2209: 2191:Maritime Jade Road 2131:Agrarian kingdoms, 2127: 1979: 1931: 1850:is located at the 1793: 1680: 1599:and more recently 1577:Middle Pleistocene 1567: 1565:entrance at sunset 1012:from 1941 to 1945. 889: 879:Detail of Asia in 694:10,000 years ago, 531:Sarawak insurgency 474:Japanese conquests 413:Anglo-Burmese Wars 39: 10301:雲南・東南アジアに関する漢籍史料 10270:978-88-365-3327-5 10240:978-1-74220-377-5 10009:978-981-4155-67-0 9937:978-1-63041-481-8 9916:978-0-300-04750-9 9894:978-90-04-10238-5 9866:Osborne, Milton. 9859:978-9971-988-39-5 9789:978-81-7018-046-3 9757:978-0-8133-4143-9 9736:978-981-4155-67-0 9715:978-87-91114-60-1 9694:978-0-7864-9033-2 9673:978-1-86448-955-2 9652:978-0-521-29137-8 9624:978-0-7425-6762-7 9590:978-0-520-91745-3 9545:978-0-8248-0368-1 9524:978-1-118-35044-7 9503:978-90-04-10512-6 9476:978-0-8248-0368-1 9404:Sinha, P.C., ed. 9376:(5150): 1118–21. 9307:978-90-481-9036-2 8682:978-981-230-837-5 8629:978-981-230-837-5 8351:. pp. 27–28. 8245:978-1-4008-5585-8 8024:978-1-4381-0996-1 7802:NSC Working Paper 7767:on 5 January 2014 7541:978-1-285-78308-6 7463:978-0-8248-0843-3 7199:978-9971-69-351-0 7172:978-981-4345-10-1 6844:978-94-009-8896-5 6814:978-0-691-15626-2 6542:978-0-470-01590-2 6509:978-0-521-66369-4 6211:(7873): 543–547. 6136:(7873): 543–547. 5820:978-1-119-25154-5 5711:978-81-207-4910-8 5488:978-0-521-54724-6 5307:Hall, Kenneth R. 5236:(7873): 543–547. 5137:978-87-91114-60-1 5110:978-90-04-10512-6 4960:History of Brunei 4917:East Asia Summits 4733:Malayan Emergency 4704:were driven from 4643:occupied Cambodia 4466:territories, the 4462:and the northern 4344:Dutch East Indies 4342:representing the 4315:Malay Archipelago 4268:Dutch territories 4217:Anglo-Siamese War 4100:Niccolò de' Conti 3906:Malacca sultanate 3865:Strait of Malacca 3506:Ayutthaya kingdom 3498:Kingdom of Lan Na 3442:Ayutthaya Kingdom 3438:Sukhothai Kingdom 3434:Chao Phraya River 3279:(1222–1292), and 3241:was ruled by the 3229:, the capital of 3182:Southwest Monsoon 3170:Northeast Monsoon 3140:Srivijaya kingdom 3107:and further into 3089:Sukhothai Kingdom 3069:Mahayana Buddhism 3035:kingdom based in 2797:Arabian Peninsula 2615:Mandate of Heaven 2428:Arabian Peninsula 2346:initiated by the 2165:, as part of the 2163:Hồng Bàng dynasty 2157:around the lower 1636:Homo floresiensis 1622:Homo floresiensis 1530: 1529: 1482: 1481: 1474:Political history 1099: 1087: 1057: 1053:Pleistocene epoch 974:Chersonesus Aurea 885:Avrea Chersonesvs 860:Post-World War II 606: 605: 516:Malayan Emergency 353:Dutch discoveries 227:Java and Sumatra 16:(Redirected from 10340: 10274: 10254: 10244: 10232: 10222: 10212: 10202: 10177: 10167: 10157: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10080: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10013: 9941: 9920: 9898: 9863: 9842: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9793: 9761: 9740: 9719: 9698: 9677: 9656: 9628: 9607: 9605: 9594: 9549: 9528: 9507: 9480: 9455: 9444: 9401: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9354:on 10 March 2014 9350:. Archived from 9311: 9280: 9273: 9267: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9243: 9236: 9227: 9221: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9200: 9198: 9192: 9179: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9133: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9110: 9104: 9091: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9066:. 14 March 2013 9057: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9036: 9028: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8918:(August 2006) . 8912: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8870: 8863: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8708: 8702:. Ec.europa.eu. 8701: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8548: 8541: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8487:. Archived from 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8392:Encyclopedia.com 8384: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8362: 8353: 8352: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8311: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8287: 8279: 8273: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8212: 8205: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7919:Religion Compass 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7898:on 16 March 2015 7897: 7890: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7799: 7790: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7763:. Archived from 7753: 7747: 7746: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7694: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7670: 7663: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7487: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7249:"Outrigger Ages" 7244: 7238: 7237: 7215: 7204: 7203: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7116: 7110: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6849: 6848: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6774: 6748: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6709: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6683: 6677:. Roger Blench. 6676: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6625: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6334:Charles Higham. 6331: 6325: 6324: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6254: 6236: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6179: 6161: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6104: 6094: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6022: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5928: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5902: 5896: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5564: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5279: 5261: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5204: 5186: 5153: 5142: 5141: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5094: 5077: 5065: 5059: 5048: 5042: 5032: 4786:resulted in the 4780:North Vietnamese 4774:states with the 4681:, November 1965. 4484:Portuguese Timor 4444:Stamford Raffles 4284:Stamford Raffles 4280:Seven Years' War 4166:Lanfang Republic 4162:Overseas Chinese 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4015:Early modern era 3921:heavenly harmony 3910:significant role 3861:Srivijaya empire 3668:grave stones in 3396:covered much of 3310:Majapahit Empire 3289: 3286: 3254: 3251: 3221:The Bajang Ratu 2877: 2875: 2870: 2720: 2718: 2715: 1600–1046 2713: 2652:on the western. 2494:Caroline Islands 2482:Papua New Guinea 2470:Hiri trade cycle 2466:Island Melanesia 2442:, including the 2364:material culture 2253:Sa Huỳnh culture 2229:lost-wax casting 2167:Đông Sơn culture 2147:Văn Lang kingdom 2120: 2118: 2113: 1926:migrations into 1768: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1736: 1727:Basal-East Asian 1713: 1661:Tam Pa Ling Cave 1652: 1648: 1607:has established 1522: 1515: 1508: 1497: 1491: 1452:Age of Discovery 1359: 1358: 1127:Earliest records 1113:Recorded history 1089: 1077: 1049: 1047: 1036: 1015: 1014: 992: 989: 988:Golden Peninsula 986: 983: 980: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 731:Dong Son culture 662:Christmas Island 598: 591: 584: 403:French Indochina 69: 59: 41: 40: 21: 10348: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10323: 10322: 10318:Wayback Machine 10282: 10277: 10271: 10257: 10247: 10241: 10225: 10215: 10200:10.1.1.368.9926 10102: 10100: 10098: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10010: 9938: 9917: 9895: 9860: 9839: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9790: 9758: 9737: 9716: 9695: 9674: 9653: 9625: 9591: 9546: 9525: 9504: 9477: 9441: 9419:Reid, Anthony. 9415: 9413:Further reading 9357: 9355: 9308: 9289: 9284: 9283: 9274: 9270: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9213: 9205:Jens Westengard 9196: 9194: 9190: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9131: 9125: 9121: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9089: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9030: 9029: 9013: 8990: 8986: 8960: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8934: 8913: 8909: 8899: 8897: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8857:Thomas Wright. 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8792:10.2307/3316807 8776: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8726: 8722: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8683: 8667: 8663: 8653: 8651: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8542:. Helsinki.fi. 8539: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8446: 8444: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8371: 8369: 8363: 8356: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8309: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8292: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8171:10.2307/2049480 8155: 8151: 8124: 8120: 8110: 8108: 8098: 8094: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8066:. NTT Plala Inc 8062: 8061: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8009: 8005: 7998: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7888: 7882: 7878: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7797: 7791: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7755: 7754: 7750: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7485:Wayback Machine 7475: 7471: 7464: 7448: 7444: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7359: 7352: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7283: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7216: 7207: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7126: 7117: 7113: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7056: 7054: 7053:. New Historian 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6757:(3–4): 93–103. 6746: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6722: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6416: 6412: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6332: 6328: 6288: 6284: 6197: 6193: 6122: 6118: 6077:(4): e0121193. 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6036: 5983: 5979: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5914: 5903: 5899: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5379:"Chinese trade" 5377: 5376: 5372: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5323: 5316: 5305: 5301: 5222: 5218: 5154: 5145: 5138: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5066: 5062: 5054:(1869) and the 5052:Republic of Ezo 5049: 5045: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5015:History of Asia 4980:History of Laos 4955:Spratly Islands 4925: 4839: 4671: 4629:began with the 4623:Franco-Thai War 4597:, January 1942. 4587: 4569: 4564: 4402:New Imperialism 4388:Townsend Harris 4298:began with the 4272:Napoleonic Wars 4261:Malay Peninsula 4182:tributary state 4174:West Kalimantan 4079: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4028: 4022: 4017: 3940: 3934: 3831:northwest China 3797:" regions like 3791:South China Sea 3681:Demak Sultanate 3652:Mongol conquest 3637:South China Sea 3571:Pasai Sultanate 3552: 3544:Main articles: 3542: 3540:Spread of Islam 3534:Indian textiles 3502:Kingdom of Laos 3368:Mataram Kingdom 3321:, and Sumatra. 3319:Malay Peninsula 3287: 3269:Mataram Kingdom 3253: 669–1579 3252: 3178:South China Sea 3117: 3115:Medieval period 2953: 2947: 2900:Malay Peninsula 2880:thalassocracies 2873: 2871: 2865:South China Sea 2823:traders in the 2716: 2714: 2693: 2669:East Kalimantan 2520: 2514: 2490:Mariana Islands 2372:outrigger boats 2315: 2293: 2288: 2238: 2236:Pottery culture 2199: 2151:Red River Delta 2143:Irrawaddy River 2139:Pyu city-states 2116: 2115: 3500–500 2114: 2100: 2090: 1999:outrigger boats 1976: 1912: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1734: 1711: 1650: 1646: 1556: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1526: 1495: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1438: 1437: 1428: 1414: 1395: 1376: 1375: 1356: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1328: 1314: 1305: 1291: 1277: 1276: 1266: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1245: 1231: 1212: 1193: 1192: 1173: 1153: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1122: 1103: 1102: 1088: 1076: 1068: 1045: 1034: 1006:Pacific Theater 990: 987: 984: 981: 969:Malay Peninsula 953:) in China and 950: 947: 944: 941: 873: 852:early Modernity 815:South China Sea 791:South China Sea 751:Red River Delta 602: 573: 550: 521:Thai insurgency 495: 479:Empire of Japan 458: 438: 415: 385:Dutch Indonesia 364: 326:Spread of Islam 307: 197: 57: 50: 37: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10346: 10336: 10335: 10321: 10320: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10281: 10280:External links 10278: 10276: 10275: 10269: 10255: 10245: 10239: 10229:Southeast Asia 10223: 10213: 10187:Before Farming 10178: 10124: 10109: 10097:978-9715424516 10096: 10081: 10070: 10058:978-0824824464 10057: 10042: 10030:978-0300054125 10029: 10014: 10008: 9995: 9980:R. C. Majumdar 9977: 9974: 9960: 9958:978-0300152289 9942: 9936: 9921: 9915: 9905:(9 May 1990). 9899: 9893: 9887:. E.J. Brill. 9878: 9864: 9858: 9843: 9837: 9822: 9810:978-1576077702 9809: 9794: 9788: 9776:Majumdar, R.C. 9772: 9762: 9756: 9741: 9735: 9720: 9714: 9708:. NIAS Press. 9699: 9693: 9678: 9672: 9657: 9651: 9637:Lewis, Bernard 9629: 9623: 9608: 9595: 9589: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9550: 9544: 9529: 9523: 9508: 9502: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9459: 9445: 9439: 9424: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9408:(Anmol, 2006). 9402: 9365: 9316:Morwood, M. J. 9312: 9306: 9294:Dennell, Robin 9288: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9268: 9255: 9222: 9211: 9165: 9119: 9077: 9044: 9011: 8997:"Introduction" 8984: 8964:"Introduction" 8954: 8932: 8916:Crawfurd, John 8907: 8882: 8849: 8838:. Khan Academy 8827: 8805: 8786:(3): 227–243. 8770: 8747: 8736:. Academia.edu 8720: 8688: 8681: 8661: 8635: 8628: 8608: 8586: 8575:on 18 May 2013 8560: 8528: 8517:on 6 June 2011 8502: 8476: 8465:. Asia Society 8454: 8443:. Academia.edu 8430: 8404: 8379: 8354: 8338: 8322: 8298: 8288:. p. 78. 8274: 8265: 8260:Lieberman 2003 8251: 8244: 8224: 8192: 8149: 8138:(2): 167–242. 8118: 8092: 8077: 8055: 8030: 8023: 8003: 7996: 7976: 7944: 7925:(2): 200–224. 7909: 7876: 7841: 7834: 7814: 7778: 7748: 7742:978-0710311672 7741: 7721: 7682: 7657:Helmut Lukas. 7649: 7624: 7602: 7569: 7547: 7540: 7520: 7488: 7469: 7462: 7442: 7407: 7400: 7380: 7373: 7350: 7327: 7320: 7302: 7296:978-0415100540 7295: 7274: 7239: 7232: 7205: 7198: 7178: 7171: 7151: 7136: 7125:. Academia.edu 7111: 7099:John N. Miksic 7091: 7064: 7041: 7015:(4): 227–274. 6995: 6986: 6977: 6967: 6958: 6917: 6885: 6850: 6843: 6820: 6813: 6793: 6734: 6720: 6695: 6663: 6637: 6580: 6548: 6541: 6515: 6508: 6488: 6481: 6456: 6410: 6397:(4): 553–564. 6377: 6365:Whc.unesco.org 6352: 6340:Digitalcommons 6326: 6299:(3): 243–261. 6282: 6191: 6116: 6056: 6034: 5997:(4): 889–902. 5977: 5923: 5912: 5897: 5895:, p. 262. 5881: 5851: 5826: 5819: 5801: 5776:OOI KEAT GIN. 5768: 5753: 5733:(33): 99–107. 5731:ArchéoSciences 5717: 5710: 5690: 5664: 5632: 5610: 5599:on 4 June 2019 5583: 5550: 5527: 5520: 5494: 5487: 5467: 5434: 5402: 5370: 5314: 5299: 5216: 5143: 5136: 5130:. NIAS Press. 5116: 5109: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5060: 5043: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4838: 4835: 4729:decolonisation 4714:United Nations 4670: 4667: 4639:Burma Campaign 4607:Imperial Japan 4603:Fall of France 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4364:Andrew Jackson 4321:set sail from 4227:following the 4084:United Kingdom 4024:Main article: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 3976:Yongle Emperor 3962:had conquered 3936:Main article: 3933: 3930: 3827:southern India 3729:published the 3727:European Union 3723: 3722: 3688: 3677: 3663: 3648: 3618:Southeast Asia 3541: 3538: 3458:(16th century) 3388:(12th century) 3358:city-state of 3315:Islamic states 3233:(14th century) 3195:Southern India 3116: 3113: 3027:(12th century) 2949:Main article: 2946: 2943: 2847:Southern India 2789:Southeast Asia 2692: 2689: 2634:Isthmus of Kra 2561:principalities 2541:Southeast Asia 2533:maritime trade 2513: 2510: 2356:Southern India 2325:proto-historic 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2237: 2234: 2198: 2195: 2089: 2086: 1945:from southern 1911: 1908: 1817:Charles Higham 1753:BCE). The pre- 1688:South Sulawesi 1589:Southern China 1545: 1542: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1419:Southeast Asia 1415: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1319:Southeast Asia 1315: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1236:Southeast Asia 1232: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1188:Late antiquity 1185: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1023: 913:Golden Islands 899:Sovannah Phoum 872: 869: 806:thalassocratic 614:Southeast Asia 604: 603: 601: 600: 593: 586: 578: 575: 574: 572: 571: 566: 560: 557: 556: 552: 551: 549: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 511:Indochina Wars 507: 504: 503: 497: 496: 494: 493: 488: 483: 482: 481: 470: 467: 466: 460: 459: 457: 456: 455: 454: 449: 439: 433: 432: 431: 426: 421: 410: 405: 400: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 366: 365: 363: 362: 357: 356: 355: 350: 345: 335: 334: 333: 323: 317: 314: 313: 309: 308: 306: 305: 304: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 275: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 240: 239: 238: 233: 225: 220: 214: 211: 210: 199: 198: 196: 195: 194: 193: 188: 183: 178: 168: 167: 166: 164:Lapita culture 161: 156: 151: 141: 140: 139: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 81: 78: 77: 71: 70: 62: 61: 58:Southeast Asia 52: 51: 44: 35:Southeast Asia 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10345: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10261: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10242: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10122: 10121:3 406 30440 0 10118: 10114: 10110: 10099: 10093: 10089: 10088: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10071: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10043: 10032: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10001: 9996: 9993: 9992:81-7018-046-5 9989: 9985: 9981: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9972:0-521-66369-5 9969: 9965: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9903:Reid, Anthony 9900: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9879: 9877: 9876:1-86508-390-9 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9844: 9840: 9838:9780195825930 9834: 9830: 9829: 9823: 9812: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9771: 9770:0-500-28303-6 9767: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9707: 9706: 9700: 9696: 9690: 9687:. McFarland. 9686: 9685: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9615: 9609: 9604: 9603: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9560:vol. 1 online 9558: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9537: 9536: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9515: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9463:Cœdès, George 9460: 9458: 9453: 9452: 9446: 9442: 9440:9789070080600 9436: 9432: 9431: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9417: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9366: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9323: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9290: 9278: 9272: 9265: 9259: 9240: 9233: 9226: 9220: 9215: 9208: 9206: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9160: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9088: 9081: 9065: 9061: 9054: 9048: 9040: 9034: 9027: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9012:9780608404066 9008: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8958: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8933:9788120612372 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8837: 8831: 8815: 8809: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8758: 8751: 8735: 8731: 8724: 8705: 8698: 8692: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8665: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8612: 8596: 8590: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8545: 8538: 8532: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8464: 8458: 8442: 8441: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8368: 8361: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8342: 8335:. p. 27. 8334: 8333: 8326: 8315: 8308: 8302: 8291: 8284: 8278: 8269: 8261: 8255: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8228: 8209: 8202: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8096: 8088: 8081: 8065: 8059: 8044: 8043:buddhanet.net 8040: 8034: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8007: 7999: 7997:9781462906994 7993: 7989: 7988: 7980: 7961: 7954: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7837: 7835:9781588395245 7831: 7827: 7826: 7818: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7752: 7744: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7725: 7706: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7612: 7606: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7557: 7551: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7524: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7401:9781880188057 7397: 7393: 7392: 7384: 7376: 7374:9780195300307 7370: 7366: 7365: 7357: 7355: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7323: 7321:9780890961070 7317: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7279: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7233:9783319338224 7229: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7155: 7147: 7140: 7124: 7123: 7115: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7052: 7045: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6902: 6895: 6889: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6797: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6727: 6723: 6721:9780858836389 6717: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6565: 6558: 6552: 6544: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6482:9781760460952 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6286: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6044: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5927: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5836: 5830: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5757: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5649: 5642: 5636: 5620: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5538: 5535:Muhamad Ali. 5531: 5523: 5521:9780195137989 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5387: 5380: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5120: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5038: 5031: 5027: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4945:Greater India 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4800:United States 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4784:South Vietnam 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710:Indochina War 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4540:British India 4536: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4492:Cavite Mutiny 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4374:in 1838. The 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307:United States 4303: 4302:(1824–1826). 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4276:Spanish areas 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4253:Francis Light 4250: 4249:Penang Island 4246: 4242: 4241:Francis Light 4238: 4234: 4233:Penang Island 4230: 4226: 4225:Bay of Bengal 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124:in 1511. The 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4090:The earliest 4085: 4075: 4065: 4055: 4045: 4032: 4027: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974:. The ruling 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3929: 3926: 3925:Son of Heaven 3922: 3915: 3912:in spreading 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3753:, a Javanese 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3725:In 2013, the 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3672:, modern-day 3671: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3282: 3278: 3275:(1052–1222), 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3247: 3246:Sunda Kingdom 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180:, as did the 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977:(9th century) 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2926:to the East. 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908:Indianization 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2709: 2708:Shang dynasty 2702: 2697: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667:that rose in 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2609:to reinforce 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2519: 2518:Greater India 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2206:Đông Sơn drum 2203: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Austroasiatic 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2001:and voyaging 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:Austroasiatic 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:Austroasiatic 1916: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809:East Malaysia 1806: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1771:Austroasiatic 1764: 1756: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1716:Austroasiatic 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1649:BCE to 70,000 1644: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1540: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1462:Postmodernity 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391:South America 1389: 1387: 1386:North America 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1264:Postclassical 1260: 1259: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1208:South America 1206: 1204: 1203:North America 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1137:Proto-writing 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028:Human history 1026: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 976: 975: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957: 936: 932: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909: 904: 900: 896: 895: 886: 882: 877: 868: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 835: 834:acculturation 831: 827: 823: 820: 816: 812: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 781:, Mekong and 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 754: 752: 748: 744: 741:at the lower 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704:Austroasiatic 701: 697: 692: 691: 687:The earliest 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:East Malaysia 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 599: 594: 592: 587: 585: 580: 579: 577: 576: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 559: 558: 554: 553: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 506: 505: 502: 499: 498: 492: 489: 487: 484: 480: 477: 476: 475: 472: 471: 469: 468: 465: 462: 461: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 443: 440: 437: 434: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 395: 391: 390:British Burma 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 375: 374: 371: 368: 367: 361: 358: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 332: 329: 328: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 316: 315: 311: 310: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 276: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 241: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 213: 212: 208: 204: 201: 200: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 172: 169: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 138: 135: 134: 133: 130: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 86: 83: 82: 80: 79: 76: 73: 72: 68: 64: 63: 60: 54: 53: 48: 43: 42: 36: 31: 27: 19: 10259: 10249: 10228: 10217: 10190: 10186: 10137: 10133: 10112: 10111:Yule, Paul. 10101:. Retrieved 10086: 10075: 10062:. Retrieved 10047: 10034:. Retrieved 10019: 9999: 9983: 9963: 9926: 9906: 9883: 9867: 9848: 9827: 9814:. Retrieved 9799: 9779: 9746: 9725: 9704: 9683: 9662: 9641: 9613: 9601: 9580: 9572:vol 4 online 9568:vol 3 online 9564:vol 2 online 9553: 9534: 9513: 9492: 9484: 9466: 9450: 9429: 9420: 9405: 9373: 9369: 9356:. Retrieved 9352:the original 9331: 9327: 9322:Homo erectus 9321: 9297: 9287:Bibliography 9276: 9271: 9263: 9258: 9246:. Retrieved 9225: 9214: 9202: 9195:. Retrieved 9181: 9168: 9156: 9149:. Retrieved 9135: 9122: 9114: 9107:. Retrieved 9093: 9080: 9068:. Retrieved 9059: 9056:(exhibition) 9047: 9024: 9001: 8987: 8979: 8967: 8957: 8945:. Retrieved 8923: 8910: 8898:. Retrieved 8894: 8885: 8873:. Retrieved 8852: 8840:. Retrieved 8830: 8818:. Retrieved 8808: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8761:. Retrieved 8750: 8738:. Retrieved 8733: 8723: 8711:. Retrieved 8691: 8671: 8664: 8652:. Retrieved 8649:Academia.edu 8648: 8638: 8618: 8611: 8599:. Retrieved 8589: 8577:. Retrieved 8573:the original 8563: 8551:. Retrieved 8531: 8519:. Retrieved 8515:the original 8511:"Press Room" 8505: 8493:. Retrieved 8489:the original 8479: 8467:. Retrieved 8457: 8445:. Retrieved 8439: 8433: 8421:. Retrieved 8417:the original 8407: 8395:. Retrieved 8391: 8382: 8370:. Retrieved 8347: 8341: 8331: 8325: 8301: 8277: 8268: 8259: 8254: 8234: 8227: 8215:. Retrieved 8195: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8109:. Retrieved 8105: 8095: 8086: 8080: 8068:. Retrieved 8058: 8046:. Retrieved 8042: 8033: 8013: 8006: 7986: 7979: 7967:. Retrieved 7947: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7900:. Retrieved 7893:the original 7879: 7857:(1): 31–59. 7854: 7850: 7844: 7824: 7817: 7804:(23): 1–30. 7801: 7769:. Retrieved 7765:the original 7760: 7751: 7731: 7724: 7712:. Retrieved 7673:. Retrieved 7666:the original 7652: 7640:. Retrieved 7636: 7627: 7615:. Retrieved 7605: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7560:. Retrieved 7550: 7530: 7523: 7511:. Retrieved 7491: 7472: 7452: 7445: 7420: 7410: 7390: 7383: 7363: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7311: 7305: 7286: 7265:. Retrieved 7261:the original 7256: 7252: 7242: 7223: 7188: 7181: 7161: 7154: 7145: 7139: 7127:. Retrieved 7121: 7114: 7102: 7094: 7082:. Retrieved 7076: 7067: 7055:. Retrieved 7044: 7032:. Retrieved 7012: 7008: 6998: 6989: 6980: 6970: 6961: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6908:. Retrieved 6888: 6876:. Retrieved 6869:the original 6833: 6803: 6796: 6754: 6750: 6737: 6711: 6698: 6686:. Retrieved 6666: 6654:. Retrieved 6650:the original 6640: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6571:. Retrieved 6551: 6524: 6518: 6498: 6491: 6472: 6459: 6447:. Retrieved 6427: 6423: 6413: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6368:. Retrieved 6364: 6355: 6343:. Retrieved 6339: 6329: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6272: 6234:10072/407535 6208: 6204: 6194: 6159:10072/407535 6133: 6129: 6119: 6074: 6070: 6059: 6047:. Retrieved 6037: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5939: 5933: 5926: 5915: 5909:Morwood 2003 5905:Dennell 2010 5900: 5893:Dennell 2010 5889:Swisher 1994 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5868:the original 5854: 5842:. Retrieved 5829: 5810: 5804: 5792:. Retrieved 5771: 5762: 5756: 5744:. Retrieved 5730: 5720: 5700: 5693: 5681:. Retrieved 5677:the original 5667: 5655:. Retrieved 5635: 5623:. Retrieved 5613: 5601:. Retrieved 5597:the original 5586: 5574:. Retrieved 5567:the original 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5530: 5503: 5497: 5477: 5470: 5458:. Retrieved 5437: 5425:. Retrieved 5405: 5393:. Retrieved 5373: 5359:cite journal 5347:. Retrieved 5334: 5330: 5308: 5302: 5259:10072/407535 5233: 5229: 5219: 5166: 5162: 5126: 5119: 5099: 5092: 5072: 5063: 5046: 5034: 5030: 4906: 4863: 4820: 4769: 4718: 4687:World War II 4684: 4627:World War II 4600: 4548:nation state 4537: 4533: 4453: 4422: 4398: 4393: 4375: 4362:. President 4349: 4328: 4304: 4286:established 4265: 4213:Josiah Child 4206: 4195:Portrait of 4146:Sunda Kelapa 4109: 4105:Christianity 4089: 3988:Persian Gulf 3972:Yuan dynasty 3957: 3918: 3879: 3877: 3858: 3835: 3799:North Africa 3787:Indian Ocean 3764: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3656:Yuan dynasty 3634: 3611: 3576: 3461: 3394:Khmer Empire 3391: 3386:Khmer Empire 3349: 3339: 3306:Old Javanese 3299: 3257:Tarumanagara 3236: 3198: 3174:Indian Ocean 3151: 3133: 3101:Mekong Basin 3099:, the Lower 3091:in northern 3081:Pagan Empire 3061:Khmer Empire 3053:Buddhist art 3030: 2980: 2939:Qing dynasty 2935:Colonial Era 2931:Song dynasty 2928: 2904:Mekong Delta 2854: 2837:networks of 2832:Austronesian 2829: 2813:Austronesian 2778: 2758: 2730:Zhou dynasty 2705: 2685:Central Java 2673:Tarumanagara 2654: 2630:Mekong Delta 2627: 2619: 2588: 2557:George Cœdès 2549:geostrategic 2530: 2488:between the 2455: 2340:Indian Ocean 2337: 2333:Indian Ocean 2322:Austronesian 2279: 2268:Buni culture 2265: 2250: 2247:clay pottery 2221: 2210: 2179: 2175: 2145:valley, the 2130: 2128: 2059: 2043:Micronesians 1980: 1951:Austronesian 1932: 1924:Austronesian 1857: 1845: 1829:Ivane Valley 1794: 1725:Distinctive 1724: 1720:Austronesian 1681: 1656:Homo erectus 1654: 1642:Homo sapiens 1640: 1634: 1620: 1616: 1609:Homo erectus 1608: 1572:Homo erectus 1570: 1568: 1496: 1371:Contemporary 1366:Early modern 1132:Protohistory 1084:Contemporary 1078: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1010:World War II 997: 995: 973: 954: 928: 916: 912: 908:Suvarnadvipa 906: 902: 898: 894:Suvarnabhumi 892: 890: 884: 838: 811:Indian Ocean 795: 787:Indian Ocean 755: 720: 708:Austronesian 690:Homo sapiens 688: 686: 640:(or Burma), 609: 607: 277:Philippines 55: 26: 10193:(4): 1–19. 9433:. Methuen. 9197:7 September 8947:10 February 8165:(1): 3–33. 8106:New Mandala 7902:20 February 7771:25 February 7642:20 February 7617:20 December 7589:: 190–197. 7562:15 December 7267:25 February 7129:12 February 7084:11 February 7034:11 February 6910:12 February 6878:11 February 6562:. Sealang. 6430:: 166–174. 6370:22 February 5840:. dccam org 5349:12 February 4874:Philippines 4812:Khmer Rouge 4788:Vietnam War 4739:and later, 4719:During the 4679:Vietnam War 4585:Pacific War 4552:nationalist 4490:, the 1872 4488:Philippines 4470:controlled 4311:East Indies 4282:. In 1819, 4270:during the 4251:by Captain 4245:George Town 4186:Qing Empire 4134:Philippines 4126:Netherlands 4118:trade route 4054:Netherlands 3807:Middle East 3650:During the 3630:South Asian 3593:. However, 3494:Shan states 3424:kingdom of 3342:Philippines 3336:(c. 900 CE) 3334:Philippines 3301:Deśavarṇana 3288: 1500 3271:(716–929), 3212:Dharmasraya 3189:dynasty of 3158:Spice Route 3003:iconography 2886:around the 2861:Philippines 2835:spice trade 2825:Arabian Sea 2761:Han dynasty 2638:transhipped 2611:divine rule 2502:Philippines 2458:Austronesia 2456:In eastern 2416:East Africa 2404:Indonesians 2400:spice trade 2051:Melanesians 2047:Polynesians 1965:-speakers. 1902:, southern 1852:Tabon Caves 1848:Philippines 1831:in eastern 1797:Pleistocene 1700:East Asians 1593:Philippines 1581:assemblages 1544:Paleolithic 1338:Renaissance 948:South Ocean 903:Golden Land 848:colonialism 779:Chao Phraya 678:Philippines 120:Tam Pa Ling 85:Paleolithic 56:History of 10260:Thailandia 9966:Vol I-IV. 9950:0300152280 9248:14 January 9157:It was in 9151:6 February 9070:9 February 8763:4 February 8740:4 February 8713:4 February 8654:4 February 8601:4 February 8579:4 February 8553:4 February 8521:4 February 8495:4 February 8469:13 January 8447:4 February 8423:30 January 8397:30 January 8372:4 February 8111:10 January 8048:14 January 7958:. Unesco. 7714:4 February 7675:14 January 7513:13 January 5794:8 February 5683:8 February 5657:13 January 5460:8 February 5395:11 January 5084:References 4902:East Timor 4761:a massacre 4635:Payap Army 4442:Statue of 4376:Friendship 4329:Friendship 4096:Marco Polo 3960:Ming China 3846:Wali Sanga 3709:, and the 3504:, and the 3382:Angkor Wat 3277:Singhasari 3214:kingdoms. 3185:aided the 3128:Srivijayan 2973:, central 2872: 500 2856:lingling-o 2756:traders". 2738:rhinoceros 2646:Langkasuka 2498:New Guinea 2486:Micronesia 2453:networks. 2451:trepanging 2444:lingling-o 2432:Madagascar 2420:Westerlies 2388:sandalwood 2368:catamarans 2297:Lingling-o 2295:See also: 2213:Ban Chiang 2173:industry. 2171:Bronze Age 2135:thalassian 2092:See also: 2023:Madagascar 2011:Micronesia 2003:catamarans 1963:Hmong-Mien 1872:Terengganu 1860:Hoabinhian 1833:New Guinea 1733:at ~50,000 1548:See also: 1533:Prehistory 1469:Futurology 1410:South Asia 1310:South Asia 1227:South Asia 1164:Bronze Age 1159:Copper Age 1117:Common Era 1092:10,000 BCE 1038:Prehistory 967:names the 965:Alexandria 826:common era 727:Ban Chiang 696:Hoabinhian 670:East Timor 618:prehistory 242:Indochina 203:Indianised 181:Ban Chiang 132:Mesolithic 10195:CiteSeerX 9496:. BRILL. 9033:cite book 8995:(1837) . 8187:165680758 7969:2 January 7939:1749-8171 7871:140665305 7637:prezi.com 7437:161331467 7029:162300712 6937:: 22–33. 6688:2 January 6656:2 January 6573:2 January 6449:2 January 6345:2 January 6269:237305537 6243:1476-4687 6168:1476-4687 6049:21 August 6011:0737-4038 5874:2 January 5844:2 January 5625:8 January 5427:8 January 5294:237305537 5268:1476-4687 5193:0027-8424 5103:. BRILL. 4878:Singapore 4866:Indonesia 4772:Indochina 4741:Singapore 4725:communism 4706:Indochina 4691:Indonesia 4486:. In the 4472:Indochina 4448:Singapore 4413:Ayutthaya 4288:Singapore 4178:Indonesia 4092:Europeans 4005:Liu Daxia 3968:Silk Road 3908:played a 3795:Islamised 3767:syncretic 3755:Majapahit 3719:West Java 3622:Sri Lanka 3518:sapphires 3475:Cambodian 3426:Dvaravati 3296:Borobudur 3281:Majapahit 3265:East Java 3239:West Java 3231:Majapahit 3223:paduraksa 3191:Tamilakam 3162:Vajrayāna 3148:Palembang 3077:Sri Lanka 3057:Borobudur 3033:Srivijaya 2968:Borobudur 2843:Sri Lanka 2774:barbarous 2677:West Java 2565:epigraphy 2506:Polynesia 2478:Kula ring 2396:sugarcane 2380:cultigens 2360:Sri Lanka 2106:Possible 2078:Indochina 2019:Polynesia 2015:Melanesia 1935:Neolithic 1928:Indonesia 1805:Niah cave 1801:Sundaland 1761:BCE from 1755:Neolithic 1665:Sundaland 1597:Sri Lanka 1585:Indonesia 1563:Niah Cave 1457:Modernity 1424:West Asia 1405:East Asia 1324:West Asia 1301:East Asia 1241:West Asia 1222:East Asia 1178:Axial Age 1080:Neolithic 1074:Timelines 1042:Stone Age 867:(ASEAN). 830:Silk Road 783:Red River 771:Irrawaddy 700:Neolithic 682:Singapore 674:Indonesia 321:Silk Road 271:Sukhothai 236:Majapahit 231:Srivijaya 144:Neolithic 137:Kuk Swamp 105:Liang Bua 10327:Category 10314:Archived 10174:22908291 10103:24 April 10064:24 April 10036:24 April 9816:24 April 9778:(1979). 9639:(1977). 9358:10 March 9348:55510294 9318:(2003). 9239:Archived 9188:Archived 9142:Archived 9100:Archived 9021:12212199 8942:03452414 8900:25 March 8875:25 March 8866:Archived 8842:25 March 8820:25 March 8704:Archived 8544:Archived 8314:Archived 8290:Archived 8217:11 March 8208:Archived 8070:10 March 7960:Archived 7806:Archived 7705:Archived 7504:Archived 7481:Archived 7107:Sa Huỳnh 6901:Archived 6785:Archived 6781:44675525 6726:Archived 6679:Archived 6632:25137359 6600:: 4689. 6564:Archived 6467:(2017). 6321:17161859 6261:34433944 6186:34433944 6111:25849125 6071:PLOS ONE 6029:28074030 5964:16229067 5785:Archived 5648:Archived 5451:Archived 5418:Archived 5386:Archived 5286:34433944 5211:33753512 4923:See also 4894:Cambodia 4882:Thailand 4870:Malaysia 4796:Cambodia 4721:Cold War 4613:invaded 4527:and the 4480:Portugal 4425:Thailand 4415:made by 4170:republic 4111:Portugal 4064:Portugal 4001:Chenghua 3992:Zheng He 3948:Zheng He 3923:and the 3904:, 1540. 3886:fatalism 3873:Malaysia 3775:Buddhism 3771:Hinduism 3695:Zheng He 3693:mariner 3603:Hinduism 3587:Mohammad 3414:Đại Việt 3259:, while 3227:Trowulan 3225:gate in 3199:entrepôt 3153:entrepôt 3093:Thailand 3065:Cambodia 2987:devarāja 2983:Hinduism 2924:Buddhism 2920:Hinduism 2902:and the 2884:polities 2770:Mandarin 2742:tortoise 2721:), when 2681:Kalingga 2661:Buddhist 2623:Brahmins 2607:devarāja 2581:(modern 2577:statue, 2545:Iron Age 2500:and the 2492:and the 2426:and the 2408:cinnamon 2384:coconuts 2342:was the 2329:historic 2224:Đông Sơn 2123:Holocene 2082:Malaysia 2055:Malagasy 2025:and the 1939:Mainland 1896:Cambodia 1884:Thailand 1876:Malaysia 1864:Hòa Bình 1841:pandanus 1722:groups. 1684:Holocene 1676:Holocene 1627:Rock art 1613:Java Man 1605:Malaysia 1601:Cambodia 1443:See also 1287:Americas 1272:Timeline 1169:Iron Age 1066:Holocene 1020:a series 1018:Part of 856:Cold War 854:and the 840:Buddhism 813:and the 747:Van Lang 716:wet-rice 646:Thailand 630:Cambodia 501:Cold War 408:Thailand 296:Madja-as 261:Lan Xang 256:Đại Việt 209:kingdoms 207:Buddhist 176:Sa Huỳnh 171:Iron Age 47:a series 45:Part of 10165:3437904 10142:Bibcode 9556:(1988) 9398:8108729 9378:Bibcode 9370:Science 9334:: 1–4. 9159:Ayudhya 9109:2 April 8976:4669778 8800:3316807 8179:2049480 7761:SEAArch 7057:9 March 6939:Bibcode 6759:Bibcode 6623:4143916 6602:Bibcode 6432:Bibcode 6301:Bibcode 6275:qpGraph 6252:8387238 6213:Bibcode 6177:8387238 6138:Bibcode 6102:4388508 6079:Bibcode 6020:5400393 5972:4302539 5944:Bibcode 5746:9 March 5603:9 March 5576:22 July 5543:22 July 5277:8387238 5238:Bibcode 5202:8020671 5171:Bibcode 4890:Myanmar 4886:Vietnam 4858:Jakarta 4767:(PKI). 4749:Sarawak 4429:Monthon 4358:on the 4278:in the 4221:Britain 4211:led by 4184:of the 4180:, as a 4158:Malacca 4150:Jakarta 4036:Legend: 3996:Beijing 3952:Malacca 3902:Malacca 3850:Sumatra 3779:animism 3749:of the 3747:Minaret 3715:Cirebon 3699:mosques 3674:Vietnam 3626:Gujarat 3567:Sumatra 3530:benzoin 3510:Malacca 3478:marches 3473:to the 3471:Manipur 3464:Burmese 3410:Vietnam 3356:Tagalog 3351:maginoo 3340:In the 3261:Central 3176:to the 3156:on the 3144:Sumatra 3109:Vietnam 3103:during 3037:Sumatra 3025:Myanmar 2916:Persian 2892:Malacca 2863:in the 2817:Persian 2801:Somalia 2746:Luoyang 2591:Sumatra 2583:Vietnam 2414:) with 2392:bananas 2272:pottery 2257:Vietnam 2180:Though 2149:in the 2141:in the 2031:Negrito 2027:Comoros 1959:Kra-Dai 1892:Myanmar 1880:Sumatra 1868:Vietnam 1743:Oceania 1692:Papuans 1554:Negrito 1400:Oceania 1296:Oceania 1217:Oceania 1151:Ancient 1096:Present 982: 961:Ptolemy 942: 935:Chinese 930:Nanyang 881:Ptolemy 844:Islamic 802:Sumatra 775:Salween 749:in the 650:Vietnam 638:Myanmar 10267: 10237: 10197: 10172: 10162: 10119: 10094: 10055: 10027: 10006: 9990: 9970: 9956: 9948: 9934: 9913: 9891: 9874: 9856: 9835: 9807: 9786: 9768: 9754: 9733: 9712: 9691: 9670: 9649: 9621: 9587: 9542: 9521: 9500: 9473: 9437: 9396: 9346: 9304: 9026:ocean. 9019: 9009: 8974: 8940: 8930: 8798: 8679: 8626: 8242: 8185: 8177: 8021: 7994: 7937: 7869: 7832: 7739: 7538: 7460: 7435: 7421:Nature 7398: 7371: 7318: 7293: 7230: 7196: 7169: 7027: 6975:Times. 6841: 6811: 6779: 6718: 6630: 6620: 6539: 6506: 6479: 6319: 6267: 6259: 6249: 6241: 6205:Nature 6184: 6174: 6166: 6130:Nature 6109: 6099: 6027: 6017: 6009: 5970: 5962: 5935:Nature 5817: 5708: 5518: 5485: 5292: 5284: 5274: 5266: 5230:Nature 5209: 5199: 5191: 5134: 5107: 4872:, the 4831:Brunei 4737:Malaya 4702:French 4647:Malaya 4609:, the 4595:Manila 4583:, and 4523:, the 4478:while 4468:French 4464:Borneo 4460:Malaya 4433:Mueang 4319:pepper 4305:Early 4274:; and 4082: 4080: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4060: 4052: 4050: 4044:France 4042: 4040: 3964:Yunnan 3898:Malays 3852:, the 3805:, the 3803:Iberia 3759:Mughal 3738:epoch. 3707:Banten 3670:Champa 3660:Yunnan 3583:Arabia 3514:rubies 3486:Yunnan 3482:Arakan 3418:Champa 3406:Angkor 3364:Manila 3344:, the 3283:(1293– 3273:Kediri 3210:, and 3208:Pannai 3204:Malayu 3138:, the 3087:, the 2995:Ashoka 2898:, the 2896:Bangka 2888:Strait 2874: 2809:Europe 2795:, the 2791:, the 2740:horn, 2726:shells 2717: 2642:Chenla 2603:Champa 2579:Champa 2468:; the 2424:Africa 2412:cassia 2382:(like 2378:) and 2366:(like 2311:, and 2182:millet 2159:Mekong 2117: 2035:Papuan 1991:Taiwan 1900:Yunnan 1767: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1735: 1712: 1651: 1647: 1631:Borneo 1619:) and 1591:, the 1493:Future 1433:Europe 1381:Africa 1354:Modern 1333:Europe 1282:Africa 1250:Europe 1198:Africa 956:Nan’yō 937:: 南洋; 925:Persia 921:Arabia 905:) and 819:Indian 798:Borneo 765:, and 743:Mekong 735:bronze 712:millet 654:Brunei 398:Borneo 394:Malaya 301:Butuan 251:Champa 246:Angkor 191:Maitum 186:Bujang 125:Trinil 90:Callao 49:on the 9344:S2CID 9242:(PDF) 9235:(PDF) 9191:(PDF) 9178:(PDF) 9145:(PDF) 9132:(PDF) 9103:(PDF) 9090:(PDF) 8869:(PDF) 8862:(PDF) 8796:JSTOR 8707:(PDF) 8700:(PDF) 8547:(PDF) 8540:(PDF) 8317:(PDF) 8310:(PDF) 8293:(PDF) 8286:(PDF) 8211:(PDF) 8204:(PDF) 8183:S2CID 8175:JSTOR 7963:(PDF) 7956:(PDF) 7896:(PDF) 7889:(PDF) 7867:S2CID 7809:(PDF) 7798:(PDF) 7708:(PDF) 7701:(PDF) 7669:(PDF) 7662:(PDF) 7507:(PDF) 7500:(PDF) 7433:S2CID 7025:S2CID 6904:(PDF) 6897:(PDF) 6872:(PDF) 6865:(PDF) 6788:(PDF) 6777:S2CID 6747:(PDF) 6729:(PDF) 6708:(PDF) 6682:(PDF) 6675:(PDF) 6567:(PDF) 6560:(PDF) 6265:S2CID 5968:S2CID 5838:(PDF) 5788:(PDF) 5781:(PDF) 5651:(PDF) 5644:(PDF) 5570:(PDF) 5563:(PDF) 5454:(PDF) 5447:(PDF) 5421:(PDF) 5414:(PDF) 5389:(PDF) 5382:(PDF) 5290:S2CID 5037:Macao 5022:Notes 4854:ASEAN 4745:Sabah 4544:China 4456:Burma 4423:Only 4130:Spain 4074:Spain 3881:Ummah 3838:Sufis 3811:India 3703:Demak 3666:Kufic 3614:India 3595:Islam 3360:Tondo 3304:, an 3243:Hindu 3187:Chola 3166:Malay 3085:Burma 3021:Bagan 2971:stupa 2912:Tamil 2841:with 2805:Egypt 2785:China 2750:Malay 2734:ivory 2723:cowry 2665:Kutai 2650:Kedah 2599:Funan 2575:Shiva 2537:Hindu 2527:Asia. 2155:Funan 2074:Burma 2070:Khmer 1995:China 1947:China 1904:China 1825:Timor 1706:into 822:Hindu 763:Khmer 739:Funan 616:from 569:ASEAN 291:Sugbu 286:Tondo 266:Pagan 115:Tabon 10265:ISBN 10235:ISBN 10191:2008 10170:PMID 10117:ISBN 10105:2014 10092:ISBN 10066:2014 10053:ISBN 10038:2014 10025:ISBN 10004:ISBN 9988:ISBN 9968:ISBN 9954:ISBN 9946:ISBN 9932:ISBN 9911:ISBN 9889:ISBN 9872:ISBN 9854:ISBN 9833:ISBN 9818:2014 9805:ISBN 9784:ISBN 9766:ISBN 9752:ISBN 9731:ISBN 9710:ISBN 9689:ISBN 9668:ISBN 9647:ISBN 9619:ISBN 9585:ISBN 9540:ISBN 9519:ISBN 9498:ISBN 9471:ISBN 9435:ISBN 9394:PMID 9360:2014 9302:ISBN 9250:2018 9199:2013 9153:2014 9111:2013 9072:2014 9039:link 9017:OCLC 9007:ISBN 8972:OCLC 8949:2014 8938:OCLC 8928:ISBN 8902:2018 8877:2018 8844:2018 8822:2018 8765:2017 8742:2017 8715:2017 8677:ISBN 8656:2017 8624:ISBN 8603:2017 8581:2017 8555:2017 8523:2017 8497:2017 8471:2018 8449:2017 8425:2017 8399:2017 8374:2017 8240:ISBN 8219:2018 8113:2024 8072:2018 8050:2018 8019:ISBN 7992:ISBN 7971:2017 7935:ISSN 7904:2017 7830:ISBN 7773:2020 7737:ISBN 7716:2017 7677:2018 7644:2017 7619:2016 7564:2009 7536:ISBN 7515:2018 7458:ISBN 7396:ISBN 7369:ISBN 7316:ISBN 7291:ISBN 7269:2020 7228:ISBN 7194:ISBN 7167:ISBN 7131:2017 7086:2017 7059:2018 7036:2017 6912:2017 6880:2017 6839:ISBN 6809:ISBN 6751:Rice 6716:ISBN 6690:2017 6658:2017 6628:PMID 6575:2017 6537:ISBN 6504:ISBN 6477:ISBN 6451:2017 6372:2017 6347:2017 6317:PMID 6273:The 6257:PMID 6239:ISSN 6182:PMID 6164:ISSN 6107:PMID 6051:2016 6025:PMID 6007:ISSN 5960:PMID 5876:2017 5846:2017 5815:ISBN 5796:2017 5748:2018 5706:ISBN 5685:2017 5659:2018 5627:2017 5605:2018 5578:2017 5545:2017 5516:ISBN 5483:ISBN 5462:2017 5429:2017 5397:2017 5365:link 5351:2017 5282:PMID 5264:ISSN 5207:PMID 5189:ISSN 5132:ISBN 5105:ISBN 4898:Laos 4880:and 4794:and 4792:Laos 4747:and 4542:and 4350:The 4154:Java 4128:and 3842:Java 3829:and 3685:Java 3563:Aceh 3548:and 3522:musk 3492:and 3430:Thai 3416:and 3392:The 3372:Java 3328:The 3294:and 3292:Sewu 3263:and 3097:Laos 3095:and 3049:Java 3005:and 2975:Java 2922:and 2914:and 2894:and 2851:jade 2845:and 2821:Arab 2819:and 2807:and 2752:and 2679:and 2601:and 2595:Java 2593:and 2476:and 2449:and 2447:jade 2410:and 2394:and 2376:paan 2358:and 2327:and 2276:Java 2266:The 2261:jade 2245:Buni 2222:The 2153:and 2096:and 2080:and 2068:and 2060:The 2053:and 2033:and 1972:The 1961:and 1941:and 1933:The 1922:and 1898:and 1888:Laos 1839:and 1837:yams 1823:and 1821:Java 1773:and 1741:and 1718:and 1694:and 1603:and 1552:and 979:lit. 939:lit. 923:and 871:Name 800:and 789:and 759:Cham 745:and 721:The 714:and 680:and 648:and 634:Laos 608:The 396:and 281:Ma-i 205:and 110:Niah 100:Kilu 95:Illu 10205:doi 10160:PMC 10150:doi 10138:109 9386:doi 9374:263 9336:doi 8788:doi 8167:doi 8140:doi 7927:doi 7859:doi 7591:doi 7587:142 7425:doi 7017:doi 6947:doi 6767:doi 6618:PMC 6610:doi 6529:doi 6525:eLS 6440:doi 6428:400 6399:doi 6309:doi 6247:PMC 6229:hdl 6221:doi 6209:596 6172:PMC 6154:hdl 6146:doi 6134:596 6097:PMC 6087:doi 6015:PMC 5999:doi 5952:doi 5940:437 5735:doi 5508:doi 5339:doi 5272:PMC 5254:hdl 5246:doi 5234:596 5197:PMC 5179:doi 5167:118 4446:in 4239:by 3950:in 3900:of 3713:in 3691:Hui 3683:in 3605:by 3581:in 3561:in 3526:lac 3490:Mon 3484:to 3422:Mon 3370:in 3142:on 3134:In 3083:of 3063:in 3047:of 3019:in 3007:art 2890:of 2876:BCE 2754:Yue 2719:BCE 2683:in 2675:in 2617:). 2480:of 2464:of 2350:of 2119:BCE 2066:Mon 1949:by 1807:on 1008:of 993:). 971:as 963:of 919:in 897:or 767:Mon 10329:: 10203:. 10189:. 10185:. 10168:. 10158:. 10148:. 10136:. 10132:. 9982:, 9952:, 9870:. 9635:; 9570:; 9566:; 9562:; 9392:. 9384:. 9372:. 9342:. 9332:57 9330:. 9326:. 9201:. 9180:. 9155:. 9134:. 9113:. 9092:. 9062:. 9058:. 9035:}} 9031:{{ 9023:. 9015:. 8999:. 8978:. 8966:. 8936:. 8922:. 8893:. 8794:. 8784:39 8782:. 8732:. 8647:. 8390:. 8357:^ 8181:. 8173:. 8161:. 8136:70 8134:. 8130:. 8104:. 8041:. 7933:. 7921:. 7865:. 7853:. 7800:. 7781:^ 7759:. 7685:^ 7635:. 7585:. 7581:. 7431:. 7423:. 7419:. 7353:^ 7345:24 7343:. 7339:. 7277:^ 7257:83 7255:. 7251:. 7208:^ 7075:. 7023:. 7013:24 7011:. 7007:. 6945:. 6935:51 6933:. 6929:. 6853:^ 6823:^ 6783:. 6775:. 6765:. 6753:. 6749:. 6724:. 6626:. 6616:. 6608:. 6596:. 6592:. 6535:. 6438:. 6426:. 6422:. 6395:32 6393:. 6389:. 6363:. 6338:. 6315:. 6307:. 6297:52 6295:. 6271:. 6263:. 6255:. 6245:. 6237:. 6227:. 6219:. 6207:. 6203:. 6180:. 6170:. 6162:. 6152:. 6144:. 6132:. 6128:. 6105:. 6095:. 6085:. 6075:10 6073:. 6069:. 6023:. 6013:. 6005:. 5995:34 5993:. 5989:. 5966:. 5958:. 5950:. 5938:. 5891:; 5862:. 5729:. 5514:. 5361:}} 5357:{{ 5337:. 5335:30 5333:. 5329:. 5317:^ 5288:. 5280:. 5270:. 5262:. 5252:. 5244:. 5232:. 5228:. 5205:. 5195:. 5187:. 5177:. 5165:. 5161:. 5146:^ 4919:. 4896:, 4892:, 4876:, 4868:, 4818:. 4778:, 4743:, 4689:. 4645:, 4579:, 4575:, 4558:. 4458:, 4263:. 4219:. 4176:, 4107:. 4011:. 3875:. 3833:. 3825:, 3821:, 3801:, 3773:, 3717:, 3705:, 3647:). 3528:, 3524:, 3520:, 3516:, 3500:, 3454:, 3384:, 3374:. 3332:, 3285:c. 3250:c. 3206:, 3193:, 3126:a 3023:, 2941:. 2869:c. 2827:. 2799:, 2787:, 2736:, 2712:c. 2687:. 2671:, 2543:. 2508:. 2472:, 2402:. 2390:, 2386:, 2370:, 2307:, 2303:, 2299:, 2112:c. 2084:. 2076:, 2057:. 2049:, 2045:, 2041:, 2021:, 2017:, 2013:, 1987:BP 1957:, 1953:, 1894:, 1890:, 1886:, 1882:, 1878:, 1874:, 1866:, 1813:BP 1777:. 1633:. 1595:, 1587:, 1094:– 1082:– 1044:) 1022:on 927:, 850:, 836:. 793:. 777:, 773:, 761:, 702:, 684:. 676:, 672:, 668:, 664:, 660:, 656:, 644:, 636:, 632:, 392:, 10273:. 10243:. 10211:. 10207:: 10176:. 10152:: 10144:: 10123:. 10107:. 10068:. 10040:. 10012:. 9994:. 9940:. 9919:. 9897:. 9862:. 9841:. 9820:. 9792:. 9760:. 9739:. 9718:. 9697:. 9676:. 9655:. 9627:. 9593:. 9548:. 9527:. 9506:. 9479:. 9454:. 9443:. 9400:. 9388:: 9380:: 9364:. 9362:. 9338:: 9310:. 9266:. 9252:. 9074:. 9041:) 8951:. 8904:. 8879:. 8846:. 8824:. 8802:. 8790:: 8767:. 8744:. 8717:. 8685:. 8658:. 8632:. 8605:. 8583:. 8557:. 8525:. 8499:. 8473:. 8451:. 8427:. 8401:. 8376:. 8248:. 8221:. 8189:. 8169:: 8163:8 8146:. 8142:: 8115:. 8074:. 8052:. 8027:. 8000:. 7973:. 7941:. 7929:: 7923:3 7906:. 7873:. 7861:: 7855:2 7838:. 7775:. 7745:. 7718:. 7679:. 7646:. 7621:. 7599:. 7593:: 7566:. 7544:. 7517:. 7466:. 7439:. 7427:: 7404:. 7377:. 7324:. 7299:. 7271:. 7236:. 7202:. 7175:. 7133:. 7088:. 7061:. 7019:: 6955:. 6949:: 6941:: 6914:. 6882:. 6847:. 6817:. 6769:: 6761:: 6755:4 6692:. 6660:. 6634:. 6612:: 6604:: 6598:5 6577:. 6545:. 6531:: 6512:. 6485:. 6453:. 6442:: 6434:: 6407:. 6401:: 6374:. 6349:. 6323:. 6311:: 6303:: 6231:: 6223:: 6215:: 6188:. 6156:: 6148:: 6140:: 6113:. 6089:: 6081:: 6053:. 6031:. 6001:: 5974:. 5954:: 5946:: 5878:. 5848:. 5823:. 5798:. 5750:. 5737:: 5714:. 5687:. 5661:. 5629:. 5607:. 5580:. 5547:. 5524:. 5510:: 5491:. 5464:. 5431:. 5399:. 5367:) 5353:. 5341:: 5311:. 5296:. 5256:: 5248:: 5240:: 5213:. 5181:: 5173:: 5140:. 5113:. 5058:. 4860:. 4203:. 3954:. 3721:. 3248:( 2867:( 2768:( 2710:( 2585:) 1615:( 1521:e 1514:t 1507:v 1490:↓ 1119:) 1115:( 1098:) 1090:( 1058:) 1048:( 1040:( 1035:↑ 991:' 985:' 977:( 951:' 945:' 933:( 911:( 901:( 597:e 590:t 583:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

History of Southeast Asia

Index