379:
associates, leading to widespread speculation among contemporaries that al-Akhram's heretical ideas were not only approved of, but even originated by, the Caliph. Al-Akhram also tried to win over officials to his cause by sending them letters to that effect. Al-Akhram was murdered in
January/February 1018 (or 1019, according to Halm), while accompanying the Caliph on a horseback ride. Al-Hakim's reaction to the event—the murderer was swiftly executed, and the victim buried in rich clothes brought from the palace—only served to deepen suspicion that he sympathized with al-Akhram's views. However, in the aftermath of the murder, al-Hakim cut off contact with al-Akhram's followers, and the movement he had started became dormant for a while.
1385:, this is probably an echo of the doubts about his legitimacy. This process culminated in the public proclamation of al-Hakim's divinity in 1017/18, the start of Hamza's mission. This event effectively closed the cycle begun by Muhammad, and Muhammad's revelation (the Quran) and law (the Sharia) were thus abrogated both in their outward and inner senses. Hamza denied the existence of both paradise and hell, and promised the imminence of the day when al-Hakim, sword in hand, would judge the world. On that day, all non-believers would be punished, and even the Muslims who did not accept the new creed would be reduced to the status of
200:. According to Hamza, al-Hakim was God made manifest. Despite opposition from the established Isma'ili clergy, Hamza persisted, apparently being tolerated or even patronized by al-Hakim himself, and set up a parallel hierarchy of missionaries in Egypt and Syria. Following al-Hakim's disappearance—or, most likely, assassination—in February 1021, Hamza and his followers were persecuted by the new regime. Hamza himself announced his retirement in his final epistle to his followers, in which he also promised that al-Hakim would soon return and usher the
2320:
463:
by Bryer, and al-Darzi is now considered by historians as a particularly zealous adherent of al-Hakim's divinity, writing letters to senior
Fatimid officials and commanders urging them to join him. Indeed, in his epistles, Hamza is critical of his colleague, both for al-Darzi's disputing Hamza's role as the leader of their movement, as well as for his followers' over-zealous, extremist and provocative actions, which revealed the movement's ideas prematurely and placed it under danger of attack.
397:), and his following quickly grew. According to the medieval chroniclers, he too enjoyed signs of favour from al-Hakim: when he complained to the Caliph that his life was in danger, he was given weapons, which he demonstratively hung on every entrance to the Raydan Mosque. It is unclear when exactly Hamza began his mission. The earliest of his epistles to contain a date comes from July 1017. In the previous, undated fifth epistle, Hamza had declared a new oath (
3258:
1421:) corresponding to the emanations of the Creator-God (al-Hakim), and assigned to each of them a leading figure of the Fatimid establishment as their adversary: Hamza himself was the incarnation of the Universal Intellect, and opposed by al-Hakim's designated successor as caliph, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas; next in line was Isma'il al-Tamimi, the incarnation of the World Soul, opposed by al-Hakim's designated successor as imam, al-Abbas ibn Shu'aib; then the
3247:
2306:
1123:
2790:
735:
423:, nor, astute politician that he was, did he hesitate to withdraw all visible support from the movement in times of real difficulty", and that he "did not wish to be seen to be involved in the movement that was forming until he saw how the majority of the people reacted to it". Indeed, due to the disturbances provoked by the new doctrine, the Caliph forced Hamza to suspend his mission during the following year (409
4326:
1406:. As the historian Daniel De Smet points out, these were simple injunctions "that had no esoteric dimension at all and were thus not subject to interpretation". The aim of the Druze movement was thus to restore the conditions prior to the fall of Adam; Hamza saw himself as a "new Adam", with the task of "wielding the sword of Our Lord" to achieve the return to the lost paradisiac conditions.
2292:
658:, who from 1027 tried to reconstitute the movement by sending his own epistles to the various Druze communities. Al-Muqtana remained the head of the Druze missionary movement until 1042, when he issued his own farewell epistle, announcing his retirement into concealment. In this final epistle, he again reiterated the imminent coming of the end times and the
597:). The new regime quickly reversed many of al-Hakim's controversial policies, instituting a return to Isma'ili orthodoxy. As part of this Isma'ili reaction, the Fatimid authorities launched a severe persecution against the Druze movement, with the result that the seven Islamic years that followed (411–418 AH) are a period of silence in the Druze sources.
544:"). The riots spread, the discipline of the soldiers collapsed, and order was restored only after much of Cairo had been burned down. Chroniclers hostile to al-Hakim, like Yahya of Antioch or later Sunni historians, saw in this a deliberate attempt by the Caliph to punish the Cairenes for opposing the Druze teachings.
559:
silence by Hamza. Nevertheless, Hamza does appear to have played a leading role: even if al-Darzi had his own followers, the sources do suggest that he acknowledged Hamza's leadership on some matters. In any event, with the death of al-Darzi, by 1019 Hamza was the almost undisputed leader of the new movement.
540:
to hold back the attacks of his enemies for a whole day, before a 'miraculous' appearance of al-Hakim forced their attackers to withdraw. Hamza places this miracle on the day of the
Islamic new year (1 Muharram 410 AH/9 May 1019 CE), which thus marked the resumption of the Druze's missionary activity (the "
1195:
and the traditional Sunni religious establishment. As a result, while the terminology and cosmology of his new religion betray their Isma'ili origins, his approach to Isma'ili tenets was highly eclectic: "Like some juggler, Hamza threw up the whole Isma'ili system into the air, catching and reshaping
558:
doctrines current during the later years of al-Hakim's reign were apparently propagated simultaneously and independently by a number of missionaries. Their roles and their mutual relationships are unclear. Al-Akhram for example is assigned a major role by later Sunni historians, but is passed over in
539:
Robbed of their original target, the
Turkish troops turned on Hamza and his followers, attacking the Raydan Mosque and setting its gate on fire. Hamza himself reports in two of his epistles (10 and 19) how, with only twelve followers, of whom five were either too old or too young to fight, he managed
462:
attempted to discern doctrinal differences between the two, positing that al-Darzi was still within the limits of Isma'ilism, while Hamza's teachings about al-Hakim's divinity effectively put his doctrine outside the boundaries not only of Isma'ilism, but of Islam in general. This thesis was rejected
416:
Al-Hakim is generally portrayed in the historical sources to have been favourably disposed towards Hamza's movement. Modern historians are more skeptical about claims—mostly transmitted by hostile Sunni historians—that the Caliph actually instigated the new doctrine himself. The historian David R. W.
378:
continued to condemn such views as heresy in the late 10th century shows their continued currency. Although entirely heretical according to official
Fatimid doctrine, al-Hakim not only appears to have tolerated the propagation of such concepts, but reportedly also counted al-Akhram among his close
1188:
sect of Isma'ilism, but stresses that the ideas espoused by Hamza "are but a logical if extreme development of Isma'ili ideas over the previous century and a half". According to Bryer, the core of Hamza's motivation was the divinity of al-Hakim, and an increasingly pronounced hatred to organized
531:
demurred, and the assembled multitude became incensed, so that they lynched Hamza's followers, dragging their corpses through the city's streets. On the same day, al-Hakim dismissed the police prefects of the capital, and punished the instigators of the lynchings. This only served to provoke the
339:
concepts had been a core component of early Isma'ilism. However, as the
Fatimid regime consolidated itself and the early Isma'ili messianic promise was relegated into the far future, the official doctrine of the Fatimid imam–caliphs had firmly rejected these potentially revolutionary tenets.
532:
populace and the troops: on 29 June, the
Turkish soldiers surrounded al-Darzi's house and, after a brief battle with his followers who had barricaded themselves there, stormed it. Some forty of al-Darzi's supporters were killed, but al-Darzi himself managed to escape and found refuge in the
641:
pilgrims, who demanded his execution. The Sharif hesitated—according to Heinz Halm, likely waiting to see whether the new regime in Egypt would last—but after a series of supposed signs of divine displeasure, he had Hamza and one of his slaves beheaded in front of one of the gates of the
413:). In it, they pledged to abandon every previous allegiance and swear obedience to "our Lord al-Hakim, the One, the Unique, the Sole One" and to place themselves at his disposal body and soul, including all their possessions and even their children.
519:", a name whose meaning is unknown. On that day, some of Hamza's followers entered the Mosque of Amr, loudly proclaiming their beliefs, but encountered the opposition of the locals, who began streaming to the mosque. When the Sunni chief judge (
502:(slave soldiers) of the Fatimid army appear to have been generally opposed to the new teachings. During this time, the followers of the rival leaders engaged in regular brawls in the streets of Cairo, cursing one another as infidels.
536:. The Turks then assembled before the palace gates, demanding that he be delivered to them for punishment; the historical sources are silent on al-Darzi's fate, but Hamza's epistles report that he was executed by al-Hakim.
427:, 1018/19 CE), which is thus not counted in the Druze calendar (which starts with the year 408 AH). It is only from May 1019 (in 410 AH), that Hamza resumed his activity, presumably with the Caliph's permission.
1291:) in order to punish mankind. In a sharp break with both Sunni and Shi'a doctrine, Hamza considered Muhammad as the incarnation of the Devil, whereas the incarnation of the Universal Intellect at the time was
1240:. Hamza adapted this concept by asserting that in each historical cycle, God is made manifest by assuming corporeal form. As a result, during this cycle, the immediate presence of God meant that no
303:), the state religion of the Fatimid Caliphate, was in turmoil due to the emergence of heterodox beliefs. These were propagated by al-Hasan ibn Haydara al-Farghani al-Akhram, an Isma'ili from the
1415:, who incited the people and the army against al-Hakim. Corresponding to his concept of pairs of emanations of God and their adversaries, Hamza established a hierarchy of five cosmic ranks (
4086:
674:
669:
This marked the end of the Druze "divine call", i.e., its active missionary phase. From then to the present day, the Druze have been a closed community, in which neither conversion nor
1248:
a series of lower creations, from the
Universal Intellect on downwards. As the Universal Intellect in its pride considered itself to be God, the Creator also juxtaposed an adversary (
1265:(named Harith ibn Murra). The Devil managed to seduce Adam, Eve, and their offspring, to rebel against al-Bar. God disappeared from the world, inaugurating a cycle of occultation (
582:
On the night of 13 February 1021, Caliph al-Hakim disappeared during one of his usual nightly rides, likely the victim of a palace conspiracy. Power was seized by his sister,
1443:, Ahmad ibn Abi'l-Awamm. The continued opposition by the establishment would finally lead to God shedding his earthly vessel (al-Hakim) on the night of his disappearance.
1257:
During the
Biblical Creation, God was incarnated as al-Bar (from an Arabic or Persian word meaning "Creator" or "God"), while the Universal Intellect was incarnated as
5726:
3094:
7952:
7645:
3449:
3194:
455:). The exact relation between Hamza and al-Darzi is unclear. Yahya of Antioch presents him as a disciple of Hamza, but Ibn Zafir has it the other way round.
4249:
7253:
574:
in Egypt and Syria. He furthermore selected some of his senior disciples and established them in a hierarchy of "ranks", headed by himself (see below).
3294:
435:
Although Hamza was the real founder of the Druze religion, it received its name by another like-minded propagandist—and soon to become rival—the Turk
2968:
1008:
699:). Of its six books, the first two contain the work of Hamza and others, while the remaining four encompass al-Muqtana's writings. Thirty of the 113
1166:
The doctrine propagated by Hamza in his epistles reflects ideas current among
Iranian Isma'ilis in the 10th century, particularly in the work of
2866:
476:
According to Yahya of Antioch, the chief opponent of the doctrines propagated by Hamza and al-Darzi was the leader of the established Isma'ili
662:
under al-Hakim, where truth would be made manifest, so that his own activity was no longer necessary. Until then, he ordered his followers to
7982:
7942:
5909:
525:) learned of events, he went to the mosque, where Hamza's men tried to have him read out a statement affirming the divinity of al-Hakim. The
3413:
3861:
7700:
3848:
3844:
4360:
3853:
2948:
976:
7977:
6630:
6377:
4116:
6421:
4482:
3430:
3424:
2268:('Epistle of Occultation', written in 1021) is not to be confused with a treatise of the same name written in 1042 by his pupil
5853:
3287:
2713:
1353:
According to Hamza, the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate inaugurated a new cycle, in which God secretly took human form (
3436:
347:
was at an end, and that God was made manifest in the person of Caliph al-Hakim, who accordingly was the expected messiah, the
7421:
5593:
5002:
4492:
4474:
4294:
4121:
2682:
2612:
2498:
7947:
6964:
5603:
4111:
3968:
2953:
985:
391:, and there expounded the view that in al-Hakim, God had become incarnate. He adopted the title of "leader of the adepts" (
319:. According to al-Kirmani, al-Akhram preached the imminence of the end times, when formal religion and religious law (the
4947:
1409:
However, again the Devil and his minions interfered with the divine cause, taking the form of the leaders of the Fatimid
562:
More importantly, it was Hamza who built up the new religion into an organized movement similar to the official Isma'ili
6264:
2649:
2598:
387:
Hamza also followed similar teachings: he established himself at a mosque on the Raydan Canal, outside the city gate of
4329:
4081:
3497:
3473:
3418:
2928:
439:(probably derived from the Persian word for tailor). From him, the followers of Hamza became known as the "Darzites" (
3469:
3280:
2557:
2345:
654:
The leadership of the Druze movement, now scattered and decimated, was taken over by one of Hamza's chief disciples,
7324:
7972:
7957:
7304:
6057:
5802:
2774:
1437:, Ja'far al-Darir; and finally the Left Wing, Baha al-Din al-Muqtana (Hamza's eventual successor), opposed by the
1403:
1254:) to it and to each of the lower creations. Like God, each of these pairs is incarnated in each historical cycle.
791:
7635:
7583:
7192:
6240:
5904:
4792:
4672:
1153:
7987:
7962:
7877:
5620:
5598:
4912:
4877:
4353:
4106:
3350:
1303:, are likewise ranked among the adversaries. Hamza continued to accept the fundamental Isma'ili dogma that the
587:
5747:
5630:
4887:
4707:
4263:
4091:
3641:
3515:
3486:
3167:
1393:; Hamza writes in detail about the distinctive dress and ornaments that would signify their inferior status.
1359:) again, in the persons of the Fatimid imam–caliphs. Notably, Hamza does not count the first Fatimid caliph,
606:, 'Epistle of Occultation'), in which he announced his retirement and al-Hakim's concealment or occultation (
7898:
6933:
6414:
6086:
5932:
5882:
5323:
4767:
4076:
3408:
3325:
2993:
1371:
7566:
6451:
6315:
5663:
4977:
4487:
4464:
4459:
4369:
4066:
3958:
3691:
3626:
3575:
2973:
1213:
344:
5025:
614:). In it, Hamza urged his followers to keep the faith, as the period of trials would soon pass, and the
6970:
6565:
6551:
6290:
6035:
5809:
5291:
4922:
4882:
4617:
4534:
4388:
4268:
4244:
4101:
3866:
3606:
2907:
2706:
1204:
Early Isma'ilism regarded history as a sequence of cycles, each inaugurated by a prophetic figure like
1167:
229:
movement are not entirely clear, as the chief sources about him—the contemporary Christian chronicler
7967:
7888:
6517:
6235:
5886:
5648:
4872:
4777:
4752:
4602:
4346:
4284:
4256:
4024:
3656:
3531:
3455:
3380:
3335:
3320:
2585:
7800:
252:
Egypt, and does not appear to have been active before 1017/18, although he may have been present in
7903:
7893:
7883:
6648:
6168:
5782:
5401:
4972:
4902:
4071:
3813:
2736:
2325:
750:
404:
307:. His teachings are only indirectly known, from the polemic writings refuting them by the Isma'ili
181:
7791:
7755:
5775:
5733:
5588:
5203:
4992:
4897:
4727:
4682:
4548:
4187:
4126:
3312:
1227:
350:
316:
7473:
7427:
6816:
6497:
5992:
5653:
5583:
5543:
5528:
5208:
4962:
4867:
4852:
4843:
4722:
4687:
4612:
3829:
3701:
3646:
3526:
3463:
3365:
3111:
3089:
2988:
2978:
2814:
2269:
1106:
1017:
853:
655:
257:
209:
140:
2636:
673:
is allowed. The 71 epistles of al-Muqtana, together with those of Hamza and another disciple,
7696:
7350:
6522:
6439:
6185:
6155:
5712:
5608:
5155:
4982:
4732:
4642:
4234:
4029:
3886:
3696:
3567:
3520:
3502:
3345:
3214:
2943:
2804:
2699:
830:
626:
533:
269:
212:
resumed Hamza's missionary effort in 1027–1042, finalizing the doctrines of the Druze faith.
197:
7391:
7937:
7137:
6544:
6402:
6327:
6172:
5987:
5835:
5740:
5719:
5578:
5533:
5518:
5067:
4917:
4907:
4892:
4712:
4677:
4667:
4662:
4637:
4289:
4174:
4096:
4034:
4012:
3711:
3706:
3686:
3621:
3585:
3563:
3535:
3231:
2998:
2809:
1091:
908:
858:
506:
263:
417:
Bryer writes that "al-Hakim played no active part in building up what was to be the Druze
8:
7932:
7809:
7576:
7371:
7142:
6873:
6750:
6389:
5689:
5615:
4957:
4607:
4421:
4304:
4224:
3776:
3666:
3355:
3184:
1146:
1031:
646:. The corpses were crucified, and stoned by passers-by; their remains were later burned.
609:
489:
388:
204:. Hamza disappeared thereafter, although one contemporary source claims that he fled to
7740:
6618:
6574:
6319:
6132:
6019:
5793:
5754:
5668:
5503:
5466:
5428:
5350:
5225:
4997:
4782:
4657:
4632:
4454:
4441:
4309:
4199:
4017:
3785:
3771:
3676:
3071:
3003:
2958:
2845:
2589:
2567:
2472:
2429:
2386:
1292:
1036:
994:
878:
679:
513:(Old Cairo) on 19 June 1019 (12 Ṣafar 410 AH), known in Druze tradition as the "Day of
62:
7716:
2627:
2576:
7766:
7732:
7676:
6914:
6853:
6760:
6468:
6332:
6181:
6127:
6023:
5658:
5625:
5553:
5548:
5508:
5496:
5481:
5461:
5362:
5338:
5164:
4987:
4827:
4762:
4149:
3833:
3805:
3303:
3106:
2983:
2963:
2897:
2876:
2678:
2659:
2608:
2553:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2494:
2476:
2464:
2433:
2421:
2390:
2378:
2341:
1022:
999:
917:
375:
6919:
2789:
734:
233:, the Muslim historian Ibn Zafir, and Hamza's own epistles—are often contradictory.
6729:
6703:
6406:
6079:
5982:
5823:
5705:
5558:
5538:
5523:
5088:
4747:
4515:
3871:
3801:
3791:
3761:
3681:
3580:
3548:
3491:
3330:
3177:
3134:
3044:
2759:
2622:
2456:
2413:
2370:
2319:
2297:
1431:, Qut Tegin; then the Right Wing, Ali ibn Ahmad ibn al-Daif, opposed by the deputy
1296:
1061:
763:
459:
230:
173:
39:
2744:
2515:
7804:
7691:
7273:
6623:
6608:
6570:
6537:
6512:
6426:
6373:
6274:
6269:
6245:
6159:
6062:
6009:
6004:
5491:
5394:
5389:
5372:
5333:
5273:
5230:
5037:
4967:
4772:
4520:
4209:
3391:
3251:
3204:
3144:
3139:
3101:
2938:
2881:
2740:
2672:
2543:
2488:
2335:
2311:
1396:
Instead of the previous religious law, Hamza now preached a new "spiritual law" (
1360:
1271:). Since God was no longer manifest in the world, he instead sent prophets—Noah,
1170:. Both Hamza and his assistant, Isma'il al-Tamimi, ascribed to and elaborated on
1127:
1071:
1066:
967:
634:
304:
131:
7413:
7826:
7745:
7611:
7588:
7571:
7417:
7342:
7266:
6787:
6693:
6302:
6257:
6252:
6103:
6072:
5977:
5860:
5698:
5451:
5384:
5377:
5367:
5215:
4952:
4813:
4742:
4717:
4577:
4510:
4426:
4239:
3661:
3360:
3340:
3261:
3129:
2871:
2644:
2640:
2593:
2581:
2484:
2417:
1139:
1056:
942:
717:
177:
43:
7786:
7593:
6780:
2374:
1101:
7926:
7750:
7680:
7660:
7622:
7241:
7226:
6990:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
6797:
6722:
6532:
6480:
6455:
6361:
6150:
6122:
5999:
5953:
5871:
5570:
5471:
5456:
5446:
5281:
5243:
5220:
5182:
5093:
4823:
4817:
4807:
4795:
4056:
3977:
3973:
3943:
3896:
3757:
3751:
3543:
3226:
3209:
3199:
2663:
2632:
2531:
2468:
2460:
2425:
2399:
2382:
1452:
1332:
1312:
1237:
1233:
1096:
754:
659:
600:
A few months after al-Hakim's disappearance, Hamza wrote a farewell epistle (
446:
336:
161:
7712:
2356:
7778:
7707:
7495:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
7435:
7408:
7399:
7299:
6776:
6592:
6527:
6220:
6117:
6108:
6014:
5768:
5436:
5355:
5286:
5150:
4647:
4587:
4562:
4543:
4299:
4219:
4214:
3929:
3912:
3636:
3272:
3221:
3049:
2923:
2442:
1245:
583:
424:
343:
The most explosive of al-Akhram's views, however, was that the line of the
256:
already in 1013, as he describes the events surrounding the appointment of
7445:
6938:
6558:
355:. This too, was not new: several Shi'a groups, known as the "extremists" (
7760:
7482:
7450:
7395:
7261:
6959:
6924:
6906:
6698:
6435:
6365:
6045:
5944:
5513:
5486:
5476:
5413:
5318:
5308:
5303:
5135:
5118:
4942:
4857:
4697:
4572:
4229:
4192:
4170:
4144:
4061:
3891:
2902:
2754:
2749:
1326:
1175:
1171:
937:
903:
782:
777:
615:
541:
483:
292:
201:
111:
1317:), corresponding to a literal interpretation of the Quranic revelation (
7404:
7201:
6982:
6928:
6826:
6764:
6715:
6681:
6634:
6555:
6488:
6475:
6393:
6369:
6298:
6203:
6145:
6067:
5970:
5343:
5107:
5103:
4937:
4862:
4838:
4803:
4757:
4692:
4652:
4627:
4582:
4567:
4557:
3995:
3881:
3189:
2571:
2539:
1382:
1241:
825:
677:, that al-Muqtana compiled, form the scripture of the Druze faith, the
332:
5188:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
5047:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
3149:
7664:
7652:
7630:
7561:
7474:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
7465:
7366:
7311:
7236:
6890:
6885:
6811:
6755:
6501:
6356:
6349:
6225:
6136:
6050:
6030:
5875:
5816:
5328:
5296:
5251:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
5139:
5017:
4932:
4927:
4737:
4702:
4597:
4592:
3819:
3781:
3510:
3443:
3172:
2933:
2829:
2769:
2447:
2404:
2361:
1340:
1182:
that had been absorbed by Isma'ili doctrine. Bryer terms the Druze a
962:
844:
768:
666:
and even denounce him by name, if necessary to preserve their cover.
436:
7655:
7849:
7816:
7671:
7556:
7548:
7337:
6742:
6673:
6596:
6579:
6410:
6397:
6230:
6176:
5958:
5406:
5197:
5030:
4622:
4338:
3809:
3765:
3671:
3631:
3558:
3554:
3480:
3375:
3370:
3246:
3061:
2305:
1209:
1122:
670:
633:, where he was placed under the protection of the local ruler, the
328:
241:
158:
7854:
7834:
7795:
7640:
7487:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
7431:
7383:
7230:
7220:
6945:
6894:
6848:
6686:
6583:
6484:
6463:
6342:
6337:
6212:
6163:
6091:
6040:
5761:
5640:
5313:
5127:
5059:
4449:
3922:
3747:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3616:
3385:
3024:
2779:
1370:), among these incarnations, but starts only with his successor,
1337:) accessible only to a few select initiates through allegorical (
1272:
805:
622:
497:
310:
249:
225:
The life of Hamza ibn Ali and his exact role in the birth of the
193:
403:) to his followers, who were for the first time referred to as "
282:
7859:
7839:
7720:
7684:
6868:
6771:
6708:
6587:
6430:
6384:
5864:
5173:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
5131:
5078:
4502:
4413:
4325:
4182:
3917:
3876:
3795:
3716:
3039:
2824:
2764:
1388:
1320:
1286:
800:
663:
510:
358:
322:
5038:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
1724:
7844:
6880:
6505:
6306:
6294:
5096:
5071:
5042:
4431:
4204:
4046:
4000:
3963:
3823:
3651:
3056:
3034:
3029:
2722:
1422:
1280:
1276:
1262:
1219:
725:
643:
630:
577:
298:
253:
237:
226:
205:
189:
169:
165:
116:
97:
58:
35:
2337:
The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society
7538:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
5082:
5077:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
5007:
3066:
3019:
1970:
1258:
1205:
1179:
638:
505:
The conflict between the two parties came to a head at the
245:
185:
7498:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
2493:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
327:) would be abolished and replaced with the pure, original
16:
Persian Isma'ili missionary and founder of the Druze faith
5441:
2545:
Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074
2110:
2108:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1425:, a certain Muhammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashi, opposed by the
1300:
364:
363:) had tended to deify their imams, starting already with
5183:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
2691:
2081:
1946:
1862:
1196:
those aspects he liked, throwing out those he did not".
2233:
2221:
2209:
2180:
2132:
2069:
2042:
2030:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1934:
1922:
1898:
1886:
1835:
1823:
1799:
1751:
1712:
1685:
1673:
1649:
1637:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2105:
2059:
2057:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1852:
1850:
1741:
1739:
1702:
1700:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
188:), and preached his heterodox strand of Isma'ilism in
5235:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
5198:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
2550:
The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074
2168:
2156:
1958:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
208:, where he was recognized and executed. His disciple
7470:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
5068:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
2287:
2263:
2144:
1994:
1811:
1763:
1625:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1416:
1410:
1397:
1386:
1354:
1338:
1330:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1284:
1266:
1249:
1225:
1217:
1216:
and culminating in the appearance of a messiah (the
1190:
1183:
694:
684:
607:
601:
569:
563:
553:
526:
520:
514:
495:
487:
477:
468:
450:
440:
418:
408:
398:
392:
356:
348:
320:
308:
296:
261:
145:
2192:
2120:
2093:
2054:
2011:
1910:
1874:
1847:
1787:
1775:
1736:
1697:
1661:
1244:or law was necessary. In addition, God the Creator
7514:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
7462:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
5176:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
2626:
2575:
2509:
2340:(Second ed.). Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill.
1465:
236:According to Ibn Zafir, Hamza ibn Ali was born in
7002:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
2969:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
2566:
2400:"The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung)"
2273:
1009:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
7924:
5931:
5165:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
1348:
1283:, and finally Muhammad—to create religious law (
7329:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
5179:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
7953:11th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
637:. However, he was soon recognized by Egyptian
5910:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
5260:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
4354:
3288:
2707:
1147:
374:). The fact that Fatimid theologians such as
3302:
2490:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
1189:religion, as expressed in both the Isma'ili
7008:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
2333:
703:(numbers 6 to 35) are attributed to Hamza.
382:
7029:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
4381:
4361:
4347:
3295:
3281:
2714:
2700:
2650:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2599:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1154:
1140:
578:Al-Hakim's disappearance and Hamza's death
3862:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
2949:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
977:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
6631:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
5170:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
2621:
1535:
6854:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
2670:
2552:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
2507:
2483:
2114:
1964:
1952:
1516:
466:
7925:
6211:
5854:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2397:
2354:
2227:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2005:
1988:
1976:
1928:
1892:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1769:
1757:
1718:
1655:
1631:
1619:
1583:
1559:
164:missionary and founding leader of the
7422:Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order
5930:
5003:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
4380:
4342:
4295:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
3276:
2695:
2440:
430:
74:Decapitation (according to one claim)
7983:People from Razavi Khorasan province
7943:11th-century Arabic-language writers
4368:
2658:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 154.
2607:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 544.
2538:
2239:
2215:
2203:
2126:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2048:
2036:
2024:
1940:
1916:
1904:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1841:
1793:
1781:
1745:
1730:
1706:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1643:
1607:
1595:
1571:
1547:
6642:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
2443:"The Origins of the Druze Religion"
2357:"The Origins of the Druze Religion"
135:
13:
494:), Qut Tegin. Indeed, the Turkish
14:
7999:
7014:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
7032:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
5254:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
5126:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
4804:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
4324:
3257:
3256:
3245:
2954:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
2788:
2518:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2318:
2304:
2290:
1121:
986:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
733:
629:, Hamza fled the persecution to
586:, as regent for al-Hakim's son,
7978:People executed by decapitation
7584:United Submitters International
6863:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
6241:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
5594:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
4122:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
2256:
1376:
1365:
592:
369:
274:
7878:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
6891:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
5604:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
5599:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
5257:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
4878:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
4112:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
4107:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
2929:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
2526:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1381:); according to the historian
675:Isma'il ibn Muhammad al-Tamimi
621:According to the contemporary
547:
157:–c. 1021) was an 11th-century
1:
7305:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
5631:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
4264:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
3516:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
3476:Qarmatian invasions (971–974)
3409:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
3168:Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine
2274:Kratschkowsky & Halm 1993
1458:
1349:Al-Hakim and the new religion
151:
82:
6993:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
6934:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
6915:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
5933:Islamic schools and branches
4768:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
4673:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
4077:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
3581:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
2994:Druze in Mandatory Palestine
2671:Makarim, Sami Nasib (1974).
2334:Abu-Izeddin, Nejla (1993) .
1199:
706:
649:
7:
7948:11th-century Iranian people
6925:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
5621:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
4978:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
4913:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
4067:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
3576:Crusader invasions of Egypt
3351:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
2974:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
2441:Bryer, David R. W. (1976).
2398:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
2355:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
2264:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1398:
1387:
1355:
1339:
1331:
1319:
1311:
1309:had both an outer meaning (
1305:
1285:
1267:
1261:, and its adversary as the
1250:
1226:
1218:
1191:
1184:
695:
685:
608:
602:
570:
564:
554:
527:
521:
515:
496:
488:
478:
469:
451:
441:
419:
409:
399:
393:
357:
349:
321:
309:
297:
262:
146:
10:
8004:
7681:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
7121:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
6874:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
6552:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
6036:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
5292:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
4923:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
4883:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
4708:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
4245:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
4092:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
3867:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
3642:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
2786:
2418:10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239
2283:
664:hide their true allegiance
7872:
7825:
7777:
7731:
7621:
7608:
7547:
7444:
7382:
7365:
7252:
7200:
7191:
7130:
7047:
6981:
6958:
6905:
6825:
6810:
6740:
6607:
6450:
6314:
6289:
6265:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
6202:
6102:
5952:
5943:
5939:
5926:
5900:
5845:
5792:
5688:
5681:
5639:
5609:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
5569:
5427:
5324:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
5272:
5242:
5149:
5117:
5058:
5016:
4837:
4791:
4778:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
4753:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
4603:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
4542:
4533:
4501:
4473:
4440:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4376:
4322:
4285:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi
4277:
4169:
4162:
4135:
4045:
3988:
3951:
3942:
3905:
3843:
3740:
3657:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
3605:
3596:
3503:Bedouin alliance uprising
3401:
3311:
3240:
3158:
3122:
3080:
3012:
2916:
2890:
2859:
2838:
2797:
2729:
2721:
2375:10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47
1733:, p. 456 (note 457).
445:) and "Druzes" (from the
283:Background: the Isma'ili
268:) by the Fatimid caliph,
220:
147:Ḥamza ibn ‘Alī ibn ʾAḥmad
104:
92:
78:
70:
51:
28:
21:
7294:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
6169:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
5783:The Moderation in Belief
5664:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
5402:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
4973:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
4903:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
2815:Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana
2508:De Smet, Daniel (2017).
2461:10.1515/islm.1976.53.1.5
2326:Fatimid Caliphate portal
2249:
568:, by appointing his own
405:The People of Monotheism
383:Start of Hamza's mission
248:-maker. He emigrated to
192:during the reign of the
182:Razavi Khorasan Province
65:(according to one claim)
7973:Medieval letter writers
7958:Druze religious leaders
7756:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
7147:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
7065:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
6837:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
5776:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
5734:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
5589:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
4993:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
4898:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
4888:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
4728:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
4683:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
4618:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
4278:Literature and learning
4269:Shrine of Husayn's Head
4188:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
4127:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
4102:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
3456:Conquest of Egypt (969)
2934:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
2908:Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb
1399:al-sharīʿa al-rūḥāniyya
1232:) who would usher in a
1168:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
963:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
317:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
244:, and was originally a
215:
128:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
23:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
7428:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
7005:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
6498:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
5993:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
5654:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
5649:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
5584:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
5544:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
5529:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
5209:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
5204:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
4963:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
4873:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
4868:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
4853:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
4723:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
4688:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
4613:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
4257:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
3989:Branches and offshoots
3702:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
3647:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
3381:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
3366:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
3336:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
3095:Maronite-Druze dualism
3090:Christianity and Druze
2979:Hauran Druze Rebellion
2524:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2270:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
1404:seven moral principles
1107:Christianity and Druze
1018:Hauran Druze Rebellion
854:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
656:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
258:Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas
210:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
7988:11th-century Ismailis
7963:Founders of religions
7697:Wallace Fard Muhammad
6649:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
6156:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
5905:Early Muslim scholars
5713:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
4983:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
4733:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
4643:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
4235:Fatimid Great Palaces
4072:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
3887:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
3697:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
3692:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
3521:Mustansirite Hardship
3460:Expansion into Syria
3431:2nd invasion of Egypt
3425:1st invasion of Egypt
3376:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
3371:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
3346:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
3326:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
3215:List of Israeli Druze
2944:Mount Lebanon Emirate
2805:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
1979:, pp. 73, 75–76.
831:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
627:al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
458:The modern historian
331:worship of God. Such
270:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
264:walī ʿahd al-muslimīn
198:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
7343:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
7138:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
6328:Theology of Twelvers
6173:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
5720:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
5519:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
4918:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
4908:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
4893:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
4713:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
4678:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
4668:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
4663:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
4638:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
3687:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
3586:Battle of the Blacks
3386:al-Adid li-Din Allah
3232:Persecution of Druze
3195:Druze Arabic dialect
2999:Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
2810:Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
2090:, pp. 329, 330.
1871:, pp. 288, 289.
1212:, followed by seven
1092:Persecution of Druze
507:Amr ibn al-As Mosque
178:Samanid-ruled Persia
7577:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
7319:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
7291:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
7089:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
6751:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
6058:Other Salafi trends
5887:Musta'li Isma'ilism
5803:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
5194:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
4958:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
4608:Zakariyya al-Ansari
4305:al-Azhar University
3667:al-Afdal Shahanshah
3498:Muffarij b. Daghfal
3450:Conquest of Morocco
3437:2nd Sicilian revolt
3419:1st Sicilian revolt
3356:al-Mustansir Billah
3252:Religion portal
3185:Alam al-Din dynasty
2775:Seven Durzi pillars
2242:, pp. 295–296.
2218:, pp. 293–294.
2078:, pp. 326–327.
2051:, pp. 324–326.
2039:, pp. 294–309.
1943:, pp. 290–291.
1907:, pp. 289–290.
1844:, pp. 288–289.
1694:, pp. 286–287.
1682:, pp. 285–286.
1646:, pp. 284–285.
1610:, pp. 281–282.
1598:, pp. 282–284.
1574:, pp. 282–285.
1550:, pp. 279–280.
1180:universal intellect
1128:Religion portal
1032:Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
792:Seven Druze pillars
696:al-Ḥikma al-Sharīfa
136:حمزة بن علي بن أحمد
71:Cause of death
7876:Other scholars of
7767:Islamic modernists
7741:Modernist Salafism
7392:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
7351:Abdullah ibn Saba'
7286:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
7171:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
7159:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
7150:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
7081:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
6403:Astarabadi (Naimi)
6133:Abdullah al-Harari
6087:Muhammad bin Dawud
6020:Syed Nazeer Husain
5755:Tabsirat al-Adilla
5669:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
5504:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
5351:Syed Nazeer Husain
5274:Salafi Theologians
5026:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
4998:Muhammad Abu Zahra
4783:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
4633:Abdul Qadir Gilani
4310:House of Knowledge
3677:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
3361:al-Musta'li Billah
3072:Salman the Persian
3004:Qalb Loze massacre
2959:Battle of Ain Dara
2846:Epistles of Wisdom
2830:Muhammad al-Darazī
2514:. In Fleet, Kate;
1345:) interpretation.
1327:hidden inner truth
1293:Salman the Persian
1037:Qalb Loze massacre
995:Battle of Ain Dara
879:Epistles of Wisdom
701:Epistles of Wisdom
680:Epistles of Wisdom
486:chief missionary (
431:Hamza and al-Darzi
394:hādi al-mustajībīn
291:At that time, the
260:as heir-apparent (
63:Sharifate of Mecca
7920:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7868:
7867:
7677:Muhammad Jaunpuri
7604:
7603:
7530:Sumāma ibn Ashras
7361:
7360:
7212:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
7187:
7186:
7057:Gaylān ibn Marwān
6954:
6953:
6806:
6805:
6469:Abdallah al-Aftah
6285:
6284:
6198:
6197:
6182:Necmettin Erbakan
6024:Siddiq Hasan Khan
5988:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5896:
5895:
5836:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
5830:Tashih al-I'tiqad
5741:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
5677:
5676:
5659:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
5626:Idris Imad al-Din
5579:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
5554:Ruhollah Khomeini
5534:Zurarah ibn A'yan
5509:Sharif al-Murtaza
5497:Muhammad al-Mahdi
5482:Muhammad al-Jawad
5462:Muhammad al-Baqir
5363:Siddiq Hasan Khan
5339:Rabee al-Madkhali
4988:Murtada al-Zabidi
4763:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
4529:
4528:
4336:
4335:
4318:
4317:
4290:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
4158:
4157:
4150:Baghdad Manifesto
4097:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
4082:Abu Hatim al-Razi
3938:
3937:
3777:Sharifs of Medina
3712:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
3707:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
3622:Ya'qub ibn Killis
3557:and accession of
3304:Fatimid Caliphate
3270:
3269:
3123:Druze communities
3107:Judaism and Druze
3081:Relationship with
2984:Jabal Druze State
2964:1838 Druze Revolt
2898:Al-Khidr Festival
2877:Khalwat al-Bayada
2798:Important figures
2684:978-0-88206-003-3
2677:. Caravan Books.
2623:Madelung, Wilferd
2614:978-90-04-09419-2
2568:Kratschkowsky, I.
2500:978-0-521-61636-2
2265:Risālat al-Ghayba
2230:, pp. 54–55.
2189:, pp. 52–53.
2141:, pp. 57–58.
1991:, pp. 79–80.
1955:, pp. 20–22.
1931:, pp. 70–71.
1895:, pp. 72–73.
1832:, pp. 69–71.
1808:, pp. 82–83.
1760:, pp. 78–79.
1721:, pp. 75–78.
1658:, pp. 64–66.
1622:, pp. 59–61.
1586:, pp. 66–68.
1562:, pp. 66–69.
1242:revealed religion
1164:
1163:
1102:Religious symbols
1050:Druze communities
1023:Jabal Druze State
1000:1838 Druze Revolt
909:Shrine of Shu'ayb
819:Important figures
603:Risālat al-Ghayba
168:. He was born in
144:
125:
124:
79:Years active
7995:
7968:Iranian Ismailis
7619:
7618:
7380:
7379:
7198:
7197:
7174:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
7156:Awn ibn Abdullāh
7143:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
7113:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
6979:
6978:
6823:
6822:
6792:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
6761:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
6730:Khashabiyya Shia
6666:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
6624:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
6407:Imadaddin Nasimi
6312:
6311:
6209:
6208:
6080:Salafi Modernism
5983:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
5950:
5949:
5941:
5940:
5928:
5927:
5824:Awail Al Maqalat
5706:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
5686:
5685:
5616:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
5571:Isma'ili Shi'ism
5559:Wilayat al-faqih
5539:Hisham ibn Hakam
5524:Allamah Al-Hilli
4748:Muhammad Mayyara
4540:
4539:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4378:
4377:
4370:Islamic theology
4363:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4167:
4166:
3949:
3948:
3772:Sharifs of Mecca
3741:Vassal dynasties
3682:Bahram al-Armani
3603:
3602:
3549:Siege of Ascalon
3331:al-Mansur Billah
3297:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3178:Sultan al-Atrash
3045:John the Baptist
2850:Rasa'il al-Hikma
2792:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2667:
2630:
2618:
2590:Heinrichs, W. P.
2579:
2563:
2535:
2513:
2504:
2480:
2437:
2394:
2351:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2298:Biography portal
2295:
2294:
2293:
2277:
2267:
2262:Hamza ibn Ali's
2260:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
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2201:
2190:
2184:
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2009:
2003:
1992:
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1671:
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1629:
1623:
1617:
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1520:
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1420:
1414:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1344:
1336:
1325:), as well as a
1324:
1316:
1308:
1297:Rashidun caliphs
1290:
1270:
1253:
1231:
1223:
1194:
1187:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1126:
1125:
883:Rasa'il al-Hikma
737:
728:
722:
721:
711:
710:
698:
688:
686:Rasāʾil al-Ḥikma
613:
605:
596:
595: 1021–1036
594:
573:
567:
557:
530:
524:
518:
501:
493:
481:
472:
460:Marshall Hodgson
454:
444:
422:
412:
402:
396:
373:
371:
362:
354:
326:
314:
302:
278:
276:
267:
231:Yahya of Antioch
174:Greater Khorasan
156:
153:
149:
139:
137:
87:
84:
19:
18:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7908:
7864:
7821:
7792:Ahmed Raza Khan
7773:
7727:
7717:Fethullah Gülen
7692:Nation of Islam
7613:
7610:
7600:
7543:
7520:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
7448:
7440:
7373:
7369:
7357:
7278:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
7248:
7183:
7168:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
7126:
7043:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6950:
6901:
6814:
6802:
6736:
6610:
6603:
6571:Hassan-i Sabbah
6454:
6446:
6318:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6281:
6246:Hasan al-Utrush
6194:
6160:Ahmed Raza Khan
6106:
6098:
6005:Dawud al-Zahiri
5956:
5935:
5914:
5892:
5841:
5788:
5748:Kitab al-Tawhid
5673:
5635:
5565:
5492:Hasan al-Askari
5467:Ja'far al-Sadiq
5429:Twelver Shi'ism
5423:
5395:Salafi Jihadism
5390:Osama bin Laden
5373:Safar Al-Hawali
5334:Saleh Al-Fawzan
5268:
5238:
5231:Sahib ibn Abbad
5226:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
5191:Ja'far ibn Harb
5156:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
5153:
5145:
5113:
5074:ī (Muqātilīyya)
5054:
5012:
4968:Shah Abdul Aziz
4841:
4833:
4787:
4773:Ahmad al-Dardir
4658:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
4546:
4525:
4497:
4469:
4436:
4397:
4396:
4372:
4367:
4337:
4332:
4314:
4273:
4250:Portable mihrab
4210:Al-Hakim Mosque
4154:
4137:
4131:
4050:and theologians
4049:
4041:
3984:
3934:
3901:
3851:
3839:
3736:
3609:
3598:
3592:
3397:
3321:al-Mahdi Billah
3307:
3301:
3271:
3266:
3244:
3236:
3205:Jumblatt family
3160:
3154:
3145:Jordanian Druze
3118:
3102:Islam and Druze
3083:other religions
3082:
3076:
3008:
2912:
2886:
2855:
2834:
2793:
2784:
2725:
2720:
2685:
2674:The Druze Faith
2628:"Ḥamza b. ʿAlī"
2615:
2582:Bosworth, C. E.
2560:
2520:Rowson, Everett
2511:"Ḥamza b. ʿAlī"
2501:
2485:Daftary, Farhad
2348:
2324:
2317:
2312:Religion portal
2310:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2276:, p. 544).
2272:(on which, see
2261:
2257:
2252:
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2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
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2157:
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2125:
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2106:
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2074:
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2062:
2055:
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2012:
2004:
1995:
1987:
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1975:
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1364:
1361:al-Mahdi Billah
1351:
1202:
1160:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1072:Jordanian Druze
1051:
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1042:
1041:
1027:
1013:
1004:
990:
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714:
709:
652:
635:Sharif of Mecca
591:
580:
550:
534:caliphal palace
474:
433:
385:
368:
305:Farghana Valley
289:
277: 996–1021
273:
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96:Founder of the
85:
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56:
47:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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7746:Muhammad Abduh
7737:
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7703:
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7599:
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7589:Rashad Khalifa
7581:
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7579:
7574:
7572:Muhammad Iqbal
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7418:Bektashi Order
7411:
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7267:Abu al-Khattab
7258:
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7247:
7246:
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7225:Abū Hulmān al-
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7206:
7204:
7195:
7189:
7188:
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7180:Amr ibn Murrah
7178:
7177:Ahmad ibn Hārb
7175:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7165:Salm ibn Sālem
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7140:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7097:Sāleh ibn Umar
7092:
7091:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7073:Gassān al-Kūfī
7068:
7067:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6987:
6985:
6976:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6931:
6922:
6920:Jābir ibn Zayd
6917:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6888:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6831:
6829:
6820:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6788:Tawussite Shia
6785:
6784:
6783:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6643:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6615:
6613:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6590:
6577:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6491:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6460:
6458:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6433:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6400:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6324:
6322:
6309:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6258:Imams of Yemen
6255:
6253:Yahya ibn Umar
6250:
6249:
6248:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6179:
6166:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6125:
6114:
6112:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6007:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5964:
5962:
5947:
5937:
5936:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5879:
5868:
5861:Kitab al-Majmu
5857:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5832:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5798:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5699:Asas al-Taqdis
5694:
5692:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5551:
5549:Ja'far Sobhani
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5452:Husayn ibn Ali
5449:
5444:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5385:Salman al-Ouda
5382:
5381:
5380:
5378:Sahwa movement
5370:
5368:Zubair Ali Zai
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5216:Al-Zamakhshari
5213:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5161:
5159:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5091:
5075:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:Ahmad Sirhindi
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4814:Malik ibn Anas
4811:
4800:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:Al-Shahrastani
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4240:Juyushi Mosque
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4179:
4177:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3817:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3755:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Badr al-Jamali
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:Struggle with
3477:
3467:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:al-Aziz Billah
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3173:Al-Atrash clan
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3150:Druze diaspora
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Lebanese Druze
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Jabal al-Druze
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2668:
2619:
2613:
2586:van Donzel, E.
2564:
2558:
2536:
2516:Krämer, Gudrun
2505:
2499:
2481:
2438:
2412:(2): 239–262.
2395:
2352:
2346:
2330:
2329:
2315:
2301:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2206:, p. 293.
2191:
2179:
2177:, p. 241.
2167:
2165:, p. 239.
2155:
2143:
2131:
2129:, p. 326.
2119:
2117:, p. 189.
2104:
2102:, p. 329.
2092:
2080:
2068:
2066:, p. 324.
2053:
2041:
2029:
2027:, p. 294.
2010:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1919:, p. 290.
1909:
1897:
1885:
1883:, p. 289.
1873:
1861:
1859:, p. 291.
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1796:, p. 288.
1786:
1784:, p. 286.
1774:
1762:
1750:
1748:, p. 292.
1735:
1723:
1711:
1709:, p. 287.
1696:
1684:
1672:
1670:, p. 285.
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1538:, p. 154.
1521:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1379: 934–946
1368: 909–934
1350:
1347:
1201:
1198:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:Related topics
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:Lebanese Druze
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
988:
982:
980:
979:
973:
971:
970:
965:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
940:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
914:
912:
911:
906:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
887:
886:
875:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
862:
861:
856:
850:
848:
847:
842:
836:
834:
833:
828:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
803:
797:
795:
794:
788:
786:
785:
780:
774:
772:
771:
766:
760:
758:
757:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
730:
729:
708:
705:
691:Exalted Wisdom
651:
648:
618:would arrive.
579:
576:
549:
546:
473:
465:
432:
429:
384:
381:
376:Qadi al-Nu'man
372: 656–661
288:
287:under al-Hakim
281:
222:
219:
217:
214:
180:(modern Khaf,
123:
122:
120:
119:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:
94:
93:Known for
90:
89:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
57:
53:
49:
48:
44:Samanid Empire
34:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8000:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7827:Other beliefs
7824:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7801:Hilmi Tunahan
7799:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7751:Muhammad Asad
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7661:Sabbatai Zevi
7659:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7607:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7546:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:Ali al-Aswarī
7510:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7481:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7447:
7443:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7368:
7364:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7285:
7284:
7283:Muʿāmmarīyya
7282:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6968:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6799:
6798:Waqifite Shia
6796:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6739:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6723:Ishaq al-Turk
6721:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6481:Hamdan Qarmat
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6378:Safavid Islam
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6362:Sheikh Haydar
6360:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5955:
5954:Ahl al-Hadith
5951:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5641:Zaydi Shi'ism
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Musa al-Kazim
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Ali al-Sajjad
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Hasan ibn Ali
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5418:Post-Salafism
5417:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:Ibn Taymiyyah
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5263:Mustadrakīyya
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:Amr ibn Ubayd
5219:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Hamdan Qarmat
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:Hamza ibn Ali
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3897:Qadi al-Fadil
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:First Crusade
3542:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:Uprisings of
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:Rebellion of
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Establishment
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Mowafaq Tarif
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:List of Druze
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Druze cuisine
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Israeli Druze
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3112:Druze Zionism
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Hamza ibn Ali
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Reincarnation
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Ahl at-Tawhīd
2742:
2738:
2737:Al-Muwahhidūn
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:Ménage, V. L.
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2559:3-406-48654-1
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2347:90-04-09705-8
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2288:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2153:, p. 50.
2152:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2008:, p. 80.
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1967:, p. 22.
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1820:, p. 83.
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1772:, p. 48.
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1634:, p. 68.
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1536:Madelung 1971
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1454:
1453:List of Druze
1451:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1440:qāḍī al-quḍāt
1435:
1434:dāʿī al-duʿāt
1429:
1428:dāʿī al-duʿāt
1424:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1402:) founded on
1400:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1373:
1362:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:last judgment
1235:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1174:ideas on the
1173:
1169:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:List of Druze
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:Israeli Druze
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
987:
984:
983:
978:
975:
974:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
953:
952:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
928:
927:
919:
916:
915:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
894:
893:
884:
880:
877:
876:
869:
868:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
846:
843:
841:
840:Hamza ibn Ali
838:
837:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
816:
815:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
793:
790:
789:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
770:
767:
765:
764:Reincarnation
762:
761:
756:
755:Ahl at-Tawhid
752:
751:Al-Muwahhidun
749:
748:
741:
740:
736:
732:
731:
727:
719:
713:
712:
704:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
681:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
660:Last Judgment
657:
647:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
604:
598:
589:
585:
575:
572:
566:
560:
556:
545:
543:
537:
535:
529:
523:
522:qāḍī al-quḍāt
517:
512:
508:
503:
500:
499:
492:
491:
490:dāʿī al-duʿāt
485:
480:
471:
464:
461:
456:
453:
448:
447:broken plural
443:
438:
428:
426:
421:
414:
411:
410:al-Muwaḥḥidun
406:
401:
395:
390:
380:
377:
366:
361:
360:
353:
352:
346:
341:
338:
337:millennialist
334:
330:
325:
324:
318:
313:
312:
306:
301:
300:
294:
286:
280:
271:
266:
265:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
148:
142:
133:
129:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
60:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
31:
27:
20:
7810:Other orders
7715: /
7708:Nur movement
7679: /
7636:Mirza Ghulam
7567:Tolu-e-Islam
7436:Galibi Order
7434: /
7414:Balım Sultan
7409:Babai revolt
7400:Qalandariyya
7398: /
7300:Mufaḍḍaliyya
7209:Jawārībīyya
7162:Umar ibn Zar
7131:Other Murjīs
6860:Bayhasīyyah
6777:Nuqta-yi Ula
6593:Pir Sadardin
6586: /
6500: /
6496: /
6493:
6413: /
6405: /
6392: /
6372: /
6368: /
6364: /
6221:Zayd ibn Ali
6171: /
6158: /
6109:Ilm al-Kalam
6022: /
6015:Ahl-i Hadith
5883:Umm al-kitab
5881:
5870:
5859:
5852:
5834:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5781:
5774:
5769:Fihi Ma Fihi
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5437:Twelve Imams
5356:Ahl-i Hadith
5287:Ibnul Qayyim
5167:(Nazzāmīyya)
4648:Ibn al-Jawzi
4588:Al-Taftazani
4563:Al-Baqillani
4300:al-Musabbihi
4220:Bab al-Futuh
4215:Aqmar Mosque
4175:architecture
4136:Anti-Fatimid
4047:Missionaries
4005:
3930:Fatimid navy
3913:Fatimid army
3637:Sitt al-Mulk
3599:and military
3464:Alexandretta
3390:
3313:Imam-Caliphs
3222:Majid Arslan
3130:Syrian Druze
3050:Saint George
2989:Mountain War
2939:Ma'n dynasty
2924:Wadi al-Taym
2882:Nabi Shu'ayb
2867:Druze Khalwa
2849:
2819:
2673:
2655:
2648:
2604:
2597:
2577:"al-Muḳtanā"
2549:
2544:
2523:
2489:
2452:
2446:
2409:
2403:
2369:(1): 47–84.
2366:
2360:
2336:
2258:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2115:Daftary 2007
2095:
2083:
2071:
2044:
2032:
1984:
1972:
1965:Makarim 1974
1960:
1953:Makarim 1974
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1726:
1714:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1517:De Smet 2017
1408:
1395:
1352:
1299:, including
1268:dawr al-satr
1256:
1203:
1165:
1057:Syrian Druze
968:Ma'n dynasty
882:
839:
700:
690:
678:
668:
653:
620:
599:
584:Sitt al-Mulk
581:
561:
551:
538:
504:
475:
457:
434:
415:
386:
342:
290:
284:
235:
224:
127:
126:
7938:1021 deaths
7761:Rashid Rida
7609:Independent
7594:Edip Yüksel
7557:Ahle Qur'an
7508:Nazzāmīyya
7505:Ikhshīdiyya
7492:Huzaylīyya
7483:Bahshamiyya
7459:Mā’marīyya
7451:Rationalism
7396:Malamatiyya
7316:Mānsūrīyya
7262:Khaṭṭābiyya
7193:Mu'shabbiha
7153:Sābit Kutna
7086:Sawbānīyya
7070:Gassānīyya
7054:Gaylānīyya
7048:Other sects
6843:Sa'labīyyah
6840:Maymunīyyah
6817:Arbitration
6699:Khurramites
6663:Sam‘ānīyya
6436:Bābā Rexheb
6366:Shah Ismail
6186:Millî Görüş
6104:Ahl ar-Ra'y
6046:Al-Uthaymin
5967:Kullabiyya
5945:Sunni Islam
5846:Independent
5690:Sunni books
5514:Shaykh Tusi
5487:Ali al-Hadi
5477:Ali al-Rida
5414:Yasir Qadhi
5319:Al-Uthaymin
5309:Rashid Rida
5304:Al-Shawkani
5200:(Jāhizīyya)
5185:(Jubbāīyya)
5089:Jawālikīyya
4943:Ali al-Qari
4858:Al-Sarakhsi
4844:Al-Maturidi
4718:Al-Sha'rani
4698:Ibn Khaldun
4573:Al-Qushayri
4535:Theologians
4516:Metaphysics
4422:Eschatology
4389:Theologians
4230:Bab Zuweila
4225:Bab al-Nasr
4193:Skifa Kahla
4145:Akhu Muhsin
4062:Ibn Hawshab
3969:Esotericism
3892:al-Basasiri
3610:and regents
2903:Eid Al Adha
2860:Holy places
2755:Esotericism
2750:Divine call
2654:Volume III:
2645:Schacht, J.
2641:Pellat, Ch.
2603:Volume VII:
2594:Pellat, Ch.
2572:Halm, Heinz
2540:Halm, Heinz
2455:(1): 5–27.
2228:Bryer 1975a
2187:Bryer 1975a
2175:Bryer 1975b
2163:Bryer 1975b
2151:Bryer 1975a
2139:Bryer 1975a
2006:Bryer 1975a
1989:Bryer 1975a
1977:Bryer 1975a
1929:Bryer 1975a
1893:Bryer 1975a
1830:Bryer 1975a
1818:Bryer 1975a
1806:Bryer 1975a
1770:Bryer 1975a
1758:Bryer 1975a
1719:Bryer 1975a
1656:Bryer 1975a
1632:Bryer 1975a
1620:Bryer 1975a
1584:Bryer 1975a
1560:Bryer 1975a
1295:. All four
1172:neoplatonic
938:Eid al-Adha
904:Mount Druze
897:Holy places
783:Divine Call
778:Esotericism
625:chronicler
548:Final years
542:divine call
467:The Day of
389:Bab al-Nasr
329:paradisical
86: 1017
7933:985 births
7927:Categories
7805:Süleymancı
7713:Said Nursî
7672:Mahdavīyya
7623:Messianism
7527:Sumamīyya
7517:Hābītīyya
7405:Baba Ishak
7347:Saba'īyya
7334:Mukhāmmīsa
7325:Mughīrīyya
7312:Ghurābīyya
7274:Bāzīghiyya
7242:Bārāq Bābā
7221:Hulmānīyya
7118:Ziyādīyya
7110:Ubaydīyya
7102:Shamrīyya
7094:Sālehīyya
7078:Tūmanīyya
7062:Yūnusīyya
7023:Sauwāqīyya
6999:Hakāiqīyya
6983:Karrāmīyya
6973:Hanafiyyah
6827:Kharijites
6765:Nuktawiyya
6716:al-Muqanna
6694:Muḥammirah
6682:Abu Muslim
6678:Rezāmīyya
6653:Hārithīyya
6645:Janāhiyya
6635:Hashimiyya
6609:Kaysanites
6556:Badakhshan
6489:Qarmatians
6476:Batiniyyah
6456:Isma'ilism
6427:Demir Bābā
6422:Baktāshism
6415:Bektashism
6394:ibn Nusayr
6390:al-Khaṣībī
6374:Kul Nesîmî
6370:Pir Sultan
6275:Khalafiyya
6270:Dukayniyya
6204:Shia Islam
6146:Maturidism
6068:Madkhalism
5971:Ibn Kullab
5794:Shia books
5344:Madkhalism
5244:Najjārīyya
5134:al-Qībtī (
5108:Karramiyya
5104:Ibn Karram
5060:Mu'jassimā
4948:Al-Maydani
4938:Ali Qushji
4863:Al-Bazdawi
4839:Maturidism
4824:Al-Shafi'i
4693:Al-Baydawi
4653:Qadi Ayyad
4628:Ibn Tumart
4583:Al-Ghazali
4568:Al-Juwayni
4558:Al-Bayhaqi
4549:al-Ash'ari
4521:Philosophy
4442:Philosophy
4087:Abu Tammam
3996:Qarmatians
3944:Isma'ilism
3882:Manjutakin
3597:Government
3553:Regime of
3525:Revolt of
3509:Revolt of
3190:Amin Tarif
1459:References
1383:Heinz Halm
1234:golden age
1176:world soul
859:Al-Tanukhi
333:antinomian
295:movement (
155: 985
7733:Modernism
7665:Sabbatean
7653:Kabbalist
7631:Ahmadiyya
7562:Kala Kato
7535:Kā‘bīyya
7466:Bishriyya
7446:Muʿtazila
7374:al-Juhani
7367:Qadariyah
7237:Kalandars
7217:Hāshwīyya
7105:Abū Shamr
7038:Zarībīyya
7035:Wāhidīyya
7026:Sūramīyya
7020:Razīnīyya
6996:Dhīmmīyya
6965:Hasan ibn
6939:Wahbiyyah
6886:Abu Qurra
6812:Muhakkima
6756:Hurufiyya
6743:Mahdiists
6658:Riyāhīyya
6639:Hārbīyya
6580:Aga Khans
6575:Assassins
6538:Sulaymani
6502:ad-Darazi
6440:Hārābātīs
6357:Qizilbash
6350:Shaykhism
6226:Jarudiyya
6137:Al-Ahbash
6118:Ash'arism
6051:Al-Albani
6031:Wahhabism
5876:Ahmadiyya
5817:Al-Khisal
5727:Al-Irshad
5682:Key books
5329:Al-Albani
5297:Wahhabism
5151:Mu'tazila
5140:Qadariyah
5018:Mu'attila
4933:Ibn Kemal
4928:Khidr Bey
4808:Hanafiyah
4743:Al-Bahūtī
4738:Ibn Ashir
4703:Ibn Arafa
4598:Ibn Furak
4593:Al-Maziri
4544:Ash'arism
4511:Cosmology
4488:Cosmology
4483:Astronomy
4455:Education
4200:Mansuriya
4018:Assassins
3952:Doctrines
3849:governors
3845:Officials
3820:Banu Kanz
3806:Hamdanids
3802:Sulayhids
3792:Mirdasids
3786:Palestine
3782:Jarrahids
3762:Hammadids
3627:Ibn Ammar
3511:Abu Rakwa
3483:(974–978)
3452:(958–960)
3446:(943–947)
3444:Abu Yazid
3439:(937–941)
3433:(919–921)
3427:(914–915)
3421:(913–917)
2891:Holy days
2770:Theophany
2664:495469525
2633:Lewis, B.
2532:1873-9830
2477:162266101
2469:1613-0928
2448:Der Islam
2434:162363556
2426:1613-0928
2405:Der Islam
2391:201807131
2383:1613-0928
2362:Der Islam
2240:Halm 2003
2216:Halm 2003
2204:Halm 2003
2127:Halm 2003
2100:Halm 2003
2088:Halm 2003
2076:Halm 2003
2064:Halm 2003
2049:Halm 2003
2037:Halm 2003
2025:Halm 2003
1941:Halm 2003
1917:Halm 2003
1905:Halm 2003
1881:Halm 2003
1869:Halm 2003
1857:Halm 2003
1842:Halm 2003
1794:Halm 2003
1782:Halm 2003
1746:Halm 2003
1731:Halm 2003
1707:Halm 2003
1692:Halm 2003
1680:Halm 2003
1668:Halm 2003
1644:Halm 2003
1608:Halm 2003
1596:Halm 2003
1572:Halm 2003
1548:Halm 2003
1200:Cosmology
931:Holy days
845:Al-Darazi
769:Theophany
707:Teachings
650:Aftermath
616:end times
516:al-Kāʾina
470:al-Kāʾina
437:al-Darazi
202:end times
141:romanized
112:Isma'ilis
105:Opponents
7850:Tawakkul
7817:Tawassul
7779:Taṣawwuf
7701:doctrine
7549:Quranism
7338:Namiriya
6967:Muḥāmmad
6960:Murji'ah
6674:Rawendis
6597:Satpanth
6518:Musta'li
6513:Fatimids
6411:Hurufism
6398:Alawites
6303:Sects in
6295:Mahdiist
6231:Batriyya
6177:Deobandi
6128:Shafi'is
6063:Jihadism
6010:Salafism
5978:Hanbalis
5959:Atharism
5872:Malfūzāt
5810:Al-Amali
5407:Hazimism
5119:Murji'ah
5043:Jahmīyya
5031:Mu'jbira
4623:Ibn Aqil
4138:movement
4117:Abdallah
4025:Musta'li
3906:Military
3854:generals
3810:Zurayids
3766:Ifriqiya
3672:Kutayfat
3632:Barjawan
3559:al-Hafiz
3555:Kutayfat
3532:Musta'li
3481:Alptakin
3262:Category
3161:Features
3062:Muhammad
3013:Prophets
2741:Mowahhid
2647:(eds.).
2625:(1971).
2596:(eds.).
2574:(1993).
2542:(2003).
2522:(eds.).
2487:(2007).
1447:See also
1372:al-Qa'im
1246:emanated
1228:al-Qāʾim
1210:Muhammad
1178:and the
718:a series
716:Part of
671:apostasy
623:Baghdadi
588:al-Zahir
351:al-Qāʾim
293:Isma'ili
242:Khurasan
162:Ismai'li
100:religion
40:Khurasan
7899:Shafi'i
7889:Hanbali
7855:Tewafuq
7835:Sadaqah
7796:Barelvi
7787:Ṭarīqah
7641:Qadiani
7614:beliefs
7384:Alevism
7231:Dimashq
7017:Nūnīyya
7011:Maʿīyya
6971:ibn al-
6946:Azzabas
6907:Ibadism
6895:Nukkari
6849:Azariqa
6834:Ajardi
6781:Bábīyya
6687:Sunpadh
6619:Mukhtār
6584:Nizaris
6559:Alevism
6533:Dawoodi
6523:Tayyibi
6485:Sevener
6464:Fathite
6338:Akhbari
6333:Ja'fari
6320:Twelver
6299:Shi'ite
6236:Imamate
6213:Zaydism
6164:Barelvi
6151:Hanafis
6123:Malikis
6092:Maqrizi
6041:Ibn Baz
6000:Zahiris
5762:Masnavi
5314:Ibn Baz
5128:Dimashq
4828:Shafi‘i
4758:'Illish
4493:Physics
4475:Science
4183:Mahdiya
4163:Culture
4030:Tayyibi
3959:Imamate
3923:Ghilman
3748:Kalbids
3732:Saladin
3727:Shirkuh
3722:Dirgham
3617:Jawdhar
3607:Viziers
3568:Tayyibi
3402:History
3392:Dynasty
3025:Abraham
2917:History
2780:Walayah
2730:Beliefs
2605:Mif–Naz
2284:Sources
1306:sharīʿa
1287:sharīʿa
1273:Abraham
1236:or the
956:History
918:Khalwat
826:Shu'ayb
806:Walayah
744:Beliefs
498:ghilmān
484:Turkish
442:darzīya
323:sharīʿa
250:Fatimid
196:caliph
194:Fatimid
159:Persian
143::
7904:Zahiri
7894:Maliki
7884:Hanafi
7860:Thawab
7840:Sunnah
7765:Other
7721:Hizmet
7685:Zikris
7656:Dönmes
7646:Lahori
7612:Muslim
7432:Rifa`i
7372:Ma'bad
7254:Tajsīm
7202:Tamsīl
6929:Ifrani
6869:Najdat
6772:Shayki
6741:Other
6709:Mazyar
6588:Khojas
6566:Nizari
6545:Hafizi
6506:Druzes
6487:
6431:Alians
6385:Ghulat
5865:Alawis
5132:Nabati
5097:Abdals
5079:Juzjan
4818:Maliki
4503:Sufism
4427:Ethics
4414:Aqidah
4406:Fields
4385:Fields
4035:Hafizi
4013:Nizari
3918:Kutama
3877:Bakjur
3872:Jawhar
3834:Multan
3808:, and
3796:Aleppo
3758:Zirids
3752:Sicily
3717:Shawar
3570:schism
3564:Hafizi
3538:schism
3536:Nizari
3492:Apamea
3487:Aleppo
3306:topics
3040:Elijah
2825:Shuaib
2765:Taqiya
2681:
2662:
2656:H–Iram
2643:&
2611:
2592:&
2570:&
2556:
2530:
2497:
2475:
2467:
2432:
2424:
2389:
2381:
2344:
1389:dhimmī
1341:taʾwīl
1321:tanzīl
1185:ghulāt
943:Ziyara
801:Taqiya
610:ghayba
555:ghulāt
511:Fustat
482:, the
359:ghulāt
221:Origin
132:Arabic
117:Sunnis
7845:Taqwa
7229:ī ad-
7227:Fāris
6881:Sufri
6704:Babak
6528:Alavi
6494:Hamza
6452:Imami
6343:Usuli
6316:Imami
6307:Islam
6291:Imami
6073:Sahwa
5136:Murjī
5130:ī an-
5081:ī al-
5072:Balkh
4796:Sunni
4793:Early
4465:Peace
4460:Logic
4432:Kalam
4393:Books
4330:Media
4205:Cairo
4001:Druze
3978:Zahir
3974:Batin
3964:Hujja
3824:Nubia
3814:Yemen
3652:Rasad
3527:Nizar
3466:(971)
3159:Other
3057:Moses
3035:Khidr
3030:Jesus
2839:Texts
2723:Druze
2631:. In
2580:. In
2548:[
2473:S2CID
2430:S2CID
2387:S2CID
2250:Notes
1418:ḥudūd
1412:daʿwa
1356:nāsūt
1333:bāṭin
1313:ẓāhir
1281:Jesus
1277:Moses
1263:Devil
1220:Mahdī
1214:imams
1192:daʿwa
872:Texts
726:Druze
689:) or
644:Kaaba
631:Mecca
571:dāʿīs
565:daʿwa
479:daʿwa
452:durūz
449:form
420:daʿwa
400:mīṭāq
345:imams
299:daʿwa
285:daʿwa
254:Cairo
238:Zuzan
227:Druze
206:Mecca
190:Cairo
170:Zuzan
166:Druze
98:Druze
88:–1021
59:Mecca
36:Zuzan
6611:Shia
5008:Rumi
4450:‘Aql
4173:and
3976:and
3852:and
3830:Lodi
3760:and
3472:and
3067:Noah
3020:Adam
2679:ISBN
2660:OCLC
2609:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2528:ISSN
2495:ISBN
2465:ISSN
2422:ISSN
2379:ISSN
2342:ISBN
1423:Word
1259:Adam
1251:ḍidd
1206:Noah
720:on
639:Hajj
552:The
528:qāḍī
335:and
311:dāʿī
246:felt
216:Life
186:Iran
55:1021
52:Died
29:Born
7699:'s
6927:al-
6893:al-
5885:of
5874:of
5863:of
5442:Ali
5094:Rum
5083:Kūf
5070:al-
4171:Art
3474:2nd
3470:1st
2457:doi
2414:doi
2371:doi
1301:Ali
1224:or
1208:or
509:at
407:" (
365:Ali
279:).
240:in
176:in
172:in
32:985
7929::
7803:–
7794:–
7719:–
7683:–
7663:–
7430:–
7416:–
7407:–
7394:–
6779:–
6763:–
6633:–
6595:–
6582:–
6573:–
6554:–
6504:–
6483:–
6438:–
6429:–
6409:–
6396:–
6376:–
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6175:–
6162:–
6135:–
5085:ī
3847:,
3804:,
2652:.
2639:;
2635:;
2601:.
2588:;
2584:;
2471:.
2463:.
2453:53
2451:.
2445:.
2428:.
2420:.
2410:52
2408:.
2402:.
2385:.
2377:.
2367:52
2365:.
2359:.
2194:^
2107:^
2056:^
2013:^
1996:^
1849:^
1738:^
1699:^
1524:^
1467:^
1377:r.
1366:r.
1279:,
1275:,
593:r.
425:AH
370:r.
315:,
275:r.
184:,
152:c.
150:;
138:,
134::
83:c.
61:,
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7880::
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7449:(
7424:)
7420:(
7376:)
7370:(
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6975:)
6963:(
6819:)
6815:(
6111:)
6107:(
5961:)
5957:(
5158:)
5154:(
5142:)
5138:-
5110:)
5106:(
4846:)
4842:(
4830:)
4826:(
4820:)
4816:(
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4806:(
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