242:
along the riverbed unsown was largely ignored for example. Peasants needed river access for their personal drinking water, crops, animals, and transportation. The
Sovereign Council ordered the creation of the first highway linking Quebec to the countryside in 1667. In 1696, it delegated these responsibilities to the senior road surveyor, le grand voyer, with local captains of the militia in charge of overseeing the quality of the roads in each seigneurie. The Council exhibited some degree of commitment to sanitation and waste management, paving central town streets to minimize weather damage and accumulation of waste. One of its greater successes was actually enforcing an ordinance mandating that inhabitants in Quebec's Lower Town clear the area in front of their homes, until a seasonal worker with a horse and cart was eventually introduced. The Sovereign Council's only ordinance mandating wells be drilled in Upper and Lower Canada in 1687 was never realized. Cahall notes that drilling wells was likely not a priority because no epidemics arose as a result of inhabitants drinking contaminated water under the entirety of the Sovereign Council's administration from 1663 to 1760. Moreover, townspeople drank river water for the entirety of French colonial rule without much concern.
227:
the primary regulatory body for coinage, regulating colonial weights, measures and scales until paper currency surpassed metal currency in 1685. The
Sovereign Council was very involved in early attempts to stimulate economic activity and maximize agricultural productivity. Ordinances mandated that seigneurs clear their seigneurs within an allotted time, and exempted small crops from yearly tithes for the first five years of cultivation. The Council sometimes directly intervened on behalf of the peasantry, the foundation of the colony. In 1680, it decreed that one-twentieth of uncleared land be made available to peasants. In an effort to protect the peasant's most valuable commodity, the cow, a 1686 ordinance enforced Louis XIV's edict that creditors could not seize cattle for debts until the year 1692. Similarly, after complaints were made that merchant monopolies were storing surpluses of wheat and preventing its circulation on the market in 1701, the Sovereign Council ordered a committee to inspect Quebec's granaries. The committee found that merchant monopolies were unfairly keeping surpluses, and the Sovereign Council consequently ordered that the surplus be seized and sold to the poor at a subsidized rate.
845:
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mitigate social unrest. A 1668 edict established commissions distinguishing between the deserving poor and the undeserving poor. This notion that the deserving poor were worthy of local, parish-administered aid while the undeserving poor were destitute law-breakers was common in metropolitan France and
Western Europe at the time. Reflecting colonial society's emphasis on righteousness and morality, the Sovereign Council mandated that every tavern-keeper provide sufficient proof of his virtuous character in order to obtain a business licence.
3195:
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859:
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Bishop's demands, but with a fine as opposed to a harsher punishment for conviction initially, but the issue would remain open. Prohibition of alcohol transactions to
Aboriginals was an important cause to the Church, who was fearful of Native drunkenness. However, the majority of the Council was not willing to prosecute violators to the full extent of the legislation. Led by intendant
223:
a judicial body, however, the
Sovereign Council made lasting achievements in agriculture, commerce, the maintenance of public order, and sanitation. Many of these achievements were in the first century of the Sovereign Council's existence, prior to the dissolution of some of its responsibilities to the increasingly centralized intendant and other offices.
189:. The King and Colbert felt that New France's administration had been badly mismanaged by charter companies and that the colony should be brought under tighter monarchal control. There was also a concern in the colony over the growing power of the Governor, especially in regard to the Church. In 1663, the colony was made an official province of the
241:
Attempts to improve public infrastructure were met with limited success. Early ventures in constructing roads proved especially futile given the necessity and the prevalence of rivers as a means of transportation. A 1664 ordinance that mandated inhabitants in the Grande Allée leave part of their land
222:
One of the
Sovereign Council's greatest achievements was its efficacy in processing civil suits. Contemporary evidence suggests that from the day defendants were summoned to court, they had one or two weeks to appear with their summons, at which time a verdict was definitively reached. More than just
213:
was also established. The intendant was to be in charge of police, justice, and finance in the colony. Shortly after the post's creation in 1665, the intendant began to sit on the
Sovereign Council, though its place on the council was not made official until 1675. Over time, the intendant became more
262:
Concentration of prosecuted crimes was mainly around urban settings, notwithstanding the fact that towns represented only an average of 20% of New France's population. A large majority of the trials were held in
Montreal, indicating a higher rate of crime further away from the seat of government and
258:
The crimes prosecuted by the colonial judicial system, and, by extension, the
Sovereign Council, were diverse, although extra weight was given to crimes that undermined France's colonial interests. An increasing problem was acts against the crown including forgery, where subjects created counterfeit
230:
While the
Council had to execute the King's administrative policies, it was often able to act independently given the geographic expanse of New France and its distance from metropolitan France. For example, the Sovereign Council allowed seigneurs to extract undue feudal tithes from peasants, which
226:
The Sovereign Council exercised considerable authority over New France's economic affairs. It dictated when certain types of commercial interactions could occur, and public markets in Québec City, Montréal and Trois Rivières were only established under the Sovereign Council's auspices. It was also
331:
Five councillors served as a Court of Appeal and as a governing body, and they formed the colony's senior court of law. In 1703, the number of councillors was increased to twelve. Prior to 1675, the councillors were appointed by the Governor General and thereafter by the King alone. Amongst these
259:
money by modifying their playing cards (also a source of money at the time), and this comprised approximately 17% of all cases in the 18th century. Also rising as a proportion of all crimes over the 18th century were violent crimes like assault, which constituted approximately 1/3rd of all cases.
275:
had called for an outright prohibition on the sale of alcohol to Indigenous Peoples in the early 1660s, and conflict between the Church and Jesuits on one hand and the Governor on the other is argued to have contributed to the establishment of the Council. The Council eventually agreed with the
250:
The Sovereign Council acted as the court of appeal for decisions made in the lower courts in New France. Any criminal conviction could be appealed to the Council. There was some hope in a more favourable outcome, as the attorney general who sat on the Council was the only official in New France
237:
until Louis XIV intervened and abolished the practice in 1717. The Sovereign Council undertook other policies aimed at the maintenance of public order with mixed success. A 1663 ordinance mandated the collection of extra food and clothing to distribute amongst the poor as part of an effort to
327:
The Captain of the Militia informed the inhabitants of the Intendant's plans for the development for the colony, reported on the concerns of the people, and tallied the census. As New France became better organized, further captains were added in each province to fulfill the duties of the
254:
The Sovereign Council could also amend verdicts without overturning convictions. In 1734, an African slave burned her owner's home in protest. The local magistrate ordered the accused to be burned alive, but the Council intervened and commuted the punishment to death by hanging.
284:
suspected traders. The activity did regain its illicit status, but the number of cases of the activity that made prosecution was trending downwards significantly throughout the later 18th century. Traffic of alcohol to Natives was only a minor crime by the mid-18th century.
130:, was not created from whole cloth, but rather evolved from earlier governing bodies. As early as 1647, a council of three was created by the King. In 1648, this council was enlarged to include five members. The Sovereign Council came to be known as the
280:, the Council then legalized the trade – not for moral reasons, but to increase profits of colonial subjects. An interim period followed where the Sovereign Council refused to mete out any sentences for the crimes, but the Church would
2881:
157:
issued an edict creating a new governing council named the "Sovereign Council." The new Sovereign Council had a broad policy mandate. The edict creating the Council authorized it to spend public funds, regulate the
2545:
174:, and was to appoint judges, bailiffs and other court officials. The Sovereign Council possessed a larger membership than previous colonial councils, having nine members in 1663. These nine members were the
293:
The Sovereign Council included nine officials who were fully responsible for all legislative, executive, and judicial matters. It made rules and enacted laws concerning the day-to-day affairs of the colony
138:) as early as June 16, 1703, when Louis XIV issued a royal edict referring to it as the Superior Council instead of its former name, and increasing the number of sitting Councilors from seven to twelve.
122:. It served as both Supreme Court for the colony of New France, as well as a policy-making body, though this latter role diminished over time. The council, though officially established in 1663 by
500:
214:
powerful, and some of the former responsibilities of the council were shifted to the intendant, with the power to appoint lower court officials being granted to the position in 1680.
324:
was responsible for economic affairs and trade, the administration of justice, finance, settlement and seigneurialism. He traveled from house to house asking what should be improved.
1888:
622:
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591:
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The creation of the Sovereign Council was part of a broader effort to reform the administration of New France by Louis XIV and his finance minister,
97:
141:
The institution lasted from its introduction in 1663 to the fall of New France in 1760. Its last meeting occurred on April 28, 1760, the day of the
2286:
1560:
931:
2897:
1565:
790:
162:, regulate trade between colonists and French merchants, and issue police measures. The council was also to create a system of lower courts in
478:
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closer to the frontier. Approximately a third of the punishments mandated for the various crimes were fines, and a fifth executions.
2865:
2311:
1668:
943:
Superior Council, Arrêts et règlements du Conseil Superieur de Québec (Québec: E.R. Fréchette, 1854), 39, Early Canadiana Online.
1431:
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1898:
887:
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2459:
1814:
1863:
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309:(after 1674, Bishop of New France) was in control of religious affairs, which included charity, education, hospitals and the
758:
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2279:
1858:
1746:
1522:
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701:
179:
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882:
271:
A challenge that influenced the development of the Sovereign Council was the regulation of alcohol traded with Natives.
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194:
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989:
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1926:
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was the direct representative of the king of France and was responsible for defense and diplomatic relations.
233:
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932:
Superior Council, Édits, ordonnances royaux, et arrêts du Conseil d'État du Roi, concernant le Canada
611:
198:
2436:
2414:
2109:
2037:
1989:
1625:
1515:
1406:
159:
182:(or, in his absence, the senior ecclesiastic), five councilors, an attorney general, and a clerk.
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1809:
1736:
1716:
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197:, the main charter company in New France, was cancelled, and a new Charter company called the
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774:
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186:
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1868:
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306:
142:
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1467:
John A. Dickinson (1995), "New France: Law, Courts, and the Coutume de Paris, 1608–1760",
272:
8:
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2016:
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1994:
1794:
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511:
310:
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1946:
1941:
1343:
679:
281:
111:
1769:
1481:
La justice criminelle en Nouvelle-France (1670–1760) : Le Grand Arrangement
2972:
2069:
2011:
1658:
1494:
1460:
The Sovereign Council of New France: A Study in Canadian Constitutional History
864:
632:
1495:
Les conseillers au Conseil souverain de la Nouvelle-France, Pierre-Georges Roy
3227:
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3101:
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1984:
1804:
1779:
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39:
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1999:
1968:
1931:
2064:
2074:
1956:
1613:
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1500:
934:(Quebec: P.E. Desbarats, 1803), 639, Early Canadiana Online.
245:
1432:"La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, Jean-Baptiste de"
1407:"Bochart de Champigny, Jean, Sieur de Noroy et de Verneuil"
623:
François de Beauharnois de la Chaussaye, Baron de Beauville
23:
Sovereign Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec
266:
739:
Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier
522:
Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal
2572:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
1497:(The Consellors of the Sovereign Council of New France)
3154:
3079:
2656:
2445:
2859:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
1357:"Duchesneau de la Doussinière et d'Ambault, Jacques"
826:
251:required having formal university legal training.
3239:1663 establishments in the French colonial empire
592:Jacques Duchesneau de la Doussinière et d'Ambault
353:
98:Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec
3225:
2875:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
2667:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
204:
2379:Report on the Affairs of British North America
1440:. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.).
1415:. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.).
1390:. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.).
2280:
1516:
1365:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.).
993:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.).
217:
539:The Indendant was President of the Council.
2373:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
2332:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
2294:
2287:
2273:
1523:
1509:
1354:
532:
148:
3029:
1483:, Dijon: Éditions universitaires de Dijon
1466:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
791:François-Louis de Pourroy de Lauberivière
348:
332:councillors were included the offices of
246:The Sovereign Council as a Superior Court
2648:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
2541:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
1429:
888:List of French possessions and colonies
3226:
1478:
1404:
1379:
1331:
1319:
1259:
1247:
982:
267:Conflict and the regulation of alcohol
3153:
3078:
3028:
2978:Individual ministerial responsibility
2927:
2624:
2570:
2401:
2329:
2268:
1765:List of French forts in North America
1504:
2546:Matters of a local or private nature
3175:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
1546:French colonization of the Americas
1359:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.).
987:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.).
883:List of governors general of Canada
700:
13:
3155:Provincial constitutions of Canada
3081:Interpretation of the Constitution
1457:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
970:
919:
906:
759:Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay
14:
3250:
2946:Cabinet collective responsibility
2488:Peace, order, and good government
2402:
1488:
807:Henri-Marie Dubreil de Pontbriand
195:Company of One Hundred Associates
3206:
3205:
3193:
2307:List of constitutional documents
2249:
2248:
2174:Military history of the Acadians
1922:Seigneurial system of New France
1437:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1412:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1387:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1362:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
990:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
857:
843:
829:
209:Around this time, the office of
193:. The crown's contract with the
2928:
1598:History of the French-Americans
1462:, New York: Columbia University
1423:
1398:
1373:
1348:
1337:
1325:
1313:
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1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
463:Philippe de Rigaud de Vaudreuil
2625:
2415:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
2312:Amendments to the Constitution
1927:Criminal justice in New France
1556:Timeline of New France history
1530:
1013:
1001:
976:
964:
946:
937:
925:
912:
899:
355:Governor General of New France
307:Apostolic Vicar for New France
300:Governor General of New France
288:
1:
3062:Other unsuccessful amendments
1917:Custom of Paris in New France
1355:Lamontagne, LĂ©opold (1979) .
893:
723:François de Montmorency-Laval
655:Michel Bégon de la Picardière
614:, sieur de Noroy de Verneuil
205:The Council and the Intendant
3127:Interjurisdictional immunity
2951:Disallowance and reservation
2603:Statute of Westminster, 1931
572:Claude de Boutroue d'Aubigny
411:Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre
16:Governing body in New France
7:
2503:Matters excepted from s. 92
1442:University of Toronto Press
1417:University of Toronto Press
1392:University of Toronto Press
1367:University of Toronto Press
995:University of Toronto Press
822:
749:(until September 1715) and
10:
3255:
3092:Indigenous self-government
2582:British North America Acts
2368:Constitutional Act of 1791
2358:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2353:Constitution of New France
1864:Governor of Trois-Rivières
1451:
878:Timeline of Quebec history
218:Functions and achievements
118:) was a governing body in
3187:
3160:
3149:
3087:
3074:
3037:
3024:
3000:Parliamentary sovereignty
2941:At His Majesty's pleasure
2936:
2923:
2890:
2874:
2858:
2665:
2633:
2620:
2577:
2566:
2536:Administration of justice
2531:Property and civil rights
2511:
2478:
2410:
2397:
2338:
2325:
2302:
2244:
2216:Expulsion of the Acadians
2161:
2125:
2030:
2007:Company of 100 Associates
1977:
1909:
1833:
1820:Fort St. Louis (Illinois)
1757:
1667:
1606:
1538:
1434:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
1430:Rambaud, Alfred (1979) .
1409:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
1384:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
661:
612:Jean Bochart de Champigny
563:
490:comte de La Galissonnière
469:
381:
199:French West India Company
93:
82:
67:
52:
47:
33:
28:
21:
2437:Fathers of Confederation
2317:Quasi-constitutional law
2211:French and Iroquois Wars
1458:Raymond Du Bois Cahall,
273:Bishop François de Laval
3165:Constitution of Alberta
3107:Equal authenticity rule
2995:Parliamentary privilege
2432:London Conference, 1866
2420:Quebec Conference, 1864
2221:Great Peace of Montreal
2022:Compagnie de l'Occident
1593:History of the Acadians
1405:Eccles, W. J. (1979) .
1380:Eccles, W. J. (1979) .
983:Vachon, André (1979) .
958:Encyclopædia Britannica
534:Intendant of New France
501:Marquis de la Jonquière
322:Intendant of New France
211:Intendant of New France
149:Creation of the Council
3170:Constitution of Quebec
3122:Implied Bill of Rights
2956:Responsible government
2658:Constitution Act, 1982
2638:Fulton–Favreau formula
2608:Newfoundland Act, 1949
2598:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
2526:Works and undertakings
2447:Constitution Act, 1867
2296:Constitution of Canada
2169:Military of New France
2095:Gens de couleur libres
1825:Fort St. Louis (Texas)
1810:Fortress of Louisbourg
1634:(1682–1763, 1801–1803)
1551:French colonial empire
479:marquis de Beauharnois
349:Members of the Council
115:
3031:Constitutional debate
2343:Iroquois constitution
1382:"Meulles, Jacques de"
775:Pierre-Herman Dosquet
422:marquis de Denonville
187:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
3234:People of New France
3052:Charlottetown Accord
2348:Mi'kmaq constitution
1869:Governor of Montreal
1775:Fort Michilimackinac
1583:1763 Treaty of Paris
1479:Eric Wenzel (2012),
1469:Manitoba Law Journal
851:North America portal
644:Antoine-Denis Raudot
231:ran contrary to the
143:Battle of Sainte-Foy
3057:Calgary Declaration
2455:Canadian federalism
2017:Mississippi Company
954:"Sovereign Council"
747:Louis XIV of France
731:Louis XIV of France
670:Claude-Thomas Dupuy
390:Daniel de Courcelle
100:(from 1764 onwards)
89:(from 1647 onwards)
3137:Dialogue principle
3097:Pith and substance
2966:King-in-Parliament
2891:Part VII – General
2588:Manitoba Act, 1870
2493:Trade and commerce
2425:Quebec Resolutions
2363:Quebec Act of 1774
2189:King William's War
2184:Intercolonial Wars
1142:, pp. 238–239
1010:, pp. 149–260
815:Louis XV of France
799:Louis XV of France
783:Louis XV of France
767:Louis XV of France
751:Louis XV of France
602:Jacques de Meulles
453:Hector de Callière
433:comte de Frontenac
401:comte de Frontenac
334:Procurator General
3221:
3220:
3200:Canada portal
3183:
3182:
3145:
3144:
3070:
3069:
3047:Meech Lake Accord
3020:
3019:
3010:Royal prerogative
2919:
2918:
2915:
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2911:
2910:
2616:
2615:
2593:Alberta Act, 1905
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2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2393:
2392:
2385:Act of Union 1840
2262:
2261:
2199:King George's War
2179:Acadian Civil War
2126:Missionary groups
2117:Intellectual life
1854:Sovereign Council
1588:History of Quebec
1344:Sovereign Council
960:. 9 January 2018.
820:
819:
698:
697:
530:
529:
443:Guillaume Couture
191:Kingdom of France
136:Conseil Supérieur
116:Conseil souverain
108:Sovereign Council
104:
103:
94:Succeeded by
87:Council of Quebec
3246:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3196:
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3132:Purposive theory
3076:
3075:
3026:
3025:
2961:Fusion of powers
2925:
2924:
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2662:
2654:
2653:
2643:Victoria Charter
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2621:
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2567:
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2398:
2327:
2326:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2231:Schenectady Raid
2204:Seven Years' War
2194:Queen Anne's War
2060:King's Daughters
2012:Crozat's Company
1995:Coureur des bois
1937:Superior Council
1859:Bishop of Quebec
1844:Governor General
1785:Fort de Chartres
1644:Illinois Country
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1484:
1475:
1463:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1310:, pp. 55–56
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1202:, pp. 53–54
1197:
1191:
1185:
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1173:
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1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
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1101:
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1029:
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1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
998:
980:
974:
968:
962:
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950:
944:
941:
935:
929:
923:
916:
910:
903:
867:
862:
861:
860:
853:
848:
847:
846:
839:
834:
833:
832:
707:
706:
702:Bishop of Quebec
542:
541:
512:Marquis Duquesne
375:Augustin de MĂ©sy
360:
359:
311:Christianization
234:Coutume de Paris
176:governor general
132:Superior Council
83:Preceded by
78:
76:
63:
61:
19:
18:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3194:
3192:
3179:
3156:
3141:
3083:
3066:
3042:Triple-E Senate
3033:
3016:
2988:Question Period
2932:
2907:
2886:
2870:
2854:
2652:
2629:
2612:
2573:
2550:
2513:
2507:
2480:
2474:
2441:
2406:
2389:
2334:
2321:
2298:
2293:
2263:
2258:
2240:
2157:
2133:Jesuit missions
2121:
2070:Casquette girls
2026:
1973:
1942:Admiralty court
1905:
1829:
1753:
1670:
1663:
1602:
1561:Beginnings–1533
1534:
1529:
1491:
1454:
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828:
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705:
680:Gilles Hocquart
537:
358:
351:
291:
269:
248:
220:
207:
153:In April 1662,
151:
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59:
57:
43:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2983:Interpellation
2980:
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2973:Implied repeal
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2236:Deerfield Raid
2233:
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1699:
1697:Trois-Rivières
1694:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1659:Domaine du roy
1656:
1654:Pays d'en Haut
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1610:
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1520:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:External links
1487:
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1397:
1372:
1347:
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1300:
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1252:
1240:
1236:Dickinson 1995
1228:
1224:Dickinson 1995
1216:
1212:Dickinson 1995
1204:
1200:Dickinson 1995
1192:
1188:Dickinson 1995
1180:
1176:Dickinson 1995
1168:
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922:, p. 102)
911:
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869:
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865:History portal
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690:François Bigot
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639:
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633:Jacques Raudot
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172:Trois-Rivières
150:
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124:King Louis XIV
102:
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90:
84:
80:
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69:
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54:
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3102:Double aspect
3100:
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3023:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:Reserve power
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
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2976:
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2512:Powers under
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2404:Confederation
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1985:Chemin du Roy
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1805:Fort Duquesne
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1795:Fort Carillon
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1780:Fort de Buade
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1021:
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2498:Criminal law
2479:Powers under
2352:
2226:Lachine Raid
1963:Maréchaussée
1961:
1936:
1885:Terre-Neuve
1853:
1790:Fort Detroit
1770:Fort Rouillé
1743:Terre-Neuve
1649:Ohio Country
1480:
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1334:, p. 84
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1322:, p. 55
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1243:
1238:, p. 51
1231:
1226:, p. 53
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1214:, p. 52
1207:
1195:
1190:, p. 47
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635:co-intendant
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3117:Living tree
3112:Paramountcy
2930:Conventions
2584:, 1867–1982
2470:Section 125
2465:Section 121
2080:Amerindians
2043:1666 census
1952:Officiality
1947:Provostship
1834:Governments
1815:Castle Hill
1737:New Orleans
1713:ĂŽle Royale
1692:Quebec City
1640:(1713–1763)
1628:(1662–1713)
1626:Terre-Neuve
1622:(1608–1763)
1616:(1604–1713)
1332:Wenzel 2012
1320:Wenzel 2012
1260:Wenzel 2012
1248:Wenzel 2012
315:Amerindians
289:Composition
3228:Categories
2627:Patriation
2514:Section 92
2481:Section 91
2153:Sulpicians
2110:card money
2038:Population
1932:Intendancy
1895:Louisiane
1800:Fort Condé
1723:Louisiane
1717:Louisbourg
1682:Port Royal
1638:ĂŽle Royale
1532:New France
894:References
873:New France
811:1741–1760
795:1739–1740
779:1733–1739
763:1727–1733
743:1688–1727
727:1658–1688
716:Sovereign
694:1748–1760
684:1729–1748
674:1726–1728
649:1705–1710
638:1705–1711
627:1702–1705
617:1686–1702
606:1682–1686
596:1675–1682
586:1669–1672
582:Jean Talon
576:1668–1670
557:Jean Talon
551:Sovereign
526:1755–1760
516:1752–1755
505:1749–1752
494:1747–1749
483:1726–1747
467:1703–1725
457:1698–1703
447:1690–1698
437:1689–1698
426:1685–1689
415:1682–1685
405:1672–1682
394:1665–1672
379:1663–1665
369:Sovereign
342:New France
278:Jean Talon
120:New France
40:Unicameral
2521:Licensing
2148:Ursulines
2143:Grey Nuns
2138:RĂ©collets
2055:Canadiens
2050:Habitants
2000:Voyageurs
1990:Fur trade
1969:Code Noir
1849:Intendant
1747:Plaisance
1669:Towns and
1632:Louisiana
1576:1663–1759
1571:1608–1662
1566:1534–1607
659:1712–1726
565:Louis XIV
561:1665–1668
383:Louis XIV
338:Registrar
160:fur trade
155:Louis XIV
68:Disbanded
3212:Category
2675:Preamble
2460:Preamble
2254:Category
2105:Currency
2065:Acadians
1899:Governor
1889:Governor
1879:Governor
1702:Montreal
1671:villages
1607:Colonies
823:See also
663:Louis XV
471:Louis XV
328:Council.
168:Montréal
2100:Alcohol
2090:Plaçage
2085:Slavery
2031:Society
1978:Economy
1957:Bailiff
1875:Acadie
1840:Canada
1707:DĂ©troit
1688:Canada
1678:Acadie
1539:History
1452:Sources
805:Bishop
789:Bishop
773:Bishop
757:Bishop
737:Bishop
721:Bishop
73: (
58: (
53:Founded
48:History
2381:(1839)
2375:(1838)
1732:Biloxi
1727:Mobile
1620:Canada
1614:Acadia
1308:Cahall
1296:Cahall
1284:Cahall
1272:Cahall
1164:Cahall
1152:Cahall
1140:Cahall
1128:Cahall
1116:Cahall
1104:Cahall
1092:Cahall
1080:Cahall
1068:Cahall
1056:Cahall
1044:Cahall
1032:Cahall
1020:Cahall
1008:Cahall
971:Cahall
920:Cahall
907:Cahall
180:bishop
178:, the
170:, and
164:Québec
128:France
112:French
2075:MĂ©tis
1758:Forts
713:Term
710:Name
548:Term
545:Name
2760:16.1
2162:Wars
1910:Laws
366:Term
363:Name
336:and
320:The
305:The
298:The
106:The
75:1760
71:1760
60:1663
56:1663
34:Type
29:Type
510:Le
499:Le
488:Le
477:Le
431:Le
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399:Le
340:of
313:of
126:of
3230::
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