1061:(or possibly chunkey) with their lives staked on the outcome. The best Giant player was a woman with long red hair identical to Redhorn's. The little heads on Redhorn's ears caused her to laugh so much that it interfered with her game and the Giants lost. The Giants lost all the other contests as well. Then they challenged Redhorn and his friends to a wrestling match in which they threw all but Red Horn's friend Turtle. Since Redhorn and his fellow spirits lost two out of the three matches, they were all slain. The two wives of Redhorn were pregnant at the time of his death. The sons born to each have red hair, with the older one having heads where his earlobes should be, and the younger one having heads in place of his nipples. The older brother discovers where the Giants keep the heads of Redhorn and his friends. The two boys use their powers to steal the heads from the Giants, whom they wipe out almost completely. The boys bring back to life Redhorn, Storms as He Walks, and Turtle. In honor of this feat, Turtle and "Storms as He Walks" promise the boys special weapons.
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1129:(or Horned Serpent) is the most well-known mythological figure from the S.E.C.C. Its roots go back to Hopewell times, if not earlier. It usually is described as horned and winged, although the wings are more an indicator of its celestial origin than an essential form of the creature. In some versions of
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in
Tennessee. Animal images, serpents, and warrior figures occur, as well as winged warriors, horned snakes, stylized birds, maces, and arrows. Their location underneath the Earth probably reflect aspects of Mississippian myth and cosmology concerning the (perhaps sacred) precincts beneath the earth.
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of warriors and an object of supplication for a lengthy life, healthy family, and a long line of descendants. Its supernatural origin is placed in the Upper World with a pantheon including the Sun, Moon, and Four Stars. He is most often represented on precious materials, sometimes shell, most often
802:
Cycle, Red Horn is also called "He who gets hit with deer lungs", which may be a euphemism or an allusion to the fact that deer lungs with the trachea attached, resemble the graphic depiction of the Bi-Lobed Arrow. It may symbolize kinship and adoption rituals related to social hierarchies. Examples
243:, and nobility into a coherent whole. Some of these categories of artifacts were used as markers of chiefly office, which varied from one location to another. The term Southeast Ceremonial Complex refers to a complex, highly variable set of religious mechanisms that supported the authority of local
140:
Due to the seemingly rapid spread of S.E.C.C. traits, early scholarship described the S.E.C.C. as "a kind of religious revival in the lower
Mississippi Valley" and nearby regions. As of 2004, theories suggest that the complex developed from pre-existing beliefs spread over the midwest and southeast
562:
and the supernatural beings who inhabit the cosmos. The cosmological map encompassed real, knowable locations, whether in this world or the supernatural reality of the
Otherworld. S.E.C.C. iconography portrayed the cosmos in three levels. The Above World or Overworld, was the home of the
81:
cultures (i.e., artwork with similar aesthetics or motifs; maize-based agriculture; and the development of sophisticated cities with large pyramidal structures), scholars from the late 1800s to mid-1900s suspected there was a connection between the two locations. One hypothesis was that
371:
site and is known as the Braden Style; it corresponds with the
Southern Cult Period horizon defined by Muller. Other regional styles developed as a result of the fusion of ideas borrowed from the Braden Style and pre-existing local expressions of post-Hopewellian traditions.
1483:). Undoubtedly many other materials also were used, but haven't survived the intervening centuries. It may be judged by looking at the remaining artifacts that S.E.C.C. practitioners worked with feathers and designs woven into cloth, practiced body painting, and possibly
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a possible reference to the Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif. In the episode associated with this name, Red Horn turns into an arrow to win a race. After winning the race, Redhorn creates heads on his earlobes and makes his hair into a long red braid. Thus he becomes known as
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The Hand and Eye Motif is a human hand with an eye gazing out from the palm, yet another symbol of deity. It was one of the most common motifs in
Mississippian symbolism and may be related to the Ogee Motif, suggesting it represents a portal to the Otherworld.
1068:. After some effort, it is produced, but the Thunderbirds demand that it have a case. A friend of the sons of Redhorn offers his own body as its case. The boys take the Thunderbird war bundle and with their followers go on a raid to the other side of the sky.
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With the redefinition of the complex, some scholars have suggested choosing a new name to exemplify the new understanding of the large body of art symbols classified as the S.E.C.C. Participants of a decade-long series of conferences held at
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The Ogee Motif symbolized portals into the
Underworld. It appears frequently on Under World Deities. It may symbolize caves, may be derived from representations of female genitalia, or may represent the dorsal markings of the copperhead
1133:
myths, the serpent is described as a multi-headed monster with one green and one red horn, horns being a manifestation or marker of its power. In other myths, it is described as a one-eyed buffalo with one green and one red horn. The
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or "world tree", a central axis on which all the worlds rotated and were connected. It would have had alternating bands of red and white. It is often augmented with raccoon skin bundles, Ogee Motifs, and anthropomorphic heads.
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This motif derives its name from its resemblance to flower petals, but it most likely represents feathers. A Petalloid Motif placed around individuals, objects, or supernatural beings denotes its location as "celestial".
846:, such as the chipped flint and ground stone versions found throughout the southeast.The mace is also closely linked to the Spirit Birds and may even represent the pars pro toto feather of one of these powerful figures.
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on beaten copper. He dances, costumed with great ground-sweeping wings and a raptor-beaked mask. In his raised right hand he holds a club, prepared to strike. In his left he holds rattles fashioned from human skulls.
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904:, the falcon imagery was elaborated in figural expression. It is associated with warfare, high-stakes gaming, and possibly family dynastic ambitions, symbolized by arrow flights and the rising of the pre-dawn
533:
and from each other. During the ensuing centuries, the local traditions diverged into the religious beliefs and cosmologies of the different historic tribes known to exist at the time of
European contact.
86:(1510-1573) may have spread artistic and religious elements to North America. However, later research indicates the two cultures have no direct links and that their civilizations developed independently.
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and opposition. The beings of the Upper and Under realms were in constant opposition to each other. Ritual and ceremony were the means by which these powerful forces could be accessed and harnessed.
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tree or a striped pole reaching from the Under World to the Over World. Each of the three levels also was believed to have its own sub-levels. Deeply ingrained in the world view was the concept of
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The Great
Serpents, the great denizens of the Underworld, were described as powerful beings who were in constant antagonism with the forces of the Upper World, usually represented by the
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ceremony, and its association with kinship and adoption. In fact, the Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif may be a graphic depiction of the calumet. Other images found in S.E.C.C. art show figures with
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The Mace Motif usually is associated with the warrior image and may be combined with other motifs, especially the Cross in Circle Motif. It is a graphic representation of a war club or
1421:(Birdmen or Falcon beings). Although men were to be careful of these beings, they could also be the source of great power. A Shawnee myth tells of the capture and dismemberment of
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132:, with each as a discrete tradition defined by the origin of specific motifs and ritual objects, and the specific developments in long-distance exchange and political structures.
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164:, suggesting the items were used as gifts or exchange across a wide region. Numerous other pairs of extremely similar gorgets serve to link sites across the entire Southeast.
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and represented Order and
Stability. The Middle World was the Earth that humans live in. The Beneath World or Under World was a cold, dark place of Chaos that was home to the
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The Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif is often seen in the headdresses of the warriors/birdmen/chunkey players. A complex symbol, it is a graphic representation of a bow and arrow, an
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Griffin, John
Wallace. âHistoric Artifacts and the âBuzzard Cultâ in Florida.â The Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, 1946, pp. 295â301. JSTOR,
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and usually symbolizes the sacred fire that exists in the Middle World. A Cross in Circle Motif combined with a Petaloid Motif symbolized the Above World.
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The Tri-lobed Motif functioned as a serpent marking and may have symbolized a supernatural's ability to travel from the Lower World to the Upper World.
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site suggests they also painted designs in and on their dwellings. Paintings displaying S.E.C.C. imagery also have been found in caves, most notably
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Since then scholars have expanded the original definition, while using its trait lists as a foundation for critical analysis of the entire concept.
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Many common motifs in S.E.C.C. artwork are locative symbols that help determine where the action takes place and where the beings originated:
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Hornerkamp, Nicholas. "Native American Religions Pre-Contact Period". In Hill, Samuel S.; Lippy, Charles H.; Wilson, Charles Reagan (eds.).
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Various motifs are associated with the Birdman, including the forked eye motif, columnella pendants, mace or club weapons, severed heads,
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Many S.E.C.C. images seem to be of Red Horn, his companions, and his sons. The characters in the myth seem to be tied integrally to the
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In another episode, the sons of Redhorn decide to go on the warpath. The older brother asks "Storms as He Walks" for the Thunderbird
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Beings wearing the Forked Eye Surround Motif are understood to reside in the Above World. It is derived from the eye markings of the
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As the major centers, such as Cahokia, collapsed and the trade networks broke down, the regional styles diverged more from the
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Termination of the ideological traditions, as well as the complex; rise of tribal societies of the European contact period
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Other research shows the complex operated as an exchange network. This kind of network may be illustrated by a pair of
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play (including chunkey stones, striped and broken chunkey sticks), bellows-shaped aprons, and bi-lobed arrow motifs.
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A Swastika is a variation of the Cross in Circle Motif, symbolizing the creative, generative power of the Underworld.
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Trade networks break down; motifs previously on exotic materials begin to appear on pottery and other local products
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whose representation is so similar as to suggest that they were made by the same artist. One was found in southeast
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1971:. (1945). The De Luna Expedition and Southeastern Ceremonial. American Antiquity, 11(1), 57-58. doi:10.2307/275531
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1146:. It was described as having the body of a panther, four legs, a human head, an impossibly long tail and horns.
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227:, and other weapons. These warrior symbols occur alongside other artifacts, which bear cosmic imagery depicting
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as metaphors for the succession of descendants into the future. Raptor imagery gained prominence during the
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In 1989 scholars proposed a more archaeologically-based definition for the Mississippian artistic tradition.
912:, but attained its peak in the Braden Style of the early Mississippian period. It survived afterward in the
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Rise of a large number of regional artistic traditions that manifest distinct stylistic differences
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1937:"An Inquiry into Supposed Mexican Influences on a Prehistoric 'Cult' In the Southern United States"
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The First Frontier: The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and Endurance in Early America.
1029:, or Winnebago people. The mythic cycle of Red Horn and his sons has certain analogies with the
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2231:"The Mace and the Spirit Bird: Examining Images and Referents within Mississippian Iconography"
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The Columnella Pendant is a graphic representation of the longitudinal center columnella of a
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1175:. Other native peoples also gave descriptions of the being, sometimes now referred to as the
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1487:, as well as having pierced ears. One surviving painting found on a baked clay floor at the
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Illustration of a warrior holding a ceremonial flint mace or war club and a severed head
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The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, Artifacts and Analysis:The Cottonlandia Conference
2017:
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110:. Their concept was of a complex of a specific cult manifestation that originated with
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S.E.C.C. motifs have been found on a variety of non-perishable materials, including
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Projected development of Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex (M.A.C.C.) styles
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Apogee of the horizon, bi-lobed arrows, striped pole, baton or mace, fringed apron,
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2015:(1968). "The Southeastern Cult and Muskogean Ceremonial". In Williams, S. (ed.).
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In another episode, Redhorn and his friends are challenged by the Giants to play
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The Cross in Circle Motif is prevalent in most Native American religions. It has
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is one of the most conspicuous symbols of the S.E.C.C. It was simultaneously an
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Two Caddo-style pots with engraved Winged (left) and Horned (right) Serpents,
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A map of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex and some of its associated sites
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peoples. In the Braden Style, the Birdman is divided into four categories.
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Early Art of the Southeastern Indians-Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings
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The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians
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Nero, Robert W. "Prehistoric Indian Petroglyph." Blue Jay 16.1 (1958).
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Muller, Jon (1989). "The Southern Cult". In Galloway, Patricia (ed.).
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Middle Cumberland Female Effigies and the Portal to the Beneath World
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2043:"A prehistoric ceremonial complex in the Southeastern United States"
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as a series of four lists of traits, which they categorized as the
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869:, it is theorized that this symbol is associated with it as well.
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Beings wearing the Eye Surround Motif resided in the Under World.
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The social organization of the Mississippian culture was based on
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of the tribe, who kept them in their sacred "medicine bundles".
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shell. Because of the association of whelk shells with the
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188:
77:
Due to some similarities between S.E.C.C. and contemporary
2511:"Issues in the study of southeastern prehistoric cave art"
2413:
2110:
2019:
The Waring Papers: The Collected Work of Antonio J. Waring
1980:
944:
Late Braden style Falcon dancer with wings-Mound C, Etowah
74:-level complex social organization from 1200 to 1650 CE.
2091:
220:
1874:
Townsend, Richard F., and Robert V. Sharp, eds. (2004).
2307:
Lake Jackson Mounds reveal remnants of thriving culture
2166:"Spiro Mounds-A Ceremonial Center of the Southern Cult"
2441:"Archaeology, Ethnicity, and Oral Tradition-Chapter 6"
5384:
Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2388:
2386:
807:
have been found in many Mississippian culture sites.
367:
The major expression of the complex developed at the
128:
proposes the classification of the complex into five
751:
The Cedar Tree and Striped Pole Motif represent the
2383:
2279:
2016:
5595:Indigenous culture of the Southeastern Woodlands
5590:Indigenous culture of the Northeastern Woodlands
5561:
2351:
2349:
2206:
2037:
2011:
239:. This symbolic imagery bound together warfare,
98:was first defined in 1945 by the archaeologists
4299:
2267:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 83â112.
2078:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 11â26.
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
579:and Corn Mother or "Old Woman Who Never Dies".
5575:History of indigenous peoples of North America
2414:Duncan, James R; Diaz-Granados, Carol (2000).
1946:47: 483-515. doi:10.1525/aa.1945.47.4.02a00020
1079:on their ears and in place of their nipples.
1037:. Redhorn was known by many names, including "
916:mythological cycle and native religion of the
353:"Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere"
156:and the other found hundreds of miles away in
5368:
4285:
2552:
2346:
1753:Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park
16:Regional similarity of Mississippian cultures
5650:13th-century establishments in North America
1852:
1041:", a reference to his celestial origin, and
252:Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere
2228:
2111:F. Kent Reilly; James Garber, eds. (2007).
2073:
1981:F. Kent Reilly; James Garber, eds. (2007).
1005:Dancing wingless warriors / chunkey players
5375:
5361:
4292:
4278:
2559:
2545:
1425:. The pieces were distributed to the five
361:"Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex"
135:
108:Southeastern (centered) Ceremonial Complex
5630:Native American history of North Carolina
4800:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
2058:
1921:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1182:
5655:1650s disestablishments in North America
2355:
2278:James A. Brown and David H. Dye (2007).
1873:
1699:
1433:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1142:was painted on a bluff near present-day
1016:
956:Classic Braden style warrior with wings-
879:
582:These three worlds were connected by an
549:
541:
375:
114:peoples in the southern United States.
82:Meso-Americans enslaved by conquistador
18:
1446:, based partly on 19th century sketches
573:"He Who Wears Human Heads For Earrings"
5625:Native American history of Mississippi
5562:
2438:
2362:Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians
2259:
1811:
1805:
89:
66:. It coincided with their adoption of
5356:
4273:
2540:
2515:Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology
2420:Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology
2317:
1814:Encyclopedia of Religion in the South
567:, the Sun, Moon, and Morning Star or
473:
285:Long-nosed god shell and copper masks
5640:Native American history of Wisconsin
1828:http://www.jstor.org/stable/30138608
1052:"He who has Human Heads as Earlobes"
287:, and "square cross" symbol appears
5635:Native American history of Virginia
5271:Norse colonization of North America
1043:"He who is Struck with Deer Lungs,"
13:
5615:Native American history of Florida
5610:Native American history of Alabama
5421:
2575:Mississippian and related cultures
2145:
1839:
1743:Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site
14:
5666:
2525:
2114:Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms
1984:Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms
558:Most S.E.C.C. imagery focuses on
2568:
1959:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 55
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1002:Club-wielding wingless warriors.
980:
964:
949:
937:
854:
835:
819:
779:
764:
744:
724:
709:
690:
675:
653:
630:
438:
423:
405:
387:
187:area and Appalachian Mountains,
5620:Native American history of Iowa
5549:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
5291:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
4209:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2503:
2483:
2458:
2432:
2407:
2311:
2300:
2271:
2253:
2222:
2200:
2179:
2158:
2139:
2082:
2067:
2031:
2023:. Harvard University. pp.
971:Club-wielding wingless warrior-
203:, and stone tools sourced from
28:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2591:Timeline of Mississippi valley
2005:
1974:
1962:
1949:
1929:
1833:
1820:
1763:Moundville Archaeological Site
999:players / warriors with wings.
1:
3791:Grand Village of the Illinois
2229:Butterfield, Valerie (2018).
2060:10.1525/aa.1945.47.1.02a00020
1798:
448:stone palette from Moundville
5256:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
5220:
5206:Eastern Agricultural Complex
3568:Grand Village of the Natchez
1882:The Art Institute of Chicago
1728:Castalian Springs Mound Site
1450:
537:
126:Southern Illinois University
7:
4640:Bandelier National Monument
4514:List of Mississippian sites
4301:Pre-Columbian North America
2586:List of Mississippian sites
2491:"The Wickliffe Mounds Site"
2326:University of Georgia Press
1232:Both or in between versions
805:Mississippian copper plates
554:The Striped Pole Axis Mundi
143:Hopewell Interaction Sphere
10:
5671:
5645:Southeastern United States
5060:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
4665:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
4374:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2367:Cambridge University Press
2187:"The Late Woodland Period"
1768:Ocmulgee National Monument
993:Falcon Dancers with wings.
875:
741:Striped-Center-Pole Motif
687:Forked Eye Surround Motif
322:Post Southern Cult Period
278:Developmental Cult Period
84:TristĂĄn de Luna y Arellano
5521:
5473:
5432:
5419:
5390:
5329:
5301:Three Sisters agriculture
5156:
5088:
4620:
4349:
4307:
4236:
4125:
4057:
3989:
3928:
3921:
3874:
3746:
3735:
3665:
3516:
3473:
3405:
3113:
2987:
2899:
2818:
2745:
2608:
2599:
2581:
2207:Sharp, Robert V. (2013),
2119:University of Texas Press
1989:University of Texas Press
1955:Scott Weidensaul (2012).
1877:Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1397:
1363:
1329:
1312:
1295:
1278:
1261:
1244:
1025:Mythic Cycle is from the
851:Columnella Pendant Motif
619:
609:
599:
588:, usually portrayed as a
546:The Cedar Tree Axis Mundi
516:
491:
478:
466:
457:
332:
321:
310:
291:
277:
5600:Native American religion
4840:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
4399:Buttermilk Creek complex
3503:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
2439:Staeck, John P. (1994).
1695:
1380:
1346:
1077:long-nosed god maskettes
614:
351:have proposed the terms
215:. Such objects occur in
145:from 100 BCE to 500 CE.
5605:Native American history
5040:Town Creek Indian Mound
5010:Sierra de San Francisco
4865:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
4133:Ballgame (Southeastern)
4029:Long-nosed god maskette
3909:SunWatch Indian Village
3856:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
3717:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
2047:American Anthropologist
1942:American Anthropologist
1830:. Accessed 3 Mar. 2023.
1783:Town Creek Indian Mound
1159:, was a combination of
311:Attenuated Cult Period
136:Description of S.E.C.C.
5426:
4695:Coso Rock Art District
4582:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
4485:List of Hopewell sites
3884:Alligator Effigy Mound
3498:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
3450:Leon-Jefferson culture
2846:Caborn-Welborn culture
1713:Alligator Effigy Mound
1708:
1447:
1442:painted on a cliff in
1438:Modern rendition of a
1218:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1183:Distribution of belief
885:
734:Agkistrodon contortrix
555:
547:
349:Texas State University
24:
5570:Mississippian culture
5425:
5103:Arlington Springs Man
4945:Portsmouth Earthworks
2613:and Upper Mississippi
2318:Power, Susan (2004).
1935:Krieger, A.D. (1945)
1886:Yale University Press
1703:
1437:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1017:Red Horn and his sons
883:
776:Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif
553:
545:
376:Projected development
292:Southern Cult Period
64:Mississippian culture
22:
5460:Precolonial painting
5398:Art history timeline
5311:Transoceanic contact
5201:Container Revolution
4775:Gila Cliff Dwellings
4740:Etowah Indian Mounds
4172:Earth/fertility cult
3876:Fort Ancient culture
2760:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
2746:Lower Ohio River and
2732:Steed-Kisker culture
2416:"Of Masks and Myths"
2394:"The Red Horn Cycle"
2357:Pauketat, Timothy R.
2235:Illinois Archaeology
1733:Etowah Indian Mounds
867:black drink ceremony
219:, together with war
5585:Native American art
5231:Green Corn Ceremony
5045:Turkey River Mounds
4835:Lake Jackson Mounds
4655:Blue Spring Shelter
4177:Green Corn Ceremony
3737:Upper Mississippian
3687:Blue Spring Shelter
3407:Fort Walton culture
2861:Hovey Lake District
2466:"Shawnee Mythology"
1816:. pp. 542â545.
928:, and other plains
706:Eye Surround Motif
237:legendary creatures
90:History of research
36:Southern Death Cult
5427:
5403:Individual artists
5316:Underwater panther
4990:Rosenstock Village
4860:Marmes Rockshelter
4845:L'Anse aux Meadows
4259:de Soto Expedition
4224:Underwater panther
4070:Central Algonquian
3781:Fisher Mound Group
3425:Apalachee Province
3392:Waddells Mill Pond
2261:Hudson, Charles M.
1914:has generic name (
1709:
1448:
1226:Underwater Panther
1219:
1209:
1207:Underwater panther
1201:
1193:
1191:Spiro shell design
1157:underwater panther
886:
662:solar connotations
577:Underwater Panther
556:
548:
433:gorget from Etowah
112:Muskogean-speaking
25:
5580:Pre-Columbian art
5557:
5556:
5413:Women in the arts
5350:
5349:
5342:Pre-Columbian era
5143:Spirit Cave mummy
4940:Plum Bayou Mounds
4850:Lynch Quarry Site
4369:Ancient Beringian
4267:
4266:
4232:
4231:
3917:
3916:
3533:Atchafalaya Basin
3475:Pensacola culture
3440:Fort Walton Mound
3332:Punk Rock Shelter
3292:Mouse Creek phase
3115:South Appalachian
3109:
3108:
2988:Central and Lower
2929:Castalian Springs
2919:Brentwood Library
2819:Middle Ohio River
2672:Emerald Acropolis
2376:978-0-521-52066-9
2339:978-0-8203-2501-9
2293:978-0-387-48300-9
2132:978-0-292-71347-5
1998:978-0-292-71347-5
1895:978-0-300-10601-5
1758:Mangum Mound Site
1693:
1692:
1414:
1413:
973:Castalian Springs
873:
872:
527:
526:
343:
342:
213:southern Illinois
5662:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5286:Projectile point
5123:Leanderthal Lady
5050:Upward Sun River
5025:Stallings Island
5015:Shell ring sites
4965:Recapture Canyon
4880:Moorehead Circle
4725:El Fin del Mundo
4710:Cueva de la Olla
4516:
4503:Maritime Archaic
4487:
4317:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4034:Mill Creek chert
4024:Duck River cache
3926:
3925:
3744:
3743:
3508:Pensacola people
3302:Muscogee (Creek)
3142:Bell Field Mound
2856:Hovey Lake-Klein
2810:Wickliffe Mounds
2785:Rowlandton Mound
2702:Lunsford-Pulcher
2606:
2605:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2468:. Archived from
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2443:. Archived from
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2315:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2285:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2150:. Archived from
2143:
2137:
2136:
2108:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2039:Waring, A.J. Jr.
2035:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2013:Waring, A.J. Jr.
2009:
2003:
2002:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1871:
1850:
1849:
1844:. Archived from
1837:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1793:Winterville site
1788:Wickliffe Mounds
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1499:
1498:
1489:Wickliffe Mounds
1469:Duck River cache
1221:
1220:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1033:mythic cycle of
984:
968:
953:
941:
858:
839:
823:
792:, or possibly a
783:
768:
748:
728:
713:
699:peregrine falcon
694:
679:
672:in Circle Motif
657:
634:
607:
606:
455:
454:
442:
427:
409:
391:
333:Historic Period
258:
257:
70:agriculture and
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5539:Northwest Coast
5534:Native American
5517:
5469:
5428:
5417:
5386:
5381:
5351:
5346:
5337:Genetic history
5325:
5179:Ceremonial pipe
5152:
5133:Minnesota Woman
5090:
5084:
4905:Ocmulgee Mounds
4885:Morrison Mounds
4830:Kolomoki Mounds
4820:Kimball Village
4680:Candelaria Cave
4622:
4616:
4597:Suwannee Valley
4532:Old Cordilleran
4512:
4483:
4351:
4345:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4268:
4263:
4249:Clarksdale bell
4228:
4214:Stone box grave
4155:Ceremonial pipe
4121:
4080:Mobilian Jargon
4053:
3985:
3913:
3870:
3738:
3731:
3668:
3661:
3519:
3512:
3469:
3401:
3347:Rucker's Bottom
3137:Beaverdam Creek
3117:
3105:
2989:
2983:
2944:Hiwassee Island
2901:
2895:
2886:Welborn Village
2814:
2775:Millstone Bluff
2748:Confluence area
2747:
2741:
2737:Sugarloaf Mound
2677:Emmons Cemetery
2612:
2610:American Bottom
2601:
2595:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2286:. Springer US.
2276:
2272:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2109:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2036:
2032:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1872:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1748:Kolomoki Mounds
1738:Hiwassee Island
1698:
1534:Engraved Shell
1453:
1444:Alton, Illinois
1416:
1185:
1144:Alton, Illinois
1123:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1019:
988:
985:
976:
975:shell engraving
969:
960:
958:Mound C, Etowah
954:
945:
942:
910:Hopewell period
878:
844:ceremonial mace
803:in the form of
795:ceremonial pipe
761:Trilobed Motif
648:Cross in Circle
627:Petaloid Motif
602:
540:
520:
511:
504:
495:
484:
470:
461:
453:
452:
451:
450:
449:
443:
435:
434:
431:Hightower style
428:
420:
419:
410:
402:
401:
398:Birger figurine
392:
378:
345:
256:
199:, pottery from
138:
92:
42:), abbreviated
17:
12:
11:
5:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Mound Builders
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Medicine wheel
5243:
5238:
5236:Horned Serpent
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:Roberts Island
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4910:Old Stone Fort
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4875:Moaning Cavern
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4825:Kincaid Mounds
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4705:Cuarenta Casas
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Bluefish Caves
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4621:Archaeological
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4419:Caloosahatchee
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:Caborn-Welborn
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4350:Archaeological
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4254:Mound Builders
4251:
4246:
4241:
4240:Related topics
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4202:Village bundle
4194:
4189:
4187:Platform mound
4184:
4182:Horned Serpent
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4049:Stone statuary
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3899:Leo Petroglyph
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Moccasin Bluff
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Gentleman Farm
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Carcajou Point
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Caddoan Mounds
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Dauphin Island
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Bussell Island
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Beasley Mounds
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Kincaid Mounds
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Horseshoe Lake
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Dickson Mounds
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2526:External links
2524:
2521:
2520:
2502:
2482:
2457:
2431:
2406:
2382:
2375:
2345:
2338:
2310:
2299:
2292:
2270:
2252:
2221:
2199:
2178:
2157:
2154:on 2006-09-14.
2138:
2131:
2090:
2081:
2066:
2030:
2004:
1997:
1973:
1961:
1948:
1928:
1894:
1851:
1848:on 2006-09-14.
1832:
1819:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1493:Mud Glyph Cave
1475:, and copper (
1452:
1449:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:Horned Serpent
1234:
1229:
1199:Winged serpent
1184:
1181:
1138:figure of the
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1083:
1018:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
994:
990:
989:
987:Chunkey player
986:
979:
977:
970:
963:
961:
955:
948:
946:
943:
936:
920:(Winnebagos),
877:
874:
871:
870:
859:
852:
848:
847:
840:
833:
829:
828:
824:
817:
809:
808:
784:
777:
773:
772:
769:
762:
758:
757:
749:
742:
738:
737:
729:
722:
718:
717:
714:
707:
703:
702:
695:
688:
684:
683:
680:
673:
666:
665:
658:
651:
640:
639:
635:
628:
624:
623:
618:
613:
601:
598:
539:
536:
525:
524:
514:
513:
506:
499:
489:
488:
476:
475:
472:
465:
459:Classic Braden
446:Hemphill style
444:
437:
436:
429:
422:
421:
411:
404:
403:
393:
386:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
374:
341:
340:
337:
334:
330:
329:
326:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
308:
307:
296:
293:
289:
288:
282:
279:
275:
274:
269:
264:
255:
249:
191:from northern
137:
134:
104:Preston Holder
100:Antonio Waring
91:
88:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5667:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:KwakwakaÊŒwakw
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Pre-Columbian
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:Falcon dancer
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:Miscellaneous
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Melbourne Man
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:La Brea Woman
5116:
5114:
5113:Kennewick Man
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Serpent Mound
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Pueblo Bonito
4953:
4951:
4950:Poverty Point
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Pinson Mounds
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4925:Painted Bluff
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4805:Horr's Island
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Effigy Mounds
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Crystal River
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4612:Weeden Island
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Safety Harbor
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Poverty Point
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Paleo-Indians
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4508:Mississippian
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4197:Sacred bundle
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4017:Wulfing cache
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:Copper plates
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Three Sisters
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Little barley
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:Serpent Mound
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3866:Summer Island
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3669:Mississippian
3664:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3520:Mississippian
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:CorbinâTucker
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Roods Landing
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Moccasin Bend
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:Hoojah Branch
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3119:Mississippian
3116:
3112:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Menard-Hodges
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2979:Swallow Bluff
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:Tennessee and
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Marshall Site
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:Mississippian
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2492:
2486:
2472:on 2009-10-27
2471:
2467:
2461:
2447:on 2009-07-26
2446:
2442:
2435:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2148:"Connections"
2142:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1842:"Connections"
1836:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Serpent Mound
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:Etowah plates
1478:
1477:Wulfing cache
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:Msi Kinepikwa
1420:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:Passamaquoddy
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:Serpent Mound
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1127:Great Serpent
1121:Great Serpent
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
991:
983:
978:
974:
967:
962:
959:
952:
947:
940:
935:
934:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
891:
882:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
850:
849:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
830:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
810:
806:
801:
797:
796:
791:
790:
785:
782:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
759:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
720:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
704:
700:
696:
693:
689:
686:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
642:
641:
636:
633:
629:
626:
625:
622:
617:
612:
608:
605:
597:
595:
591:
587:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
552:
544:
535:
532:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
503:
500:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
482:
477:
469:
464:
460:
456:
447:
441:
432:
426:
417:
414:
408:
399:
396:
390:
381:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
338:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:elite burials
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:shell gorgets
146:
144:
133:
131:
127:
123:
118:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
87:
85:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Southern Cult
29:
21:
5548:
5481:Coast Salish
5321:Water glyphs
5290:
5276:Oasisamerica
5266:N.A.G.P.R.A.
5226:Folsom point
5216:Effigy mound
5196:Clovis point
5164:Aridoamerica
5065:Wickiup Hill
5020:Spiro Mounds
5000:Salmon Ruins
4995:Russell Cave
4790:Helen Blazes
4785:Grimes Point
4765:Fort Juelson
4755:Fort Ancient
4730:El Vallecito
4690:Chaco Canyon
4630:Angel Mounds
4592:Steed-Kisker
4542:Paleo-Arctic
4464:Glacial Kame
4449:Fort Ancient
4341:Post-Classic
4312:
4244:Chevron bead
4208:
4150:Burial mound
4044:Shell gorget
4012:Spiro plates
4007:Rogan plates
3826:Knoll Spring
3801:Hartley Fort
3761:Beattie Park
3645:Transylvania
3483:Bottle Creek
3445:Lake Jackson
3327:Pisgah phase
3257:Little Egypt
3207:Garden Creek
3192:Dallas phase
3079:Tipton phase
3057:Nodena phase
2954:Mound Bottom
2939:Fewkes Group
2924:Brick Church
2826:Angel Mounds
2692:Kuhn Station
2687:John Chapman
2514:
2505:
2494:. Retrieved
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:the original
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:the original
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2361:
2320:
2313:
2302:
2281:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2238:
2234:
2224:
2214:, retrieved
2209:
2202:
2192:September 8,
2190:. Retrieved
2181:
2171:September 8,
2169:. Retrieved
2160:
2152:the original
2141:
2113:
2084:
2075:
2069:
2050:
2046:
2033:
2018:
2007:
1983:
1976:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1940:
1931:
1912:|first=
1876:
1846:the original
1835:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1778:Spiro Mounds
1718:Angel Mounds
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1473:carved stone
1457:marine shell
1454:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1177:Spirit Otter
1176:
1149:
1148:
1124:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:Morning Star
1020:
1008:
906:morning star
899:
887:
814:Hand and Eye
793:
787:
620:
615:
610:
603:
583:
581:
572:
557:
531:Braden Style
530:
528:
517:
508:
501:
492:
479:
474:Late Braden
467:
458:
445:
430:
416:shell gorget
412:
400:from Cahokia
395:Braden style
394:
379:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
336:1550 onward
325:1450 - 1550
314:1350 - 1450
302:player, and
295:1250 - 1350
271:
266:
261:
251:
166:
158:Spiro Mounds
147:
139:
119:
116:
107:
95:
93:
79:Mesoamerican
76:
43:
40:Buzzard Cult
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:
5455:Photography
5306:Thunderbird
5174:Black drink
5138:Peñon woman
5075:Winterville
5055:Velda Mound
5035:Taos Pueblo
4930:Parkin Park
4915:Orwell site
4900:Nodena site
4795:Holly Bluff
4770:Four Mounds
4760:Fort Center
4685:Casa Grande
4635:Anzick site
4527:Monongahela
4454:Fort Walton
4429:Coles Creek
4394:Belle Glade
4379:Anishinaabe
4219:Thunderbird
4145:Black drink
3997:Emmons mask
3941:Chenopodium
3929:Agriculture
3851:Plum Island
3806:Hotel Plaza
3655:Winterville
3635:Scott Place
3573:Holly Bluff
3493:Fort Walton
3247:Lamar phase
3101:Walls phase
2997:Belle Meade
2990:Mississippi
2934:Dunbar Cave
2836:Annis Mound
2831:Angel phase
2805:Ware Mounds
2800:Twin Mounds
2650:Ramey state
2635:Monks Mound
2399:January 16,
2265:Black Drink
2121:. pp.
2053:(1): 1â34.
1161:rattlesnake
1150:Mishibizhiw
1035:Mesoamerica
832:Mace Motif
721:Ogee Motif
621:Description
468:Late Braden
413:Craig style
281:900 - 1150
185:Great Lakes
52:iconography
5564:Categories
5474:By culture
5251:Metallurgy
5211:Eden point
5108:Buhl Woman
4980:Rock Eagle
4970:River Styx
4895:Mummy Cave
4890:Moundville
4870:Mesa Verde
4855:Marksville
4602:Tchefuncte
4562:Plaquemine
4498:Las Palmas
4414:Calf Creek
4409:Cades Pond
3956:Marshelder
3841:Oak Forest
3811:Hoxie Farm
3625:Pocahontas
3518:Plaquemine
3455:Letchworth
3387:Town Creek
3322:Park Mound
3287:Moundville
3272:Mandeville
3262:Long Swamp
3222:Jere Shine
3074:Quigualtam
3022:Chucalissa
2909:Backusburg
2902:Cumberland
2891:Yankeetown
2876:Slack Farm
2851:Ellerbusch
2755:Adams site
2662:Cloverdale
2532:archive.is
2496:2008-09-13
2476:2013-09-09
2451:2008-09-13
2425:2008-09-13
2328:. p.
2216:2018-01-21
1799:References
1706:Moundville
1419:Thunderers
1066:war bundle
1031:Hero Twins
753:Axis Mundi
585:axis mundi
565:Thunderers
486:Moundville
418:from Spiro
365:"M.A.C.C."
357:"M.I.I.S."
122:Jon Muller
56:ceremonies
30:(formerly
5522:By region
5296:Stickball
4985:Rock Hawk
4815:Key Marco
4607:Troyville
4587:St. Johns
4572:Red Ocher
4331:Formative
4085:Muskogean
4058:Languages
3971:Sunflower
3831:Mero site
3766:Blood Run
3420:Apalachee
3367:Summerour
3307:Nacoochee
3064:Owl Creek
2959:Riverview
2949:Link Farm
2841:Bone Bank
2795:Turk Site
2790:Towosahgy
2655:Woodhenge
1969:Waring, A
1904:cite book
1574:Ceramics
1485:tattooing
1451:Artifacts
1290:Penobscot
1246:Winnebago
1048:"Redhorn"
798:. In the
560:cosmology
538:Cosmology
518:Hightower
241:cosmology
201:Tennessee
183:from the
60:mythology
48:artifacts
5544:Paraguay
5496:clothing
5465:Textiles
5440:Ceramics
5433:By media
5184:Chanunpa
5169:Ballgame
5148:Vero man
5098:Anzick-1
5070:Windover
5030:SunWatch
4960:Rassawek
4780:Glenwood
4670:Brewster
4522:Mogollon
4493:La Jolla
4479:Hopewell
4439:Deptford
4352:cultures
4192:Red Horn
4160:Chanunpa
4138:Northern
4126:Religion
4107:Timucuan
4075:Cherokee
3861:Schwerdt
3821:Juntunen
3796:Griesmer
3739:cultures
3692:Bluffton
3578:Jaketown
3543:Fitzhugh
3397:Wilbanks
3377:Tomotley
3352:Savannah
3317:Ocmulgee
3297:Mulberry
3232:Joe Bell
3152:Biltmore
3147:Bessemer
3012:Campbell
2974:Old Town
2780:Orr-Herl
2717:Orendorf
2712:Mitchell
2645:Mound 72
2640:Mound 34
2625:Big Eddy
2359:(2004).
2263:(1979).
2146:Muller.
2041:(1945).
1840:muller.
1461:ceramics
1399:Illinois
1370:Muskogee
1358:Cherokee
1353:Menomini
1341:Kickapoo
1319:Delaware
1307:Malecite
1302:Cheyenne
1297:Iroquois
1027:Ho Chunk
1023:Red Horn
918:Ho-Chunk
914:Red Horn
800:Red Horn
670:Swastika
644:Quincunx
569:Red Horn
481:Hemphill
471:Cahokia
262:Horizons
254:horizons
193:Illinois
162:Oklahoma
154:Missouri
130:horizons
96:S.E.C.C.
72:chiefdom
44:S.E.C.C.
5486:Huichol
5450:Jewelry
5445:Fashion
5391:Surveys
5333:Related
5191:Chunkey
5091:remains
5080:Wupatki
4920:Paquime
4810:HuĂĄpoca
4675:Cahokia
4645:Bastian
4552:Patayan
4474:Hohokam
4459:Fremont
4434:ComondĂș
4389:Baytown
4384:Avonlea
4364:Alachua
4336:Classic
4326:Archaic
4314:Periods
4167:Chunkey
4112:Tunican
4090:Natchez
4065:Caddoan
4039:Pottery
3990:Artwork
3981:Tobacco
3961:Pumpkin
3922:Culture
3776:Fifield
3707:Gahagan
3682:Belcher
3667:Caddoan
3650:Venable
3613:Natchez
3598:Mazique
3553:Fosters
3548:Flowery
3538:Emerald
3415:Anhaica
3372:Taskigi
3337:Rembert
3312:Nikwasi
3277:McMahan
3252:Liddell
3127:Adamson
3037:Janet's
3027:Denmark
3002:Boone's
2964:Sellars
2871:Prather
2630:Cahokia
2620:Aztalan
2517:. 2001.
2245:26 July
1723:Cahokia
1654:Copper
1528:Image 5
1523:Image 4
1518:Image 3
1513:Image 2
1508:Image 1
1392:Alabama
1382:Natchez
1375:Koasati
1365:Shawnee
1285:Hidatsa
1280:Arikara
1131:Shawnee
1050:and as
1011:chunkey
997:Chunkey
902:Cahokia
876:Birdman
594:duality
509:Craig C
502:Craig B
493:Craig A
463:Cahokia
369:Cahokia
306:appear
300:chunkey
272:Markers
229:animals
177:Florida
173:conches
169:warfare
141:by the
62:of the
5529:Alaska
5513:Muisca
4750:Folsom
4715:Cutler
4650:Benson
4537:Oneota
4469:Glades
4444:Folsom
4424:Clovis
4321:Lithic
4102:Siouan
4095:Taensa
3966:Squash
3889:Clover
3748:Oneota
3722:Keller
3712:Hughes
3677:Battle
3618:Taensa
3603:Medora
3593:Mangum
3588:Julice
3583:Jordan
3430:Cayson
3362:Sixtoe
3357:Shiloh
3267:Mabila
3202:Etowah
3182:Citico
3172:Chiaha
3167:Chauga
3084:Tunica
3069:Parkin
3052:Nodena
3047:Murphy
3017:Carson
2866:Murphy
2722:Sleeth
2707:McCune
2697:Larson
2600:Middle
2373:
2336:
2290:
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2129:
1995:
1892:
1614:Stone
1387:Tunica
1268:Mandan
1263:Ojibwa
1256:Micmac
1251:Dakota
1171:, and
1165:cougar
1154:Ojibwa
1152:, the
930:Siouan
894:avatar
890:falcon
816:Motif
789:atlatl
650:Motif
600:Motifs
522:Etowah
512:Spiro
505:Spiro
245:chiefs
235:, and
233:humans
211:, and
205:Kansas
181:copper
58:, and
5491:Inuit
5281:Piasa
5089:Human
4720:Eaker
4623:sites
4557:Plano
4359:Adena
4117:Yuchi
3951:Maize
3936:Beans
3894:Dodge
3846:Palos
3816:Huber
3756:Anker
3727:Spiro
3697:Caddo
3630:Routh
3563:Glass
3558:Ghost
3460:Velda
3382:Toqua
3242:Lamar
3227:Joara
3217:Irene
3187:Coosa
3177:Chota
3157:Blair
3132:Avery
3094:Yazoo
3089:Koroa
3032:Eaker
2969:Obion
2727:Starr
2123:29â34
1696:Sites
1503:Motif
1465:chert
1440:Piasa
1428:septs
1409:Caddo
1348:Ponca
1331:Miami
1324:Huron
1314:Omaha
1140:Miami
1136:Piasa
926:Ioway
922:Osage
863:whelk
616:Image
611:Motif
590:cedar
497:Spiro
267:Dates
225:maces
209:Texas
175:from
68:maize
5508:Maya
5241:Kiva
3640:Sims
3608:Mott
3528:Anna
3237:King
3197:Dyar
3007:Boyd
2881:Tolu
2401:2015
2371:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2247:2021
2194:2013
2173:2013
2127:ISBN
2027:â69.
1993:ISBN
1923:link
1916:help
1890:ISBN
1884:and
1479:and
1336:Sauk
1173:hawk
1169:deer
1125:The
1073:pipe
1059:ball
1021:The
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