Christianization - Knowledge

2246: 3801: 1579: 1868: 4811:–397), the Pannonian ex-soldier who is "solely credited in the historical record as the militant converter of Gaul". These texts have been criticized for lacking historical veracity, even by ancient critics, but they are still useful for illuminating views of violence held in late fourth century Gaul. The portion of the sources devoted to attacks on pagans is limited, and they all revolve around Martin using his miraculous powers to overturn pagan shrines and idols, but not to ever threaten or harm people. Salzman concludes "None of Martin's interventions led to the deaths of any Gauls, pagan or Christian. Even if one doubts the exact veracity of these incidents, the assertion that Martin preferred non-violent conversion techniques says much about the norms for conversion in Gaul" at the time Martin's biography was written. Archaeologist David Riggs writes that evidence from 4660:, a site venerated and occupied by Jews, Christians, and pagans alike, the literature says Constantine ordered the burning of the idols, the destruction of the altar, and erection of a church on the spot of the temple. The archaeology of the site shows that Constantine's church, along with its attendant buildings, only occupied a peripheral sector of the precinct, leaving the rest unhindered. In Gaul of the fourth century, 2.4% of known temples and religious sites were destroyed, some by barbarians. In Africa, the city of Cyrene has good evidence of the burning of several temples; Asia Minor has produced one weak possibility; in Greece the only strong candidate may relate to a barbarian raid instead of Christians. Egypt has produced no archaeologically confirmed temple destructions from this period except the 3297: 3045: 3624: 2100: 2479: 3381: 3177: 3683:, telling the Pope it was needed to find heretics - specifically Jews pretending to be Christian so they could spy for Moslems who wanted their territory back. In actuality, it served state interests and consolidated power in the monarchy. The Spanish inquisition was originally authorized by the Pope, yet the initial inquisitors proved so severe that the Pope almost immediately opposed it and attempted to shut it down without success. Ferdinand is said to have pressured the Pope, and in October 1483, a papal bull conceded control of the inquisition to the Spanish crown. According to Spanish historian José Casanova, the Spanish inquisition became the first truly national, unified and centralized state institution. 3133: 1624: 2695: 4048: 1774: 4322: 1526: 3470: 2987: 1303:. Christianization has, for the most part, spread through missions by individual conversions, but has also, in some instances, been the result of violence by individuals and groups such as governments and militaries. Christianization is also the term used to designate the conversion of previously non-Christian practices, spaces and places to Christian uses and names. In a third manner, the term has been used to describe the changes that naturally emerge in a nation when sufficient numbers of individuals convert, or when secular leaders require those changes. Christianization of a nation is an ongoing process. 1974: 2979: 1480: 3809: 2632: 1810: 2008: 3500: 2285:, and there were no pagan martyrs during his reign. Pagans remained in important positions at his court. Constantine ruled for 31 years and despite personal animosity toward paganism, he never outlawed paganism. Making the adoption of Christianity beneficial was Constantine's primary approach to religion, and imperial favor was important to successful Christianization over the next century. Yet, Constantine did not institute many christianizing changes, and those measures he did enact did little to Christianize civic culture. 3584: 3373: 2032: 2500: 1680: 3551: 3247: 2852: 4354:(1925–1926) and in the anti-religious Maoist Era (1949–1976), "the impact of regime change, encounters with secular state-building, the church's involvement in transforming local religious and socio-economic landscapes, and the importance of religious agency", are all key factors in Chinese Christianity. There exists a multiplicity of Chinese Christian experiences and religiosity, and they all tend to reject the view that Christianity is incompatible with modern Chinese culture. 12862: 617: 4291:

was instrumental in motivating indigenous people, such as the Algerians, to work toward and fight for independence from foreign governments. This in turn, influenced global trends. In some colonial societies, Christian missionaries played a transformative role in the development of decolonization and post-colonial Christianity, where in others, the nature of the Christian missionary presence shaped the pattern of decolonization as one of violence and opposition.

3029: 18131: 18121: 1249: 3442:, the Germanic, Danish and Polish nobles refused to go. They did not see crusading as a moral, faith based duty. They saw it as a tool for territorial expansion, alliance building, wealth, and empowerment. In fact, one result of these wars according to historian Aiden Lilienfeld was that, "The conquering forces of the Northern Crusades brought more territory under German control than nearly any other concerted expansion in the history of the 3605:

the Kievan metropolitanate. This new Christian religious structure was imposed upon the socio-political and economic fabric of the land by the authority of the state's rulers. According to Andrzej Poppe, Slavic historian, it is fully justifiable to call the Church of Rus' a state church. The Church strengthened the authority of the Prince, and helped to justifiy the expansion of Kievan empire into new territories through missionary activity.

4366: 2153:. Sørensen focuses on the changes of names, both personal and place names, showing that cultic elements were not banned and are still in evidence today. Large numbers of pre-Christian names survive into the present day, and Sørensen says this demonstrates the process of Christianization in Denmark was peaceful and gradual and did not include the complete eradication of the old cultic associations. However, there are local differences. 38: 4161: 18141: 2349:, and their understanding of the function of a king, as facilitating Christianization. Missionaries aimed at converting Germanic nobility first. Ties of fealty between German kings and their followers often produced mass conversions of entire tribes following their king. Afterwards, their societies began a gradual process of Christianization that took centuries, with some traces of earlier beliefs remaining. 2747:, Tiridat attracted the younger allies of Armenia Iberia-Kartli, Albania-Aluank' and Lazika-Egerk' (Colchis) to the process of Christianization. In the first half of 315, Gregory the Illuminator baptized the Albanian king (who had arrived in Armenia) and ordained the first bishop Tovmas (the founder of the Albanian church, with the center in the capital Kapalak) for his country: he was from the city of 2935:, voluntarily joined the Western, Latin church, sometimes pressuring their people to follow. Full Christianization of the populace often took centuries to accomplish. Conversion began with local elites who wanted to convert because they gained prestige and power through matrimonial alliances and participation in imperial rituals. Christianization then spread from the center to the edges of society. 3282:

defined state structure with province governors that answered to the King. Saint Stephen was the first Hungarian monarch elevated to sainthood for his Christian characteristics and not because he suffered a martyr's death. Hungarian Christianity and the kingdom's ecclesiastical and temporal administrations consolidated towards the end of the 11th century.

4609:, Christian Fish, also known colloquially as the Jesus Fish, was an early Christian symbol. Early Christians used the Ichthys symbol to identify themselves as followers of Jesus Christ and to proclaim their commitment to Christianity. Ichthys is the Ancient Greek word for "fish", which explains why the sign resembles a fish; the Greek word ιχθυς is an 2998:(852– 889). Boris I determined that imposing Christianity was the answer to internal peace and external security. The decision was partly military, partly domestic, and partly to diminish the power of the Proto-Bulgarian nobility. A number of nobles reacted violently; 52 were executed. After prolonged negotiations with both Rome and Constantinople, an 2127:('Great Pillar'), which was either a (wooden) pillar or an ancient tree and presumably symbolized Germanic religion's 'Universal Tree'. The Franks cut down the Irminsul, looted the accumulated sacrificial treasures (which the King distributed among his men), and torched the entire grove... Charlemagne ordered a Frankish fortress to be erected at the 4006:. He has written that "what followed was a slow but steady acceptance of the Christian faith". Both Christianization and the Cherokee people received a fatal blow after the discovery of gold in north Georgia in 1828. Cherokee land was seized by the government, and the Cherokee people were transported West in what became known as the 3913:. This common theory of the time asserts that history shows the normal progression of society is toward constant betterment; that humans could therefore eventually be perfected; that primitive nations could be forced to become modern states wherein that would happen. The French advocated multiple aspects of European culture such as " 4791:

Barnes has written that MacMullen's book treats "non-Christian evidence as better and more reliable than Christian evidence", generalizes from pagan polemics as if they were unchallenged fact, misses important facts entirely, and shows an important selectivity in his choices of what ancient and modern works he discusses.

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many institutions such as monasticism did not exist in Caucasia until the seventh century. Scholarly consensus places the Christianization of the Armenian and Georgian elites in the first half of the fourth century, although Armenian tradition says Christianization began in the first century through the Apostles

4718:, there he used immediately to build either churches or monasteries". There is agreement that Martin destroyed temples and shrines, but there is a discrepancy between the written text and archaeology: none of the churches attributed to Martin can be shown to have existed in Gaul in the fourth century. 4290:

moving former colonies toward independence. Shifting beliefs about Christianity's role in empire began in France in the 1930s and 40s. Christians were rethinking the relationship between religion and politics. From the 1960s onward, this new understanding of theology combined with Christian activism,

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says these missions were universally Protestant, were based on belief in the traditional duty to "teach all nations", the sense of "obligation to extend the benefits of Christianity to heathen lands" (just as Europe itself had been "civilized" centuries before), and a "fervent pity" for those who had

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The Rus' dukes maintained exclusive control of the church which was financially dependent upon them. The prince appointed the clergy to positions in government service; satisfied their material needs; determined who would fill the higher ecclesiastical positions; and directed the synods of bishops in

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Stephen suppressed rebellion, organized both the Hungarian State (with strong royal authority), and the church, by inviting missionaries, and suppressing paganism by making laws such as requiring people to attend church every Sunday. Soon the Hungarian Kingdom had two archbishops and 8 bishops, and a

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became the first kingdom in history to adopt Christianity as an official state religion. The transformations taking place in these centuries of the Roman Empire had been slower to catch on in Caucasia. Indigenous writing did not begin until the fifth century, there was an absence of large cities, and

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According to historian Michelle Renee Salzman, there is no evidence to indicate that conversion of pagans through force was an accepted method of Christianization at any point in Late Antiquity. Evidence indicates all uses of imperial force concerning religion were aimed at heretics (who were already

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Additional calculated acts of desecration – removing the hands and feet or mutilating heads and genitals of statues, and "purging sacred precincts with fire" – were acts committed by the common people during the early centuries. While seen as 'proving' the impotence of the gods, pagan icons were also

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In Eusebius' church history, there is a bold claim of a Constantinian campaign to destroy the temples, however, there are discrepancies in the evidence. Temple destruction is attested to in 43 cases in the written sources, but only four have been confirmed by archaeological evidence. Historians Frank

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beneath Rome rose out of a reinterpretation of Jewish and pagan symbolism. While many new subjects appear for the first time in the Christian catacombs - i.e. the Good Shepherd, Baptism, and the Eucharistic meal – the Orant figures (women praying with upraised hands) probably came directly from pagan

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While Christian theologians such as the fourth century Augustine and the ninth century Alcuin maintained that conversion must be voluntary, there are historical examples of coercion in conversion. Constantine used both law and force to eradicate the practice of sacrifice and repress heresy though not

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Jules Rosette shows how ritual symbolization is the training ground, the interface, for the translation of the African into the Christian, "how ritual vocabulary translates tradition into new practices". Christianity, she suggests, provides the grammar and syntax, as it were, and traditional customs

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In 1900 under colonial rule there were just under 9 million Christians in Africa. By 1960, and the end of colonialism there were about 60 million. By 2005, African Christians had increased to 393 million, about half of the continent's total population at that time. Population in Africa has continued

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Great Britain's colonial expansion was for the most part driven by commercial ambitions and competition with France. Investors saw converting the natives as a secondary concern. Historian of British history and culture, Laura Stevens, writes that British missions were "more talk than walk". From the

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explains that Iceland became the model for the institutional conversion of the rest of Scandinavia after AD 1000. Winroth demonstrates that Scandinavians were not passive recipients of the new religion, but converted to Christianity because it was in their political, economic, and cultural interests

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Classicist J.H.D. Scourfield writes that Christianization in Italy in Late Antiquity is "most aptly described in terms of negotiation, accommodation, adaptation, transformation". Christianization in Italy allowed for religious competition and cooperation, included syncretism both to and from pagans

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In the fourth century, there were no conversions of temples in the city of Rome itself. It is only with the formation of the Papal State in the eighth century, (when the emperor's properties in the West came into the possession of the bishop of Rome), that the conversions of temples in Rome took off

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James P. Hanigan writes that individual conversion is the foundational experience and the central message of Christianization, adding that Christian conversion begins with an experience of being "thrown off balance" through cognitive and psychological "disequilibrium", followed by an "awakening" of

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Inculturation, or acculturation, is the gradual process of adopting aspects of Christianity, but it has often mistakenly been seen as socialization to another culture. Changes of dress, customs and names have sometimes been confused with actual Christianization which involves internal and not simply

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As in all preceding cultures, Christianity in Africa has been influenced by local African culture just as local African culture has absorbed aspects of Christianity. Whether a church is 'orthodox' or 'syncretistic' is not an academic question, yet it remains a concern for anthropologists attempting

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The Teutonic Order eventually fell to Poland-Lithuania in 1525. Lilienfeld says "After this, the Order's territory was divided between Poland-Lithuania and the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg, putting an end to the monastic state and the formal Northern Crusade. All of the Order's most powerful

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Christianization was slower in Greece than in most other parts of the Roman empire. There are multiple theories of why, but there is no consensus. What is agreed upon is that, for a variety of reasons, Christianization did not take hold in Greece until the fourth and fifth centuries. Christians and

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However, Constantine must have written the laws that threatened and menaced pagans who continued to practice sacrifice. The element of pagan culture most abhorrent to Christians was sacrifice, and altars used for it were routinely smashed. Christians were deeply offended by the blood of slaughtered

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Some see baptism, confirmation, and first communion as different elements in a unified rite through which one becomes a part of the Christian church. Others consider confirmation a separate rite which may or may not be considered a condition for becoming a fully accepted member of the church in the

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for their character and conduct. Baptism created a set of responsibilities within the Christian community. Candidates for baptism were instructed in the major tenets of the faith, examined for moral living, sat separately in worship, were not yet allowed to receive the communion eucharist, but were

4089:, and the ability of local governments to accomplish policy goals. The political legacies of colonialism include political instability, violence and ethnic exclusion, which is also linked to civil strife and civil war, while contact with the colonial slave trade has had additional harmful effects. 4025:

has written that, humanitarians who saw the decline of indigenous people with regret, advocated education and assimilation as the native's only hope for survival. Over time, many missionaries came to respect the virtues of native culture. "After 1828, most missionaries found it difficult to defend

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Christian clergy translated religious texts into local vernacular language which introduced literacy to all members of the princely dynasty, including women and the general populace. Monasteries of the twelfth century became key spiritual, intellectual, art, and craft centers. Under Vladimir's son

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says the direct conversion of temples into churches began in the mid-fifth century but only in a few isolated incidents. According to modern archaeology, of the thousands of temples that existed across the empire, 120 pagan temples were converted to churches with the majority dated after the fifth

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writes "Christian fervor and the massive conversion to Christianity among the Slavs may have led to the canonic conversion of the last heathen, or ecclesiastically unorganized, Romanian islands". For Romanians, the church model was "overwhelming, omnipresent, putting pressure on the Romanians and

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In Germany an old Wodanesberg "Hill of Ódin" was renamed Godesberg (Bach 1956, 553). Ä controversial but not unreasonable suggestion is that the locality named by Ädam of Bremen as Fosetisland "land of the god Foseti" is to be identified with Helgoland "the holy land", the island off the coast of

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I think that the temples of the idols in that nation ought not to be destroyed; but let the idols that are in them be destroyed; let holy water be made and sprinkled in the said temples, and let altars be erected and relics placed. For if those temples are well built, it is requisite that they be

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hill in order to suppress veneration there. Constantine was vigorous in reclaiming such properties whenever these issues were brought to his attention, and he used reclamation to justify the destruction of Aphrodite's temple. Using the vocabulary of reclamation, Constantine acquired several more

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Christianization has at times involved appropriation, removal and/or redesignation of aspects of native religion and former sacred spaces. This was allowed, or required, or sometimes forbidden by the missionaries involved. The church adapts to its local cultural context, just as local culture and

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Hungarian historian László Veszprémy writes: "By the end of the 11th century, Hungarian expansion had secured Croatia, a country that was coveted by both the Venetian and Byzantine empires and had already adopted the Latin Christian faith. The Croatian crown was held by the Hungarian kings up to

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also gives a detailed discussion of MacMullen's "careless misuse of textual evidence". Schwarz says MacMullen is an example of a modern minimalist. Schwarz suggests that minimalism is beginning to show signs of decline because it tends to understate the significance of some human actions, and so

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argues that widespread Christian anti–pagan violence, as well as persecution from a "bloodthirsty" and violent Constantine (and his successors), caused the Christianization of the Roman Empire in the fourth century. Salzman describes MacMullen's book as "controversial". In a review of it, T. D.

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Dana L. Robert has written that one third of the world's population is now Christian in a huge variety of forms. The geographic range, cultural diversity and organizational variety of these many types of Christians includes traditional Catholics in Brazil, Apostles in Zimbabwe, Coptic Christians

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Whether Kimbanguism is a political or a religious movement is resolved by making a distinction between the genuine Kimbanguists and the pseudo-Kimbanguists, also known as the Ngunzists. Of first importance to genuine Kimbanguism is unquestioning acceptance of the intercession of Christ. Measured

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has written that, while the sixteenth century has generally been seen as the "great age of Catholic expansion", the nineteenth century was that for Protestantism. This included translating the Bible and other Christian writings into the local language (in more than half of the world's over 7000

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reading of events, this marked a colonization by Christians of pagan values and practices. For Alan Cameron, the mixed culture that included the continuation of the circuses, amphitheaters and games – sans sacrifice – on into the sixth century involved the secularization of paganism rather than

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Christianity grew as a grassroots movement in rural areas first, through self-propagation and native agency. This led to an overlap of religious, kinship and territorial identities, so that when the socio-political order shattered, the church was able to step in. Lee sees this as revealing "the

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Christianity's historical alignment with the Western project and histories of colonialism and imperialism raises questions about its capacity to serve as a progressive force in global affairs today. Placing Christianity under postcolonial scrutiny, ... Christianity offers a variety of complex,

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In Central and Eastern Europe of the 8th and 9th centuries, Christianization was an integral part of the political centralization of the new nations being formed. In Eastern Europe, the combination of Christianization and political centralization created what Peter Brown describes as, "specific

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Contextualization is a way to be faithful to the essence of the message while also being relevant to the people to whom it is being presented. In the 21st century, contextualization has led missions to build daycare centers, wells for clean water, schools, address housing and economic injustice

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speak of religious activity in relation to the "frontier" regions at the borders of civilizations. Berend sees a frontier as "a contact zone where an interchange of cultures was constantly taking place". In this way, the missionary religions of Buddhism, Islam and Christianity spread themselves

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has characterized Constantine as being "essentially unreligious" and as using the Church solely to support his power and ambition. Drake asserts, "critical reaction against Burckhardt's anachronistic reading has been decisive". According to Burckhardt, being Christian automatically meant being

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for the indigenous populations in Canada and the US is not generally good. While the majority of native children did not attend boarding school at all, of those that did, recent studies indicate a few found happiness and refuge while many others found suffering, forced assimilation, and abuse.

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indicates, the primary motivation for these wars was the noble's desire for territorial expansion and wealth, taking the time for peaceful conversion did not fit in with these plans. Conversion by these princes was almost always a result of conquest. According to Fonnesberg-Schmidt, "While the

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surrendered his Spanish holdings. Sisebut banished all Jews who would not submit to baptism. Roman historian Edmund Spenser Bouchier says 90,000 Hebrews were baptized while others fled to France or North Africa. This contradicted the traditional position of the Catholic Church on the Jews, and

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about 530, a small temple with a sacred grove and a separate altar to Apollo stood on the hill. The population was still mostly pagan. The land was most likely granted as a gift to Benedict from one of his supporters. This would explain the authoritative way he immediately cut down the groves,

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Brown calls Constantine's conversion a "very Roman conversion". "He had risen to power in a series of deathly civil wars, destroyed the system of divided empire, believed the Christian God had brought him victory, and therefore regarded that god as the proper recipient of religio". Brown says

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Historian Ivo Štefan has written, "Although Christian authors often depicted the conversion of rulers as the triumph of the new faith, the reality was much more complex. Christianization of everyday life took centuries, with many non-Christian elements surviving in rural communities until the

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Christianization took many generations and was not a uniform process. Byzantine historian Robert Thomson writes that it was not the officially established hierarchy of the church that spread Christianity in Armenia; "It was the unorganized activity of wandering holy men that brought about the

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There is no evidence that any of the horrific punishments included in the laws against sacrifice were ever enacted. There is no record of anyone being executed for violating religious laws before Tiberius II Constantine at the end of the sixth century (574–582). Still, Bradbury notes that the

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Christianization of the Irish landscape was a complex process that varied considerably depending on local conditions. Ancient sites were viewed with veneration, and were excluded or included for Christian use based largely on diverse local feeling about their nature, character, ethos and even

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says that, while it was in some ways studiously vindictive, it was not indiscriminate or extensive. Once temples, icons or statues were detached from 'the contagion' of sacrifice, they were seen as having returned to innocence. Many statues and temples were then preserved as art. Professor of

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In both Jewish and Roman tradition, genetic families were buried together, but an important cultural shift took place in the way Christians buried one another: they gathered unrelated Christians into a common burial space, as if they really were one family, "commemorated them with homogeneous

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The earliest accommodation was made by the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15:1-29 when accepting Gentiles. Pope Gregory's seventh century letter to Mellitus can be seen as another example (there are also numerous examples of those who disagreed with Gregory and followed the "eradication" approach

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In Tanzania, a child is not a full member of society until they reach adulthood. Adulthood begins at puberty, but a man fully enters adult society by marrying, a woman by giving birth, and the transition from childhood to adulthood is marked by initiation rites. For the Maasai, this includes

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began his mission there. Scholars cite many questions (and scarce sources) concerning the next two hundred years. Relying largely on recent archaeological developments, Lorcan Harney has reported to the Royal Academy that the missionaries and traders who came to Ireland in the fifth to sixth

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According to Raymond Van Dam, "an approach which emphasizes conflict flounders as a means for explaining both the initial attractions of a new cult like Christianity, as well as, more importantly, its persistence". In the twenty first century, this model of early Christianization has become

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to explore, conquer, colonize and exploit the newly discovered territories. While colonialism was primarily economic and political, it opened the door for Christian missionaries who accompanied the early explorers, or soon followed them, thereby connecting Christianization and colonialism.

3228:, the first ruler. Mieszko's baptism was followed by the building of churches and the establishment of an ecclesiastical hierarchy. Mieszko saw baptism as a way of strengthening his hold on power, with the active support he could expect from the bishops, as well as a unifying force for the 2003:

converted from the worship of devils to the service of the true God; that the people, seeing that their temples are not destroyed, may remove error from their hearts, and, knowing and adoring the true God, may the more familiarly resort to the places to which they have become accustomed.

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According to Dutch historian Feyo L. Schuddeboom, individual temples and temple sites in the city of Rome were converted to churches primarily to preserve their exceptional architecture. They were also used pragmatically because of the importance of their location at the center of town.

4176:, was suppressed for forty years, and is now the most studied of all the African prophet movements. It has become an establishment church in Zaire, is very much involved in modern Zairian life, and with upwards of 3 million members, is now the largest independent church in Africa. 3356:, they were able to impose the Bulgarian church model and its Slavic language without opposition. Nearly all Romanian words concerning Christian faith have Latin roots (from the early centuries of Roman occupation), while words regarding the organization of the church are Slavonic. 4147:

that translation of scripture and missionary schools created that engendered much of the transformation that followed. In Sanneh's view, this means that western missionaries pioneered the "largest, most diverse and most vigorous movement of cultural renewal in history" of Africa.

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The Roman economy of the third and fourth centuries struggled, and traditional polytheism was expensive and dependent upon donations from the state and private elites. Roger S. Bagnall reports that imperial financial support of the Temples declined markedly after Augustus. Lower

1373:. Missionaries "go out" among those who have not heard the gospel and preach. Missions, as the primary means of Christianization, are driven by a universalist logic, cannot be equated with western colonialism, but are instead a multi-cultural, often complex, historical process. 1567:(also called communion) was the common unifier for early Christian communities, and remains one of the most important of Christian rituals. Early Christians believed the Christian message, the celebration of communion (the Eucharist) and the rite of baptism came directly from 12959: 3829:

Early attempts at Christianization in India were not very successful, and those who had been converted were not well instructed. In the church's view, this led them into "errors and misunderstandings" that were often defined as heresy. In December 1560, the state controlled

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was known in the pre-Christian period as the Hill of Mercury, Mons Mercuri. Evidence of the worship of this Roman god here was removed in the early Christian period and in the ninth century a sanctuary was built here, dedicated to the 10000 martyrs. The hill was then called

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to record a history of religious changes in Africa. Isichei writes that the history of religion focuses on "what is central to religion: belief, ritual and the religious community" while still recognizing that religion is of central importance to contemporary world history.

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that under Justinian, there was considerable destruction. The decree of 528 barred pagans from state office when, decades later, Justinian ordered a "persecution of surviving Hellenes, accompanied by the burning of pagan books, pictures and statues". This took place at the

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Missionary opposition and military prosecution failed to protect the Amerindian women. On the one hand, California missionaries sought to protect the Amerindians from exploitation by the conquistadores, the ordinary soldiers and the colonists. On the other hand, Jesuits,

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sense that one is invited to take part in the celebration of the Eucharist. Among those who see confirmation as a separate rite some see it as a sacrament, while others consider it a combination of intercessory prayer and graduation ceremony after a period of instruction.

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consciousness and a new awareness of God. Hanigan compares it to "death and rebirth, a turning away..., a putting off of the old..., a change of mind and heart". The person responds by acknowledging and confessing personal lostness and sinfulness, and then accepting a

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was developed ... helped buffer select cultural practices, including Roman spectacles, from the claims of those who advocated a more thorough christianization of Roman society." This produced a vigorous public culture shared by polytheists, Jews and Christians alike.

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There is agreement among twenty-first century scholars that Christianization of the Roman Empire in its first three centuries did not happen by imposition. Christianization emerged naturally as the cumulative result of multiple individual decisions and behaviors.

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Anne Marie Stoner-Eby writes, "The Christianization of initiation rites in the Anglican Diocese of Maasai in what is now southeastern Tanzania is arguably the most famous instance of 'adaptation' in African mission Christianity." It has long been assumed that

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of Lithuania. Duke Jogaila was baptized, married, and crowned king in 1386, thus beginning the 400 year shared history of Poland and Lithuania. This would seem to obviate the need for religious crusade, yet activity against local populations, particularly the

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to write that Justinian is often seen as a tyrant and despot. Unlike Constantine, Justinian did purge the bureaucracy of those who disagreed with him. He sought to centralize imperial government, became increasingly autocratic, and according to the historian

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A number of elements coincided to end the temples, but none of them were strictly religious. Earthquakes caused much of the destruction of this era. Civil conflict and external invasions also destroyed many temples and shrines. Economics was also a factor.

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thus restoring balance. This initial internal conversion is only the beginning of Christianization; it is followed by practices that further the process of Christianizing the individual's lifestyle, which according to Hanigan, will include ethical changes.

2445:(r. 768–814) placed missionaries and courts across Saxony in hopes of pacifying the region, but Saxons rebelled again in 782 with disastrous losses for the Franks. In response, the Frankish King "enacted a variety of draconian measures" beginning with the 2612:

and continued into the 11th century, with law codes prescribing punishments such as fines, fasting and excecution. Not all Germanic cultural elements were suppressed however, with many blending with Christian ones and some continuing in folklore into the

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to one of modern entrepreneurial cosmopolitanism with the aid of Christianization. Indigenization happened quickly and Christianization has survived through family lineage networks, which function like a single corporate unit, and native congregations.

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was attended by 20 bishops. With the end of persecution in 312, churches, baptistries, hospitals and episcopal palaces were erected in most major towns, and many landed aristocracy embraced the faith and converted sections of their villas into chapels.

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theologians maintained that conversion should be voluntary, there was a widespread pragmatic acceptance of conversion obtained through political pressure or military coercion". There were often severe consequences for populations that chose to resist.

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to grow with the percentage of Christians remaining at about half in 2022. According to Isichei, "The expansion of Christianity in twentieth-century Africa has been so dramatic that it has been called 'the fourth great age of Christian expansion'."

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Different state actors created colonies that varied widely. Some colonies had institutions that allowed native populations to reap some benefits. Others became extractive colonies with predatory rule that produced an autocracy with a dismal record.

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While enduring three centuries of on-again, off-again persecution, from differing levels of government ranging from local to imperial, Christianity had remained 'self-organized' and without central authority. In this manner, it reached an important

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was added to the rites of initiation. While baptism, instruction, and Eucharist have remained the essential elements of initiation in all Christian communities, theologian Knut Alfsvåg writes on the differing status of confirmation in different

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contradictory, and competing approaches to peace building that variously defend the hegemonic ambitions of the West on the one hand, and support critical practices that usurp and decenter the sovereign supremacy assumed by the West on the other.

2655:

based on "pray and work". This "Rule" provided the foundation of the majority of the thousands of monasteries that spread across the continent of what is now modern day Europe, thereby becoming a major factor in the Christianization of Europe.

4613:

for the phrase transliterated as "Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter", that is, "Jesus Christ, God's Son, the Savior". There are several other possible connections with Christian tradition relating to this symbol: that it was a reference to the

1702:

was started to compete with rival Roman religions, or to co-opt the winter celebrations as a way to spread Christianity, or to baptize the winter festivals with Christian meaning in an effort to limit their excesses. Most likely all three".

4211:, Bishop of Maasai (1926–1944), initiated the Christianizing of the initiation rites in an effort to adapt, and not destroy African cultural life, publishing what became a famous essay on 'The Christian Approach to Non-Christian Customs'. 2496:, "nothing could be done", not even in the Church, that was contrary to the emperor's will and command. In Kaldellis' estimation, "Few emperors had started so many wars or tried to enforce cultural and religious uniformity with such zeal". 3779:, have stated that, "In most of the New World, 90 percent or more of the native population was destroyed by wave after wave of previously unknown afflictions. Explorers and colonists did not enter an empty land but rather an emptied one". 2301:

victims as they were reminded of their own past sufferings associated with such altars. Richard Lim writes that "Putting an end to blood sacrifice ... thus became the singular goal of Christianization (Barnes 1984; Bradbury 1994, 1995)".

1940:) were accommodated by Roman society even while that society disagreed and debated the definition and scope of christianization. Historian of antiquity Richard Lim writes that it was within this process of debate that "the category of the 2963:

language. Old Church Slavonic became the first literary language of the Slavs and, eventually, the educational foundation for all Slavic nations. In 869 Methodius was consecrated as (arch)bishop of Pannonia and the Great Moravia regions.

2258:

between 150 and 250, when it moved from less than 50,000 adherents to over a million, and became self-sustaining and able to generate further growth. There was a significant rise in the absolute number of Christians in the third century.

1396:

Neely provides multiple historical examples of adaptation, accommodation, indigenization, inculturation, autochthonization and contextualization as the means of successful Christianization through missions. Neely's definitions are these:

1965:. Herrin says it is difficult to assess the degree to which Christians are responsible for the losses of ancient documents in many cases, but in the mid-sixth century, active persecution in Constantinople destroyed many ancient texts. 1777:

Ancient Roman Temple, Évora. Believed to have been dedicated to the Roman goddess Diana, this 2nd or 3rd century temple survived because it was converted to a number of uses over the centuries -- such as an armory, theater and animal

1404:

Indigenization, in this application, refers to taking something that is native to one culture and making it native to another culture; that is, taking Christianity and making it more native by including aspects of native language and

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Stage 2 began when a secular ruler took charge of Christianization in their territory, and ended when a defined and organized ecclesiastical network was established. By 1350, Scandinavia was an integral part of Western Christendom.

2710:

baptized the Albanian king and ordained the first bishop Tovmas, the founder of the Albanian church. It is highly probable that Christianity covered the whole of antique Caucasian Albania by the late fourth century. In his article

4065:

in 1914. It differed from earlier colonialism in many ways. For example, during this time, colonial powers gained territory at almost three times the rate of the earlier period particularly in what is sometimes referred to as the

15135:

Ziemann, Daniel (2021). "Goodness and Cruelty: The Image of the Ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in the Period of Christianisation (Ninth Century)". In Philip Michael Forness; Alexandra Hasse-Ungeheuer; Hartmut Leppin (eds.).

3846:. After 1561, the Inquisition had a practical monopoly over heresy, and its "policy of terror ... was reflected in the approximately 15,000 trials which took place between 1561 and 1812, involving more than 200 death sentences". 2190:

The practice of replacing pagan beliefs and motifs with Christian, and purposefully not recording the pagan history (such as the names of pagan gods, or details of pagan religious practices), has been compared to the practice of

1391:

Alan Neely writes that, "wherever Christianity (or any other faith) is carried from one culture to another, intentionally or not, consciously or not, it is either adapted to that culture or it becomes irrelevant." In his book

4100:. De Juan and Pierskalla add that "Sociologists have identified the key role of Christian missionaries, in particular Protestant missionaries, in generating a democratic legacy for many former colonies, through the spread of 3496:... granted the Order territory in eastern Prussia in exchange for help in subjugating pagan Baltic peoples". Over the course of the next 200 years, the Order expanded its territory to cover much of the eastern Baltic coast. 1997:

had sent Augustine and several helpers as missionaries to Kent and its powerful King Ethelbert. One of those helpers, Abbott Mellitus, received this letter from Gregory on the proper methods for converting the local people.

4214:

Initiation was one of a chief's most important and prestigious responsibilities, but long before 'adaptation' became a missionary watchword, Maasai clergy had taken advantage of a crucial increase in their numbers to place

4312:

In the early twenty-first century, Christianity has been declining in the West and growing in former colonial lands. Sanneh says Christianity has become the most diverse, pluralist, fastest growing religion in the world.

4329:

Joseph Tse-Hei Lee observes that, historically, Christianity has long had a tendency to flourish in areas where there is suffering, dislocation and warfare, and that this is evident in its modern development in China.

3600:

Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary had become part of western Latin Christianity, while the Rus' adopted Christianity from Byzantium, leading them down a different path. A specific form of Rus' Christianity formed quickly.

1420:

issues and more. It depends on the people being addressed, as well as "geography, language, ethnicity, political and economic systems, class gender and age, time frame, sense of identity, religion, values and history".

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in 785 which prescribes death to those that are disloyal to the king, harm Christian churches or its ministers, or practice pagan burial rites. His harsh methods of Christianization raised objections from his friends

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of Pulau Ay in 1615, which was followed by more military action, forced relocation (and forced mobilization), slavery, the slave trade which defined people as property like crops, and other forms of coerced labor.

2062:, non-stop religious development meant paganism and Christianity were never completely separate. Archaeologist Lorcan Harney has reported that Anglo-Saxon churches were built by pagan barrows after the 11th century. 9012:

Cook Jr, Weston F., and Andrés Bernaldez. "The Cannon Conquest of Nasrid Spain and the End of the Reconquista'." Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies Around the Mediterranean 13 (2003):

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In the Americas, the Catholic priest Bartolome de las Casas avidly encouraged enquiries into the Spanish conquest's many cruelties. Las Casas chronicled Spanish brutality against the Native peoples in excruciating

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was a dominant force; it became a monopoly with government support as a merchant company, a military power, a government, and even an agricultural producer. Dutch imperialism began with a military takeover of the

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1918, but Croatia retained its territorial integrity throughout. It is not unrelated that the borders of Latin Christendom in the Balkans have remained coincident with the borders of Croatia into present times".

2595:

around 653. Although the traditional religion regained royal support at least once after the conversion of a king, Christianity did nonetheless become dominant in England, with the last heathen Anglo-Saxon king

2735:, also Arsacid. As M. L. Chaumont established in 1969, the latter, with the help of Gregory the Illuminator, adopted the Christian faith at the state level in June 311, two months after the publication of the 1445:

specifically to promote conversion. Theodosius also wrote laws to eliminate heresies, but made no requirement for pagans or Jews to convert to Christianity. However, the sixth century Eastern Roman emperor

2486:

The religious policy of the Eastern emperor Justinian I (527 to 565) reflected his conviction that a unified Empire presupposed unity of faith. Justinian's efforts at requiring and enforcing this have led

1401:

Accommodation is a form of adaptation that occurs when the missionary adjusts their own thinking and vocabulary to keep only what is essential and let go of what is expendable in communicating the faith.

3609:

Yaroslav I the Wise (1016–1018, 1019–1054), a building and cultural boom took place. The Church of Rus' gradually developed into an independent political force in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

1590:" when Jesus gathered his followers for their last meal together the night before he was arrested and killed. While the majority share the view of Mazza, there are others such as New Testament scholar 1533:

The normal practice in the ancient church was baptism by immersion of the whole head and body of an adult, with the exception of infants in danger of death, until the fifth or sixth century. Historian

3352:, (who were disciples of the brothers Cyril and Methodius), had arrived in the region spreading the Cyrillic alphabet. By the 10th century when the Bulgarian Tsars extended their territory to include 2604:

were introduced by Scandinavian settlers during the 9th and 10th centuries. Christianity was likely adopted within several generations, with the last potentially heathen king to rule in England being

3980:

never heard the gospel. Schacter adds that "ambivalent benevolence" was at the heart of most British and American attitudes toward Native Americans. The British did not create widespread conversion.

3747:

and thus undercut Christianity's identification with colonial rule". According to historical theologian Justo Gonzales, colonialism and missions each sometimes aided and sometimes impeded the other.

2503:

The extent of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian's uncle Justin I is shown in the darker color. The lighter color shows the conquests of his successor, Justinian I also known as Justinian the Great

2115:

who regularly specifically targeted churches and monasteries in brutal raids into Frankish territory. In January 772, Charlemagne retaliated with an attack on the Saxon's most important holy site, a

1326:

of Jesus. Christianization spread through the Roman Empire and into its surrounding nations in its first three hundred years. The process of Christianizing the Roman Empire was never completed, and

2673:

that J. M. Speiser successfully argued this was the situation throughout the country, and "rarely was there any significant contact, hostile or otherwise" between Christians and pagans in Greece.

1786:

century. It is likely this stems from the fact that these buildings remained officially in public use, ownership could only be transferred by the emperor, and temples remained protected by law.

12676:. bidrag til sesjonen om «Missions, modernization, colonization and decolonization» ved International Congress of Historical Sciences, Oslo. Oslo: International Congress of Historical Sciences. 3580:, he was baptized". After returning to Kiev, the same text describes Vladimir as unleashing "a systematic destruction of pagan idols and the construction of Christian churches in their place". 1537:

has written that sprinkling, or pouring of water on the head of a sick or dying person, where immersion was impractical, was also practiced in ancient times and up through the twelfth century.

3849:

Spanish missionaries are generally credited with championing efforts to initiate protective laws for the Indians and for working against their enslavement. This led to debate on the nature of

3144:

several times at the end of the 8th century and beginning of the ninth centuries. The first Christian church of the Western and Eastern Slavs (known to written sources) was built in 828 by

4796:

makes assumptions that are hard to support. As a result, "MacMullen's account of Christianization as basically an aggregation of accidents and contingencies" is not broadly supported. In

3427:. They survived largely by raiding – stealing crucial resources, killing, and enslaving captives – from the countries that surrounded them including Denmark, Prussia, Germany and Poland. 1135: 1856:

explain that discrepancies between literary sources and archaeological evidence exist because it is common for details in the literary sources to be ambiguous and unclear. For example,

4092:

According to political scientists Alexander de Juan and Jan Henryk Pierskalla, the legacy of Protestant Christianization is largely one of beneficial long-term effects in the areas of

2538:

centuries were not backed by any military force. Patrick and Palladius and other British and Gaulish missionaries aimed first at converting royal households. Patrick indicates in his

3536:

cities–Danzig (Gdansk), Elbing (Elblag), Marienburg (Malbork), and Braunsberg (Braniewo)–now fall within Poland in the 21st century, except for Koenigsburg (Kaliningrad) in Russia."

3453:

gave the eastern nobles full crusade indulgences to do so. The Northern, (or Baltic), Crusades followed, taking place, off and on, with and without papal support, from 1147 to 1316.

4647:

Scholarship has been divided over whether this was a general effort to demolish the pagan past, simple pragmatism, or perhaps an attempt to preserve the past's art and architecture.

2828:

in the fourth century. Fifth, 8th, and 12th century accounts of the conversion of Georgia reveal how pre-Christian practices were taken up and reinterpreted by Christian narrators.

3576:. Slavic historian Ivo Štefan writes that, Vladimir examined monotheism for himself, and "Around that same time, Vladimir conquered Cherson in the Crimea, where, according to the 2560:

Christianity likely reached Britain around 200 with archaeology indicating that it continued as a minority faith into fourth century. Thereafter, Irish missionaries led by Saint

2305:

complete disappearance of public sacrifice by the mid-fourth century "in many towns and cities must be attributed to the atmosphere created by imperial and episcopal hostility".

2219: 1901:

Byzantine history Helen Saradi-Mendelovici writes that this process implies appreciation of antique art and a conscious desire to find a way to include it in Christian culture.

1657:

places are adapted to the church, or in other words, Christianization has always worked in both directions: Christianity absorbs from native culture as it is absorbed into it.

2449:

in 782 when he ordered the decapitation of 4500 Saxon prisoners offering them baptism as an alternative to death. These events were followed by the severe legislation of the

2676:

Gregory adds his view that "it is admirably clear that organized paganism survived well into the sixth century throughout the empire and in parts of Greece (at least in the

2323:

who would form the ethnic communities that would become the future nations of Europe. The earliest references to the Christianization of these tribes are in the writings of

2139: 14693:"Evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain. The Small Finds. By CF Mawer. BAR British Series 243. Tempus Reparatum, Oxford, 1995. Pp. vi+ 178, illus. ISBN 0-8605-4789-2" 10749:

Boyle, Mark (2010). "Beyond the 'Sigh of the Oppressed Creature': A Critical Geographical Enquiry into Christianity's Contributions to the Making of a Peaceable West".

2215: 4852:

Historian Ivo Štefan asserts that, in general, adoption of Christianity in Bohemia, Poland and Hungary was not forced either by pressure from outside or by violence.

4404: 16236: 16085: 15163:

Jorge Quiroga and Monica R. Lovelle, "Ciudades atlánticas en transición: La "ciudad" tardo-antigua y alto-medieval en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica (s.V-XI)"

1609:

of thanksgiving and one of petition. The prayer later developed into the modern version of a narrative, a memorial to Christ and an invocation of the Holy Spirit.

2865:

had become part of the Roman Republic in the third century BC. Christian communities can be found dating to the third century, and bishoprics had been created in

19891: 1710:

Some scholars have suggested that characteristics of some pagan gods — or at least their roles — were transferred to Christian saints after the fourth century.

17584: 2268: 1823:

In the 300 years prior to the reign of Constantine, Roman authority had confiscated various church properties. For example, Christian historians recorded that

4132:

of their spoken language, (in approximately 90% of those languages). Tracing the impact of this shows local native cultures have responded with "movements of

17950: 16509: 4819:

and a vitality of traditional paganism much more than it shows any form of religious violence or coercion: "persuasion, such as the propagation of Christian

8999:

Boyd, Carolyn P. "The Second Battle of Covadonga: The Politics of Commemoration in Modern Spain." History and Memory, vol. 14, no. 1–2, 2002, p. 37, JSTOR,

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Combining their personal priorities with a need to permanently stop the raiding, they requested permission to subdue the Baltic instead. In 1147, Eugenius'

2414:

The Franks first appear in the historical record in the 3rd century as a confederation of Germanic tribes living on the east bank of the lower Rhine River.

1369:

has written that the significant role of Christianization in shaping multiple nations, cultures and societies is understandable only through the concept of

19881: 16332: 13327:

Murphy, G. Ronald (September 2014). "Book Review: The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe".

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and other American Indians. A peace treaty with the Cherokee in 1794 stimulated a cultural revival and the welcoming of white missionaries, says historian

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northern Friesland which, according to Ädam, was treated with superstitious respect by all sailors, particularly pirates (Laur 1960, 360 with references).

18086: 16347: 15172: 4258:

is recognized as more vigorously Christian than any place in the United Kingdom. There is revival in East Africa, and vigorous women's movements called

19756: 16546: 16529: 16524: 16494: 16137: 12214:

Harney, Lorcan (2017). "Christianising Pagan Worlds in Conversion-Era Ireland: Archaeological Evidence for the Origins of Irish Ecclesiastical Sites".

4772:

Constantine was over 40, had most likely been a traditional polytheist, and was a savvy and ruthless politician when he declared himself a Christian.

4294:

In the post-colonial world, it has become necessary for Christianization to break free of its colonial moorings, says Sanneh. Mark Boyle writes that:

3933:", as well as European dress, bodily description, religion, and more, excluding and replacing local culture as the means to this end. Dutch historian 1457:, prompted by Heraclius, declared the obligatory conversion of all Jews in Spain. In the many new nation-states being formed in Eastern Europe of the 1349:, which, in an almost equal distribution, missionaries both participated in and opposed. In the post-colonial era, it has produced dramatic growth in 16504: 16060: 4073:

Some imperial practices, (combined with pre-existing conditions in the colonial states), have had negative long-term effects on the colonial states,

3971:

that replaces indigenous populations with a settler society. Settler colonial states include Canada, the United States, Australia, and South Africa.

1867: 14360: 4692:

became common in Late Antiquity. Economic struggles meant that necessity drove much of the destruction and conversion of pagan religious monuments.

3800: 3200:

never existed. Poland entered history suddenly when some western lands inhabited by the Slavs embraced Christianity". The dynastic interests of the

16534: 15352: 11188:

Castañeda, Antonia I. (1993). "Two: Sexual violence in the politics and policies of Conquest". In de la Torre, Adela; Pesquera, Beatriz M. (eds.).

3274:(Hungary). The conversion of Gyula at Constantinople and the missionary work of Bishop Hierotheus are depicted as leading directly to the court of 10909:

Bromley, Myron (1993). "Contextualization of Christianity and Christianization of Language: A Case Study from the Highlands of Papua New Guinea".

2245: 15488: 15199: 14216:

Schwartz, Seth (2005). "Chapter 8: Roman Historians and the Rise of Christianity: The School of Edward Gibbon". In Harris, William Vernon (ed.).

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played the key roles beginning in 863. They spent approximately 40 months in Great Moravia continuously translating texts and teaching students.

1578: 1125: 3156:, by which he set up the independent ecclesiastical province with Archbishop Methodius as its head. Relics withstood the fall of Great Moravia. 19896: 17599: 16216: 14851: 14611:

Strauss, Barry S.; Noble, Thomas F. X.; Cohen, William B.; Osheim, Duane; Neuschel, Kristen B.; Accampo, Elinore A.; Roberts, David D. (2005).

14019: 13016: 1500: 1279: 14920: 14590:

Stoner-Eby, Anne Marie (2008). "African Clergy, Bishop Lucas and the Christianizing of Local Initiation Rites: Revisiting 'The Masasi Case'".

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beginning, the British talked (and wrote) a great deal about converting native populations, but actual efforts were few and feeble. Historian

2797:

Christianization of the populace at large". The most significant stage in this process was the development of a script for the native tongue.

19921: 14708:

Thompson, Glen L. (2005). "Constantius II and the First Removal of the Altar of Victory". In Jean-Jacques Aubert; Zsuzsanna Varhelyi (eds.).

3861:

opposition to the enslavement of native Amerindians inadvertently contributed to the proliferation of black African slaves in their place.

1745:

memorials and expanded the commemorative audience to the entire local community of coreligionists" thereby redefining the concept of family.

583: 15332: 10505:

Baldovin, J. F. (2000). "The Celebration of the Eucharist: the Origin of the Rite and the Development of its Interpretation (Book Review)".

19266: 17676: 16782: 15561: 13024:

Mazeika, Rasa (2017). "9, Granting Power to Enemy Gods in the Chronicles of the Baltic Crusades". In Abulafia, David; Berend, Nora (eds.).

4139:

Sanneh writes that "The translated scripture ... has become the benchmark of awakening and renewal" in Africa. According to anthropologist

11286: 18177: 3989: 2608:, who died in 954. Suppression of paganism in England is first recorded as having taken place in the mid 7th century during the reign of 2078:, often a highly local saint, unknown elsewhere. In earlier times many of these were seen as guarded by supernatural forces such as the 12100: 11412:

de Bérier, Franciszek Longchamps; Domingo, Rafael (2022). "Introduction". In de Bérier, Franciszek Longchamps; Domingo, Rafael (eds.).

1768: 15493: 12465:

Hyatt, Irwin T. (1970). "Protestant Missions in China, 1877-1890: The Institutionalization of Good Works". In Liu, Kwang-Ching (ed.).

19836: 15239: 13916:

Runciman, W. G. (2004). "The Diffusion of Christianity in the Third Century AD as a Case-Study in the Theory of Cultural Selection".

10240:

Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, Nottingham and York, 21-30 August 1997

3839: 403: 10865:

Brita, Antonella (2020). "Genres of Ethiopian-Eritrean Christian Literature with a Focus on Hagiography". In Kelly, Samantha (ed.).

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intolerant, while Drake says that assumes a uniformity of belief within Christianity that does not exist in the historical record.

3099:, Christianization of Croats began in the 7th century. The conversion of Croatia is said to have been completed by the time of Duke 1707:

has shown that, in the process of converting the Roman Empire's aristocracy, Christianity absorbed the values of that aristocracy.

19110: 4309:

still surviving in Egypt, new Pentecostals in Ghana, established Lutherans in Germany, and secret House church believers in China.

4029:

The beginning of American Protestant missions abroad followed the sailing of William Carey from England to India in 1793 after the

3739:, not its shield". He goes on to explain this is because, "Despite their role as allies of the empire, missions also developed the 2751:

in Lesser Armenia. Probably, at the same stage, Christianization covered the whole of antique Albania, i.e. territory north of the

2403: 2314: 47: 11268:

Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity

3868:

wrote of the depredations of the soldiers against Indian women in California in 1770. Following through on missionary complaints,

3826:

was the goal of missions. This included a significant role, from the beginning of colonial rule, played by Catholic missionaries.

2680:) until the ninth century or later". Pagan ideas and forms persisted most in practices related to healing, death, and the family. 18750: 15162: 13594:

Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2009). "Romania and Romanians in Europe: A Historical Perspective". In Boari, Vasile; Gherghina, Sergiu (eds.).

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importance of the church as a major building block and a viable civic institution in the midst of widespread chaos and unrest".

3037: 2576: 2551: 2138:

Christianization wrote of dramatic events associated with Christianization in the manner of political propagandists according to

19198: 15719: 14873:"Hungary's Conversion to Christianity. The Establishment of Hungarian Statehood and its Consequences to the Thirteenth Century" 3181: 1884: 1722:, ended in the 4th century, and the Greek rural population gradually transferred her rites and roles onto the Christian saint. 1235: 1182: 11737:

Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2009). "Pope Honorius III and Mission and Crusades in the Baltic Region". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).

3727:

writes that there is an equal amount of evidence of both missionary support and missionary opposition to colonialism through "

1714:

became venerated as the patron of agriculture during the Middle Ages. According to historian Hans Kloft, that was because the

19776: 17554: 17501: 17258: 15145: 15092: 15073: 15054: 15035: 15016: 14939: 14902: 14782: 14763: 14727: 14681: 14660: 14641: 14620: 14580: 14536: 14515: 14496: 14477: 14431: 14412: 14393: 14350: 14279: 14225: 14170: 14140: 14121: 14077: 14055: 14036: 14003: 13976: 13906: 13831: 13803: 13784: 13729: 13710: 13691: 13624: 13603: 13565: 13546: 13484: 13446: 13427: 13384: 13365: 13317: 13260: 13225: 13206: 13185: 13166: 13144: 13125: 13104: 13033: 13000: 12948: 12927: 12908: 12899:

Lim, Richard (2012). "33 Christianization, Secularization,and the Transformation of Public Life". In Rousseau, Philip (ed.).

12851: 12815: 12796: 12777: 12756: 12737: 12716: 12657: 12638: 12596: 12575: 12510: 12474: 12455: 12384: 12346: 12327: 12300: 12271: 12252: 12146: 12007: 11922: 11901: 11882: 11861: 11842: 11786: 11767: 11748: 11727: 11708: 11633: 11593: 11574: 11513: 11494: 11473: 11421: 11352: 11333: 11314: 11275: 11235: 11216: 11197: 11178: 11159: 11135: 11032: 11013: 10957: 10876: 10855: 10739: 10720: 10701: 10682: 10658: 10625: 10604: 10544: 10495: 10476: 10457: 10413: 10355: 10336: 10316: 4429: 3308:. Stage 1 involves missionaries who arrived in pagan territory in the 800s, on their own, without secular support. Historian 3006:

to make the Bulgarian language the language of the Church. After a series of victories in wars against the Byzantines led by

1513:

rite of baptism. In Christianity's earliest communities, candidates for baptism were introduced by someone willing to stand

17120: 16832: 16132: 15305: 15083:

Wyrwińska, Karolina (2022). "3 Jadwiga of Anjou (1374–1399)". In de Bérier, Franciszek Longchamps; Domingo, Rafael (eds.).

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in the far northeastern reaches of Europe. Lithuania is sometimes described as "the last pagan nation in medieval Europe".

2720: 2319:

Christianization spread through the Roman Empire and neighboring empires in the next few centuries, converting most of the

1754: 1157: 10846:

Brink, Stefan (2004). "New Perspectives on the Christianization of Scandinavia and the Organization of the Early Church".

10346:

Aleksidze, Nikoloz (2018). "7: Caucasia: Albania, Armenia and Georgia". In Lössl, Josef; Baker-Brian, Nicholas J. (eds.).

4499: 18692: 18010: 17985: 17925: 15192: 13074:

Marin-Guzmán, Roberto (1992). "Crusade in Al-Andalus: the eleventh century formation of the Reconquista as an ideology".

4702:

There are only a few examples of Christian officials having any involvement in the violent destruction of pagan shrines.

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often accompanied by a political element". This ecclesiastical and political tradition continued until the 19th century.

2370:. As ecclesiastical organization increased, so did the political unity of the Germanic Christians. By the year 962, when 1806:(the first Christian emperor) both destroyed and built a few temples, plundered more, and generally neglected the rest. 1120: 479: 4484: 3838:. This was largely the result of the crown's fear that converted Jews were becoming dominant in Goa and might ally with 3793:

Portugal practiced extractive colonialism, and was the first to get involved in the pre-existing slave trade. Historian

18546: 18101: 17105: 16673: 15970: 13584: 12960:"Sin, citizenship, and the salvation of souls: The impact of Christian priorities on late-Roman and post-Roman society" 12396: 9690: 4524: 3545: 1952:

in the sixth century, though most scholars agree the Empire was never fully Christianized. Archaeologist and historian

1272: 234: 7766: 4823:, appears to have played a more critical role in the eventual "triumph of Christianity" than was previously assumed". 4459: 3905:

as a means of establishing colonies controlled by the nation-state rather than private companies. Referred to as the "

19941: 18144: 18106: 17636: 17095: 14826: 13661:

Sacris Erudiri. Jaarboek voor Godsdienstgeschiedenis. A Journal on the Inheritance of Early and Medieval Christianity

13556:

Plummer, Robert L. (2005). "The Great Commission in the New Testament". In Rainer, Thom S.; Lawless, Charles (eds.).

12693: 12365: 10248: 3488:

The Teutonic Order was a mostly German crusading organization from the Christian Holy Land founded by members of the

2099: 576: 15045:

Wood, Ian N.; Armstrong, Guyda, eds. (2007). "Some historical re-identifications and the Christianization of Kent".

13813:

Riggs, David. "Christianizing the Rural Communities of Late Roman Africa: A Process of Coercion or Persuasion?". In

13575:

Pluskowski, Aleks (2011). "The Archaeology of Paganism". In Helena Hamerow; David A. Hinton; Sally Crawford (eds.).

2947:

In the Christianization process of Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia territories, the two Byzantine missionary brothers

2889:

crossed into Hispania as Roman allies. They converted to Arian Christianity shortly before 429. The Visigothic King

2824:

and culminated in the evangelization of Iberia through the efforts of a captive woman known in Iberian tradition as

1892:

seen as having been "polluted" by the practice of sacrifice. They were, therefore, in need of "desacralization" or "

1299:) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to 19771: 19132: 18677: 18272: 15840: 15786: 12522:"The origins of Christianity in the territory of Czech and Slovak republics within the contexts of written sources" 11604: 9168: 4384: 4173: 4014: 2451: 1192: 199: 3909:", the goal was a political and religious community representative of an ideal society as articulated through the 3679:

married in October 1469 thereby uniting Spain with themselves as its first royalty. In 1478, they established the

2626: 2225: 1879:. The Christian cross on the chin and forehead was intended to "deconsecrate" a holy pagan artifact. Found in the 1605:(wherein God is present) that evidenced Christ's sacrifice, and the prayer given with the rite was to include two 19871: 19806: 18851: 18702: 18305: 18170: 17604: 4514: 4351: 3524: 3291: 927: 4688:

This progressive decay was accompanied by an increased trade in salvaged building materials, as the practice of

4504: 3296: 19972: 19062: 18489: 18322: 18260: 17970: 17910: 17882: 17641: 17273: 16988: 16717: 16337: 15185: 14852:"The Dutch East India Company and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian Archipelago Worlds, 1602–1795" 12619: 12116:

Hanson, R. P. C. (1978). "The transformation of pagan temples into churches in the early Christian centuries".

11266:

Clark, Gillian (2011). "Augustine and the merciful Barbarians". In Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (eds.).

10278: 4764:

There have, historically, been many different scholarly views on Constantine's religious policies. For example

3129:

What was Bohemia forms much of the Czech Republic, comprising the central and western portions of the country.

3044: 2409: 2182:

Monte Giove "Hill of Jupiter" came to be known as San Bernardo, in honour of St Bernhard (Pfeiffer 1980, 79).

2144: 1764: 1384:

geographically, through teaching and preaching, with interaction sometimes producing conflict, and other times

1130: 1075: 1453:

attempted to force cultural and religious uniformity by requiring baptism of the Jews. In 612, the Visigothic

19215: 18697: 18606: 18056: 17887: 16862: 16695: 15449: 15234: 13656: 12156:

Harmer, Florence E. (1946). "The english contribution to the epistolary usages of early scandinavian kings".

12050:

Haley, Gene C. (2002). "Tamlachta: The Map of Plague Burials and Some Implications for Early Irish History".

11025:

Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350–550 AD

10817: 4494: 2530: 1265: 836: 790: 758: 260: 244: 11042:

Bukowska, Aneta (2012). "The Origins of Christianity in Poland. Actual Research on the Church Archaeology".

3312:

writes "Between A.D. 960 and 1008 three Scandinavian kings were converted to Christianity". The Danish King

1993:

describes as "the first truly historical work by an Englishman" describing the Christianization of Britain.

1357:. Christianization has become a diverse, pluralist, global phenomenon of the largest religion in the world. 19826: 19811: 19706: 17100: 15697: 14487:

Spliesgart, Roland (2007). Koschorke, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano; Spliesgart, Roland (eds.).

11362:

Danuta, Shanzer (March 1998). "Dating the Baptism of Clovis: The bishop of Vienna vs the bishop of Tours".

4534: 3632: 2973: 2555: 569: 15858: 15138:

The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium: Views from the Wider Mediterranean World in Conversation

14338: 12537:

Jensen, Robin M. (2012). "Material and Documentary Evidence for the Practice of Early Christian Baptism".

12337:

Herrin, Judith (2009). "Book Burning as purification". In Rousseau, Philip; Papoutsakis, Emmanuel (eds.).

11644: 9136: 3869: 3623: 3087:

to aid in the war against the Saracens in 869. Serbia can certainly be seen as a Christian nation by 870.

2478: 19232: 18743: 18656: 18651: 18267: 18066: 16797: 16741: 15900: 15437: 15283: 14368: 4539: 4509: 4464: 3124: 3120: 2801: 2790: 2773: 2689: 2517: 1545:, but according to Schaff, it was practiced by the ancients and is neither required nor forbidden in the 1522:'s commands, before being accepted into the community as a full member. This could take months to years. 1065: 768: 13996:

Pagans and Christians in late antique Rome: conflict, competition, and coexistence in the fourth century

9148: 3937:

describes this as "... turning the coloured peoples - by means of education - into coloured Frenchmen".

1465:, the fighting princes obtained widespread conversion through political pressure or military coercion. 19103: 18826: 18712: 18707: 18163: 18061: 18051: 18015: 17857: 17759: 15845: 13237:"'And we forbeodað eornostlice ælcne hæðenscipe': Wulfstan and Late Anglo-Saxon and Norse 'Heathenism'" 11835:

Forced conversion in Christianity, Judaism and Islam: coercion and faith in premodern Iberia and beyond

10815:

Bradbury, Scott (1994). "Constantine and the Problem of Anti-Pagan Legislation in the Fourth Century".

4529: 4339: 4275: 3654:, took place until the Christian Kingdoms, that would later become Spain and Portugal, reconquered the 3271: 3213: 3165: 3060: 2952: 2948: 2786: 2055:) took place in and after the seventh century, after the displacements caused by the Slavic invasions. 1437: 1430: 15028:

The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe

13739: 13634:

Poppe, Andrzej (1991). "Christianity and Ideological change in Kievan Rus': The First Hundred Years".

11814: 4469: 3212:

in Polish, is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief and largest city is Poznań.). The

19967: 19751: 19711: 19152: 18682: 18436: 18397: 17784: 17547: 17496: 16902: 16683: 16485: 16191: 15103: 13756: 11145: 4729: 4389: 4074: 4022: 3628: 3380: 3023: 2366:

led the effort in the mid-eighth century to organize churches in the region that would become modern

2236: 1711: 1162: 1115: 1105: 960: 800: 763: 265: 239: 14872: 14711:

A Tall Order: Writing the Social History of the Ancient World – Essays in honor of William V. Harris

13394:

Nowell, Charles E.; Magdoff, Harry; Webster, Richard A. (November 13, 2022). "Western colonialism".

4519: 3132: 1989:

The "Venerable Bede" was a Christian monk (672 - 735) who wrote what sociologist and anthropologist

19851: 19579: 19341: 19301: 19291: 19239: 18035: 16712: 16573: 16095: 15608: 15459: 15394: 15322: 4615: 3950: 3647: 3171: 2732: 2513: 2352:

In all cases, Christianization meant "the Germanic conquerors lost their native languages. ... the

2175:

in northern Italy, the shrine of Saint Marino, replaced a pre-Christian cultic name for the place:

1676:

and used the Latin names for months and weekdays that etymologically derived from Roman mythology.

1669: 1230: 1177: 274: 249: 189: 179: 15169:

vol xxvii (1999), pp 257–268 Christianizing Late Antique Roman sites from the 6th century onwards.

14339:"Die Christianisierung des Kaukasus. The Christianization of Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Albania)" 14289:

Sedlar, Jean W. (1995). "King Saint Stephen of Hungary. By György Györffy. Trans. Peter Doherty".

12072: 4474: 4394: 4231:

Eastern Maghrib was one of the first three places in the world where Christians were a majority.

3797:

writes that, "the Portuguese and the Spanish dominated the early phase of transatlantic slavery".

3759:

A catastrophe was wrought upon the Amerindians by contact with Europeans. Old World diseases like

3469: 1345:, and in the spread of literacy there. In the modern era, Christianization became associated with 616: 19629: 19537: 18836: 18831: 18687: 18345: 17739: 17709: 17185: 16169: 16127: 15590: 15541: 13503: 4544: 4399: 3788: 3666: 3190: 2782: 2707: 2493: 2461: 2281:

in 312. Constantine did not support the suppression of paganism by force. He never engaged in a

2278: 1905: 1897: 1880: 1240: 1197: 972: 821: 469: 436: 15734: 13236: 11432: 4489: 3304:

Christianization of Scandinavia is divided into two stages by Professor of medieval archaeology

2665:

pagans maintained a self imposed segregation throughout the period. Historian and archaeologist

1908:

of the Roman Empire till its end. Public spectacles were popular and resisted Christianization:

19801: 19791: 19380: 19311: 19296: 18777: 18736: 18511: 18340: 18096: 17852: 17626: 17404: 17330: 17310: 17180: 17115: 17044: 16812: 16620: 16551: 16455: 16100: 15963: 15880: 15244: 15140:. Millennium-Studien / Millennium Studies. Vol. 92. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 327–360. 12863:"From synagogue to church: The Appropriation of the Synagogue of Gerasa/Jerash under Justinian" 12727: 12485: 11045:

Christianisierung Europas: Entstehung, Entwicklung und Konsolidierung im archäologischen Befund

10555: 10424: 7792: 4732:, this violence was unofficial and without support from Christian clergy or state magistrates. 4661: 4610: 4414: 3898: 3831: 3676: 3439: 3011: 2652: 2419: 2096:

also called the 'Oak of Jupiter' and used the lumber to build a church dedicated to St. Peter.

1758: 1110: 922: 805: 411: 325: 270: 204: 14737:

Thomson, Robert W. (1988). "Mission, Conversion, and Christianization: The Armenian Example".

14563: 14547: 14160: 13960:

The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the Western Roman Empire

13681: 12137:

Hardt, Matthias (2001). "11, Hesse, Elbe, Saale and the frontiers of the Carolingian empire".

11961:

Gregory, Timothy E. (1986). "The Survival of Paganism in Christian Greece: A Critical Essay".

10289: 3853:. In 16th-century Spain, the issue resulted in a crisis of conscience and the birth of modern 3040:, from the late 9th century – one of the oldest artifacts of the Christianization of the Serbs 2694: 2169:, the name by which it is still known (Mont Martres) (Longnon 1923, 377; Vincent 1937, 307). 2082:, and many such pre-Christian holy wells appear to have survived as baptistries. According to 2066:

suggests that, within the British Isles and other areas of northern Europe that were formerly

1773: 1408:

Autochthonization means the same as indigenization, but is specific to Spanish and Portuguese.

154: 19911: 19886: 19816: 19499: 19227: 19000: 18958: 18928: 18591: 18456: 17915: 17807: 17764: 17073: 17051: 16792: 16470: 16327: 16266: 16186: 16154: 15677: 15640: 15596: 15208: 13657:"Explaining the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Older theories and recent developments" 12937:

Lund, James (2022). "Religion and Thought". In Johnson, Wendell G.; Barbe, Katharina (eds.).

11677: 4109: 3946: 3902: 3823: 3672: 3650:. The centuries long military struggle to reclaim the peninsula from Muslim rule, called the 3196:

According to historians Franciszek Longchamps de Bérier and Rafael Domingo: "A pre-Christian

3149: 2399: 2249:

Map of the Roman empire with distribution of Christian congregations in first three centuries

1803: 1060: 866: 851: 775: 664: 629: 600: 14653:

Rome is Love Spelled Backward (Roma Amor): Enjoying Art and Architecture in the Eternal City

13195:

McKinnell, John (2021). "Pre-Christian Traces in British Ballads and Other Popular Poetry".

12668: 12448:

The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity

7776: 2584: 2277:

is frequently divided by scholars into the two phases of before and after the conversion of

19906: 19661: 19574: 19552: 19475: 19471: 19400: 19316: 19261: 19256: 19079: 18923: 18812: 18646: 18641: 18581: 18516: 18421: 18134: 18076: 17872: 17779: 17749: 17734: 17540: 17441: 17170: 17110: 16807: 16787: 16630: 16583: 16514: 16499: 16475: 16460: 16433: 16374: 15917: 15885: 4751: 4082: 3926: 3577: 3431: 3275: 3251: 3100: 3007: 2855: 1840: 1715: 1542: 1525: 886: 659: 521: 224: 184: 14112:

Sáry, Pál (2019). "Remarks on the Edict of Thessalonica of 380". In Vojtech Vladár (ed.).

13458:"Sustainable Development Goals and the Baptist Convention in Nigeria: A Critical Overview" 13279:

Moravcsik, Gyula (December 1947). "The Role of the Byzantine Church in Medieval Hungary".

12018: 4321: 4116: 3320:

between 935 and 961, but the wide-scale conversion of this kingdom was undertaken by King

1495:

which can be dated to approximately AD 28–35 based on references by the Jewish historian

1413: 158: 8: 19931: 19796: 19666: 19456: 19385: 19142: 19115: 19098: 19086: 18908: 18864: 18611: 18541: 18484: 18401: 18227: 18020: 18000: 17980: 17945: 17877: 17789: 17656: 17506: 17233: 17228: 17175: 17145: 17140: 17024: 16700: 16625: 16588: 16389: 16286: 16070: 15922: 15895: 15300: 15293: 14114:

Perpauca Terrena Blande Honori dedicata pocta Petrovi Blahovi K Nedožitým 80. Narodeninám

13397:

Western colonialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Effects | Britannica

12320:

When the Church Was a Family: Recapturing Jesus' Vision for Authentic Christian Community

12264:

Power Over Peoples Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the Present

11696: 10692:

Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J.; Talbert, Richard John Alexander (2004).

10307:

Abulafia, David (2017) . "Introduction". In Abulafia, David; Berend, Nóra Berend (eds.).

9842: 4816: 4561: 4444: 4371: 4286:

Just as Christianization had a role in colonialism, it has also played a central role in

4067: 4061:

was a second wave of colonialism that took place primarily in the years between 1870 and

4042: 3968: 3918: 3882: 3732: 3680: 3662: 3516: 3493: 3489: 3331:

According to Peter Brown, Scandinavians adopted Christianity of their own accord c.1000.

3241: 3225: 3104: 2995: 2986: 2960: 2956: 2817: 2609: 2601: 2521: 2063: 1651: 1253: 1248: 1212: 967: 939: 881: 826: 748: 505: 500: 495: 459: 335: 29: 10271:

Cultures in contact: Scandinavian settlement in England in the ninth and tenth centuries

2047:

which was converted to a church in the sixth century, temple conversions (including the

2043:

has won consensus support of her view that, aside from a few rare instances such as the

1623: 19651: 19567: 19557: 19390: 19353: 19283: 19222: 19205: 19159: 19069: 18983: 18797: 18717: 18621: 18405: 18357: 18352: 18255: 18245: 18202: 18194: 18124: 17960: 17935: 17837: 17714: 17666: 17661: 17651: 17589: 17446: 17350: 17165: 17078: 17056: 16939: 16887: 16827: 16722: 16480: 16448: 16438: 16399: 16394: 16364: 16354: 16211: 15573: 15261: 15123: 14995: 14987: 14958: 14742: 14314: 14306: 14258: 14204: 14013: 13982: 13954: 13933: 13858: 13395: 13296: 13154: 13083: 13010: 12979: 12844:

The End of the Pagan City: Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa

12586: 12554: 12413: 12306: 12231: 12202: 12173: 12092: 12059: 12038: 11986: 11949: 11664: 11548: 11540: 11506:

The Wendish Crusade, 1147: The Development of Crusading Ideology in the Twelfth Century

11452: 11400: 11379: 11103: 11070: 10992: 10984: 10926: 10834: 10803: 10774: 10766: 10521: 10392: 10254: 4792: 4747: 4566: 4335: 4185: 4120:

languages). Missionaries of this era worked with indigenous people to create a written

3906: 3565: 3512: 3424: 3076: 2821: 2666: 2644: 2597: 2592: 2446: 2441:

Saxons went back and forth between rebellion and submission to the Franks for decades.

2379: 2211: 2016: 1704: 1315: 992: 985: 876: 871: 856: 741: 669: 510: 84: 15104:"Funerary Monuments and Collective Identity: From Roman Family to Christian Community" 14508:

The Routledge handbook of east central and eastern europe in the middle ages, 500–1300

4839:, which of course are not a Christian practice, have been found until that time; see: 3325: 1518:

still generally expected to demonstrate commitment to the community, and obedience to

1461:, some kings and princes pressured their people to adopt the new religion. And in the 1333:

After 479, Christianization spread through missions north into western Europe. In the

19781: 19683: 19671: 19656: 19636: 19547: 19494: 19466: 19448: 19251: 19127: 19120: 18933: 18881: 18859: 18787: 18596: 18571: 18551: 18531: 18521: 18411: 18393: 18362: 18295: 18212: 18186: 18120: 17862: 17832: 17822: 17812: 17729: 17719: 17704: 17571: 17066: 16929: 16909: 16817: 16734: 16729: 16705: 16605: 16598: 16566: 16561: 16428: 16423: 16411: 16369: 16231: 16201: 15956: 15912: 15875: 15526: 15141: 15127: 15088: 15069: 15050: 15031: 15012: 14999: 14935: 14898: 14813: 14809: 14778: 14759: 14723: 14677: 14656: 14637: 14616: 14576: 14559: 14532: 14511: 14492: 14473: 14427: 14408: 14389: 14346: 14318: 14275: 14262: 14221: 14208: 14166: 14136: 14117: 14088: 14073: 14051: 14032: 13999: 13972: 13937: 13902: 13841:

Robinson, W. Stitt (May 1952). "Indian Education and Missions in Colonial Virginia".

13827: 13799: 13780: 13725: 13706: 13687: 13620: 13599: 13580: 13561: 13542: 13490: 13480: 13442: 13423: 13380: 13361: 13344: 13313: 13256: 13221: 13202: 13181: 13162: 13140: 13121: 13100: 13029: 12996: 12983: 12944: 12923: 12904: 12879: 12847: 12811: 12792: 12773: 12752: 12733: 12712: 12689: 12681: 12653: 12634: 12615: 12592: 12571: 12558: 12506: 12470: 12451: 12417: 12380: 12361: 12342: 12323: 12310: 12296: 12267: 12248: 12235: 12165: 12142: 12096: 12042: 12003: 11978: 11918: 11897: 11878: 11857: 11838: 11782: 11763: 11744: 11723: 11704: 11668: 11629: 11589: 11570: 11552: 11509: 11490: 11469: 11417: 11383: 11348: 11329: 11310: 11271: 11231: 11212: 11193: 11174: 11155: 11131: 11107: 11074: 11043: 11028: 11009: 10996: 10953: 10930: 10872: 10851: 10838: 10786:

Bradbury, Scott (1995). "Julian's Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice".

10735: 10716: 10697: 10678: 10654: 10621: 10600: 10540: 10525: 10491: 10472: 10453: 10409: 10396: 10351: 10332: 10312: 10274: 10244: 4721: 4703: 4664:. In Italy there is one; Britain has the highest percentage with 2 out of 40 temples. 4449: 4140: 3976: 3854: 3794: 3744: 3736: 3692: 3639: 3508: 3457: 3443: 3305: 3176: 3084: 2978: 2809: 2703: 2580: 2488: 2431: 2346: 2193: 1817: 1462: 1370: 1217: 1187: 1167: 1100: 1050: 978: 795: 654: 644: 526: 382: 284: 279: 172: 19926: 16822: 14327: 12920:

The Architecture and Liturgy of the Bema in Fourth- To-Sixth-Century Syrian Churches

11456: 10778: 4800:, some of the most influential textual sources on pagan-Christian violence concerns 4714:

as a dedicated destroyer of temples and sacred trees, saying "wherever he destroyed

3735:

both in the church and in politics". In Sanneh's view, missions were "colonialism's

2843:) became the second country to declare Christianity as its official state religion. 19542: 19532: 19358: 19306: 19210: 19074: 18963: 18913: 18891: 18886: 18817: 18586: 18501: 18446: 18416: 18367: 18327: 18300: 18235: 18207: 18081: 18030: 18025: 17965: 17930: 17842: 17799: 17769: 17691: 17579: 17429: 17278: 17263: 17253: 16964: 16934: 16802: 16688: 16678: 16615: 16404: 16381: 16359: 16206: 16080: 16065: 15890: 15818: 15546: 15119: 15115: 14979: 14838: 14805: 14793: 14715: 14599: 14454: 14298: 14248: 14196: 14100: 13964: 13925: 13883: 13850: 13668: 13643: 13558:

The Challenge of the Great Commission: Essays on God's Mandate for the Local Church

13523: 13515: 13336: 13288: 13248: 12971: 12546: 12434: 12405: 12288: 12223: 12194: 12125: 12084: 12030: 11970: 11941: 11656: 11532: 11444: 11371: 11254: 11116: 11095: 11062: 10976: 10918: 10826: 10795: 10758: 10674:

Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300

10513: 10436: 10425:"The Edict of Milan (313): A Defence of Its Traditional Authorship and Designation" 10382: 10374: 10295: 4787: 4765: 4047: 3816: 3772: 3594: 3388: 3349: 3313: 3056: 2832: 2778: 2736: 2588: 2526: 2320: 1853: 1828: 1492: 1458: 1338: 1334: 1319: 1202: 1095: 846: 718: 649: 552: 531: 490: 474: 10889:

British Empire | History, Countries, Map, Size, & Facts | Britannica

10887: 4720:

In the 380s, one eastern official (generally identified as the praetorian prefect

2870: 2600:

being killed in battle in 686 and his two sons forcefully baptised and excecuted.

1973: 1341:, Christianization was instrumental in the creation of new nations in what became 19916: 19856: 19741: 19589: 19584: 19562: 19482: 19436: 19193: 19147: 19045: 19022: 19005: 18978: 18763: 18626: 18601: 18389: 18372: 18217: 18091: 18005: 17975: 17699: 17616: 17434: 17382: 17302: 17135: 17006: 16944: 16882: 16837: 16610: 16556: 16541: 16465: 16443: 16416: 16342: 16181: 16174: 16164: 16022: 15983: 15948: 15937: 15852: 15830: 15813: 15620: 15585: 15426: 15416: 15372: 15367: 15266: 15229: 15011:. Translated by Robinson, Gerge W. (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. 14892: 14709: 14631: 14526: 14162:

History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590–1073

13958: 13614: 13474: 13417: 13115: 13044: 12938: 12789:

Christianizing South China: Mission, Development, and Identity in Modern Chaoshan

12767: 12282: 12216:

Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature

11912: 11872: 11797: 11738: 11564: 11560: 11484: 11258: 11149: 10866: 10672: 10639: 10594: 10534: 9961: 4801: 4711: 4619: 4434: 4097: 4078: 4057: 4030: 3962: 3723:

History also connects Christianization with opposition to colonialism. Historian

3589: 3558: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3217: 3096: 3003: 2901: 2255: 1782: 1661: 1330:

became the first nation to designate Christianity as its state religion in 301.

1040: 949: 547: 416: 14528:

Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204

12425:

Horn, Cornelia B. (1998). "St. Nino and the Christianization of pagan Georgia".

12034: 11852:

Ghosh, Shami (2016). "Paul the Deacon and the Ancient History of the Lombards".

10299: 4188:

says, it is a mistake to identify Christianity only with its European version.

3892: 1479: 19946: 19866: 19821: 19761: 19726: 19518: 19431: 19336: 19244: 19035: 18869: 18792: 18576: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18536: 18526: 18441: 18384: 18277: 18240: 17995: 17940: 17894: 17847: 17827: 17671: 17594: 17521: 17516: 17478: 17238: 16959: 16919: 16914: 16897: 16892: 16746: 16635: 16261: 15927: 15825: 15808: 15724: 15704: 15672: 15625: 15615: 15568: 15556: 15515: 15510: 15476: 15466: 15444: 15406: 15377: 15362: 15312: 15288: 15219: 15173:

Unilineal Descent Groups and Deep Christianization: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

14200: 13340: 12650:

Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity

12377:

The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England

12088: 11760:

Decolonizing Christianity: Religion and the End of Empire in France and Algeria

11084:"'Mission civilisatrice': French cultural policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914" 11066: 10939: 10922: 10517: 4715: 4287: 4133: 4007: 3934: 3930: 3865: 3712: 3478: 3435: 3360: 3332: 3267: 3205: 3140:

Significant missionary activity only took place after Charlemagne defeated the

3108: 3068: 2916: 2744: 2677: 2375: 2363: 2093: 2088: 1994: 1990: 1933: 1893: 1538: 1519: 1412:

external changes. Whenever the gospel has been linked to a particular culture,

1376: 1366: 1342: 1086: 1045: 1025: 896: 861: 713: 634: 464: 421: 118: 14983: 14842: 14329:

Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England - Christian Classics Ethereal Library

14104: 13929: 13899:

A Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak and the Carib to the Present

13519: 12975: 12227: 11099: 10947: 10762: 10576: 10378: 10258: 10234: 4479: 2866: 2542:

that safety depended upon it. Communities often followed their king en masse.

1380: 310: 19961: 19901: 19786: 19701: 19646: 19506: 19426: 19321: 19171: 19164: 19057: 19010: 18903: 18759: 18672: 18471: 17754: 17399: 17158: 16924: 16877: 16281: 16226: 16221: 16149: 16055: 15907: 15835: 15776: 15709: 15692: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15630: 15603: 15536: 15520: 15505: 15500: 15454: 15432: 15421: 15411: 15401: 15384: 15327: 15317: 15251: 14817: 14603: 14218:

The Spread of Christianity in the First Four Centuries: Essays in Explanation

13494: 13348: 13055: 12198: 12169: 11982: 11448: 10943: 10651:

Assimilation and Empire: Uniformity in French and British Colonies, 1541–1954

10266: 10230: 9000: 8083: 4439: 4208: 4193:

the lexicon that is formulated by Christianity into a new religious argument.

4093: 3995: 3955: 3910: 3229: 3201: 3080: 2648: 2631: 2614: 2605: 2371: 2150: 2116: 2040: 2020: 1953: 1864:

destroyed them all, then he said Constantine converted them all to churches.

1809: 1726: 1591: 1546: 1534: 999: 906: 703: 698: 361: 124: 18728: 17061: 14029:

Power and Conversion. A Comparative Study of Christianization in Scandinavia

13647: 13252: 12631:

The Later Roman Empire, 284-602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey

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Schacter, Jacob J. (2011). Carlebach, Elisheva; Schacter, Jacob J. (eds.).

14065: 13986: 13462:

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)

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Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom

12550: 12486:"Non-christians and sectarians under Justinian: the fate of the inculpated" 12409: 12129: 11781:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 11433:"The Comparative Politics of Colonialism and Its Legacies: An Introduction" 4812: 4571: 4419: 4271: 4003: 3967:

Colonies in the Americas experienced a distinct type of colonialism called

3850: 3808: 3724: 3569: 3477:

The last of the Baltic crusades was the conflict between the mostly German

3353: 3263: 3141: 2752: 2274: 2176: 2059: 1861: 1857: 1695: 1632: 1618: 1318:

in response to the command recorded in Matthew 28:19 (sometimes called the

1307: 1300: 955: 728: 608: 366: 148: 58: 14719: 14253: 14236: 13672: 13161:(3rd ed.). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 12292: 11894:

Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817–876

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Writing the Barbarian Past: Studies in Early Medieval Historical Narrative

11391:

Dean, Sidney E. (2015). "Felling the Irminsul: Charlemagne's Saxon Wars".

2426:

under one ruler. The most likely date of his conversion to Catholicism is

2031: 2024:

removed the altar, and built an oratory before the locals were converted.

19876: 19624: 19619: 19611: 19596: 19421: 19326: 19137: 18973: 18938: 18918: 18898: 18876: 18841: 18616: 18494: 18479: 18451: 18287: 18071: 17774: 17681: 17563: 16115: 16000: 15932: 15755: 15551: 15256: 13994:

Salzman, Michele Renee; Sághy, Marianne; Testa, Rita Lizzi, eds. (2016).

10668: 10387: 4836: 4820: 4169: 4062: 3878: 3843: 3651: 3618: 3499: 3404: 3396: 3278:, the first Hungarian king, a Christian in a still mostly pagan country. 3186: 3071:, is mentioned in the ninth century. Serbs were baptized sometime before 2999: 2756: 2473: 2442: 2383: 2294: 2149:

who references the 1987 survey by the historian of medieval Scandinavia,

2135: 2108: 2048: 1949: 1598: 1587: 1446: 1346: 1070: 1030: 1015: 901: 841: 785: 387: 15177: 14962: 14894:

The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval

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New Perspectives on Jewish-Christian Relations: In Honor of David Berger

13968: 13701:

Radić, Radmilla (2010). "11:Serbian Christianity". In Parry, Ken (ed.).

13087: 12206: 12177: 12063: 11404: 10770: 10577:"Review of Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400 by R. Macmullen" 10365:

Alfsvåg, K. (2022). "The Role of Confirmation in Christian Initiation".

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peoples of the eastern Baltic, continued in a frequently brutal manner.

3411:

lived on the physical frontiers of Christendom in what has today become

2898:

scholars refer to this shift as a "seismic moment" in Christianization.

1683:

early depiction of Eucharist celebration found in catacombs beneath Rome

19407: 19395: 19365: 19331: 19271: 18953: 18379: 17646: 17532: 17473: 17456: 17394: 17243: 17190: 17153: 17039: 16291: 16271: 16110: 16010: 14489:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990

14310: 14272:

Texts and Culture in Late Antiquity: Inheritance, Authority, and Change

13888: 13871: 13862: 13528: 13300: 12670:

Decolonization and African Churches: The Nigerian Experience, 1955–1975

12245:

Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies

12139:

The Transformation of Frontiers From Late Antiquity to the Carolingians

11953: 11544: 10807: 5567: 4743: 4682: 4129: 3740: 3658: 3523:

of Poland. One year later, a marriage was arranged between her and the

3408: 3372: 3270:

and was baptized, bringing home with him Hierotheus who was designated

2825: 2805: 2724: 2534: 2332: 2172: 2166: 1876: 1730: 1510: 1323: 1010: 536: 340: 94: 16122: 14991: 14671: 13596:

Weighting Differences: Romanian Identity in the Wider European Context

11990: 10988: 2438:. The Frankish Kingdom became Christian over the next two centuries. 1586:

Father Enrico Mazza writes that the "Eucharist is an imitation of the

19841: 19678: 19413: 19375: 18968: 18782: 18426: 17955: 17724: 17424: 17419: 17387: 17370: 17029: 16593: 16246: 16241: 16005: 15276: 15271: 14794:"Reluctant Kings and Christian Conversion in Seventh-Century England" 12726:

Koenig, Harold G.; King, Dana E.; Carson, Verna Benner, eds. (2012).

11006:

The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000

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produced the establishment of both church and state in Great Poland (

3033: 2894: 2886: 2427: 2083: 2044: 1909: 1872: 1836: 1832: 1738: 1699: 1688: 1673: 1665: 1602: 1564: 1558: 1450: 1172: 1035: 1005: 296: 144: 114: 18155: 14302: 13854: 13457: 13292: 13196: 12521: 11945: 11536: 11130:(illustrated, revised, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. 10967:

Brown, P. (1963). "St. Augustine's Attitude to Religious Coercion".

10799: 9731: 9729: 9699:, p. introduction/Conditions at Times of Colonial Intervention. 8637: 8635: 6321: 5221: 3028: 2715:

historian of the Christian East, Aleksan H. Hakobyan, has written:

2499: 1679: 1668:, and Christian philosophers synthesized their Christian views with 1322:) to go to all the nations of the world and preach the good news of 19831: 19527: 19348: 19176: 19091: 19030: 18993: 18636: 18431: 17990: 17867: 17744: 17355: 17345: 17340: 17125: 16159: 16105: 16090: 16075: 15979: 14573:

Bishops, councils, and consensus in the Visigothic Kingdom, 589-633

13439:

Dutch Colonialism, Migration and Cultural Heritage Past and Present

12826: 12339:

Transformations of Late Antiquity: Essays for Peter Brown, Volume 2

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Brown, Peter (1998). "Christianization and religious conflict". In

10848:

Scandinavia and Europe 800-1350: Contact, Conflict, and Coexistence

10830: 10644:. Vol. 3. Translated by Giles, John Allen. Harvard University. 10615: 10243:(reprint ed.). Havertown Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 31–44. 8235: 5903: 5753: 5332: 5330: 4424: 4331: 4263: 4144: 4105: 4101: 3999: 3914: 3760: 3700: 3259: 2908: 2874: 2862: 2836: 2740: 2467: 2415: 2387: 2324: 2290: 2128: 2124: 2079: 2052: 1572: 1496: 1020: 891: 194: 104: 88: 64: 14424:

The spirit of Hungary: a panorama of Hungarian history and culture

13945:

Salzman, Michele Renee. "Rethinking Pagan-Christian Violence". In

12568:

Wayward Monks and the Religious Revolution of the Eleventh Century

12503:

A history of Christianity in Africa: From antiquity to the present

12490:

Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité

11917:. Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day. HarperCollins. 9632: 9630: 8728: 8704: 5275: 5125: 4350:

Lee writes that hostility toward Christianity as expressed in the

4182:

Church of Jesus Christ of this Earth by the Prophet Simon Kimbangu

3550: 3492:. Medieval historian Aiden Lilienfeld says "In 1226, however, the 1416:

forcefully insists the result has been subjugation not conversion.

19746: 19601: 19513: 18506: 18317: 17631: 17325: 17088: 16949: 16251: 15995: 13720:

Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2007). "Chapter 7 – Georgian Christianity".

10949:

The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425

9881: 9879: 9726: 9064: 8632: 8608: 5770: 5768: 4635: 4606: 4576: 4365: 4278:, which began in Rhodesia, now have branches in seven countries. 4251: 4239: 4125: 4121: 3949:

was not a dominant influence in the Dutch colonies. However, the

3858: 3768: 3764: 3728: 3716: 3643: 3583: 3412: 3384: 3145: 3072: 3064: 3048: 3002:

Bulgarian Orthodox Church was formed that used the newly created

2928: 2924: 2912: 2890: 2877:

by that same period. In AD 300 an ecclesiastical council held in

2840: 2760: 2561: 2367: 2357: 2342: 2103:

The Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne and his descendants to 900

1978: 1941: 1917: 1844: 1824: 1719: 1606: 1488: 1474: 1454: 1327: 1055: 780: 753: 426: 305: 108: 98: 78: 74: 17320: 12394:

Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications".

7526: 5327: 3254:, from the medieval codex Chronicon Pictum from the 14th century 2851: 2702:

Most scholars agree that Christianity was officially adopted in

2671:"The Survival of Paganism in Christian Greece: A Critical Essay" 37: 19766: 17468: 17409: 17365: 17360: 16578: 16276: 16196: 16144: 13872:"Rome and the Early Germans: Some Sociolinguistic Observations" 12019:"About the Dating of the Christianization of Caucasian Albania" 11270:(illustrated ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 1–4. 11245:

Clark, Elizabeth A. (1992). "The End of Ancient Christianity".

9784: 9772: 9627: 9487: 8413: 8411: 7079: 5591: 5077: 4678: 4626:

was pronounced by Jews in a similar way to the Hebrew word for

4243: 3708: 3416: 3197: 2932: 2920: 2878: 2813: 2785:. This is said to have eventually led to the conversion of the 2748: 2728: 2713:"About the Dating of the Christianization of Caucasian Albania" 2464:. Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797. 2457: 2435: 2423: 2353: 2328: 2262: 2220:

Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation

2205: 2120: 2112: 1734: 1514: 1354: 1207: 708: 330: 315: 138: 14949:

Weston, Arthur Harold (1942). "December 25th, Christmas Day".

9991: 9876: 9499: 8824: 8764: 8331: 8295: 7682: 7622: 7574: 6884: 6070: 5765: 4160: 3963:

British North America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia and Africa

3246: 2902:

Europe and Asia of the High and Late Middle Ages (800 to 1500)

2360:, and most of the literary forms, were thoroughly latinized". 1741:

copying Christian beliefs and practices yet remaining pagan.

1594:

who argue that there were multiple origins of the Eucharist.

19731: 19721: 19716: 19188: 19183: 17463: 17335: 17248: 14548:"Justinian: Lieutenant of Christ, Legislator for Christendom" 13099:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 12612:

Popular religion in late Saxon England: elf charms in context

11309:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10490:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. 9891: 9052: 8148: 7960: 7316: 7115: 6554: 5792: 4657: 4255: 4235: 4234:

In the early twenty-first century outside the United States,

3893:

French Canada, North America, west Africa and the West Indies

3771:

and many others spread through Indian populations. Historian

3704: 3691:

Following the geographic discoveries of the 1400s and 1500s,

3655: 2569: 2282: 2179:, where the Titans had been worshipped (Pfeiffer 1980, 79). 2161: 2075: 2067: 1982: 1568: 1350: 1311: 723: 685: 134: 128: 68: 54: 16:

Process by which Christianity spreads in a society or culture

14187:

Sharf, A. (1955). "Byzantine Jewry in the seventh century".

13504:"The Inquisition Tribunal in Goa: Why and for What Purpose?" 12827:"The Gothic Civil War and the Date of the Gothic Conversion" 10641:

The Complete Works of Venerable Bede: Ecclesiastical history

9908: 9906: 9535: 9439: 9331: 8981: 8716: 8620: 8519: 8408: 7911: 7909: 7223: 7151: 7007: 6983: 6860: 6785: 6650: 6626: 6566: 6530: 6398: 6234: 6232: 6205: 6118: 6028: 5113: 2846: 1860:

claimed Constantine destroyed all the temples, then he said

1660:

When Christianity spread beyond Judaea, it first arrived in

19861: 17377: 13824:

Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion

13178:

Life and Practice in the Early Church: A Documentary Reader

12023:

Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie Obshchestva: Istoriia I Sovremennost

12000:

Alexandria in Late Antiquity Topography and Social Conflict

11128:

Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People

11118:

Benedictine Monachism: Studies in Benedictine Life and Rule

10635: 10617:

Provincial Cilicia and the Archaeology of Temple Conversion

10105: 9391: 9379: 8891: 8836: 8692: 8435: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8136: 8095: 7810: 7706: 7175: 7127: 7019: 6932: 6908: 6824: 6458: 6369: 6154: 5975: 5040: 5038: 4999: 4797: 4742:

By the time a fifth-century pope attempted to denounce the

4725: 3573: 3316:

was baptized c. 960. The conversion of Norway was begun by

3285: 2565: 2482:

Mosaic of Justinian I in the Basilica San Vitale in Ravenna

2071: 1948:

The Roman Empire cannot be considered Christianized before

1925: 14651:

Testa, Judith Anne (1998). "10, The Christian Catacombs".

13056:"The Debate on Religious Coercion in Ancient Christianity" 12747:

Lavan, Luke (2011). Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

12341:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 11190:

Building with Our Hands: New Directions in Chicana Studies

10129: 10003: 9979: 9823: 9451: 9415: 9307: 9283: 9247: 9088: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8459: 8447: 8283: 8172: 8160: 8124: 8071: 7858: 7846: 7822: 7718: 7694: 7562: 7538: 7514: 7340: 7211: 7103: 7067: 6949: 6947: 6446: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6256: 6193: 6082: 6045: 6043: 5828: 5816: 5678: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5342: 5253: 5251: 5168: 5166: 5164: 4728:

to destroy temples in the eastern provinces. According to

2216:

Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire

16256: 14613:

Western Civilization The Continuing Experiment · Volume 1

13377:

A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada

11832: 11053:

Bürki, Bruno (1977). "Traditional Initiation in Africa".

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History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance

3922: 3835: 3348:

In the last two decades of the 9th century, missionaries

3300:

34 of 'The History of Norway. (With maps.)' (11184806384)

2767: 320: 14676:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. 12588:

The Native Peoples of North America A History · Volume 1

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Harnett, Benjamin (2017). "The Diffusion of the Codex".

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around 600. After this, further kings converted such as

2533:

to be the first bishop to the Irish in 431, and in 432,

2156:

Outside of Scandinavia, old names did not fare as well.

2092:, about 723, the missioner Boniface cut down the sacred 1748: 19846: 14970:

Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich (1994). "Libanius on Constantine".

14610: 14048:

Disciples of all nations: Pillars of world Christianity

13117:

The Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia, Pope Alexander VI

12787:

Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei (2018). Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei (ed.).

12732:(second ed.). New Yorkc: Oxford University Press. 11833:

García-Arenal, Mercedes; Glazer-Eytan, Yonatan (2019).

11701:

The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity

11678:"Why did Polish Kings not go on Crusade in the Levant?" 11466:

The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius & Rome

10671:; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). 10180: 10156: 10015: 9678: 9593: 9591: 9475: 9193: 9145:, p. Conditions at Times of Colonial Intervention. 9040: 8969: 8908: 8906: 8776: 8647: 8247: 8184: 8059: 7996: 7870: 7834: 7550: 7424: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7139: 7055: 7043: 7031: 6944: 6920: 6872: 6848: 6814: 6812: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6710: 6662: 6381: 6217: 6142: 6106: 6040: 5915: 5891: 5879: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5450: 5390: 5248: 5161: 4338:

has transitioned from a state of disintegration in the

3665:

in 722 is seen as the beginning of Reconquista and the

1977:

Physical Christianization: the choir of San Salvatore,

1672:

and Greek thought. The Latin church adopted aspects of

13310:

Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America

10734:(Revised ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. 10117: 10069: 9796: 9666: 9576: 9564: 9547: 9343: 9235: 9112: 9100: 8942: 8930: 8872: 8860: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8531: 8507: 8483: 8471: 8396: 8319: 8307: 8223: 8107: 7933: 7921: 7798: 7742: 7730: 7658: 7598: 7487: 7460: 7448: 7352: 7304: 6959: 6836: 6722: 6686: 6674: 6638: 6602: 6506: 6482: 6410: 6357: 6333: 6297: 6280: 6060: 6058: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5987: 5729: 5695: 5693: 5579: 5504: 5233: 5089: 3055:

The full conversion of the Slavs dates to the time of

2386:

had become one". This union lasted until dissolved by

2269:

Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire

13579:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 764–778. 13539:

The Evil That Men Do: Faith, Injustice and the Church

11740:

The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier

11566:

Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices

11008:(2nd ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers. 10406:

Alcuin of York, c.732 to 804 CE: his life and letters

10042: 10027: 9942: 9861: 9811: 9753: 9319: 9295: 9259: 9199: 9157:, p. Colonial Legacies and Economic Development. 8543: 8495: 8196: 8047: 8020: 8008: 7984: 7882: 7502: 7436: 7364: 7280: 7235: 7199: 7187: 7163: 7091: 6773: 6434: 6345: 6178: 5927: 5867: 5840: 5804: 5741: 5705: 5651: 5531: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5366: 5302: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5055: 5053: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4026:

the policies of their government" writes McLoughlin.

3872:

drew up the first regulatory code of California, the

3783:

Spanish and Portuguese India, Mexico and the Americas

3136:

Czech Republic – Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia IV (en)

3107:, Croatia received papal recognition as a state from 2111:

had inherited the long established conflict with the

1664:

communities. The Christian church was modeled on the

16996: 16659: 16032: 14827:"From Paganism to Christianity at Late Antique Gaza" 13393: 12705:

Mysterienkulte der Antike. Götter, Menschen, Rituale

12688:(Rev. ed.). London ; New York: Routledge. 10197: 10195: 10146: 10144: 9654: 9588: 9223: 9211: 9070: 8957: 8918: 8903: 7972: 7948: 7475: 7328: 7259: 6809: 6746: 6614: 5951: 5855: 5717: 5666: 5489: 5197: 5137: 5101: 5011: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4912: 4890: 4888: 4380:

Anti-paganism policies of the early Byzantine Empire

4361: 4172:, had a radical reputation in its early days in the 2719:

The king of the country then was the founder of the

2230: 2074:

wells and holy springs that are now attributed to a

1353:

as well as in many former colonial lands in much of

14070:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity

13613:Popovski, Ivan (2017). "Medieval Croatian states". 13419:

Christianity and the Roman Empire: Background Texts

12614:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 12469:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 93–126. 11645:"Africanization, Europeanization, Christianization" 11431:de Juan, Alexander; Pierskalla, Jan Henryk (2017). 8596: 8584: 8572: 8555: 8271: 8211: 7376: 7247: 6734: 6494: 6055: 6016: 5999: 5690: 5627: 5615: 4900: 4622:having previously been fishermen; or that the word 1848:sites of Christian significance in the Holy Land. 15978: 15066:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization 14775:Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370–529 14756:Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370–529 13456:Ojewunmi, Emmanuel Adelekan; Amodu, Akeem (2021). 12445: 11736: 11717: 11523:Drake, H. A. (1995). "Constantine and Consensus". 10575: 10207: 8794: 8758: 8746: 8734: 8710: 8686: 8641: 8614: 6094: 5336: 5178: 5065: 5050: 5023: 4924: 4223:(Lupanda initiation in ancestor worship) by 1913. 4036: 3941:Dutch Indonesia, South Africa, Curaçao, New Guinea 3686: 16768: 15047:Christianizing Peoples and Converting Individuals 14506:Štefan, Ivo (2022). "6". In Curta, Florin (ed.). 13993: 13159:The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England 12860: 12709:Mystery Cults of Antiquity. Gods, Humans, Rituals 11430: 10751:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 10192: 10168: 10141: 9735: 9720: 9708: 9696: 9169:"How Europeans brought sickness to the New World" 9154: 9142: 7085: 5284: 4982: 4970: 4953: 4885: 2893:came to the throne in 612 when the Roman emperor 2297:and not at non-believers such as Jews or pagans. 19959: 14405:Constantine: Religious Faith and Imperial Policy 12725: 11411: 10952:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 632–664. 10599:(2nd, revised ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. 8337: 7788: 4724:), used the army under his control and bands of 3777:"Western Civilization The Continuing Experiment" 2468:Christianization with coercion under Justinian I 14858:. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 14426:(3rd ed.). Morristown, N.J.: Vista Books. 14361:"Sulpitius Severus on the life of St. Martin – 14116:. Trnava: Trnavská Univerzity. pp. 67–80. 14064: 13826:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 13722:The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity 13703:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 12993:Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400) 12450:. Budapest: Central European University Press. 12379:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 12356:Higham, Nicholas John; Ryan, Martin J. (2013). 11611:. Interdenominational Christian Training Center 11605:"Take an Illustrated Tour of Christian Symbols" 11328:(second ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9790: 9778: 4784:Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400) 3473:Grand Duchy of Lithuania Rus and Samogitia 1434 3407:(747–814), the fierce pagan tribes east of the 3067:(r. 867–886). The first diocese of Serbia, the 2994:Official Christianization began in 864/5 under 2743:(293–311). In 313, after the appearance of the 2011:Monte Cassino Abbey now sits on top of the hill 1126:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 14247:(1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 166–186. 14089:"Late Paganism and Christianisation in Greece" 13683:France Overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism 13577:The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology 12247:(unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. 12193:(2). University of California Press: 183–235. 11588:(2nd ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. 10327:Adomen of Iona (1995). Sharpe, Richard (ed.). 10326: 7532: 3822:Under Spanish and Portuguese rule, creating a 2816:) adopted Christianity. According to medieval 1827:(2nd century), when in the military colony of 1797: 18758: 18744: 18171: 17548: 15964: 15193: 15044: 13455: 13134: 12633:. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). JHU Press. 11932:Goodenough, Erwin R. (1962). "Catacomb Art". 11743:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 103–122. 10911:International Bulletin of Missionary Research 10469:Understanding Four Views on the Lord's Supper 9058: 6404: 5083: 4184:(EJCSK) is a Christian religion. However, as 2804:, but most assert the early 4th century when 1582:The Communion of the Apostles by James Tissot 1273: 577: 14470:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 13796:The Carolingians: a family who forged Europe 13757:"The days of the week and Dark Age politics" 13476:Die Christianisierung Europas im Mittelalter 13153: 13073: 12766:Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael, eds. (2011). 12765: 12446:Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, József (2001). 12052:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 11720:The popes and the Baltic crusades, 1147–1254 11703:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 11225: 11173:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 10868:A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea 10553: 9517: 8987: 8830: 8770: 8722: 8698: 7580: 6211: 6124: 6034: 5909: 5798: 3010:(893 to 927), the Byzantines recognized the 2263:Constantine and the goal of Christianization 2206:Roman Empire to Early Middle Ages (1 to 800) 362:Dharmaization (Hindu-Buddhist Indianization) 14234: 13963:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 13740:"Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda" 13135:Matthews, Roy T.; Platt, F. DeWitt (1992). 12861:Lichtenberger, Achim; Raja, Rubina (2018). 12280: 11795: 11675: 11583: 10729: 10554:Barker, Adam; Lowman, Emma Battell (n.d.). 9648: 9621: 8818: 8674: 5834: 5822: 5774: 5759: 5549: 5227: 4475:Christianization of Roman (Southern) France 3990:History of immigration to the United States 3513:Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland 2800:Scholars do not agree on the exact date of 2698:Caucasian Albania in 5th and 6th centurires 2583:was launched, leading to the conversion of 1725:Several early Christian writers, including 1601:, the Eucharist came to be understood as a 1529:modern baptism at Eastside Christian church 18751: 18737: 18178: 18164: 17555: 17541: 15971: 15957: 15200: 15186: 14849: 14777:. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. 14629: 14589: 14524: 14486: 14402: 14359: 14269: 14018:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13896: 13654: 13574: 13215: 13026:Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices 13015:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12964:Comparative Studies in Society and History 12957: 12877: 12769:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' 12749:The Archaeology of Late Antique "paganism" 12355: 11931: 11287:"A brief history of the Armenian Genocide" 11048:. Schnell & Steiner. pp. 449–468. 10648: 10309:Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices 10009: 9997: 9985: 9636: 9505: 9493: 9457: 9421: 9409: 9313: 9001:https://doi.org/10.2979/his.2002.14.1-2.37 8662: 8378: 7760: 7700: 7688: 7628: 7544: 7109: 6704: 6596: 6112: 5645: 5609: 5597: 5561: 5384: 4750:says "it fell on deaf ears". In Historian 4746:as 'pagan superstition', religion scholar 4638:word for fish, making this seem unlikely). 4303: 3994:Missionaries played a crucial role in the 3063:during the reign of the Byzantine emperor 2942: 2356:, the conceptual framework underlying the 1769:Persecution of paganism under Theodosius I 1280: 1266: 615: 584: 570: 15207: 15082: 15006: 14929: 14870: 14753: 14636:(in Polish). Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. 14458: 14252: 14152:History of the Christian Church, Volume 3 13887: 13679: 13527: 13436: 13422:. 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Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. 10265: 10229: 9829: 9805: 9766: 9349: 9241: 9229: 9217: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9034: 8975: 8951: 8936: 8897: 8885: 8866: 8513: 8477: 8417: 8367:Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013 8325: 8313: 8289: 8277: 8229: 8217: 8130: 8118: 8101: 8041: 8029: 8014: 8002: 7828: 7804: 7772: 7724: 7676: 7664: 7652: 7604: 7592: 7568: 7520: 7508: 7496: 7469: 7298: 7241: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7181: 6965: 6926: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6452: 6440: 6416: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6291: 6262: 5849: 5810: 5747: 5672: 5574:Boatwright, Gargola & Talbert 2004 5537: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5321: 5143: 4935: 4906: 4470:Christianization of the Celtic peoples 3842:to threaten Portuguese control of the 3612: 3182:Introduction of Christianity in Poland 3114: 2990:Southeastern Europe Late Ninth Century 2949:Saints Constantine-Cyril and Methodius 2768:Armenia, Georgia, Ethiopia and Eritrea 18732: 18185: 18159: 17536: 17502:Christianization of saints and feasts 17259:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 17213: 17004: 16860: 16767: 16658: 16312: 16040: 15952: 15181: 15101: 15063: 14791: 14650: 14545: 14447:Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 14336: 14186: 13946: 13814: 13812: 13793: 13700: 13633: 13501: 13415: 13355: 13218:Cherokees and Missionaries, 1789–1839 13042: 12841: 12746: 12702: 12680: 12628: 12609: 12464: 12136: 12049: 11851: 11815:"In Deep: A Brief History of Bohemia" 11559: 11522: 11345:Conversion Among the Germanic Peoples 11284: 11265: 11244: 11206: 11052: 11022: 11003: 10966: 10937: 10864: 10845: 10748: 10135: 9948: 9325: 9301: 9289: 9277: 9265: 9253: 9205: 8963: 8924: 8912: 8549: 8501: 8205: 8090:García-Arenal & Glazer-Eytan 2019 8053: 7990: 7888: 7864: 7736: 7640: 7616: 7556: 7481: 7454: 7442: 7370: 7346: 7334: 7286: 7169: 7073: 6903:García-Arenal & Glazer-Eytan 2019 6842: 6818: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6476: 6250: 6238: 6187: 6172: 6100: 6076: 6064: 6022: 6010: 5957: 5945: 5786: 5723: 5699: 5633: 5621: 5360: 5297:García-Arenal & Glazer-Eytan 2019 5269: 5203: 5155: 5107: 5095: 5071: 5059: 5029: 5017: 4993: 4976: 4964: 4505:Christianization of the Basque people 4500:Christianization of the Faroe Islands 4430:European colonization of the Americas 4126:listed inventory of native traditions 3148:(c. 800–861) ruler and Prince of the 2858:, one of the oldest churches in Spain 1968: 1749:Temple conversion within Roman Empire 14421: 14111: 13798:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 13719: 13616:A Short History of South East Europe 13536: 13374: 13243:. Studies in the Early Middle Ages. 12936: 12666: 12652:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 12424: 12360:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 12242: 11997: 11877:. Liturgical Press. pp. 25–30. 11586:American Indian Education: A History 11390: 11171:Public Religions in the Modern World 10634: 10111: 9660: 9609: 9597: 9530:Britannica & British Empire 2023 8429: 7978: 7954: 7382: 7274: 6977: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6327: 6136: 5215: 4410:Role of Christianity in civilization 3889:for training the "untamed savages". 3367: 3103:'s death in 864. In 879, under duke 1755:Christianization of the Roman Empire 18693:History of the Mediterranean region 18140: 17585:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 14407:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. 14237:"The Conversion of Temples in Rome" 14068:; McClymond, Michael, eds. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10213: 10201: 10186: 10174: 10162: 10150: 9166: 8602: 8590: 8578: 8566: 7253: 6878: 6223: 5191: 4894: 4485:Christianization of the Netherlands 4395:Forcible conversion to Christianity 4219:(Christian initiation) in place of 3328:accepted Christianity around 1000. 3224:) in 966, refers to the baptism of 2959:and translated the gospel into the 2647:established his first monastery at 1802:During his long reign (307 - 337), 1487:Jesus began his ministry after his 1121:Members Church of God International 13: 17677:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 14386:Toward a Theology of Inculturation 13680:Priestley, Herbert Ingram (2018). 13235:Meaney, Audrey L. (January 2004). 13201:. Helsinki: The Kalevala Society. 12831:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 12629:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin (1986). 12539:Journal of Early Christian Studies 12397:Journal of Early Christian Studies 12002:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 11207:Cheng, Christina Miu Bing (1999). 11192:. University of California Press. 10694:The Romans: From Village to Empire 10539:. University of California Press. 10536:Charlemagne: Father of a Continent 9071:Nowell, Magdoff & Webster 2022 4238:has the largest yearly meeting of 4226: 3699:led the emerging nation-states of 2982:Geographic map of Balkan Peninsula 2393: 14: 19984: 19942:Western European and Others Group 18107:Historiography in the Middle Ages 15156: 13598:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 13043:Mansi, Giovanni Domenico (1762). 12073:"Conversion and Christian Ethics" 11963:The American Journal of Philology 11871:Gillman, Florence Morgan (2003). 11813:Friese, Thomas (March 22, 2017). 11718:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2007). 10711:Bouchier, Edmund Spenser (1914). 4281: 3951:Dutch East Indies Trading Company 2231:Christianization without coercion 18678:Bibliography of European history 18273:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 18139: 18130: 18129: 18119: 16660:Middle-Eastern and North African 14810:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.00389.x 14758:. Vol. I. New York: Brill. 14575:. University of Michigan Press. 14441:Sørensen, John Kousgård (1990). 14154:. Pennsylvania State University. 14027:Sanmark, Alexandra (2004). "1". 13636:Canadian-American Slavic Studies 13479:(in German). Stuttgart: Reclam. 13274:. London: The Macmillan Company. 13198:Folklore and Old Norse mythology 13120:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 12585:Johansen, Bruce Elliott (2005). 12103:from the original on May 2, 2012 12071:Hanigan, James P. (April 1983). 11624:Farmer, David Hugh, ed. (1995). 9954: 9835: 9160: 9006: 8993: 4865: 4855: 4846: 4830: 4776: 4758: 4736: 4696: 4656:At the sacred oak and spring at 4385:Christianity and other religions 4364: 4051:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2 3897:In the seventeenth century, the 3079:for help, sent imperial admiral 2545: 2452:Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae 1449:and the seventh century emperor 1247: 36: 18703:History of Western civilization 18306:Christianity in the Middle Ages 17605:Christianity in the Middle Ages 17600:Decline of Hellenistic religion 14934:(reprint ed.). Routledge. 14510:. Routledge. pp. 101–120. 14491:. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 14332:. London: George Bell and Sons. 13843:The Journal of Southern History 13508:Journal of Early Modern History 13247:. Brepols Publishers: 461–500. 13097:The End of Ancient Christianity 13028:. 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Cambridge University Press. 14403:Siecienski, A. Edward (2017). 13437:Oostindie, Geert, ed. (2008). 13114:Mathew, Arnold Harris (2018). 13095:Markus, Robert Austin (1990). 12505:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 12467:American Missionaries in China 12375:Higham, Nicholas John (1997). 12266:. Princeton University Press. 11934:Journal of Biblical Literature 11762:. Cambridge University Press. 11414:Law and Christianity in Poland 11211:. Hong Kong University Press. 11027:. Princeton University Press. 10273:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. 8735:Hunyadi & Laszlovszky 2001 7789:Koenig, King & Carson 2012 4755:appropriation by Christianity. 4681:meant the physical decline of 4618:; that it referred to some of 4589: 3539: 3399:in a painting by Laurits Tuxen 2939:beginning of the modern era". 2820:, Christianization began with 2410:Christianization of the Franks 2070:, there are a dense number of 1958:"Book Burning as Purification" 1956:has written in her article on 1765:Constantine I and Christianity 1131:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 1076:Nondenominational Christianity 1: 18698:History of the European Union 18057:Disability in the Middle Ages 17730:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 17662:Rise of the Venetian Republic 16769:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 15087:. Routledge. pp. 48–63. 14592:Journal of Religion in Africa 14270:Scourfield, J. H. D. (2007). 14235:Schuddeboom, Feyo L. (2017). 14031:. The University of Uppsala. 13918:European Journal of Sociology 13360:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 13329:Christianity & Literature 12901:A Companion to Late Antiquity 12846:(illustrated ed.). OUP. 12318:Hellerman, Joseph H. (2009). 12017:Hakobyan, Aleksan H. (2021). 11676:Firlej, Dominik (2021–2022). 11326:A concise history of Bulgaria 10471:. Zondervan. pp. 13–15. 10367:Journal of Youth and Theology 9736:de Juan & Pierskalla 2017 9721:de Juan & Pierskalla 2017 9709:de Juan & Pierskalla 2017 9697:de Juan & Pierskalla 2017 9155:de Juan & Pierskalla 2017 9143:de Juan & Pierskalla 2017 5285:Lichtenberger & Raja 2018 4879: 4805: 4495:Christianization of Lithuania 4490:Christianization of the Swiss 3911:progressive theory of history 3258:Around 952, the tribal chief 2793:in the early fourth century. 2039:In Greece, Byzantine scholar 16313: 15782:Romanization of the writings 14792:Tyler, Damian (April 2007). 14615:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14571:Stocking, Rachel L. 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"It was dominated by the 1798:Temple and icon destruction 1698:says "Some way or another, 1360: 10: 19989: 18713:Military history of Europe 18708:Maritime history of Europe 17858:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 17005: 15064:Woods, Thomas Jr. (2012). 14871:Veszprémy, László (2001). 14630:Strzelczyk, Jerzy (1987). 14201:10.1515/byzs.1955.48.1.103 14165:. CCEL. pp. 161–162. 13686:. Routledge. p. 192. 13655:Praet, Danny (1992–1993). 13502:Paiva, José Pedro (2017). 13473:Padberg, Lutz von (1998). 13341:10.1177/014833311406300419 12991:MacMullen, Ramsay (1984). 12878:Lilienfeld, Aidan (2022). 12686:The earliest English kings 12281:Hebblewhite, Mark (2020). 12118:Journal of Semitic Studies 12089:10.1177/004057368304000104 11998:Haas, Christopher (2002). 11892:Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). 11819:Butterfield & Robinson 11796:Forstreuter, Kurt (1938). 11343:Cusack, Carole M. (1998). 11067:10.1177/003932077701200404 10923:10.1177/239693939301700219 10518:10.1177/004056390006100330 10486:Bagnall, Roger S. (2021). 10450:Pregled hrvatske povijesti 10448:Antoljak, Stjepan (1994). 10291:Mithraism and Christianity 4685:structures of all types. 4530:Christianization of Poland 4143:, it is the transition to 4040: 3987: 3786: 3754: 3616: 3543: 3343: 3314:Harald Gormsen (Bluetooth) 3289: 3239: 3235: 3169: 3166:Christianization of Poland 3163: 3118: 3090: 3061:Saints Cyril and Methodius 3021: 2971: 2687: 2683: 2624: 2549: 2511: 2507: 2471: 2407: 2397: 2321:Germanic barbarian peoples 2312: 2266: 2234: 2223: 2209: 2200: 1762: 1752: 1649: 1616: 1556: 1541:was controversial for the 1483:baptism of Christ by Piero 1472: 1468: 1431:Conversion to Christianity 1428: 19712:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 19692: 19610: 19447: 19282: 19153:Standard Average European 19021: 18850: 18770: 18683:Genetic history of Europe 18665: 18470: 18286: 18226: 18193: 18115: 18044: 17903: 17798: 17785:Mongol invasion of Europe 17690: 17570: 17497:Christianity and paganism 17487: 17301: 17224: 17220: 17214: 17209: 17017: 17013: 17000: 16987: 16873: 16869: 16856: 16778: 16774: 16763: 16669: 16665: 16654: 16323: 16319: 16308: 16051: 16047: 16041: 16036: 16019: 15991: 15868: 15859:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 15801: 15769: 15744:Assimilation by religions 15743: 15215: 15102:Yasin, Ann Marie (2005). 15030:. 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John Wiley and Sons. 9649:Eder & Reyhner 2017 9622:Eder & Reyhner 2017 9518:Barker & Lowman n.d 8795:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 8759:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 8747:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 8711:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2009 8687:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 8642:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 8615:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 5912:, pp. xxvii, xxiv. 5337:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 4815:reveals a tolerance of 4802:Martin, Bishop of Tours 4545:Christianization of Goa 4400:History of Christianity 4352:Anti-Christian Movement 4304:Global Christianization 4110:voluntary organizations 3789:Christianization of Goa 3568:(978–1015), the son of 3326:Olof Erikson Skötkonung 3191:National Museum, Warsaw 3075:, who was asked by the 2943:Language and literature 2708:Gregory the Illuminator 2289:Christian) such as the 2035:The Parthenon in Athens 1926:theatrical performances 1737:(3rd century) wrote of 1563:The celebration of the 412:New religious movements 19792:Eastern European Group 19381:Continental philosophy 19312:Judeo-Christian ethics 19297:Hellenistic philosophy 18778:Cradle of civilization 18512:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 18097:Post-classical history 17853:Fall of Constantinople 17760:Capet–Plantagenet feud 17627:First Bulgarian Empire 17405:Religion and mythology 17331:Dying and rising deity 17311:Veneration of the dead 17045:Native American Church 15881:Cultural globalization 15068:. 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He wrote the 2636: 2504: 2483: 2250: 2188: 2140:John Kousgärd Sørensen 2104: 2089:Life of Saint Boniface 2036: 2012: 2005: 1986: 1888: 1820: 1779: 1759:Spread of Christianity 1684: 1643: 1628: 1583: 1530: 1484: 19973:Christian terminology 19912:Three Seas Initiative 19887:Pacific Islands Forum 19752:British–Irish Council 19500:Greek Orthodox Church 18959:Industrial Revolution 18929:Scientific Revolution 18592:Industrial Revolution 15209:Cultural assimilation 15167:Archeologia Medievale 14951:The Classical Outlook 14720:10.1515/9783110931419 14254:10.1353/jla.2017.0005 13755:Rausing, Gad (1995). 13673:10.1484/J.SE.2.303776 13537:Paul, Marcus (2016). 13270:Monroe, Paul (1909). 12886:. Columbia University 12825:Lenski, Noel (1995). 12358:The Anglo-Saxon world 12293:10.4324/9781315103334 12287:. London: Routledge. 11364:Early Medieval Europe 11305:Collar, Anna (2013). 11228:The Northern Crusades 11023:Brown, Peter (2012). 11004:Brown, Peter (2003). 10574:Barnes, T.D. 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He was baptized in 2430:, 508, following the 2400:Germanic Christianity 2313:Further information: 2248: 2160:The highest point in 2158: 2102: 2034: 2010: 2000: 1976: 1896:". Antique historian 1870: 1812: 1776: 1763:Further information: 1687:Christian art in the 1682: 1638: 1626: 1581: 1528: 1482: 1425:Individual conversion 19907:Special Relationship 19317:Christian philosophy 19262:Western Christianity 18924:Age of Enlightenment 18798:Hellenistic Kingdoms 18647:European debt crisis 18642:European integration 18582:Age of Enlightenment 18422:Republic of Florence 18077:Medieval reenactment 17873:Renaissance Humanism 17780:Medieval Warm Period 17750:Republic of Florence 17564:European Middle Ages 16674:Ancient Near Eastern 16461:Hellenistic religion 15918:Internal colonialism 15886:Cultural imperialism 15562:Northern Afghanistan 14388:. Wipf & Stock. 14371:on September 9, 2006 13356:Neely, Alan (2020). 13139:. Mayfield Pub. Co. 12842:Leone, Anna (2013). 12703:Kloft, Hans (2010). 12130:10.1093/jss/23.2.257 11649:History of Religions 11626:Benedict's Disciples 11285:Cohan, Sara (2005). 11126:Butler, Jon (1990). 10560:Global Social Theory 10507:Theological Studies 9888:, pp. 284, 285. 9292:, pp. 588, 591. 9256:, pp. 568, 585. 9196:, pp. 230, 454. 8689:, p. 23, 64-65. 8157:, pp. 9–10, 11. 8104:, pp. 126, 129. 7349:, pp. 105, 161. 7124:, pp. 331, 346. 7076:, pp. 297, 308. 6893:, p. 135 fn.68. 6659:, pp. 200, 217. 6563:, pp. 400, 402. 6378:, pp. 120, 121. 4083:economic development 3984:In the United States 3927:economic development 3578:Tale of Bygone Years 3376:Baltic Tribes c 1200 3252:Stephen I of Hungary 2856:San Pedro de la Nave 2725:Vachagan I the Brave 2462:Paulinus of Aquileia 2422:to unite all of the 2309:Germanic conversions 2256:threshold of success 2134:Early historians of 1910:gladiatorial combats 1841:crucifixion of Jesus 1716:Eleusinian Mysteries 1646:Places and practices 1631:In the early 1500s, 1543:Protestant Reformers 1388:and accommodation. 973:Independent Catholic 185:Comparative religion 30:History of religions 19932:West Nordic Council 19797:Eastern Partnership 19386:Analytic philosophy 19087:Classical tradition 18909:Early modern period 18865:Classical antiquity 18860:European Bronze Age 18612:Revolutions of 1848 18542:Early modern France 18323:Anglo-Saxon England 18228:Classical antiquity 17790:Kingdom of Portugal 17657:Old Church Slavonic 17642:Anglo-Saxon England 17507:Constantinian shift 17229:Neopagan witchcraft 16863:Sub-Saharan African 15923:Jewish assimilation 15896:Forced assimilation 15429:or Castilianization 13969:10.2307/j.ctvk12r62 13949:, pp. 265–286. 13817:, pp. 297–308. 13619:. 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Fletcher 2060:Anglo-Saxon England 1839:on the site of the 1652:Christianized sites 1316:itinerant preachers 1254:Christianity portal 1111:Jehovah's Witnesses 791:History of theology 24:Part of a series on 19391:Post-structuralism 19354:Christian humanism 18984:Universal suffrage 18718:Crusading movement 18622:Russian Revolution 18457:Hundred Years' War 18353:Maritime republics 18256:Early Christianity 18246:Hellenistic period 18203:Paleolithic Europe 17971:In popular culture 17936:Crusading movement 17808:Hundred Years' War 17667:Civitas Schinesghe 17652:Carolingian Empire 17637:Kingdom of Croatia 17590:Barbarian kingdoms 17447:Trees in mythology 17442:Supernatural magic 17351:Magic and religion 15542:Montenegrinization 15007:Willibald (1916). 13889:10.3138/flor.2.006 13541:. Sacristy Press. 12880:"Baltic Frontiers" 12682:Kirby, David Peter 11247:Ancient Philosophy 10886:"British Empire". 10596:A History of Spain 10329:Life of St Columba 9966:Maasai Association 9167:Pringle, Heather. 8797:, pp. 23, 24. 8468:, pp. 15, 21. 8456:, pp. 14, 15. 7819:, p. 235–236. 7523:, p. 506–507. 6833:, pp. 87, 93. 6202:, pp. 39, 40. 4793:David Bentley Hart 4782:In his 1984 book, 4567:Religious violence 4556:In other religions 4336:Guangdong Province 4327: 4186:James W. Fernandez 4170:Kimbanguist church 4166: 4053: 3907:Civilizing Mission 3820: 3806: 3636: 3598: 3590:Baptism of Kievans 3572:, seized power in 3562: 3525:Grand Duke Jogaila 3505: 3475: 3401: 3378: 3302: 3256: 3194: 3138: 3053: 3042: 2992: 2984: 2860: 2822:Andrew the Apostle 2812:(known locally as 2739:"On Tolerance" by 2700: 2667:Timothy E. Gregory 2645:Benedict of Nursia 2637: 2598:Arwald of Wihtwara 2593:Sigeberht of Essex 2585:Æthelberht of Kent 2505: 2484: 2447:massacre at Verden 2420:king of the Franks 2380:Holy Roman Emperor 2251: 2212:Early Christianity 2105: 2037: 2013: 1987: 1969:Other sacred sites 1889: 1821: 1780: 1696:Bruce David Forbes 1685: 1670:Semitic monotheism 1629: 1584: 1531: 1485: 1394:Christian Mission, 993:Church of the East 857:Early Christianity 85:Siddhartha Gautama 19955: 19954: 19782:Council of Europe 19684:International law 19637:Constitutionalism 19495:Eastern Orthodoxy 19001:Post–Cold War era 18934:Age of Revolution 18788:Greco-Roman world 18726: 18725: 18652:COVID-19 pandemic 18597:French Revolution 18572:Habsburg monarchy 18552:Cossack Hetmanate 18532:Portuguese Empire 18522:Absolute monarchy 18517:Thirty Years' War 18412:Holy Roman Empire 18337:Bulgarian Empire 18296:Early Middle Ages 18213:Bronze Age Europe 18187:History of Europe 18153: 18152: 18062:Basic topics list 17863:Swiss mercenaries 17813:Wars of the Roses 17720:Kingdom of Poland 17705:Holy Roman Empire 17572:Early Middle Ages 17530: 17529: 17295: 17294: 17291: 17290: 17287: 17286: 17205: 17204: 17201: 17200: 16981: 16980: 16977: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16852: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16759: 16758: 16755: 16754: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16645: 16599:Mysteries of Isis 16304: 16303: 16300: 16299: 15946: 15945: 15913:Identity politics 15876:Cultural genocide 15797: 15796: 15527:Macedonianization 15147:978-3-11-072561-2 15094:978-1-032-01972-7 15075:978-1-59698-328-1 15056:978-2-503-51087-3 15037:978-0-300-20553-4 15018:978-0-67428-826-3 14941:978-1-317-89507-7 14904:978-0-521-07459-9 14784:978-9-00427-678-9 14765:978-9-00409-624-0 14729:978-3-598-77828-5 14683:978-0-520-04392-3 14662:978-0-87580-576-4 14643:978-83-03-02015-4 14622:978-0-618-56190-2 14582:978-0-47211-133-6 14538:978-0-521-77017-0 14517:978-0-367-22655-8 14498:978-0-8028-2889-7 14479:978-1-317-49694-6 14433:978-0-9628422-2-1 14414:978-1-351-97611-4 14395:978-1-59752-547-3 14352:978-3-7001-3016-1 14281:978-1-910589-45-8 14227:978-90-04-14717-1 14172:978-1-61025-043-6 14142:978-9-00422-118-5 14123:978-80-568-0313-4 14079:978-1-118-55604-7 14057:978-0-1980-4084-2 14038:978-91-506-1739-9 14005:978-1-107-11030-4 13978:978-0-674-00641-6 13908:978-0-8160-3811-4 13833:978-0-631-23619-1 13805:978-0-8122-3062-8 13786:978-0-631-20599-9 13731:978-1-4443-3361-9 13712:978-1-4443-3361-9 13693:978-1-351-00241-7 13626:978-1-365-95394-1 13605:978-1-4438-1215-3 13567:978-0-97423-061-0 13548:978-1-908381-97-2 13486:978-3-15-017015-1 13448:978-90-04-25388-9 13429:978-1-56338-347-2 13386:978-0-8028-0651-2 13367:978-1-7252-8819-5 13358:Christian Mission 13319:978-0-19-923899-6 13262:978-2-503-52224-1 13227:978-0-300-03075-4 13208:978-952-9534-02-9 13187:978-0-8147-6126-7 13168:978-0-271-00769-4 13146:978-0-87484-785-7 13127:978-0-342-68601-8 13106:978-0-521-33949-0 13049:. Vol. VIII. 13035:978-1-31524-928-5 13002:978-0-300-03216-1 12950:978-1-4408-6454-4 12929:978-90-04-23182-5 12910:978-1-118-29347-8 12853:978-0-19-957092-8 12817:978-0-8308-2722-0 12798:978-3-319-72266-5 12779:978-90-04-19237-9 12772:. Leiden: Brill. 12758:978-90-04-19237-9 12739:978-0-19-533595-8 12718:978-3-406-44606-1 12659:978-0-8122-0241-0 12640:978-0-8018-3353-3 12598:978-0-275-98720-6 12577:978-90-04-10722-9 12512:978-0-8028-0843-1 12476:978-1-68417-152-1 12457:978-963-9241-42-8 12386:978-0-7190-4827-2 12348:978-0-7546-6553-3 12329:978-1-4336-6843-2 12302:978-1-138-10298-9 12273:978-1-4008-3359-7 12254:978-0-300-15564-8 12148:978-90-04-11115-8 12009:978-0-8018-7033-0 11924:978-0-06-185589-4 11903:978-0-8014-7529-0 11884:978-0-8146-5108-7 11863:978-90-04-30522-9 11844:978-90-04-41682-6 11788:978-0-520-25802-0 11769:978-1-107-11817-1 11750:978-0-7546-6483-3 11729:978-90-04-15502-2 11710:978-0-520-21859-8 11697:Fletcher, Richard 11635:978-0-85244-274-6 11595:978-0-8061-5991-1 11576:978-0-7546-5498-8 11515:978-0-367-36696-4 11508:. NY: Routledge. 11496:978-0-415-19073-2 11475:978-0-8014-3594-2 11423:978-1-032-01972-7 11354:978-0-304-70155-1 11335:978-0-521-85085-8 11316:978-1-107-04344-2 11277:978-0-7546-6814-5 11237:978-0-14-026653-5 11218:978-962-209-486-4 11199:978-0-520-07090-5 11180:978-0-226-09535-6 11161:978-0-19-974727-6 11137:978-0-674-05601-5 11034:978-0-691-15290-5 11015:978-0-631-22137-1 10959:978-0-521-30200-5 10896:. January 5, 2023 10878:978-90-04-41943-8 10857:978-2-503-51085-9 10741:978-0-307-42348-1 10722:978-1-54849-828-3 10703:978-0-19-511875-9 10684:978-0-521-78156-5 10660:978-0-19-957916-7 10627:978-1-84171-634-3 10606:978-1-137-01347-7 10546:978-0-520-23943-2 10497:978-1-4008-2116-7 10478:978-0-310-26268-8 10459:978-953-6044-01-6 10415:978-0-900-65721-4 10357:978-1-118-96810-9 10338:978-0-14190-741-3 10318:978-1-351-91858-9 9400:, pp. 28–29. 9388:, pp. 23–26. 9037:, pp. 52–53. 8988:Marin-Guzmán 1992 8845:, pp. 48–63. 8833:, pp. 14–15. 8831:Christiansen 1997 8773:, pp. 10–15. 8771:Christiansen 1997 8723:Christiansen 1997 8699:Christiansen 1997 8444:, pp. 86–87. 8181:, pp. 14–16. 8169:, pp. 13–14. 8080:, pp. 58–59. 8044:, pp. 13–14. 7855:, pp. 71–81. 7679:, pp. 32–41. 7583:, pp. 66–67. 7581:Mayr-Harting 1991 7559:, pp. 35–37. 7535:, pp. 30–33. 7409:, pp. 13–41. 7301:, pp. 29–57. 6941:, pp. 46–50. 6770:, pp. 60–61. 6719:, pp. 2, 15. 6515:, pp. 16–17. 6491:, pp. 15–16. 6467:, pp. 63–64. 6318:, pp. 33–34. 5528:, pp. 11–12. 5474:, pp. 13–15. 5287:, pp. 85–98. 5098:, pp. 94–96. 5086:, p. Intro.. 5047:, pp. 25–26. 4704:Sulpicius Severus 4450:Taiping Rebellion 4221:unyago wa lupanda 4217:jando la kikristo 4141:Elizabeth Isichei 3855:international law 3745:national identity 3640:Iberian Peninsula 3627:Depiction of the 3458:Eric Christiansen 3444:Holy Roman Empire 3368:Northern crusades 3306:Alexandra Sanmark 3208:, also known as 2810:Kingdom of Iberia 2704:Caucasian Albania 2581:Gregorian mission 2489:Anthony Kaldellis 2432:Battle of Tolbiac 2194:damnatio memoriae 1985:of a Roman temple 1463:Northern crusades 1414:Gustavo Gutiérrez 1371:Christian mission 1290: 1289: 1143: 1142: 1116:Latter Day Saints 1101:Iglesia ni Cristo 1066:United Protestant 1051:Plymouth Brethren 986:Oriental Orthodox 594: 593: 444: 443: 235:Ancient Near East 173:Study of religion 19980: 19968:Christianization 19827:EU Customs Union 19359:Secular humanism 19307:Christian ethics 19257:East–West Schism 19240:Physical culture 18964:Great Divergence 18914:Age of Discovery 18753: 18746: 18739: 18730: 18729: 18587:Great Divergence 18502:Age of Discovery 18447:Late Middle Ages 18417:High Middle Ages 18328:Byzantine Empire 18311:Christianization 18301:Migration Period 18236:Classical Greece 18208:Neolithic Europe 18180: 18173: 18166: 18157: 18156: 18143: 18142: 18133: 18132: 18123: 18082:Medieval studies 17926:Church and State 17800:Late Middle Ages 17692:High Middle Ages 17610:Christianization 17580:Migration Period 17557: 17550: 17543: 17534: 17533: 17489:Christianization 17279:Secular paganism 17264:Goddess movement 17234:Cochrane's Craft 17222: 17221: 17211: 17210: 17015: 17014: 17002: 17001: 16998: 16997: 16871: 16870: 16858: 16857: 16776: 16775: 16765: 16764: 16667: 16666: 16656: 16655: 16471:Sacred mysteries 16321: 16320: 16310: 16309: 16049: 16048: 16038: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16023:ethnic religions 15973: 15966: 15959: 15950: 15949: 15891:Dominant culture 15869:Related concepts 15831:De-russification 15819:De-stalinization 15814:De-communization 15751:Christianization 15741: 15740: 15593:or Latinization 15547:Norwegianization 15523:or Hungarization 15497: 15338:Colombianization 15240:Native Americans 15202: 15195: 15188: 15179: 15178: 15151: 15131: 15108:The Art Bulletin 15098: 15079: 15060: 15041: 15022: 15003: 14966: 14945: 14926: 14915: 14913: 14911: 14887: 14877: 14867: 14865: 14863: 14846: 14821: 14804:(306): 144–161. 14788: 14769: 14750: 14741:. 12/13: 28–45. 14733: 14704: 14687: 14666: 14647: 14626: 14607: 14586: 14567: 14542: 14521: 14502: 14483: 14464: 14462: 14437: 14418: 14399: 14380: 14378: 14376: 14367:. Archived from 14356: 14345:. austriaca.at. 14333: 14322: 14297:(4): 1119–1120. 14285: 14266: 14256: 14231: 14212: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14155: 14146: 14127: 14108: 14083: 14061: 14042: 14023: 14017: 14009: 13998:. New York, NY. 13990: 13950: 13941: 13912: 13893: 13891: 13870:Roe, H. (1980). 13866: 13837: 13818: 13809: 13790: 13771: 13761: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13742:. 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5772: 5763: 5760:Schuddeboom 2017 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5550:Bokenkotter 2007 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5502: 5496: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5325: 5319: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5246: 5240: 5231: 5230:, chapter 8; 82. 5228:Hebblewhite 2020 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5176: 5170: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5048: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4834: 4828: 4810: 4807: 4788:Ramsay MacMullen 4780: 4774: 4766:Jacob Burckhardt 4762: 4756: 4740: 4734: 4700: 4694: 4671: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4334:in northeastern 4081:, as well as on 4015:boarding schools 3956:Bandanese island 3870:Viceroy Bucareli 3817:Victor Meirelles 3648:Umayyad conquest 3595:Viktor Vasnetsov 3557:, a painting by 3350:Clement and Naum 3272:bishop of Turkia 3057:Eastern Orthodox 2833:Kingdom of Aksum 2741:Emperor Galerius 2737:Edict of Sardica 2589:Eadwine of Deira 2527:Pope Celestine I 2148: 1854:Ramsay MacMullen 1852:R. Trombley and 1829:Aelia Capitolina 1705:Michelle Salzman 1674:Platonic thought 1493:John the Baptist 1459:Late Middle Ages 1438:call to holiness 1339:Late Middle Ages 1320:Great Commission 1306:It began in the 1297:Christianisation 1293:Christianization 1282: 1275: 1268: 1251: 1096:Christadelphians 1026:Free Evangelical 979:Eastern Orthodox 936: 935: 887:East–West Schism 619: 596: 595: 586: 579: 572: 375:Age of Discovery 357:Christianization 221: 220: 48:Founding figures 40: 21: 20: 19988: 19987: 19983: 19982: 19981: 19979: 19978: 19977: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19951: 19917:UKUSA Agreement 19857:Lublin Triangle 19742:Baltic Assembly 19694: 19688: 19606: 19443: 19278: 19148:Eurolinguistics 19017: 19006:Information age 18979:Interwar period 18846: 18766: 18757: 18727: 18722: 18661: 18627:Interwar period 18602:Napoleonic Wars 18466: 18437:Mongol invasion 18390:Crown of Aragon 18282: 18222: 18218:Iron Age Europe 18189: 18184: 18154: 18149: 18111: 18092:Neo-medievalism 18040: 17976:Itinerant court 17899: 17794: 17715:Georgian Empire 17700:Norman Conquest 17686: 17632:Frankish Empire 17566: 17561: 17531: 17526: 17483: 17383:Myth and ritual 17303:Myth and ritual 17297: 17296: 17283: 17216: 17197: 17150:Turko-Mongolic 17009: 16990: 16983: 16982: 16969: 16865: 16844: 16770: 16751: 16661: 16642: 16315: 16296: 16165:Hindu mythology 16043: 16027: 16025: 16021: 16015: 15987: 15984:modern paganism 15977: 15947: 15942: 15938:Monoculturalism 15864: 15853:De-sinicization 15826:De-nazification 15802:Opposite trends 15793: 15765: 15739: 15621:Sanskritization 15586:Romanianization 15552:Pakistanization 15491: 15427:Hispanicization 15417:Hawaiianization 15373:Europeanization 15368:Estonianization 15323:Canadianization 15230:Americanization 15211: 15206: 15159: 15154: 15148: 15095: 15076: 15057: 15038: 15019: 14942: 14909: 14907: 14905: 14897:. CUP Archive. 14875: 14861: 14859: 14785: 14766: 14730: 14684: 14663: 14644: 14623: 14583: 14539: 14518: 14499: 14480: 14434: 14415: 14396: 14374: 14372: 14353: 14326:Sellar (1907). 14303:10.2307/2501480 14282: 14228: 14177: 14175: 14173: 14143: 14124: 14080: 14058: 14039: 14011: 14010: 14006: 13979: 13909: 13855:10.2307/2954270 13834: 13806: 13787: 13759: 13745: 13743: 13732: 13713: 13694: 13627: 13606: 13587: 13568: 13549: 13487: 13449: 13430: 13406: 13404: 13387: 13368: 13320: 13293:10.2307/2491705 13263: 13228: 13209: 13188: 13169: 13147: 13128: 13107: 13076:Islamic Studies 13058: 13036: 13008: 13007: 13003: 12951: 12930: 12911: 12889: 12887: 12854: 12818: 12799: 12780: 12759: 12740: 12719: 12696: 12673: 12660: 12641: 12622: 12599: 12578: 12513: 12477: 12458: 12387: 12368: 12349: 12330: 12303: 12274: 12255: 12149: 12106: 12104: 12010: 11946:10.2307/3264749 11925: 11904: 11885: 11864: 11845: 11823: 11821: 11789: 11770: 11751: 11730: 11711: 11680: 11636: 11614: 11612: 11609:Learn Religions 11596: 11577: 11537:10.2307/3168653 11516: 11497: 11476: 11424: 11355: 11336: 11317: 11289: 11278: 11238: 11219: 11200: 11181: 11162: 11138: 11035: 11016: 10960: 10899: 10897: 10879: 10858: 10800:10.2307/1088885 10742: 10723: 10704: 10685: 10661: 10628: 10607: 10564: 10562: 10547: 10498: 10479: 10460: 10416: 10358: 10339: 10319: 10281: 10251: 10225: 10220: 10212: 10208: 10200: 10193: 10185: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10102:, pp. 7–8. 10098: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10050: 10043: 10035: 10028: 10024:, pp. 1–2. 10020: 10016: 10010:Stoner-Eby 2008 10008: 10004: 9998:Stoner-Eby 2008 9996: 9992: 9986:Stoner-Eby 2008 9984: 9980: 9970: 9968: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9923: 9919: 9911: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9884: 9877: 9869: 9862: 9852: 9850: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9804: 9797: 9789: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9754: 9746: 9742: 9734: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9695: 9691: 9683: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9637:McLoughlin 1984 9635: 9628: 9620: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9596: 9589: 9581: 9577: 9569: 9565: 9557: 9548: 9540: 9536: 9528: 9524: 9516: 9512: 9506:Rogozinski 2000 9504: 9500: 9494:van Rossum 2020 9492: 9488: 9480: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9460:, pp. 1–2. 9458:Belmessous 2013 9456: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9424:, pp. 2–5. 9422:Belmessous 2013 9420: 9416: 9410:Belmessous 2013 9408: 9404: 9396: 9392: 9384: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9360: 9356: 9352:, pp. 3–4. 9348: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9314:Spliesgart 2007 9312: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9264: 9260: 9252: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9216: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9165: 9161: 9153: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9117: 9113: 9105: 9101: 9093: 9089: 9081: 9077: 9069: 9065: 9057: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9033: 9029: 9025:, pp. 1–2. 9021: 9017: 9011: 9007: 8998: 8994: 8986: 8982: 8978:, p. xvii. 8974: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8884: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8857:, pp. 3–4. 8853: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8785:, pp. 5–6. 8781: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8757: 8753: 8745: 8741: 8733: 8729: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8663:Lilienfeld 2022 8661: 8648: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8556: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8512: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8416: 8409: 8401: 8397: 8389: 8385: 8379:Stephenson 2000 8377: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8353: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8312: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8284: 8276: 8272: 8264: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8204: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8028: 8021: 8013: 8009: 8005:, p. 6, 7. 8001: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7914: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7787: 7783: 7771: 7767: 7761:Scourfield 2007 7759: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7689:Pluskowski 2011 7687: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7461: 7457:, p. 970B. 7453: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7421:, pp. 1–3. 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7172:, pp. 1–4. 7168: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7112:, pp. 2–4. 7110:Scourfield 2007 7108: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6817: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6782:, pp. 7–9. 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6705:Siecienski 2017 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6597:Strzelczyk 1987 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6041: 6037:, p. xxvi. 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5825:, pp. 169. 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5646:Goodenough 1962 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5610:Goodenough 1962 5608: 5604: 5598:Scourfield 2007 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5562:Praet 1992–1993 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5399:, pp. 5–6. 5395: 5391: 5385:MacCormack 1997 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5303: 5299:, pp. 5–6. 5295: 5291: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5179: 5171: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110:, pp. 8–9. 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5020:, pp. 6–7. 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4835: 4831: 4808: 4781: 4777: 4763: 4759: 4748:Elizabeth Clark 4741: 4737: 4716:heathen temples 4712:Martin of Tours 4701: 4697: 4672: 4668: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4435:Goa Inquisition 4370: 4363: 4360: 4319: 4306: 4284: 4229: 4227:Other countries 4200: 4158: 4098:democratization 4058:New Imperialism 4045: 4039: 4031:Great awakening 4013:The history of 3992: 3986: 3965: 3943: 3895: 3791: 3785: 3757: 3689: 3621: 3615: 3559:Klavdiy Lebedev 3548: 3542: 3494:Duke of Mazovia 3467: 3432:Pope Eugene III 3370: 3346: 3322:Olaf Tryggvason 3310:Florence Harmer 3294: 3288: 3244: 3238: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3154:Industriae Tuae 3127: 3119:Main articles: 3117: 3097:Constantine VII 3093: 3032:Seal of prince 3026: 3020: 3004:Cyrillic script 2976: 2970: 2945: 2904: 2849: 2770: 2721:Arsacid dynasty 2692: 2686: 2669:has written in 2662: 2629: 2623: 2591:around 628 and 2558: 2550:Main articles: 2548: 2529:(422–430) sent 2524: 2510: 2476: 2470: 2424:Frankish tribes 2412: 2406: 2398:Main articles: 2396: 2394:Frankish Empire 2382:, "Germany and 2347:German religion 2331:(185–253), and 2317: 2311: 2271: 2265: 2239: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2210:Main articles: 2208: 2203: 2142: 1981:, occupies the 1971: 1881:Agora of Athens 1800: 1783:R. P. C. Hanson 1771: 1761: 1753:Main articles: 1751: 1729:(2nd century), 1662:Jewish diaspora 1654: 1648: 1621: 1615: 1561: 1555: 1477: 1471: 1433: 1427: 1363: 1286: 1223: 1222: 1193:Other religions 1153: 1145: 1144: 933: 932: 912: 911: 832: 831: 811: 810: 744: 734: 733: 694: 693: 675: 674: 640: 639: 590: 561: 560: 559: 543: 517: 486: 454: 446: 445: 433: 417:Great Awakening 291: 256: 218: 210: 209: 175: 165: 164: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19986: 19976: 19975: 19970: 19953: 19952: 19950: 19949: 19947:Westernization 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19927:Visegrád Group 19924: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19867:Nordic Council 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19844: 19839: 19834: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19762:Bucharest Nine 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19727:Arctic Council 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19698: 19696: 19690: 19689: 19687: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19675: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19659: 19654: 19649: 19639: 19634: 19633: 19632: 19622: 19616: 19614: 19608: 19607: 19605: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19593: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19571: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19525: 19524: 19523: 19522: 19521: 19511: 19510: 19509: 19504: 19503: 19502: 19492: 19491: 19490: 19480: 19479: 19478: 19453: 19451: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19441: 19440: 19439: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19418: 19417: 19405: 19404: 19403: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19362: 19361: 19356: 19346: 19345: 19344: 19337:Existentialism 19334: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19288: 19286: 19280: 19279: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19274: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19249: 19248: 19247: 19237: 19236: 19235: 19230: 19220: 19219: 19218: 19208: 19203: 19202: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19181: 19180: 19179: 19169: 19168: 19167: 19157: 19156: 19155: 19150: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19124: 19123: 19113: 19108: 19107: 19106: 19096: 19095: 19094: 19084: 19083: 19082: 19072: 19067: 19066: 19065: 19055: 19050: 19049: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19027: 19025: 19019: 19018: 19016: 19015: 19014: 19013: 19008: 18998: 18997: 18996: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18901: 18896: 18895: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18874: 18873: 18872: 18870:Late antiquity 18862: 18856: 18854: 18848: 18847: 18845: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18823: 18822: 18821: 18820: 18815: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18785: 18780: 18774: 18772: 18768: 18767: 18756: 18755: 18748: 18741: 18733: 18724: 18723: 18721: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18669: 18667: 18663: 18662: 18660: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18577:Russian Empire 18574: 18569: 18567:British Empire 18564: 18562:Dutch Republic 18559: 18557:Swedish Empire 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18537:Spanish Empire 18534: 18529: 18527:Ottoman Empire 18524: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18498: 18497: 18487: 18482: 18476: 18474: 18468: 18467: 18465: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18442:Serbian Empire 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18376: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18350: 18349: 18348: 18343: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18314: 18313: 18303: 18298: 18292: 18290: 18284: 18283: 18281: 18280: 18278:Late antiquity 18275: 18270: 18265: 18264: 18263: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18241:Roman Republic 18238: 18232: 18230: 18224: 18223: 18221: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18199: 18197: 18191: 18190: 18183: 18182: 18175: 18168: 18160: 18151: 18150: 18148: 18147: 18137: 18127: 18116: 18113: 18112: 18110: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18087:Misconceptions 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18048: 18046: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17907: 17905: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17897: 17895:Little Ice Age 17892: 17891: 17890: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17848:Western Schism 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17804: 17802: 17796: 17795: 17793: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17696: 17694: 17688: 17687: 17685: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17613: 17612: 17602: 17597: 17595:Late antiquity 17592: 17587: 17582: 17576: 17574: 17568: 17567: 17560: 17559: 17552: 17545: 17537: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17524: 17522:Virtuous pagan 17519: 17517:Religio licita 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17493: 17491: 17485: 17484: 17482: 17481: 17479:Animal worship 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17460: 17459: 17454: 17444: 17439: 17438: 17437: 17432: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17391: 17390: 17385: 17375: 17374: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17307: 17305: 17299: 17298: 17293: 17292: 17289: 17288: 17285: 17284: 17282: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17239:Feri Tradition 17236: 17231: 17225: 17218: 17217: 17207: 17206: 17203: 17202: 17199: 17198: 17196: 17195: 17194: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17163: 17162: 17161: 17156: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17092: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17071: 17070: 17069: 17064: 17054: 17049: 17048: 17047: 17042: 17034: 17033: 17032: 17027: 17018: 17011: 17010: 16995: 16993: 16985: 16984: 16979: 16978: 16975: 16974: 16971: 16970: 16968: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16906: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16880: 16874: 16867: 16866: 16854: 16853: 16850: 16849: 16846: 16845: 16843: 16842: 16841: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16779: 16772: 16771: 16761: 16760: 16757: 16756: 16753: 16752: 16750: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16720: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16693: 16692: 16691: 16681: 16676: 16670: 16663: 16662: 16652: 16651: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16641: 16640: 16639: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16538: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16468: 16463: 16453: 16452: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16426: 16421: 16420: 16419: 16409: 16408: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16384: 16379: 16378: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16357: 16352: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16330: 16324: 16317: 16316: 16306: 16305: 16302: 16301: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16237:Tibeto-Burmese 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16178: 16177: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16119: 16118: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16052: 16045: 16044: 16031: 16029: 16026:(existing and 16017: 16016: 16014: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15976: 15975: 15968: 15961: 15953: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15928:Language shift 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15904: 15903: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15872: 15870: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15862: 15855: 15850: 15849: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15828: 15823: 15822: 15821: 15811: 15809:De-arabization 15805: 15803: 15799: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15789: 15779: 15773: 15771: 15767: 15766: 15764: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15747: 15745: 15738: 15737: 15735:Zairianization 15732: 15727: 15725:Westernization 15722: 15720:Vietnamization 15717: 15712: 15707: 15705:Turkmenization 15702: 15701: 15700: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15673:Talibanization 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15633: 15628: 15626:Serbianization 15623: 15618: 15616:Saffronization 15613: 15612: 15611: 15601: 15600: 15599: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15569:Persianization 15566: 15565: 15564: 15557:Pashtunization 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15518: 15516:Lithuanization 15513: 15511:Latvianization 15508: 15503: 15498: 15486: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15477:Japanification 15469: 15467:Italianization 15464: 15463: 15462: 15452: 15447: 15445:Indigenization 15442: 15441: 15440: 15430: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15407:Georgification 15404: 15399: 15398: 15397: 15387: 15382: 15381: 15380: 15378:Westernization 15370: 15365: 15363:Dutchification 15360: 15355: 15353:Cypriotization 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15313:Bosniakization 15310: 15309: 15308: 15298: 15297: 15296: 15289:Belarusization 15286: 15284:Araucanization 15281: 15280: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15254: 15249: 15248: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15227: 15222: 15220:Africanization 15216: 15213: 15212: 15205: 15204: 15197: 15190: 15182: 15176: 15175: 15170: 15158: 15157:External links 15155: 15153: 15152: 15146: 15132: 15114:(3): 433–457. 15099: 15093: 15080: 15074: 15061: 15055: 15042: 15036: 15023: 15017: 15004: 14978:(2): 511–524. 14967: 14946: 14940: 14927: 14916: 14903: 14888: 14868: 14847: 14822: 14789: 14783: 14770: 14764: 14751: 14734: 14728: 14705: 14688: 14682: 14667: 14661: 14648: 14642: 14627: 14621: 14608: 14598:(2): 171–208. 14587: 14581: 14568: 14543: 14537: 14522: 14516: 14503: 14497: 14484: 14478: 14465: 14438: 14432: 14419: 14413: 14400: 14394: 14381: 14357: 14351: 14334: 14323: 14286: 14280: 14267: 14232: 14226: 14213: 14195:(1): 103–115. 14184: 14171: 14156: 14147: 14141: 14128: 14122: 14109: 14099:(1): 261–309. 14084: 14078: 14062: 14056: 14043: 14037: 14024: 14004: 13991: 13977: 13951: 13942: 13913: 13907: 13894: 13882:(1): 101–120. 13867: 13849:(2): 152–168. 13838: 13832: 13819: 13810: 13804: 13791: 13785: 13772: 13752: 13736: 13730: 13717: 13711: 13698: 13692: 13677: 13652: 13631: 13625: 13610: 13604: 13591: 13586:978-0199212149 13585: 13572: 13566: 13553: 13547: 13534: 13514:(6): 565–593. 13499: 13485: 13470: 13453: 13447: 13434: 13428: 13413: 13391: 13385: 13372: 13366: 13353: 13335:(4): 542–545. 13324: 13318: 13305: 13276: 13267: 13261: 13232: 13226: 13213: 13207: 13192: 13186: 13173: 13167: 13151: 13145: 13132: 13126: 13111: 13105: 13092: 13082:(3): 287–318. 13071: 13063:Chaos e Kosmos 13051: 13040: 13034: 13021: 13001: 12988: 12970:(4): 644–673. 12955: 12949: 12940:Modern Germany 12934: 12928: 12915: 12909: 12896: 12875: 12858: 12852: 12839: 12822: 12816: 12803: 12797: 12784: 12778: 12763: 12757: 12744: 12738: 12723: 12717: 12700: 12694: 12678: 12664: 12658: 12645: 12639: 12626: 12620: 12607: 12597: 12582: 12576: 12563: 12545:(3): 371–405. 12534: 12517: 12511: 12498: 12481: 12475: 12462: 12456: 12443: 12433:(3): 242–264. 12422: 12404:(2): 185–226. 12391: 12385: 12372: 12366: 12353: 12347: 12334: 12328: 12315: 12301: 12278: 12272: 12259: 12253: 12240: 12211: 12182: 12153: 12147: 12134: 12124:(2): 257–267. 12113: 12077:Theology Today 12068: 12047: 12014: 12008: 11995: 11975:10.2307/294605 11969:(2): 229–242. 11958: 11940:(2): 113–142. 11929: 11923: 11908: 11902: 11889: 11883: 11868: 11862: 11849: 11843: 11830: 11810: 11793: 11787: 11774: 11768: 11755: 11749: 11734: 11728: 11715: 11709: 11693: 11673: 11661:10.1086/462823 11655:(3): 284–292. 11640: 11634: 11621: 11600: 11594: 11581: 11575: 11563:, ed. (2006). 11557: 11525:Church History 11520: 11514: 11501: 11495: 11480: 11474: 11461: 11428: 11422: 11409: 11388: 11359: 11353: 11340: 11334: 11321: 11315: 11302: 11282: 11276: 11263: 11253:(2): 543–546. 11242: 11236: 11223: 11217: 11204: 11198: 11185: 11179: 11166: 11160: 11142: 11136: 11123: 11112: 11094:(1): 109–135. 11079: 11061:(4): 201–206. 11050: 11039: 11033: 11020: 11014: 11001: 10981:10.2307/298656 10964: 10958: 10940:Averil Cameron 10935: 10906: 10883: 10877: 10862: 10856: 10843: 10831:10.1086/367402 10825:(2): 120–139. 10812: 10783: 10746: 10740: 10727: 10721: 10708: 10702: 10689: 10683: 10665: 10659: 10646: 10632: 10626: 10611: 10605: 10590: 10571: 10551: 10545: 10530: 10502: 10496: 10483: 10477: 10464: 10458: 10445: 10420: 10414: 10401: 10373:(2): 251–270. 10362: 10356: 10343: 10337: 10331:. Penguin UK. 10324: 10317: 10304: 10285: 10279: 10267:Abrams, Lesley 10263: 10259:j.ctt1kw29nj.7 10249: 10231:Abrams, Lesley 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10218: 10206: 10191: 10179: 10167: 10155: 10140: 10128: 10116: 10104: 10092: 10090:, p. 6–7. 10080: 10068: 10056: 10041: 10026: 10014: 10012:, p. 174. 10002: 9990: 9988:, p. 171. 9978: 9953: 9951:, p. 201. 9941: 9939:, p. 291. 9937:Fernandez 1979 9929: 9927:, p. 287. 9925:Fernandez 1979 9917: 9915:, p. 286. 9913:Fernandez 1979 9902: 9898:Fernandez 1979 9890: 9886:Fernandez 1979 9875: 9860: 9834: 9822: 9810: 9808:, p. 285. 9795: 9793:, p. 279. 9783: 9781:, p. 265. 9771: 9752: 9750:, p. 302. 9740: 9738:, p. 161. 9725: 9713: 9701: 9689: 9685:Wesseling 2015 9677: 9665: 9663:, p. 185. 9653: 9641: 9626: 9614: 9602: 9600:, p. 188. 9587: 9575: 9563: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9482:Oostindie 2008 9474: 9472:, p. 201. 9470:Wesseling 2015 9462: 9450: 9438: 9436:, p. 192. 9434:Priestley 2018 9426: 9414: 9402: 9398:Castañeda 1993 9390: 9386:Castañeda 1993 9378: 9374:Castañeda 1993 9366: 9362:Castañeda 1993 9354: 9342: 9330: 9328:, p. 137. 9318: 9316:, p. 287. 9306: 9304:, p. 135. 9294: 9282: 9270: 9268:, p. 566. 9258: 9246: 9244:, p. 218. 9234: 9222: 9210: 9208:, p. 205. 9198: 9186: 9159: 9147: 9135: 9133:, p. 418. 9123: 9121:, p. 271. 9111: 9109:, p. 135. 9099: 9087: 9085:, p. 152. 9075: 9063: 9061:, p. 304. 9051: 9039: 9027: 9015: 9005: 8992: 8990:, p. 287. 8980: 8968: 8956: 8954:, p. 112. 8941: 8939:, p. 113. 8929: 8917: 8902: 8890: 8888:, p. 111. 8871: 8869:, p. 103. 8859: 8855:Wyrwińska 2022 8847: 8843:Wyrwińska 2022 8835: 8823: 8811: 8807:Dollinger 1999 8799: 8787: 8775: 8763: 8751: 8739: 8737:, p. 606. 8727: 8725:, p. 287. 8715: 8713:, p. 119. 8703: 8691: 8679: 8667: 8646: 8631: 8619: 8607: 8605:, p. 253. 8595: 8593:, p. 249. 8583: 8581:, p. 251. 8571: 8569:, p. 252. 8554: 8552:, p. xvi. 8542: 8530: 8518: 8516:, p. 542. 8506: 8504:, p. 473. 8494: 8482: 8480:, p. 122. 8470: 8458: 8446: 8442:Veszprémy 2001 8434: 8422: 8407: 8395: 8393:, p. 141. 8391:Moravcsik 1947 8383: 8371: 8369:, p. 130. 8359: 8357:, p. 467. 8342: 8330: 8328:, p. 129. 8318: 8316:, p. 128. 8306: 8294: 8282: 8270: 8266:Veszprémy 2001 8258: 8246: 8234: 8232:, p. 208. 8222: 8210: 8208:, p. 232. 8195: 8193:, p. 332. 8183: 8171: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8121:, p. 127. 8106: 8094: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8056:, p. 116. 8046: 8034: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7993:, p. 252. 7983: 7981:, p. 262. 7971: 7967:Aleksidze 2018 7959: 7957:, p. 138. 7947: 7932: 7920: 7918:, p. 135. 7916:Aleksidze 2018 7905: 7903:, p. 138. 7901:Aleksidze 2018 7893: 7891:, p. 333. 7881: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7843:, p. 241. 7833: 7821: 7809: 7807:, p. 253. 7797: 7781: 7765: 7753: 7749:McKinnell 2021 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7703:, p. 159. 7693: 7681: 7669: 7667:, p. 139. 7657: 7645: 7633: 7621: 7609: 7607:, p. 238. 7597: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7547:, p. 124. 7537: 7525: 7513: 7501: 7499:, p. 117. 7486: 7474: 7472:, p. 103. 7459: 7447: 7445:, p. 151. 7435: 7431:Kaldellis 2012 7423: 7419:Kaldellis 2012 7411: 7399: 7397:, p. 165. 7387: 7375: 7373:, p. 299. 7363: 7351: 7339: 7327: 7315: 7303: 7291: 7289:, p. 137. 7279: 7277:, p. 113. 7258: 7256:, p. 101. 7246: 7234: 7222: 7210: 7198: 7186: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7090: 7078: 7066: 7064:, p. 282. 7054: 7052:, p. 280. 7042: 7040:, p. 279. 7030: 7018: 7006: 7004:, p. 152. 6994: 6982: 6970: 6968:, p. 496. 6958: 6956:, p. 265. 6943: 6939:MacMullen 1984 6931: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6857:, p. 243. 6847: 6835: 6823: 6808: 6806:, p. 304. 6796: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6671:, p. 193. 6661: 6649: 6647:, p. 325. 6637: 6625: 6613: 6601: 6589: 6587:, p. 401. 6577: 6565: 6553: 6551:, p. 400. 6541: 6529: 6527:, p. 394. 6517: 6505: 6493: 6481: 6469: 6465:Willibald 1916 6457: 6445: 6433: 6431:, p. 254. 6421: 6419:, p. 107. 6409: 6397: 6395:, p. 233. 6380: 6368: 6366:, p. 104. 6356: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6294:, p. 213. 6279: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6228: 6216: 6214:, p. 303. 6204: 6192: 6190:, p. 650. 6177: 6165: 6153: 6151:, p. 799. 6141: 6129: 6127:, p. 178. 6117: 6113:Severus – Vita 6105: 6093: 6081: 6069: 6054: 6052:, p. 353. 6039: 6027: 6015: 5998: 5996:, p. 110. 5986: 5974: 5970:Trombley 1995a 5962: 5960:, p. xxv. 5950: 5938: 5926: 5924:, p. 131. 5914: 5902: 5900:, p. 123. 5890: 5888:, p. 132. 5878: 5866: 5854: 5852:, p. 523. 5839: 5837:, p. 179. 5827: 5815: 5813:, p. 142. 5803: 5791: 5779: 5764: 5752: 5750:, p. 257. 5740: 5736:Hellerman 2009 5728: 5726:, p. 433. 5716: 5704: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5661:Fairchild 2021 5650: 5648:, p. 125. 5638: 5626: 5614: 5612:, p. 138. 5602: 5590: 5588:, p. 229. 5578: 5576:, p. 426. 5566: 5564:, p. 108. 5554: 5542: 5540:, p. 177. 5530: 5518: 5516:, p. 234. 5503: 5488: 5486:, p. 584. 5476: 5472:Armstrong 2007 5464: 5462:, p. 583. 5449: 5437: 5435:, p. 470. 5425: 5423:, p. 469. 5413: 5411:, p. 371. 5401: 5389: 5387:, p. 655. 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5326: 5324:, p. 101. 5301: 5289: 5274: 5262: 5260:, p. 166. 5247: 5243:Kaldellis 2012 5232: 5220: 5208: 5206:, p. 286. 5196: 5194:, p. 498. 5177: 5175:, p. 302. 5160: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5049: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4981: 4969: 4952: 4940: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4897:, p. 497. 4883: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4854: 4845: 4841:Padberg (1998) 4829: 4826:marginalized. 4775: 4757: 4752:R. A. Markus's 4735: 4695: 4666: 4649: 4640: 4634:is the normal 4598: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4359: 4356: 4318: 4315: 4305: 4302: 4288:decolonization 4283: 4282:Decolonization 4280: 4228: 4225: 4199: 4196: 4157: 4154: 4134:indigenization 4117:Justo Gonzales 4038: 4035: 4008:Trail of tears 3988:Main article: 3985: 3982: 3977:Jacob Schacter 3964: 3961: 3942: 3939: 3935:Henk Wesseling 3894: 3891: 3866:Junipero Serra 3815:. painting by 3795:Kenneth Morgan 3784: 3781: 3756: 3753: 3737:Achilles' heel 3713:Dutch Republic 3688: 3685: 3661:in 1492. (The 3617:Main article: 3614: 3611: 3593:, a fresco by 3544:Main article: 3541: 3538: 3519:, was crowned 3479:Teutonic Order 3466: 3463: 3436:Second Crusade 3369: 3366: 3361:Ioan-Aurel Pop 3345: 3342: 3333:Anders Winroth 3290:Main article: 3287: 3284: 3268:Constantinople 3237: 3234: 3222:Chrzest Polski 3210:"Wielkopolska" 3206:Greater Poland 3164:Main article: 3161: 3158: 3142:Avar Khaganate 3116: 3113: 3109:Pope John VIII 3092: 3089: 3069:Diocese of Ras 3022:Main article: 3019: 3016: 2972:Main article: 2969: 2966: 2955:developed the 2944: 2941: 2917:Czechoslovakia 2915:(which became 2903: 2900: 2848: 2845: 2787:Arsacid family 2769: 2766: 2745:Edict of Milan 2688:Main article: 2685: 2682: 2661: 2658: 2622: 2619: 2547: 2544: 2509: 2506: 2494:Giovanni Mansi 2472:Main article: 2469: 2466: 2418:was the first 2395: 2392: 2364:Saint Boniface 2339:) (155–220). 2310: 2307: 2267:Main article: 2264: 2261: 2235:Main article: 2232: 2229: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 1995:Pope Gregory I 1991:Hutton Webster 1970: 1967: 1938:ludi circenses 1894:deconsecration 1799: 1796: 1778:slaughterhouse 1750: 1747: 1720:Demeter's cult 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1636:denominations: 1617:Main article: 1614: 1611: 1557:Main article: 1554: 1551: 1539:Infant baptism 1473:Main article: 1470: 1467: 1429:Main article: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1377:David Abulafia 1367:Dana L. Robert 1362: 1359: 1343:Eastern Europe 1288: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1154: 1152:Related topics 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1090: 1089: 1087:Restorationist 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 996: 989: 982: 975: 970: 965: 964: 963: 958: 943: 942: 934: 931: 930: 925: 919: 918: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 862:Church Fathers 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 833: 830: 829: 824: 818: 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 772: 771: 766: 761: 751: 745: 740: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 695: 692: 691: 688: 682: 681: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 638: 637: 632: 626: 625: 624: 621: 620: 612: 611: 605: 604: 592: 591: 589: 588: 581: 574: 566: 563: 562: 558: 557: 556: 555: 544: 542: 541: 540: 539: 534: 529: 518: 516: 515: 514: 513: 508: 503: 498: 487: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 441: 440: 439: 432: 431: 430: 429: 424: 422:Fundamentalism 419: 408: 407: 406: 398: 397: 393: 392: 391: 390: 385: 377: 376: 372: 371: 370: 369: 364: 359: 351: 350: 346: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 300: 299: 293: 292: 290: 289: 288: 287: 282: 277: 268: 266:Vedic Hinduism 257: 255: 254: 253: 252: 247: 242: 231: 228: 227: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 176: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 152: 142: 132: 122: 119:Zoroastrianism 112: 102: 92: 82: 72: 62: 51: 46: 45: 42: 41: 33: 32: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19985: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19963: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19892:PROSUR/PROSUL 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19787:Craiova Group 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19702:ABCANZ Armies 19700: 19699: 19697: 19691: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19673: 19670: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19648: 19645: 19644: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19631: 19628: 19627: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19617: 19615: 19613: 19609: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19550: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19530: 19529: 19526: 19520: 19517: 19516: 19515: 19512: 19508: 19507:Protestantism 19505: 19501: 19498: 19497: 19496: 19493: 19489: 19486: 19485: 19484: 19481: 19477: 19473: 19470: 19469: 19468: 19465: 19464: 19463: 19460: 19459: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19452: 19450: 19446: 19438: 19435: 19434: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19427:Sovereigntism 19425: 19423: 19420: 19416: 19415: 19411: 19410: 19409: 19406: 19402: 19399: 19398: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19351: 19350: 19347: 19343: 19340: 19339: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19322:Scholasticism 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19289: 19287: 19285: 19281: 19273: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19250: 19246: 19243: 19242: 19241: 19238: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19221: 19217: 19214: 19213: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19186: 19185: 19182: 19178: 19175: 19174: 19173: 19170: 19166: 19163: 19162: 19161: 19158: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19145: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19122: 19119: 19118: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19105: 19102: 19101: 19100: 19097: 19093: 19090: 19089: 19088: 19085: 19081: 19078: 19077: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19064: 19061: 19060: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19033: 19032: 19029: 19028: 19026: 19024: 19020: 19012: 19011:War on terror 19009: 19007: 19004: 19003: 19002: 18999: 18995: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18906: 18905: 18904:Modern period 18902: 18900: 18897: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18878: 18875: 18871: 18868: 18867: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18857: 18855: 18853: 18849: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18810: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18790: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18775: 18773: 18769: 18765: 18761: 18760:Western world 18754: 18749: 18747: 18742: 18740: 18735: 18734: 18731: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18673:Art of Europe 18671: 18670: 18668: 18664: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18496: 18493: 18492: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18477: 18475: 18473: 18472:Modern period 18469: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18407: 18403: 18399: 18395: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18351: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18312: 18309: 18308: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18293: 18291: 18289: 18285: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18233: 18231: 18229: 18225: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18200: 18198: 18196: 18192: 18188: 18181: 18176: 18174: 18169: 18167: 18162: 18161: 18158: 18146: 18138: 18136: 18128: 18126: 18122: 18118: 18117: 18114: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18049: 18047: 18043: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17902: 17896: 17893: 17889: 17886: 17885: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17805: 17803: 17801: 17797: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17755:Scholasticism 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17697: 17695: 17693: 17689: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17617:Rise of Islam 17615: 17611: 17608: 17607: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17577: 17575: 17573: 17569: 17565: 17558: 17553: 17551: 17546: 17544: 17539: 17538: 17535: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17494: 17492: 17490: 17486: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17449: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17427: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17400:Reincarnation 17398: 17396: 17393: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17380: 17379: 17376: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17358: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17308: 17306: 17304: 17300: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17226: 17223: 17219: 17212: 17208: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17168: 17167: 17164: 17160: 17159:Vattisen Yaly 17157: 17155: 17152: 17151: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17059: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17037: 17035: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17022: 17020: 17019: 17016: 17012: 17008: 17003: 16999: 16994: 16992: 16986: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16885: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16872: 16868: 16864: 16859: 16855: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16813:Cook Islander 16811: 16810: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16766: 16762: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16736: 16733: 16732: 16731: 16728: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16715: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16698: 16697: 16694: 16690: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16668: 16664: 16657: 16653: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16621:Baltic Finnic 16619: 16618: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16589:Imperial cult 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16572: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16554: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16493: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16458: 16457: 16454: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16418: 16415: 16414: 16413: 16410: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16325: 16322: 16318: 16311: 16307: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16176: 16173: 16172: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16150:Sunda Wiwitan 16148: 16146: 16143: 16139: 16136: 16135: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16086:Austroasiatic 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16053: 16050: 16046: 16039: 16035: 16030: 16024: 16018: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15993: 15990: 15985: 15981: 15974: 15969: 15967: 15962: 15960: 15955: 15954: 15951: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15908:Globalization 15906: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15867: 15861: 15860: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15836:Korenizatsiia 15834: 15833: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15820: 15817: 15816: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15800: 15788: 15785: 15784: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15777:Cyrillization 15775: 15774: 15772: 15768: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15748: 15746: 15742: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15710:Ukrainization 15708: 15706: 15703: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15694: 15693:Turkification 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15678:Taiwanization 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15668:Swedification 15666: 15664: 15663:Swahilization 15661: 15659: 15658:Sovietization 15656: 15654: 15653:Slovakization 15651: 15649: 15648:Slavicization 15646: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15631:Sinhalization 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15610: 15607: 15606: 15605: 15604:Russification 15602: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15570: 15567: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15537:Mongolization 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15522: 15521:Magyarization 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15506:Kurdification 15504: 15502: 15501:Koreanization 15499: 15495: 15490: 15489:Kazakhization 15487: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15461: 15458: 15457: 15456: 15455:Israelization 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15439: 15436: 15435: 15434: 15433:Indianization 15431: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15422:Hellenization 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15412:Germanization 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15402:Gaelicization 15400: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15385:Finnicization 15383: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15333:Chilenization 15331: 15329: 15328:Celticization 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15318:Bulgarization 15316: 15314: 15311: 15307: 15304: 15303: 15302: 15301:Bengalization 15299: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15259: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15252:Anglicization 15250: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15217: 15214: 15210: 15203: 15198: 15196: 15191: 15189: 15184: 15183: 15180: 15174: 15171: 15168: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15149: 15143: 15139: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15100: 15096: 15090: 15086: 15081: 15077: 15071: 15067: 15062: 15058: 15052: 15048: 15043: 15039: 15033: 15029: 15024: 15020: 15014: 15010: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14956: 14952: 14947: 14943: 14937: 14933: 14928: 14924: 14923: 14917: 14906: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14889: 14886:(1–2): 73–92. 14885: 14881: 14874: 14869: 14857: 14856:Asian History 14853: 14848: 14844: 14840: 14836: 14832: 14828: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14790: 14786: 14780: 14776: 14771: 14767: 14761: 14757: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14735: 14731: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14713: 14712: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14689: 14685: 14679: 14675: 14674: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14654: 14649: 14645: 14639: 14635: 14634: 14628: 14624: 14618: 14614: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14574: 14569: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14549: 14544: 14540: 14534: 14530: 14529: 14523: 14519: 14513: 14509: 14504: 14500: 14494: 14490: 14485: 14481: 14475: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14439: 14435: 14429: 14425: 14420: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14401: 14397: 14391: 14387: 14382: 14370: 14366: 14364: 14358: 14354: 14348: 14344: 14340: 14335: 14331: 14330: 14324: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14291:Slavic Review 14287: 14283: 14277: 14273: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14233: 14229: 14223: 14219: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14198: 14194: 14190: 14185: 14174: 14168: 14164: 14163: 14157: 14153: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14134: 14129: 14125: 14119: 14115: 14110: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14066:Sanneh, Lamin 14063: 14059: 14053: 14049: 14044: 14040: 14034: 14030: 14025: 14021: 14015: 14007: 14001: 13997: 13992: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13974: 13970: 13966: 13962: 13961: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13923: 13919: 13914: 13910: 13904: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13839: 13835: 13829: 13825: 13820: 13816: 13811: 13807: 13801: 13797: 13792: 13788: 13782: 13778: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13758: 13753: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13727: 13723: 13718: 13714: 13708: 13704: 13699: 13695: 13689: 13685: 13684: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13642:(1–4): 3–26. 13641: 13637: 13632: 13628: 13622: 13618: 13617: 13611: 13607: 13601: 13597: 13592: 13588: 13582: 13578: 13573: 13569: 13563: 13559: 13554: 13550: 13544: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13482: 13478: 13477: 13471: 13468:(8): 118–123. 13467: 13463: 13459: 13454: 13450: 13444: 13440: 13435: 13431: 13425: 13421: 13420: 13414: 13403: 13399: 13398: 13392: 13388: 13382: 13378: 13373: 13369: 13363: 13359: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13325: 13321: 13315: 13311: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13277: 13273: 13268: 13264: 13258: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13233: 13229: 13223: 13219: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13200: 13199: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13180:. NYU Press. 13179: 13174: 13170: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13138: 13133: 13129: 13123: 13119: 13118: 13112: 13108: 13102: 13098: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13057: 13052: 13048: 13047: 13041: 13037: 13031: 13027: 13022: 13018: 13012: 13004: 12998: 12995:. New Haven. 12994: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12956: 12952: 12946: 12942: 12941: 12935: 12931: 12925: 12921: 12916: 12912: 12906: 12902: 12897: 12885: 12881: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12859: 12855: 12849: 12845: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12823: 12819: 12813: 12809: 12804: 12800: 12794: 12790: 12785: 12781: 12775: 12771: 12770: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12750: 12745: 12741: 12735: 12731: 12730: 12724: 12720: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12701: 12697: 12695:9780415242110 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12672: 12671: 12665: 12661: 12655: 12651: 12646: 12642: 12636: 12632: 12627: 12623: 12617: 12613: 12608: 12605: 12600: 12594: 12590: 12589: 12583: 12579: 12573: 12569: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12535: 12532:(6): 123–130. 12531: 12527: 12523: 12518: 12514: 12508: 12504: 12499: 12496:(1): 165–167. 12495: 12491: 12487: 12482: 12478: 12472: 12468: 12463: 12459: 12453: 12449: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12398: 12392: 12388: 12382: 12378: 12373: 12369: 12367:9780300125344 12363: 12359: 12354: 12350: 12344: 12340: 12335: 12331: 12325: 12321: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12279: 12275: 12269: 12265: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12246: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12154: 12150: 12144: 12140: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12114: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12015: 12011: 12005: 12001: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11916: 11915: 11909: 11905: 11899: 11895: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11850: 11846: 11840: 11836: 11831: 11820: 11816: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11794: 11790: 11784: 11780: 11775: 11771: 11765: 11761: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11742: 11741: 11735: 11731: 11725: 11721: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11679: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11628:. Gracewing. 11627: 11622: 11610: 11606: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11587: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11568: 11567: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11521: 11517: 11511: 11507: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11489:. Routledge. 11488: 11487: 11481: 11477: 11471: 11467: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11429: 11425: 11419: 11415: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11346: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11327: 11322: 11318: 11312: 11308: 11303: 11300:(6): 333–337. 11299: 11295: 11288: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11269: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11243: 11239: 11233: 11229: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11210: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11191: 11186: 11182: 11176: 11172: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11146:Cameron, Alan 11143: 11139: 11133: 11129: 11124: 11120: 11119: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11040: 11036: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11007: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10944:Peter Garnsey 10941: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10907: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10794:(4): 331–56. 10793: 10789: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10757:(3): 678–94. 10756: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10733: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10714: 10709: 10705: 10699: 10695: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10652: 10647: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10591: 10588:(3): 495–496. 10587: 10583: 10578: 10572: 10561: 10557: 10552: 10548: 10542: 10538: 10537: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10503: 10499: 10493: 10489: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10470: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10451: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10407: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10389: 10388:11250/3051856 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10314: 10310: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10286: 10282: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10250:9781785704536 10246: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10227: 10216:, p. 12. 10215: 10210: 10203: 10198: 10196: 10188: 10183: 10176: 10171: 10164: 10159: 10152: 10147: 10145: 10137: 10132: 10125: 10124:Fontaine 2016 10120: 10113: 10108: 10101: 10100:Fontaine 2016 10096: 10089: 10088:Fontaine 2016 10084: 10077: 10076:Fontaine 2016 10072: 10065: 10060: 10053: 10048: 10046: 10038: 10033: 10031: 10023: 10018: 10011: 10006: 9999: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9950: 9945: 9938: 9933: 9926: 9921: 9914: 9909: 9907: 9899: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9880: 9872: 9867: 9865: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9831: 9826: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9802: 9800: 9792: 9787: 9780: 9775: 9769:, p. xx. 9768: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9749: 9748:Gonzalez 2010 9744: 9737: 9732: 9730: 9722: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9698: 9693: 9686: 9681: 9674: 9673:Headrick 2012 9669: 9662: 9657: 9650: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9631: 9623: 9618: 9611: 9606: 9599: 9594: 9592: 9584: 9583:Schacter 2011 9579: 9572: 9571:Schacter 2011 9567: 9560: 9559:Schacter 2011 9555: 9553: 9551: 9543: 9542:Robinson 1952 9538: 9531: 9526: 9519: 9514: 9507: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9466: 9459: 9454: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9430: 9423: 9418: 9411: 9406: 9399: 9394: 9387: 9382: 9376:, p. 19. 9375: 9370: 9364:, p. 15. 9363: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9339: 9338:Johansen 2005 9334: 9327: 9322: 9315: 9310: 9303: 9298: 9291: 9286: 9279: 9274: 9267: 9262: 9255: 9250: 9243: 9238: 9231: 9226: 9219: 9214: 9207: 9202: 9195: 9190: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9151: 9144: 9139: 9132: 9131:Gonzalez 2010 9127: 9120: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9096: 9091: 9084: 9083:Robinson 1952 9079: 9072: 9067: 9060: 9055: 9049:, p. 75. 9048: 9047:Casanova 1994 9043: 9036: 9031: 9024: 9023:Rawlings 2006 9019: 9009: 9002: 8996: 8989: 8984: 8977: 8972: 8966:, p. 14. 8965: 8960: 8953: 8948: 8946: 8938: 8933: 8927:, p. 12. 8926: 8921: 8915:, p. 15. 8914: 8909: 8907: 8899: 8894: 8887: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8868: 8863: 8856: 8851: 8844: 8839: 8832: 8827: 8820: 8815: 8809:, p. 34. 8808: 8803: 8796: 8791: 8784: 8779: 8772: 8767: 8760: 8755: 8748: 8743: 8736: 8731: 8724: 8719: 8712: 8707: 8701:, p. 71. 8700: 8695: 8688: 8683: 8676: 8671: 8664: 8659: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8644:, p. 65. 8643: 8638: 8636: 8628: 8623: 8617:, p. 23. 8616: 8611: 8604: 8599: 8592: 8587: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8551: 8546: 8540:, p. 14. 8539: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8515: 8510: 8503: 8498: 8492:, p. 22. 8491: 8486: 8479: 8474: 8467: 8462: 8455: 8450: 8443: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8419: 8414: 8412: 8405:, p. 57. 8404: 8399: 8392: 8387: 8381:, p. 40. 8380: 8375: 8368: 8363: 8356: 8355:Bukowska 2012 8351: 8349: 8347: 8339: 8334: 8327: 8322: 8315: 8310: 8303: 8302:Goldberg 2006 8298: 8291: 8286: 8279: 8274: 8268:, p. 83. 8267: 8262: 8256:, p. 43. 8255: 8254:Antoljak 1994 8250: 8243: 8242:Popovski 2017 8238: 8231: 8226: 8219: 8214: 8207: 8202: 8200: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8179:Crampton 2005 8175: 8168: 8167:Crampton 2005 8163: 8156: 8155:Crampton 2005 8151: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8103: 8098: 8091: 8086: 8079: 8078:Bouchier 1914 8074: 8068:, p. 58. 8067: 8066:Bouchier 1914 8062: 8055: 8050: 8043: 8038: 8032:, p. 12. 8031: 8026: 8024: 8017:, p. 11. 8016: 8011: 8004: 7999: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7945:, p. 45. 7944: 7939: 7937: 7930:, p. 35. 7929: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7910: 7902: 7897: 7890: 7885: 7879:, p. 71. 7878: 7877:Hakobyan 2021 7873: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7853:Hakobyan 2021 7849: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7825: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7790: 7785: 7778: 7774: 7769: 7762: 7757: 7750: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7726: 7721: 7714: 7709: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7661: 7654: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7558: 7553: 7546: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7511:, p. 34. 7510: 7505: 7498: 7493: 7491: 7484:, p. 96. 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7464: 7456: 7451: 7444: 7439: 7432: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7395:Irmscher 1988 7391: 7385:, p. 60. 7384: 7379: 7372: 7367: 7361:, p. 46. 7360: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7337:, p. 87. 7336: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7313:, p. 48. 7312: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7255: 7250: 7244:, p. 55. 7243: 7238: 7231: 7230:Fletcher 1999 7226: 7219: 7214: 7208:, p. 37. 7207: 7202: 7196:, p. 35. 7195: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7166: 7159: 7158:Bradbury 1995 7154: 7148:, p. 93. 7147: 7146:Thompson 2005 7142: 7135: 7130: 7123: 7122:Bradbury 1995 7118: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7087: 7082: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7015: 7014:Schwartz 2005 7010: 7003: 7002:Schwartz 2005 6998: 6991: 6990:Schwartz 2005 6986: 6979: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6905:, p. 19. 6904: 6899: 6892: 6891:Stocking 2000 6887: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6867:Southern 2015 6863: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6832: 6831:Thompson 2005 6827: 6821:, p. 74. 6820: 6815: 6813: 6805: 6804:Leithart 2010 6800: 6793: 6792:Bradbury 1994 6788: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6758:, p. 61. 6757: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6694: 6693:Runciman 2004 6689: 6682: 6681:Runciman 2004 6677: 6670: 6665: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6610: 6609:Runciman 2004 6605: 6599:, p. 60. 6598: 6593: 6586: 6585:Sørensen 1990 6581: 6574: 6573:Sørensen 1990 6569: 6562: 6561:Sørensen 1990 6557: 6550: 6549:Sørensen 1990 6545: 6538: 6537:Sørensen 1990 6533: 6526: 6525:Sørensen 1990 6521: 6514: 6509: 6503:, p. 16. 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6443:, p. 26. 6442: 6437: 6430: 6429:Fletcher 1999 6425: 6418: 6413: 6407:, p. 34. 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6354:, p. 26. 6353: 6348: 6342:, p. 36. 6341: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6306:, p. 32. 6305: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6225: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6169: 6162: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6067:, p. 60. 6066: 6061: 6059: 6051: 6050:Bradbury 1995 6046: 6044: 6036: 6031: 6025:, p. 28. 6024: 6019: 6013:, p. 82. 6012: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5982:Trombley 2001 5978: 5971: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5936:, p. 31. 5935: 5930: 5923: 5922:Bradbury 1994 5918: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5898:Bradbury 1994 5894: 5887: 5886:Bradbury 1994 5882: 5876:, p. 30. 5875: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5714:, p. 24. 5713: 5708: 5702:, p. 25. 5701: 5696: 5694: 5686: 5681: 5675:, p. 30. 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5636:, p. 82. 5635: 5630: 5624:, p. 80. 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5552:, p. 18. 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5515: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5485: 5484:Baldovin 2000 5480: 5473: 5468: 5461: 5460:Baldovin 2000 5456: 5454: 5446: 5445:McKinion 2001 5441: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5397:McKinion 2001 5393: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5373:McKinion 2001 5369: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5339:, p. 24. 5338: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5258:Irmscher 1988 5254: 5252: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5174: 5173:Leithart 2010 5169: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5146:, p. 72. 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4950:, p. xi. 4949: 4948:Abulafia 2017 4944: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4921:, p. 33. 4920: 4915: 4909:, p. 18. 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4884: 4868: 4858: 4849: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4440:Inculturation 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4209:Vincent Lucas 4204: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4106:mass printing 4103: 4099: 4095: 4094:human capital 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3996:acculturation 3991: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3773:Barry Strauss 3770: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515:and his wife 3514: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3293: 3283: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3230:Polish people 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095:According to 3088: 3086: 3082: 3081:Nikita Orifas 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3059:missionaries 3058: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:autocephalous 2997: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2927:, along with 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2649:Monte Cassino 2646: 2641: 2633: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2615:modern period 2611: 2607: 2606:Erik Bloodaxe 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2546:Great Britain 2543: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2501: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:Christmas Day 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372:Pope John XII 2369: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2337:Adv. Jud. VII 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2260: 2257: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2167:Mons Martyrum 2163: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2151:Birgit Sawyer 2146: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:Alison Frantz 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2021:Monte Cassino 2018: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1954:Judith Herrin 1951: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:chariot races 1931: 1930:ludi scaenici 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:civic culture 1902: 1899: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1756: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1625: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1592:Bruce Chilton 1589: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1547:New Testament 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535:Philip Schaff 1527: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1481: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1432: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 994: 990: 988: 987: 983: 981: 980: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 952: 951: 947: 946: 945: 944: 941: 938: 937: 929: 926: 924: 923:Denominations 921: 920: 916: 915: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 815: 814: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 743: 738: 737: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 704:New Testament 702: 700: 699:Old Testament 697: 696: 689: 687: 684: 683: 679: 678: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 623: 622: 618: 614: 613: 610: 607: 606: 602: 598: 597: 587: 582: 580: 575: 573: 568: 567: 565: 564: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546: 545: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 520: 519: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 492: 489: 488: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 457: 450: 449: 438: 437:Postmodernism 435: 434: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 410: 409: 405: 404:Age of Reason 402: 401: 400: 399: 395: 394: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 379: 378: 374: 373: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 353: 352: 348: 347: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 298: 295: 294: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 262: 261:Indo-European 259: 258: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240:Ancient Egypt 238: 237: 236: 233: 232: 230: 229: 226: 223: 222: 214: 213: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 190:Neurotheology 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 174: 169: 168: 160: 156: 153: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 133: 130: 126: 125:Hamza ibn Ali 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 73: 70: 66: 63: 60: 56: 53: 52: 49: 44: 43: 39: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 23: 22: 19: 19937:Western Bloc 19737:AUSCANNZUKUS 19693:Contemporary 19642:Human rights 19488:Latin Church 19462:Christianity 19412: 19371:Conservatism 19216:contemporary 19053:Architecture 18989:World War II 18949:Emancipation 18944:Abolitionism 18832:Romanization 18827:Roman legacy 18808:Roman Empire 18632:World War II 18485:Early modern 18462:Kalmar Union 18333:Papal States 18310: 18251:Roman Empire 17916:Architecture 17888:Great Famine 17878:Universities 17818:Hussite Wars 17735:Great Schism 17622:Papal States 17609: 17512:Neoplatonism 17488: 17452:Tree of life 17415:Sacred grove 17316:Bear worship 17269:Neoshamanism 17131:Zalmoxianism 17084:Adyghe Habze 16989:Modern pagan 16696:Mesopotamian 16552:Paleo-Balkan 16486:Samothracian 16365:Old Prussian 16262:Bongthingism 15857: 15841:Latinization 15787:Soviet Union 15761:Islamization 15750: 15730:Wolofization 15715:Uzbekization 15688:Thaification 15683:Tamilization 15636:Sinicization 15591:Romanization 15581:Polonization 15532:Malayization 15484:Javanization 15472:Japanization 15450:Indonezation 15390:Francization 15358:Czechization 15348:Croatization 15343:Creolization 15225:Albanization 15166: 15137: 15111: 15107: 15084: 15065: 15046: 15027: 15008: 14975: 14971: 14954: 14950: 14931: 14921: 14908:. Retrieved 14893: 14883: 14879: 14860:. Retrieved 14855: 14834: 14830: 14801: 14797: 14774: 14755: 14738: 14710: 14700: 14696: 14672: 14652: 14632: 14612: 14595: 14591: 14572: 14555: 14551: 14527: 14507: 14488: 14469: 14450: 14446: 14423: 14404: 14385: 14373:. Retrieved 14369:the original 14362: 14342: 14328: 14294: 14290: 14271: 14244: 14240: 14217: 14192: 14188: 14176:. Retrieved 14161: 14151: 14132: 14113: 14096: 14092: 14069: 14047: 14028: 13995: 13959: 13947:Drake (2006) 13921: 13917: 13898: 13879: 13875: 13846: 13842: 13823: 13815:Drake (2006) 13795: 13776: 13767: 13763: 13744:. Retrieved 13721: 13702: 13682: 13664: 13660: 13639: 13635: 13615: 13595: 13576: 13557: 13538: 13511: 13507: 13475: 13465: 13461: 13438: 13418: 13405:. Retrieved 13401: 13396: 13379:. Eerdmans. 13376: 13357: 13332: 13328: 13309: 13284: 13280: 13271: 13244: 13240: 13217: 13197: 13177: 13158: 13136: 13116: 13096: 13079: 13075: 13066: 13062: 13045: 13025: 12992: 12967: 12963: 12943:. 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Retrieved 9965: 9956: 9944: 9932: 9920: 9893: 9873:, p. 1. 9871:Isichei 1995 9851:. Retrieved 9846: 9837: 9825: 9820:, p. 9. 9818:Isichei 1995 9813: 9786: 9774: 9743: 9716: 9704: 9692: 9687:, p. x. 9680: 9675:, p. 2. 9668: 9656: 9651:, p. 3. 9644: 9624:, p. 6. 9617: 9605: 9585:, p. 3. 9578: 9573:, p. 5. 9566: 9561:, p. 2. 9537: 9525: 9513: 9501: 9489: 9484:, p. 8. 9477: 9465: 9453: 9446:Burrows 1986 9441: 9429: 9417: 9412:, p. 6. 9405: 9393: 9381: 9369: 9357: 9345: 9333: 9321: 9309: 9297: 9285: 9273: 9261: 9249: 9237: 9232:, p. 2. 9225: 9220:, p. 3. 9213: 9201: 9189: 9177:. Retrieved 9173:Science News 9172: 9162: 9150: 9138: 9126: 9114: 9102: 9090: 9078: 9066: 9054: 9042: 9030: 9018: 9008: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8959: 8932: 8920: 8893: 8862: 8850: 8838: 8826: 8821:, p. 9. 8814: 8802: 8790: 8783:Dragnea 2020 8778: 8766: 8754: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8627:Mazeika 2017 8622: 8610: 8598: 8586: 8574: 8545: 8538:Sanmark 2004 8533: 8526:Winroth 2012 8521: 8509: 8497: 8490:Sanmark 2004 8485: 8473: 8466:Sanmark 2004 8461: 8454:Sanmark 2004 8449: 8437: 8425: 8403:Jestice 1997 8398: 8386: 8374: 8362: 8340:, p. 3. 8333: 8321: 8309: 8297: 8285: 8273: 8261: 8249: 8237: 8225: 8213: 8191:Ziemann 2021 8186: 8174: 8162: 8150: 8143:Ziemann 2021 8138: 8126: 8097: 8085: 8073: 8061: 8049: 8037: 8010: 7998: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7943:Thomson 1988 7928:Thomson 1988 7923: 7896: 7884: 7872: 7860: 7848: 7841:Gregory 1986 7836: 7824: 7817:Gregory 1986 7812: 7800: 7784: 7768: 7763:, p. 4. 7756: 7744: 7732: 7720: 7713:Sanmark 2004 7708: 7696: 7684: 7672: 7660: 7648: 7636: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7552: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7504: 7477: 7450: 7438: 7433:, p. 2. 7426: 7414: 7407:Anastos 1967 7402: 7390: 7378: 7366: 7359:Barbero 2004 7354: 7342: 7330: 7323:Padberg 1998 7318: 7311:Padberg 1998 7306: 7294: 7282: 7249: 7237: 7225: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7134:Digeser 2000 7129: 7117: 7105: 7100:, p. 2. 7098:Van Dam 1985 7093: 7088:, p. 2. 7081: 7069: 7062:Salzman 2006 7057: 7050:Salzman 2006 7045: 7038:Salzman 2006 7033: 7026:Salzman 2006 7021: 7009: 6997: 6985: 6973: 6961: 6954:Salzman 2006 6934: 6922: 6915:Salzman 2006 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6862: 6855:Bayliss 2004 6850: 6838: 6826: 6799: 6787: 6775: 6763: 6743:, p. 3. 6736: 6724: 6712: 6707:, p. 3. 6700: 6695:, p. 4. 6688: 6683:, p. 3. 6676: 6669:Hopkins 1998 6664: 6657:Harnett 2017 6652: 6640: 6628: 6623:, p. 6. 6616: 6611:, p. 6. 6604: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6393:Gregory 1986 6371: 6359: 6347: 6340:Webster 1917 6335: 6323: 6316:Webster 1917 6311: 6304:Webster 1917 6299: 6275:Cameron 2011 6270: 6258: 6246: 6219: 6207: 6200:Bayliss 2004 6195: 6168: 6161:Salzman 2006 6156: 6149:Cameron 2011 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6103:, p. 2. 6096: 6089:Bagnall 2021 6084: 6072: 6030: 6018: 5994:Bayliss 2004 5989: 5977: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5934:Bayliss 2004 5929: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5874:Bayliss 2004 5869: 5864:, p. 3. 5862:Loosley 2012 5857: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5755: 5743: 5738:, p. 6. 5731: 5719: 5712:Abruzzi 2018 5707: 5685:Salzman 2002 5680: 5668: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5586:Rausing 1995 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5533: 5526:Shorter 2006 5521: 5514:Gregory 1986 5501:, p. 1. 5499:Alfsvåg 2022 5479: 5467: 5447:, p. 5. 5440: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5392: 5380: 5375:, p. 2. 5368: 5356: 5349:Gillman 2003 5344: 5292: 5265: 5245:, p. 3. 5223: 5211: 5199: 5151: 5139: 5132:Hanigan 1983 5127: 5120:Hanigan 1983 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5074:, p. 9. 5067: 5062:, p. 8. 5045:Hanigan 1983 5032:, p. 7. 5025: 5013: 5006:Bromley 1993 5001: 4996:, p. 6. 4979:, p. 5. 4972: 4967:, p. 4. 4943: 4938:, p. 1. 4919:Plummer 2005 4914: 4902: 4867: 4857: 4848: 4843:, p. 59 4832: 4824: 4813:North Africa 4783: 4778: 4770: 4760: 4738: 4730:Alan Cameron 4719: 4707: 4698: 4687: 4675: 4669: 4652: 4643: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4620:the apostles 4601: 4591: 4572:Islamization 4420:Conquistador 4349: 4345: 4328: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4272:South Africa 4267: 4259: 4233: 4230: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4181: 4178: 4167: 4150: 4138: 4114: 4091: 4072: 4056: 4054: 4028: 4020: 4012: 3993: 3973: 3966: 3944: 3931:civil status 3903:assimilation 3896: 3873: 3863: 3851:human rights 3848: 3840:Ottoman Jews 3828: 3821: 3812: 3792: 3776: 3758: 3749: 3725:Lamin Sanneh 3722: 3690: 3671: 3637: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3587: 3564:Around 978, 3563: 3554: 3534: 3520: 3506: 3487: 3476: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3429: 3402: 3358: 3354:Transylvania 3347: 3338: 3330: 3303: 3280: 3264:Transylvania 3257: 3209: 3195: 3180: 3153: 3139: 3128: 3094: 3085:Knez Mutimir 3054: 2996:Khan Boris I 2993: 2946: 2937: 2905: 2884: 2861: 2831:In 325, the 2830: 2799: 2795: 2771: 2761:Derbend Pass 2718: 2712: 2701: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2642: 2638: 2574: 2559: 2539: 2525: 2485: 2450: 2440: 2413: 2362: 2351: 2341: 2336: 2327:(130–202 ), 2318: 2303: 2299: 2287: 2275:Roman Empire 2272: 2252: 2240: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2181: 2177:Monte Titano 2171: 2159: 2155: 2136:Scandinavian 2133: 2119:in southern 2117:sacred grove 2106: 2087: 2057: 2038: 2026: 2014: 2001: 1988: 1962: 1957: 1947: 1937: 1929: 1921: 1918:animal hunts 1913: 1903: 1890: 1850: 1822: 1813: 1801: 1792: 1790:in earnest. 1788: 1781: 1743: 1724: 1709: 1694: 1686: 1659: 1655: 1639: 1633:confirmation 1630: 1619:Confirmation 1613:Confirmation 1596: 1585: 1562: 1532: 1508: 1501: 1486: 1455:King Sisebut 1443: 1434: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1375: 1364: 1332: 1308:Roman Empire 1305: 1301:Christianity 1296: 1292: 1291: 1158:Civilization 998: 991: 984: 977: 968:Old Catholic 948: 806:Universalism 729:New Covenant 665:Resurrection 609:Christianity 532:Confucianism 480:Bahá'í Faith 470:Christianity 367:Islamization 356: 180:Anthropology 159:Baháʼí Faith 149:Confucianism 59:Christianity 18: 19877:Open Balkan 19695:integration 19625:Rule of law 19620:Natural law 19597:Agnosticism 19575:Hellenistic 19553:Anglo-Saxon 19483:Catholicism 19422:Atlanticism 19327:Rationalism 19133:Immigration 19116:Esotericism 18974:World War I 18939:Romanticism 18919:Reformation 18899:Renaissance 18877:Middle Ages 18842:Christendom 18771:Foundations 18617:World War I 18607:Nationalism 18495:Reformation 18480:Renaissance 18452:Black Death 18385:Kievan Rus' 18288:Middle Ages 18145:WikiProject 18072:Medievalism 17911:Agriculture 17775:Manorialism 17770:Communalism 17765:Monasticism 17682:Reconquista 17672:Kievan Rus' 17121:Italo-Roman 17025:Ausar Auset 16793:Micronesian 16584:Gallo-Roman 16434:Anglo-Saxon 16232:Satsana Phi 16116:Momolianism 16020:Historical 16001:Panentheism 15933:Melting pot 15756:Judaization 15492: [ 15257:Arabization 14910:January 12, 14453:: 394–403. 14274:. ISD LLC. 13987:j.ctvk12r62 13924:(1): 3–21. 13876:Florilegium 13746:January 12, 13529:10316/45000 13407:January 15, 12164:: 115–155. 11824:October 17, 11615:October 27, 11561:Drake, H.A. 11531:(1): 1–15. 10900:January 23, 10565:January 22, 9853:February 4, 9830:Sanneh 2007 9806:Sanneh 2007 9767:Sanneh 2007 9350:Morgan 2007 9242:Sanneh 2007 9230:Morgan 2007 9218:Morgan 2007 9119:Sanneh 2007 9107:Sanneh 2007 9095:Sanneh 2007 9035:Mathew 2018 8976:Barton 2009 8952:Štefan 2022 8937:Štefan 2022 8898:Štefan 2022 8886:Štefan 2022 8867:Štefan 2022 8514:Murphy 2014 8478:Harmer 1946 8418:Sedlar 1995 8326:Ivanič 2016 8314:Ivanič 2016 8290:Ivanič 2016 8278:Friese 2017 8230:Vlasto 1970 8131:Schaff n.d. 8119:Ivanič 2016 8102:Ivanič 2016 8042:Barton 2009 8030:Barton 2009 8015:Barton 2009 8003:Barton 2009 7829:Saradi 2011 7805:Monroe 1909 7791:, pp. 7775:, pp. 7773:Butler 1919 7725:Meaney 2004 7677:Abrams 2016 7665:Abrams 2000 7653:Sellar 1907 7605:Higham 1997 7593:Sellar 1907 7569:Higham 1997 7521:Thomas 1997 7509:Thomas 1981 7497:Harney 2017 7470:Harney 2017 7299:Danuta 1998 7242:Lenski 1995 7218:Cusack 1998 7206:Cusack 1998 7194:Cusack 1998 7182:Cusack 1998 6966:Barnes 1985 6927:Marcos 2013 6645:Collar 2013 6633:Collar 2013 6621:Collar 2013 6453:Harney 2017 6441:Weston 1942 6417:Harney 2017 6376:Harney 2017 6364:Harney 2017 6352:Farmer 1995 6292:Herrin 2009 6263:Markus 1990 5850:Wiemer 1994 5811:Markus 1990 5748:Hanson 1978 5673:Forbes 2008 5538:Robert 2009 5433:Schaff 1882 5421:Schaff 1882 5409:Jensen 2012 5322:Štefan 2022 5144:Allott 1974 4936:Robert 2009 4907:Butler 1990 4837:Grave goods 4821:apologetics 4164:Zaire_96map 4115:Theologian 4079:politically 4063:World War I 3879:Franciscans 3844:spice trade 3834:arrived in 3652:Reconquista 3619:Reconquista 3540:Kievan Rus' 3405:Charlemagne 3276:St. Stephen 3189:, 1888–89, 3187:Jan Matejko 2783:Bartholomew 2757:Caspian Sea 2723:of Albania 2564:, based in 2474:Justinian I 2443:Charlemagne 2384:Christendom 2376:King Otto I 2295:Manichaeans 2279:Constantine 2143: [ 2109:Charlemagne 2094:Donar's Oak 2049:Erechtheion 1950:Justinian I 1898:Peter Brown 1804:Constantine 1599:Middle Ages 1588:Last Supper 1502:Antiquities 1447:Justinian I 1381:Nóra Berend 1347:colonialism 1046:Pentecostal 928:(full list) 902:Reformation 867:Constantine 786:Christology 776:Apologetics 769:Holy Spirit 690:Foundations 660:Crucifixion 522:Far Eastern 388:Reformation 383:Renaissance 349:Middle Ages 245:Mesopotamia 225:Prehistoric 155:Baháʼu'lláh 19962:Categories 19897:Rio Treaty 19408:Relativism 19366:Liberalism 19332:Empiricism 19284:Philosophy 19272:Secularism 19223:Philosophy 19160:Literature 18954:Capitalism 18380:Viking Age 18195:Prehistory 18067:Land terms 18021:Technology 18001:Philosophy 17981:Literature 17946:Demography 17647:Viking Age 17474:Witchcraft 17457:World tree 17395:Orthopraxy 17244:Stregheria 17191:Udmurt Vos 17154:Burkhanism 17062:Dievturība 17040:Mexicayotl 16808:Polynesian 16788:Melanesian 16783:Australian 16701:Babylonian 16515:Lusitanian 16510:Gallaecian 16500:Cantabrian 16476:Eleusinian 16390:Circassian 16386:Caucasian 16375:Lithuanian 16292:Sanamahism 16272:Donyi-Polo 16133:Philippine 16111:Kaharingan 16096:Vietnamese 16011:Polytheism 15698:placenames 15438:placenames 15306:placenames 15235:immigrants 14862:August 23, 14365:, ch xiii" 13764:Fornvännen 12621:0807822620 12222:: 103–30. 12058:: 96–140. 11802:(No Title) 11691:: 120–135. 11685:The Cupola 10512:(3): 583. 10280:2503509789 10136:Boyle 2010 9971:August 15, 9949:Bürki 1977 9326:Woods 2012 9302:Woods 2012 9290:Paiva 2017 9278:Paiva 2017 9266:Paiva 2017 9254:Paiva 2017 9206:Cheng 1999 8964:Poppe 1991 8925:Poppe 1991 8913:Poppe 1991 8550:Brink 2004 8502:Brown 2012 8218:Rastko n.d 8206:Radić 2010 8054:Ghosh 2016 7991:Brita 2020 7889:Cohan 2005 7865:Seibt 2002 7737:Jolly 1996 7641:Kirby 2000 7617:Tyler 2007 7557:Kirby 2000 7482:Haley 2002 7455:Mansi 1762 7443:Stern 1998 7371:Riché 1993 7347:Riché 1993 7335:Riché 1993 7287:Brown 2003 7170:Clark 2011 7074:Riggs 2006 6843:Drake 1995 6819:Brown 2003 6780:Drake 1995 6768:Brown 2012 6756:Brown 2012 6741:Drake 1995 6729:Drake 1995 6717:Drake 1995 6477:Hardt 2001 6251:Clark 1992 6239:Brown 1998 6188:Brown 1998 6173:Brown 1998 6101:Leone 2013 6077:Jones 1986 6065:Brown 2003 6023:Leone 2013 6011:Leone 2013 5958:Lavan 2011 5946:Lavan 2011 5787:Lavan 2011 5724:Yasin 2005 5700:Kloft 2010 5634:Testa 1998 5622:Testa 1998 5361:Novak 2001 5270:Sharf 1955 5204:Brown 1963 5156:Brown 1963 5108:Neely 2020 5096:Hyatt 1970 5072:Neely 2020 5060:Neely 2020 5030:Neely 2020 5018:Neely 2020 4994:Neely 2020 4977:Neely 2020 4965:Neely 2020 4880:References 4809: 371 4744:Lupercalia 4710:describes 4260:Rukwadzano 4130:dictionary 4021:Historian 3836:Goa, India 3787:See also: 3741:vernacular 3733:resistance 3659:Al-Ándalus 3570:Sviatoslav 3530:Samogitian 3409:Baltic Sea 3336:to do so. 3266:, visited 3240:See also: 3170:See also: 2826:Saint Nino 2806:Mirian III 2753:Kura River 2625:See also: 2535:St Patrick 2512:See also: 2408:See also: 2333:Tertullian 2224:See also: 2173:San Marino 2028:location. 1922:venationes 1877:Praxiteles 1862:Theodisius 1739:Mithraists 1731:Tertullian 1511:initiation 1405:practices. 1365:Historian 1324:the gospel 1106:Irvingians 1071:Waldensian 1011:Anabaptist 1000:Protestant 396:Modern day 341:Monotheism 205:Psychology 95:Guru Nanak 19842:Five Eyes 19837:EU–UK TCA 19679:Democracy 19568:Old Norse 19457:Abrahamic 19414:Peritrope 19396:Tolerance 19376:Socialism 19206:Mythology 19194:Classical 19143:Languages 19121:Astrology 18969:Modernism 18783:Old World 18427:Feudalism 18398:Catalonia 18052:Dark Ages 17961:Household 17956:Hastilude 17725:Feudalism 17425:Sacrifice 17420:Holy well 17388:Mythology 17371:Stone row 17181:Hungarian 17111:Hellenism 17106:Heathenry 17074:Caucasian 17036:American 17030:Godianism 16991:movements 16723:Canaanite 16626:Hungarian 16594:Mithraism 16525:Camunnian 16466:Hero cult 16333:Anatolian 16247:Benzhuism 16242:Bathouism 16170:Dravidian 16101:Indonesia 16071:Mongolian 16006:Pantheism 15574:societies 15262:Armenians 15128:162331640 15000:170876695 14957:(3): 26. 14818:0018-2648 14697:Britannia 14319:165113730 14263:165142999 14220:. BRILL. 14209:192161413 14014:cite book 13938:146353096 13705:. Wiley. 13667:: 5–119. 13495:493859593 13441:. Brill. 13349:0148-3331 13011:cite book 12984:144021596 12570:. BRILL. 12559:170787102 12418:170769034 12311:213344890 12236:165970409 12170:0305-9219 12158:Saga-Book 12097:147202154 12043:240239868 11983:0002-9475 11837:. Brill. 11722:. Brill. 11669:162935593 11553:163129848 11384:161819012 11108:154801621 11075:188624108 10997:162757247 10931:220489324 10839:159997492 10638:(2008) . 10526:220492390 10397:252339347 10112:Kalu 2000 9661:Noll 1992 9610:Noll 1992 9598:Noll 1992 9179:August 7, 9175:. Science 8430:Sisa 1995 7979:Horn 1998 7955:Rapp 2007 7383:Paul 2016 7275:Lund 2022 6978:Hart 2009 6513:Dean 2015 6501:Dean 2015 6489:Dean 2015 6328:Bede 2008 6137:Haas 2002 5216:Sáry 2019 4706:, in his 4690:recycling 4596:instead.) 4254:. Ahafo, 4248:Anglicans 4087:democracy 4004:Mark Noll 3887:racialism 3697:inflation 3677:Ferdinand 3507:In 1384, 3483:Lithuania 3465:Lithuania 3430:When the 3421:Lithuania 3393:Svantevit 3226:Mieszko I 3077:Ragusians 3034:Strojimir 2895:Heraclius 2887:Visigoths 2755:, to the 2540:Confessio 2531:Palladius 2390:in 1806. 2291:Donatists 2084:Willibald 2058:In early 2045:Parthenon 2019:moved to 1873:Aphrodite 1837:Aphrodite 1833:Jerusalem 1700:Christmas 1689:catacombs 1666:synagogue 1603:sacrament 1565:eucharist 1559:Eucharist 1553:Eucharist 1451:Heraclius 1213:Symbolism 1173:Ecumenism 1163:Criticism 1041:Moravian 1036:Methodist 1006:Adventist 877:Augustine 827:Tradition 801:Salvation 670:Ascension 460:Abrahamic 453:Religions 326:Hellenism 297:Axial Age 145:Confucius 115:Zoroaster 19902:Schengen 19832:Eurozone 19672:Property 19667:Religion 19558:Frankish 19548:Germanic 19528:Paganism 19449:Religion 19437:European 19349:Humanism 19252:Religion 19211:Painting 19177:Internet 19128:Folklore 19099:Clothing 19070:Calendar 19046:Cyrillic 19031:Alphabet 18994:Cold War 18666:See also 18637:Cold War 18432:Crusades 18402:Valencia 18135:Category 18102:Timeline 17991:Minstrel 17986:Medicine 17868:Chivalry 17823:Burgundy 17745:Crusades 17356:Megalith 17346:Idolatry 17341:Folklore 17171:Estonian 17126:Kemetism 17101:Canarian 17052:Armenian 17021:African 16940:Malagasy 16910:Dahomean 16888:Bushongo 16833:Tahitian 16828:Rapa Nui 16818:Hawaiian 16706:Sumerian 16684:Egyptian 16606:Scythian 16567:Thracian 16562:Illyrian 16530:Ligurian 16439:Frankish 16429:Germanic 16424:Etruscan 16400:Ossetian 16395:Georgian 16355:Armenian 16348:Phrygian 16328:Albanian 16314:European 16282:Kiratism 16202:Ryukyuan 16160:Hinduism 16106:Parmalim 16091:Sarnaism 16076:Tengrism 16028:extinct) 15980:Paganism 15395:Brussels 14963:44006370 14837:: 1–20. 14747:41036303 14178:June 15, 13957:(2002). 13157:(1991). 13088:20840082 13046:Concilia 12684:(2000). 12207:26362608 12178:48611990 12107:June 17, 12101:Archived 12064:40285165 11699:(1999). 11457:54971921 11405:48578430 11148:(2011). 10946:(eds.). 10779:55367128 10771:40863555 10233:(2016). 10214:Lee 2018 10202:Lee 2018 10187:Lee 2018 10175:Lee 2018 10163:Lee 2018 10151:Lee 2018 8603:Pop 2009 8591:Pop 2009 8579:Pop 2009 8567:Pop 2009 7254:Roe 1980 6879:Lim 2012 6224:Lim 2012 5192:Lim 2012 4895:Lim 2012 4722:Cynegius 4662:Serapeum 4630:(though 4445:Missions 4425:Crusades 4358:See also 4332:Chaoshan 4264:Zimbabwe 4198:Tanzania 4145:literacy 4128:, and a 4102:literacy 4075:socially 4000:Cherokee 3915:civility 3761:smallpox 3701:Portugal 3566:Vladimir 3423:and the 3260:Gyula II 3105:Branimir 2968:Bulgaria 2923:and the 2909:Bulgaria 2875:Zaragoza 2863:Hispania 2837:Ethiopia 2835:(Modern 2779:Thaddeus 2772:In 301, 2759:and the 2643:In 529, 2416:Clovis I 2388:Napoleon 2374:anoints 2325:Irenaeus 2293:and the 2129:Eresburg 2125:Irminsul 2107:By 771, 2080:melusina 2053:Theseion 2051:and the 2017:Benedict 1963:Kynêgion 1871:Head of 1845:Golgotha 1607:strophes 1573:Nazareth 1499:in his ( 1497:Josephus 1386:mingling 1361:Missions 1231:Glossary 1178:Glossary 1061:Reformed 1031:Lutheran 1016:Anglican 950:Catholic 892:Crusades 882:Ignatius 872:Councils 837:Apostles 742:Theology 655:Ministry 645:Nativity 601:a series 599:Part of 548:Neopagan 501:Buddhism 496:Hinduism 285:Germanic 217:Timeline 195:God gene 105:Mahavira 89:Buddhism 65:Muhammad 19747:Benelux 19652:Thought 19602:Atheism 19543:Finnish 19519:Culture 19514:Judaism 19476:Eastern 19472:Western 19467:Culture 19401:Paradox 19267:Decline 19228:Science 19104:History 19092:Studies 19075:Cuisine 19063:Periods 19023:Culture 18852:History 18818:Eastern 18813:Western 18764:culture 18507:Baroque 18406:Majorca 18318:Francia 18045:Related 18031:Warfare 18026:Theatre 18016:Slavery 18011:Science 17966:Hunting 17931:Cuisine 17904:Culture 17843:Castile 17838:England 17326:Tumulus 17254:Druidry 17186:Mordvin 17176:Finnish 17141:Semitic 17089:Uatsdin 16950:Odinani 16930:Lugbara 16798:Nauruan 16735:Persian 16730:Iranian 16718:Arabian 16713:Semitic 16679:Hurrian 16547:Nuragic 16535:Umbrian 16521:Italic 16495:Iberian 16405:Vainakh 16370:Latvian 16338:Hittite 16267:Burmese 16252:Bimoism 16187:Punjabi 16155:Chinese 16138:Tagalog 16123:Kejawèn 15996:Animism 15846:Ukraine 15609:Finland 15267:Berbers 14798:History 14564:2642313 14375:July 4, 14311:2501480 13863:2954270 13301:2491705 13069:: 1–16. 12604:detail. 11954:3264749 11545:3168653 10808:1088885 10788:Phoenix 10653:. OUP. 7779:, 8–10. 4679:budgets 4636:Aramaic 4611:acronym 4607:Ichthys 4577:Judaism 4268:Manyano 4252:England 4246:, more 4240:Quakers 4122:grammar 3998:of the 3769:malaria 3765:measles 3755:Disease 3729:protest 3717:England 3656:Moorish 3646:in the 3644:Muslims 3509:Jadwiga 3413:Estonia 3344:Romania 3236:Hungary 3146:Pribina 3101:Trpimir 3091:Croatia 3073:Basil I 3065:Basil I 3049:Basil I 2929:Hungary 2919:), the 2913:Bohemia 2891:Sisebut 2841:Eritrea 2808:of the 2774:Armenia 2684:Albania 2562:Columba 2508:Ireland 2368:Germany 2358:lexicon 2343:Tacitus 2201:Nations 2068:druidic 1979:Spoleto 1942:secular 1932:), and 1858:Malalas 1825:Hadrian 1597:In the 1489:baptism 1475:Baptism 1469:Baptism 1328:Armenia 1314:became 1241:Outline 1218:Worship 1198:Outline 1188:Liturgy 1168:Culture 1021:Baptist 961:Eastern 897:Aquinas 822:History 796:Mission 781:Baptism 754:Trinity 650:Baptism 511:Sikhism 506:Jainism 465:Judaism 427:New Age 336:Dualism 311:Śramaṇa 306:Vedanta 250:Semitic 200:Origins 129:Druzism 109:Jainism 99:Sikhism 79:Judaism 75:Abraham 19767:CANZUK 19657:Speech 19585:Slavic 19563:Gothic 19538:Celtic 19533:Baltic 19432:Values 19233:Values 18793:Greece 18394:Aragon 18373:Amalfi 18358:Venice 18346:Second 18125:Portal 18006:Poetry 17833:France 17469:Virtue 17430:animal 17410:Ritual 17366:Menhir 17361:Dolmen 17166:Uralic 17146:Slavic 17136:Romani 17096:Celtic 17079:Abkhaz 17067:Romuva 17057:Baltic 17007:Ethnic 16965:Somali 16935:Maasai 16838:Tongan 16803:Papuan 16742:Berber 16689:Nubian 16616:Uralic 16611:Slavic 16579:Cybele 16557:Dacian 16542:Minoan 16505:Castro 16481:Orphic 16444:Gothic 16412:Celtic 16382:Basque 16360:Baltic 16343:Lydian 16277:Heraka 16207:Korean 16197:Shinto 16182:Kalash 16145:Marapu 16081:Turkic 16066:Manchu 16061:Altaic 15272:Blacks 15144: 15126: 15091: 15072: 15053: 15034: 15015: 14998: 14992:639654 14990: 14961: 14938: 14901: 14831:Viator 14816: 14781: 14762: 14745: 14726: 14680: 14659: 14640: 14619: 14579: 14562: 14535: 14514: 14495: 14476: 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19184:Music 19172:Media 19165:Canon 19111:Dance 19041:Latin 19036:Greek 18882:early 18363:Genoa 18341:First 18036:Women 17996:Music 17951:Domes 17941:Dance 17828:Milan 17464:Totem 17435:human 17336:Ethos 17249:Wicca 17215:Other 17116:Hindu 16960:Serer 16945:Mbuti 16925:Hausa 16915:Dinka 16893:Kongo 16883:Bantu 16823:Māori 16747:Punic 16574:Roman 16456:Greek 16449:Norse 16417:Irish 16287:Qiang 16192:Vedic 16175:Tamil 16128:Malay 16042:Asian 15982:(and 15641:Tibet 15597:names 15496:] 15460:names 15245:names 15165:from 15124:S2CID 14996:S2CID 14988:JSTOR 14959:JSTOR 14876:(PDF) 14743:JSTOR 14558:(1). 14315:S2CID 14307:JSTOR 14259:S2CID 14205:S2CID 13983:JSTOR 13934:S2CID 13859:JSTOR 13760:(PDF) 13297:JSTOR 13084:JSTOR 13059:(PDF) 12980:S2CID 12707:[ 12674:(PDF) 12555:S2CID 12414:S2CID 12307:S2CID 12232:S2CID 12203:JSTOR 12174:JSTOR 12093:S2CID 12060:JSTOR 12039:S2CID 11987:JSTOR 11950:JSTOR 11681:(PDF) 11665:S2CID 11549:S2CID 11541:JSTOR 11453:S2CID 11401:JSTOR 11380:S2CID 11290:(PDF) 11104:S2CID 11071:S2CID 10993:S2CID 10985:JSTOR 10927:S2CID 10917:(2). 10835:S2CID 10804:JSTOR 10775:S2CID 10767:JSTOR 10522:S2CID 10393:S2CID 10255:JSTOR 7793:22–24 4726:monks 4708:Vita, 4683:urban 4658:Mamre 4583:Notes 4317:China 4256:Ghana 4242:. In 4236:Kenya 4174:Congo 4156:Zaire 4124:, a 4112:..." 3901:used 3705:Spain 3185:, by 2953:Cyril 2921:Serbs 2621:Italy 2570:Picts 2283:purge 2162:Paris 2147:] 2076:saint 2015:When 1983:cella 1816:, by 1569:Jesus 1351:China 1312:Jesus 1236:Index 1183:Index 956:Latin 842:Peter 724:Creed 714:Canon 686:Bible 630:Jesus 553:Wicca 491:Indic 475:Islam 275:Roman 271:Greco 135:Laozi 69:Islam 55:Jesus 19882:OSCE 19862:NATO 19807:EFTA 19772:CBSS 19757:BSEC 19647:Life 19199:Folk 19080:Diet 18892:late 18887:high 18803:Rome 18762:and 18368:Pisa 17378:Myth 17321:Blót 16920:Efik 16903:Zulu 16898:Lozi 16878:Akan 16636:Sami 16631:Mari 16222:Ahom 16212:Miao 16056:Ainu 15294:soft 15277:Jews 15142:ISBN 15089:ISBN 15070:ISBN 15051:ISBN 15032:ISBN 15013:ISBN 14936:ISBN 14912:2012 14899:ISBN 14864:2023 14814:ISSN 14779:ISBN 14760:ISBN 14724:ISBN 14678:ISBN 14657:ISBN 14638:ISBN 14617:ISBN 14577:ISBN 14560:SSRN 14533:ISBN 14512:ISBN 14493:ISBN 14474:ISBN 14428:ISBN 14409:ISBN 14390:ISBN 14377:2005 14363:Vita 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