Samanid Empire - Knowledge

2252: 643: 1884: 2268: 39: 1763: 1910: 6380: 2232: 2288: 1021: 892: 2897: 1340: 816: 1486: 8644: 8654: 1599: 4126: 1511:, nominal vassal of the Samanids, conquered Ghazna in 962 from the Lawik dynasty. The fifth of these commanders was Sebüktigin, who governed Ḡazna for twenty years till 387 AH/997 CE with the title (as it appears from his tomb inscription) of al-ḥājeb al-ajall (most noble commander). He would later be the founder of an independent dynasty based in Ghazna, following the decline of the Samanid Empire in the 990s. 1659: 2028:, born in the village of Jakhudanak near Balkh. Not much is known about his life, but he is mentioned as being one of the best poets in the court of Nasr II, and one of the best scholars of the age. He was also a student of Rudaki, and had close relations with him. He died in 936, a few years before Rudaki's death. His death saddened Rudaki, who afterwards wrote an emotional 2251: 846:. Consequently, he had a wall constructed around the city to protect it from their attacks. He died in 841/2—his two brothers Yahya and Ahmad, were then appointed as the joint rulers of the city by the Tahirid governor of Khorasan. After Yahya died in 855, Ahmad took control over Châch, thus becoming the ruler of most of 1327:

was slowly re-establishing Zaydi over Tabaristan. In 913, Ahmad sent an army under Muhammad ibn Sa'luk to deal with him. Although the Samanid army was much larger, Hasan managed to emerge victorious. Ahmad, before he could plan another expedition to Tabaristan, was the following year murdered by some

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Meanwhile, the Tahirids' authority had significantly weakened after suffering several defeats to Saffarid ruler Ya'qub al-Saffar. Hence, causing the Tahirids to lose their grip over the Samanids, who became more or less independent. Nasr I, used this opportunity to strengthen his authority by sending

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Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and

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When Abu Ali Chaghani received the news of the re-capture of Bukhara, he once again marched towards it, but was defeated by an army sent by Nuh and withdrew back to Chaghaniyan. After some time, he left the region and tried to obtain support from other Samanid vassals. Meanwhile, Nuh had Chaghaniyan

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and others, became the major cultural centres under the state. Scholars, poets, artists and other men of education from many Muslim countries assembled in the Samanid capital of Bukhara, where a rich soil was created for the prosper of creative thought, thus making it one of the most distinguished

1741:. The main responsibility of both governors and local rulers was to collect taxes and support the Samanid ruler with troops if needed. The most important province in the Samanid Empire was Khorasan, which was initially given to a relative of the Samanid ruler or a local Iranian prince (such as the 1359:

took care over most of the state affairs. Jaihani was not only an experienced administrator, but also a prominent geographer and greatly educated man. Almost right after Nasr II had ascended the throne, several revolts erupted, the most dangerous one being under his paternal grand-uncle, Ishaq ibn

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Ismail is known in history as a competent general and a strong ruler; many stories about him are written in Arabic and Persian sources. Furthermore, because of his campaigns in the north, his empire was so safe from enemy incursions that the defences of Bukhara and Samarkand went unused. However,

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family. It was during his youth that there was a period of growth under the Samanids. The rapid growth of interest in ancient Iranian history made him continue the work of Daqiqi, completing the Shahnameh in 994, only a few years before the fall of the Samanid Empire. He later completed a second

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in significant numbers. The arabization of the Samanids was clearly minimal compared to the almost entirely arabized Tahirids. Despite Arabic literature and science flourishing in the Samanid Empire, its distance from Baghdad allowed the Samanids to be a crucial element in the renaissance of New

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speakers remaining among the now Persian-speaking Tajik population of Central Asia. This was due to the fact that the Arab-Islamic army which invaded Central Asia at the time also included some Persians who later governed the region like the Samanids. Persian was rooted into Central Asia by the

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valley. They defeated the Karakhanids in several battles, even when Nasr Khan was involved. For various reasons, however, Isma'il came to feel that he could not rely on the Oghuz to restore him, so he went back to Khorasan. He tried to gain Mahmud's support for a campaign to restore the Samanid

1431:, however, learned of the conspiracy. He went to a banquet designed to organize the plot and had the head of their leader cut off. To appease the other officers, he promised to stop the Isma'ili missionaries from continuing their activities. He then convinced his father to abdicate, who died of 2164:

In the 9th and 10th centuries, intellectual life in Transoxiana and Khorasan reached a high level. In the words of N.N. Negmatov, "It was inevitable that the local Samanid dynasty, seeking support among its literate classes, should cultivate and promote local cultural traditions, literacy and

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was the youngest son of Nuh II—he was imprisoned by the Karakhanids after their conquest of Bukhara in 999. Some time later, Isma'il managed to escape to Khwarazm, where he gained support. Driving the Karakhanids out of Bukhara, he then moved on to and captured Samarkand. The approach of the

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and several cities in Khorasan. Ishaq was eventually defeated and captured, while Abu Salih Mansur died of natural causes in 915. Some time later Nasr II once again had to deal with rebels; in 919, the governor of Khorasan, Husayn ibn Ali Marvarrudhi, rebelled against Samanid authority. Nasr

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After not so long, disagreement over where to distribute tax money caused a conflict between the brothers. Ismail was eventually victorious in the dynastic struggle and took control of the Samanid state. However, Nasr had been the one who had been invested with Transoxiana, and the Abbasid

1993:). He was shortly invited to the Samanid court, where he stayed almost the rest of his life. Fewer than 2,000 lines of his poetry have survived, but are enough to prove his great poetic skills—he perfected every basic verse form of medieval Persian poetry: mathnawi, 1618:

state, but failed. Some time afterwards, he returned to the Zarafshan valley, where he gained the support of the Oghuz and others. A Karakhanid army was defeated in May 1004, but subsequently the Oghuz deserted Isma'il during another battle, and his army fell apart.

1404:, seized Tabaristan and Gurgan, and even took possession of Nishapur in western Khorasan. He was, however, forced to withdraw back to Tabaristan one year later, due to the threat that Samanids posed. Makan then returned to Tabaristan, where he was defeated by the 1629:. Their chief, however, killed Isma'il in 1005. His death marked the defeat of the last attempt to restore the Samanid state. Descendants of the Samanid family continued to live in Transoxiana where they were well regarded, but their power was relatively broken. 1566:, the Samanid capital. Harun died shortly afterwards, however, and the Samanids returned to Bukhara. In 999, Nasr b. Ali, a nephew of Harun, returned and took possession of Bukhara, meeting little resistance. The Samanid domains were split up between the 977:. The invasion was successful; Muhammad ibn Zayd was killed and Tabaristan was conquered by the Samanids. However, Muhammad ibn Harun shortly revolted, forcing Ismail himself to invade the region the following year. Muhammad ibn Harun thereafter fled to 919:, but was defeated and taken into captivity. Ismail thereafter sent him to Baghdad, where he was executed. Ismail was thereafter recognized as the ruler of all of Khorasan and Transoxiana by the caliph. Furthermore, he also received the investiture over 1833:

population had previously been suppressed by the Abbasid Caliphate, according to Al-Masudi, the Samanid empire still had fire-temples that were still being venerated by the present Zoroastrian population. Despite the fact that the Samanids professed

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Karakhanid army, however, forced Isma'il to give up all of his possessions, following which he travelled to Khorasan, where he captured Nishapur. Mahmud's army, however, made its way to the region, and Isma'il decided it necessary to flee again.

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By 945, the Turkic military slave faction (who were formerly recruited by the Samanid rulers in positions of governance) were fully in charge of the government. By this time, the Samanid family only held nominal power; similar to how the

2349:. He was an intelligent, just, compassionate person, one possessing reason and prescience...he conducted affairs with justice and good ethics. Whoever tyrannized people he would punish...In affairs of state he was always impartial. 2267: 1641:, or "Persian renaissance". This period has been described as having a key importance in the formation of the Islamic civilization, both politically and culturally. In political terms, it saw an effective break up of the 2287: 2231: 882:

continued to recognize him as the rightful ruler. Because of this, Ismail continued to recognize his brother as well, but Nasr was completely powerless, a situation that would continue until his death in August 892.

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was defeated at the battle of Balkh by the Samanids, which reduced the Saffarid dynasty to a minor tributary in Sistan. It was during this period that the Samanids were at their height of power, ruling as far as

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and feature either calligraphic inscriptions of Arabic proverbs, or colorful figural decorations. The Arabic proverbs often speak to the values of "Adab" culture—hospitality, generosity, and modesty.

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Fleeing to Khorasan yet again, Isma'il attempted to reenter Transoxiana in the end of 1004. The Karakhanids stopped this and Isma'il was nearly killed. Following this, he sought the hospitality of an

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Pancaroglu, Oya. "Serving wisdom: The contents of Samanid epigraphic pottery." Studies in Islamic and Later Indian Art from the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museum (2002): 58-68.

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to suppress the rebellion, which the latter managed to accomplish. After a few weeks, however, Ahmad shortly rebelled himself at Nishapur, made incursions into Gorgan, and then fortified himself in

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Following Nasr's death, Ismail moved the capital of the Samanid dynasty from Samarkand to Bukhara. A few months later the Saffarid emir, Ya'qub al-Saffar, also died and was succeeded by his brother

1970:("The Unique Pearl"). The fourth section of the anthology included a detailed account of the poets that lived under the Samanids. It also states that the poets of Khwarazm mostly wrote in Arabic. 7146: 2367:

was extremely just, and his good qualities were many. He had pure faith in God (to Him be power and glory) and he was generous to the poor – to name only one of his notable virtues.

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this later had consequences; at the end of the dynasty, the walls—earlier strong, but now falling apart—were greatly missed by the Samanids, who were constantly under attack by the

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and the rise of several successor states such as the Samanids and Buyids while in cultural terms, it witnessed the rise of new Persian as an administrative and literary language.

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Gangler, A., Gaube, H., Petruccioli, A. (2004). Bukhara, the Eastern Dome of Islam: Urban Development, Urban Space, Architecture and Population. Tyskland: Ed. Axel Menges. p. 39

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Like in the Abbasid Caliphate, Turkic slaves could rise to high office in the Samanid state, which would sometimes give them enough power to nearly make the ruler their puppet.

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version of the Shahnameh in 1010, which he presented to the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud. However, his work was not as appreciated by the Ghaznavids as it had been by the Samanids.

2047:, and was later invited to the Samanid court. Under the Samanids, a special interest arose in ancient Iranian legends and heroic traditions, thus inspiring Daqiqi to write the 650:

of Bal'ami (d. 992–997 CE) depicting al-Saffah (r. 750–754) as he receives pledges of allegiance in Kufa. This is the earliest known extant prose book in the Persian language.

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authority. However, by 945, the government was under the de facto control of the Turkic military slave faction, and the Samanid family's authority had become purely symbolic.

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making the Oxus the boundary between the two empires , for the shrunken Samanid amirate came to an inglorious end when the Ilig occupied Bukhara definitively in 999

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in the governor's honour. In 819, the governor of Greater Khorasan, Ghassan ibn Abbad, rewarded the four sons of Asad ibn Saman for their aid against the rebel

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appeared in Transoxiana and was formally recognized. The advancement of an Islamic New Persian literature thus started in Transoxiana and Khorasan instead of

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based on the history of the Iranians. However, by his death in 977, he had only managed to complete a small part of it, which was about the conflict between

2221:, Iran, in the mid-twentieth century, Samanid pottery is well-represented in Islamic art collections around the world. These ceramics are largely made from 1711:

The system of the Samanid state was modelled after the Abbasid system, which in turn was modelled after the Sasanian system. The ruler of the state was the

1474:, which resulted in a Samanid victory. Fortunately for Abu Ali Chaghani, he managed to secure the support of other Samanid vassals, such as the rulers of 2139:

in originally Khwarazmian and Sogdian areas during Samanid rule. The Persian language spread and led to the extinction of Eastern Iranian languages like

8305: 7158: 2127:. In the words of Negmatov, "they were the basis for the emergence and gradual consolidation of what became an Eastern Persian-Tajik ethnic identity." 1482:, but in the end made peace with Nuh, who allowed him to keep Chaghaniyan in return for sending his son Abu'l Muzaffar Abdallah as hostage to Bukhara. 1373:

to avoid a Samanid counter-attack. Nevertheless, the Samanid general Hamuya ibn Ali managed to lure Ahmad out of Merv, and defeated him in a battle at

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Donner, Fred M. (1999). "Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political history of the Islamic Empire up to the Mongol Conquest". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).

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is named after Ismail Samani. The mountain was formerly known as "Stalin Peak" and "Communism Peak" but in 1998 the name was officially changed to

1466:. Ibrahim, however, was unpopular with the people of Bukhara, and Nuh soon retaliated by retaking the city and blinding Ibrahim and two brothers. 7825: 7816: 7560: 7072: 7057: 6379: 4853:

Gardīzī, ed. Ḥabībī, pp. 161–62; Jūzjānī, Ṭabaqāt, I, pp. 226–27; Neẓām-al-Molk, pp. 142–58; Šabānkāraʾī, pp. 29–34; Bosworth, 1965, pp. 16–21

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During the 9th and 10th centuries, there was a large amount of growth in literature, mostly in poetry. It was during the Samanid period that

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la ilaha illa allah wahdahu la sharik lahu muhammad rasul allah al-muti' lillah al-malik al-muzaffar mansur bin nuh "There is no god but

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Before Ismail Samani's major victory against the Saffarids, he had made various expeditions in Transoxiana; in 892, he put an end to the

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Right when Nuh I ascended the throne, a revolt erupted in Khwarazm, which he managed to suppress. Later in 945, he had to deal with the

1332:, which made him unpopular among his subjects, and forced him to change it back to Persian. After Ahmad's death, his eight-year-old son 1020: 7494: 7010: 1356: 1328:

of his slaves in a tent near Bukhara. During his reign, Ahmad is also said to have replaced the language of the court from Persian to

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The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650–1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi

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Persian language and culture. This Persianate culture variant was the first to use a language besides Arabic in Islamic culture.

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The Emperor and the World: Exotic Elements and the Imaging of Middle Byzantine Imperial Power, Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries C.E

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The acknowledged founder of Persian classical poetry, and a man of great perception, was Rudaki, who was born in the village of

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The Samanids promoted the arts, giving rise to the advancement of science and literature, and thus attracted scholars such as

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An Ismaili Heresiography: The "Bab Al-Shaytan" from Abu Tammam's Kitab Al ... By Wilferd Madelung, Paul Ernest Walker, pg. 5

1985:. Rudaki was already becoming popular during his early years, due to his poems, his voice, and his great skill in using the 1412:, who managed to conquer the region. In 935, Nasr II re-established Samanid control in Gurgan and made Mardavij's successor 7178: 7168: 5205:

Arabs and Iranians in the Islamic Conquest Narrative: Memory and Identity Construction in Islamic Historiography, 750-1050

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Not long after his accession, Ahmad invaded Sistan; by 911, Sistan was under complete Samanid control, and Ahmad's cousin

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received Farghana and Samarkand, while his other son Ya'qub received Châch (areas around modern Tashkent/Chachkent).

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Bowl with Arabic inscription "Planning before work protects you from regret; prosperity and peace", 10th century CE,

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Agriculture and trading were the economic bases of the Samanid State. The Samanids heavily engaged in trade with

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In 1003 Isma'il came back to Transoxiana, where he requested and received assistance from the Oghuz Turks of the

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ravaged and its capital sacked. Another battle shortly ensued between Abu 'Ali Chaghani and a Samanid army in

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continued to enjoy a high status and was still popular among the members of the Samanid family. For example,

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platter", Iran, Samanid dynasty. 9th-10th century. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin.

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by seizing all of its lands. During the same period, he put an end to the Bukhar Khudas in Bukhara. In 893,

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school of thought. The mass conversion of the Turks to Islam eventually led to a growing influence of the

8934: 8676: 8265: 8259: 8210: 8021: 7851: 7730: 7355: 5947: 4972: 4119: 4107: 2946: 1535:, continued to rule as Samanid "governors". With the weakened Samanids facing rising challenges from the 5922:

Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran

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The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, eds. M. Stausberg & Y. S.-D. Vevaina, 2015, pp. 112

4639:, Vol. VIII, Ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and G. Lecomte, (E.J. Brill, 1995), 1026. 958:. The same year, he conducted a campaign to gather slaves, taking ten to fifteen thousand captives. The 8929: 8480: 7941: 7806: 7274: 7052: 6950: 6224: 5809: 5646: 5601:"The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connections with the Past" 4973:"Abu'l Qasim and the Samanid King Al-Muntasir about to engage in battle over territory in Central Asia" 4077: 4038: 2455: 1727:, and the Samanid bureaucracy used Arabic in its diplomatic discourses. The economy was managed by the 699: 1838:, however, they were much more tolerant towards its Zoroastrian population than the previous empires. 1519:

The power of the Samanids began to crumble in the latter half of the 10th century. In 962, one of the

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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the 15th-century

4714: 4019: 3923: 3182: 1155: 935: 781:, subsequently appointed him as the commander of his army, and sent him on an expedition against the 328: 5973:

Schindel, Nikolaus (2017). "POLAND: The Sāmānid Hoard of Pepineg (?)/ Przemysl from the Year 1849".

5692: 1745:), but was later given to one of his most trusted slaves. The governor of Khorasan was normally the 8904: 8295: 8085: 7965: 7916: 7888: 7751: 7289: 7203: 6932: 4710: 4140: 4102: 4097: 4087: 2876: 1559: 1101: 810: 342: 5499:

The Book of Government, Or, Rules for Kings: The Siyar Al-Muluk, Or, Siyasat-nama of Nizam Al-Mulk

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and other early Iranian peoples. All these groups were of Iranian ethnicity and spoke dialects of

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Ahmad, who seized Samarkand and began minting coins there, while his son Abu Salih Mansur seized

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Davidovich, E. A. (1998), "Chapter 6 The Karakhanids", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.),

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Pourshariati refers to the Mihrans as Parthian, while Frye refers to Bahram Chobin as Sasanian.

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Shiism. Islamic architecture and Islamo-Persian culture was spread deep into the heartlands of

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for sciences as well as religious studies. They considered themselves to be descendants of the

114: 5795: 5719: 5109:, Vol.VII, Ed. C. E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1993), 18. 625:. In a famous edict, Samanid authorities declared that "here, in this region, the language is 8668: 7904: 7856: 7831: 7551: 7299: 7077: 6995: 6612: 6569: 5870: 5740: 5497: 5470: 5292: 4938: 3363: 3283: 3221: 1416:

his vassal. However, in 939 he declared independence, but was defeated the following year at

1389: 551:—founded the Samanid state. Each of them ruled territories under Abbasid suzerainty. In 892, 5319: 4290: 2993: 2209:("Storehouse of Wisdom") was put together in Bukhara, known for its various types of books. 8863: 8455: 8357: 8250: 8190: 8165: 8144: 8124: 8097: 7899: 7841: 7736: 7499: 7464: 7228: 6410: 4092: 2631: 2580: 2144: 1963: 1443: 962:

was the main trade income of the Samanid Empire, forming the base of economy of the state.

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system used by the Samanids. It was also under him that the Samanids became independent of

555:(892–907) united the Samanid state under one ruler, thus effectively putting an end to the 4989:

Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation

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Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids".

3825: 3695: 3124: 2920: 2840: 2783: 1928: 1920: 1894: 1860:, a Hanafi work, which was being used to contest Ismailism, was translated into Persian. 1606: 1551: 1451: 1166: 1026: 959: 129: 1593: 8699: 8559: 8521: 8466: 8461: 8366: 8281: 7921: 7781: 7741: 7581: 7576: 7474: 7459: 7218: 7020: 6841: 6810: 6703: 6460: 5982: 5857: 5620: 5587: 5394: 4387: 4168: 4028: 3815: 3435: 2906: 2392: 2331: 2084: 1986: 1978: 1974: 1936: 1638: 1450:. Abu 'Ali Chaghani then rebelled, and was joined by several prominent figures such as 1447: 1417: 1377:; he was captured and imprisoned in Bukhara, where he remained until his death in 920. 951: 931:. It was also during this period that the Afrighid dynasty was forced into submission. 778: 760: 571: 567: 503: 4241:"Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (September 3, 2012);" 1543:, Sebük later took control of all the provinces south of the Oxus and established the 8873: 8868: 8790: 8653: 8569: 8486: 8392: 8382: 8291: 8200: 8185: 8180: 8149: 8139: 8129: 8119: 8106: 7961: 7665: 7479: 7417: 7392: 7372: 7322: 7242: 7090: 6719: 6711: 6636: 6588: 6296: 6139: 6074: 5897: 5876: 5813: 5772: 5764: 5746: 5725: 5704: 5677: 5650: 5556: 5503: 5476: 5449: 5386: 5325: 5298: 5208: 5086: 5049: 4993: 4944: 4918: 4894: 4654: 4410: 4341: 4296: 4220: 3855: 3755: 3745: 3455: 3445: 3403: 3303: 3247: 2707: 2563: 2152: 2140: 1924: 1902: 1898: 1502: 1455: 1208: 1186: 1177: 1119: 966: 896: 770: 711: 574:

culture and identity that brought Iranian speech and traditions into the fold of the

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Marietta Stepaniants, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Apr., 2002), pp. 166

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rulers. The administrative, political and economic affairs were administered by the

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However, the most prominent poet of that age was Ferdowsi, born in Tus in 940 to a

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The Modern Uzbeks: from the fourteenth century to the present: a cultural history

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Lost Enlightenment Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane

4651:

Lost Enlightenment Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane

1943:, the homeland of the Persians. The best known poets of the Samanid period were 1845:

came to profess Islam and later under the Ghaznavids more than 55,000 under the

1454:, whom he appointed as his commander-in-chief. In 947, he installed Nuh's uncle 8749: 8416: 7936: 7761: 7249: 7213: 6876: 6794: 6553: 6066: 6058: 6050: 5911:

Negmatov, N.N. (1998). "The Samanids". In Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.).

5763:(The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 3875: 3555: 3475: 3111: 3022: 2548: 2529: 2514: 2499: 2466: 2120: 2104: 1842: 1830: 1401: 1366: 1057: 739: 731: 723: 707: 663: 548: 544: 540: 314: 157: 118: 5805:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

5642:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

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Great decorated panel from a Samanid residential complex, 9th-10th century,

8811: 8780: 8579: 8564: 8516: 8425: 7970: 7836: 7259: 7208: 6916: 6900: 6884: 6826: 6115: 6042: 4072: 4001: 3964: 3932: 3895: 3865: 3785: 3625: 3191: 2650: 2484: 2388: 1810: 1432: 1374: 1288: 1259: 1219: 1006: 943: 801:, only to be captured by Ya'qub al-Saffar and sent to Sistan as a hostage. 715: 575: 536: 529: 5321:

The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic

4788:

Texts, documents, and artefacts:Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards

4368:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 4292:

The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic

1485: 911:, who saw himself as the heir of the Saffarids. In the spring of 900, Amr 815: 8657: 8621: 8372: 8057: 7980: 7811: 6280: 6267: 4130: 3775: 3735: 3495: 3373: 2443: 2425: 2359: 2245:, 10th century. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin. 2222: 2124: 2096: 2044: 1872: 1835: 1821:

in the 9th century, populations under the Samanid empire began accepting

1795: 1699: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1540: 1471: 1463: 1424: 1197: 999: 965:

In 900, Ismail sent an army under Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi against

847: 839: 824: 764: 691: 687: 675: 667: 655: 521: 506: 411: 383: 183: 106: 5986: 5179:

The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith

8848: 8827: 8775: 8011: 7402: 6924: 6892: 6818: 6786: 6596: 6358: 6259: 5624: 5591: 5398: 4391: 3991: 3905: 3725: 3705: 3675: 3635: 3595: 3427: 3393: 3313: 3267: 2912: 2376: 2205:

cultural centres of the Eastern world. An outstanding library known as

1982: 1915: 1889: 1850: 1787: 1587: 1567: 1544: 1536: 920: 866:, which was in an unstable condition after suffering from raids by the 647: 397: 300: 110: 5861: 8806: 7137:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

6857: 6834: 6628: 6561: 6529: 6369: 6343: 6179: 5703:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 764–766. 5676:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 643–644. 4955:

An agreement was reached at this point with the Karakhanid Ilig Nasr

3835: 3805: 3795: 3505: 3343: 3201: 2802: 2623: 2384: 2193: 2173: 2088: 2080: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2002: 1814: 1771: 1742: 1614: 1598: 1594:

Isma'il Muntasir's attempt to resurrect the Samanid state (1000–1005)

1524: 1508: 1439: 1393: 1381: 1239: 1146: 1068: 924: 867: 719: 614: 425: 59: 5616: 5583: 5382: 4328:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

2135:

Ferghana, Samarkand, and Bukhara were starting to be linguistically

1637:

Along with several other states, the Samanid Empire was part of the

8785: 8047: 7387: 7269: 6521: 6330: 6155: 5853: 5544:

The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana

4216: 3655: 3645: 3211: 3098: 2745: 2380: 2346: 2311: 2274: 2218: 2185: 2100: 1952: 1767: 1695: 1663: 1554:, Harun Bughra Khan, grandson of the paramount tribal chief of the 1413: 1409: 1361: 1348: 991: 871: 836: 798: 735: 727: 594: 590: 5721:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

5600: 2273:

Example of figural earthenware ceramics from Samanid period. From

1717:, and the provinces were governed by appointed governors or local 1531:

and established himself there. His successors, however, including

886: 8590: 6513: 6364: 6322: 6275: 6123: 5290: 3845: 3333: 3164: 3154: 3144: 3062: 3035: 2669: 2451: 2258: 2242: 2189: 2169: 1813:

by the Samanids. Following the first complete translation of the

1806: 1799: 1667: 1642: 1563: 1555: 1520: 1475: 1423:

In 943 several Samanid army officers, angry at Nasr's support of

1405: 1344: 1333: 1248: 1090: 1046: 928: 863: 832: 794: 678:. In some sources, the Samanids claimed to be descended from the 670:. The earliest appearance of the Samanid family appears to be in 602: 598: 65: 44: 5227:

History of Bukhara, By Narshakhi trans. Richard N. Frye, pg. 143

1446:, who refused to relinquish his post as governor of Khorasan to 658:, his descendants became rulers of the Samanid Empire. He was a 8396: 7716: 6545: 6353: 6348: 6301: 6288: 6163: 6099: 5369:

Grube, Ernst J. (February 1965). "The Art of Islamic Pottery".

4626:, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 142. 3231: 3134: 2764: 2595: 2372: 2201: 2197: 2092: 2060: 1998: 1994: 1948: 1944: 1864: 1857: 1846: 1802: 1791: 1783: 1718: 1528: 1498: 1329: 1037: 987: 978: 974: 955: 879: 851: 843: 804: 790: 659: 618: 610: 586: 556: 513: 356: 92: 8698: 6402: 4561: 1731:, diplomatic correspondence and important state papers by the 1462:

in Bukhara. Abu 'Ali Chaghani then returned to his domains in

686:. It has been claimed that the House of Saman belonged to the 7254: 6131: 3039: 2688: 2439: 2387:. Also, the highest mountain in Tajikistan and in the former 2177: 2029: 1822: 1723: 1703: 1691: 1428: 1320: 1110: 947: 916: 743: 695: 1427:

missionaries, formed a conspiracy to murder him. Nasr's son

7034: 6497: 6433: 6309: 6087: 4917:, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing, pp. 119–144, 4820: 4520: 3052: 2447: 2294: 2278: 2181: 2116: 1990: 1841:

Through zealous missionary work as many as 30,000 tents of

1713: 1658: 1626: 1622: 1489: 1370: 525: 137: 6023: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 1005:

Ismail died in November 907, and was succeeded by his son

981:, while Ismail reconquered Tabaristan and Gorgan. In 901, 8012:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

5831:. Translated by Walford, Naomi. Rutgers University Press. 4798: 4796: 4473: 4471: 4469: 5272: 5181:, (Archibald Constable & Co, 1896), pp. 179-180 and 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 2379:

is named after the Samanids. A notable airline based in

1590:

thus became the boundary between the two rival empires.

5350: 5338: 5251: 5230: 5147: 4808: 4585: 4573: 4483: 4442: 5291:

Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (8 October 2013).

5062: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4793: 4737: 4735: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4466: 605:

in its glory. Scholars note that the Samanids revived

5674:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/6: Afghanistan–Ahriman

4970: 4423: 4269: 4267: 2019:

Like a prisoner hiding from the guard." – Rudaki

2009:"Look at the cloud, how it cries like a grieving man 481: 5425:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129, Fig. 53. 5284: 5025: 4454: 1867:. Thousands of Samanid coins have been found in the 6246: 5829:

The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia

5006: 4732: 4676: 4624:

The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia

4597: 4549: 4532: 4495: 1666:with bilingual Middle Persian and Arabic minted in 1388:rulers; In 921, the Zaydids under the Gilite ruler 524:; at its greatest extent encompassing northeastern 5701:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/7: Ahriman–Alafrank 4309: 4264: 2438:(A Persian landowner from the village of Saman in 2310:In commending the Samanids, the epic Persian poet 1735:, and the royal guard and military affairs by the 754: 690:, although the veracity is unlikely. Originally a 629:, and the kings of this realm are Persian kings." 8950:States and territories disestablished in the 990s 4703: 2337:A Bukharian historian writing in 943 stated that 2016:Now and then the sun peeks from behind the clouds 1757: 578:. This later contributed to the formation of the 8886: 4327: 1958:Although Persian was the most-favored language, 1662:Silver medallion of the Samanid ruler 1380:In the west, Nasr II clashed several times with 1012: 7073:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 6394:† indicates provinces ruled by tributary rulers 5956: 5468: 4715:"ESMĀʿĪL, b. Aḥmad b. Asad SĀMĀNĪ, ABŪ EBRĀHĪM" 4567: 4284: 4282: 2013:Thunder moans like a lover with a broken heart. 887:Final unification and height of power (892–907) 662:of Iranian origin from the village of Saman in 8945:States and territories established in the 810s 7159:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 7058:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 1913:Early 14th century copy of the Samanid-period 1887:Early 14th century copy of the Samanid-period 646:Early 14th century copy of the Samanid-period 8684: 6941:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 6418: 6232: 6009: 5527:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East 5495: 5173: 5171: 4330:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 4148: 1514: 1400:. Later in 930, a Dailamite military leader, 1319:was appointed as its governor. Meanwhile, an 226:2,850,000 km (1,100,000 sq mi) 8017:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 5919: 4986:Peacock, A. C. S.; Tor, D. G. (2017-08-30). 4784:A new text on Ismailism at the Samanid court 4526: 4279: 1527:, commander of the army in Khorasan, seized 805:The Samanid dynasty in Transoxiana (819–892) 43:Extent of the Samanid realm at the death of 16:819–999 Sunni Iranian empire in Central Asia 7127:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 5317: 5048:. Princeton University Press. p. 234. 4790:, ed. Chase F. Robinson, (Brill, 2003), 46. 4653:. Princeton University Press. p. 233. 4404: 4288: 1392:invaded Khorasan, but were defeated by the 8691: 8677: 7633:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 7495:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 7011:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 6425: 6411: 6239: 6225: 6016: 6002: 5949:The Political History of the Sāmānid State 5311: 5294:Tajikistan: A Political and Social History 5168: 5122:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 131. 4985: 4912: 4752: 4750: 4409:. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. 4155: 4141: 1901:depicting the arrow of old Wahraz killing 37: 7142:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 5945: 5889: 5635:(1975). "The Țāhirids and Şaffārids". In 5356: 5344: 5278: 5266: 5245: 4891:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4365: 6961:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 5972: 5928: 5913:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5910: 5842:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5826: 5738: 5717: 5690: 5663: 5631: 5598: 5569: 5443: 5068: 5031: 4940:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 4936: 4915:History of Civilisations of Central Asia 4826: 4802: 4709: 4697: 4591: 4579: 4489: 4477: 2859: 1908: 1882: 1761: 1657: 1597: 1484: 1355:Due to Nasr's youth, his prime minister 1338: 890: 814: 641: 7747:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 5872:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 5868: 5448:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 199. 5371:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 5085:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 178. 4768: 4747: 2302:The Samanid empire was a Tajik Empire. 2039:, began his career at the court of the 1794:. The Samanids determinedly propagated 1694:, the One, there is no partner to Him, 8887: 7285:History of democracy in classical Iran 5781: 5550: 5420: 5202: 5153: 5142:Xinjiang: China's Muslim far Northwest 4992:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. xix. 4930: 4906: 4838: 4460: 4407:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective 1989:(an Iranian instrument similar to the 1931:enthroned receives the coffin of Dara. 1257: 1246: 1237: 1228: 1195: 1175: 1164: 1153: 1144: 8672: 8083: 8007:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 7792:Iran and the World Trade Organization 7696: 7439: 7320: 6445: 6406: 6220: 6209:indicates usurpers or rival claimants 5997: 5835: 5541: 5368: 5080: 5043: 4888: 4882: 4786:, Patricia Crone and Luke Treadwell, 4648: 4555: 2334:to the Samanids what has come upon?" 2043:ruler Abu'l Muzaffar ibn Muhammad in 1702:, the victorious king, Mansur son of 1632: 1304:The Samanids and main Asian polities 1286: 1277: 1217: 1117: 1108: 1099: 1088: 1077: 1035: 1024: 793:. After facing defeat in battle near 7179:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 7169:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 5939:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 5890:Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1998). 5790: 5019: 4843:. Penguin Random House. p. 150. 4814: 4741: 4685: 4610: 4543: 4514: 4448: 4315: 4273: 2159: 1206: 1184: 1135: 1126: 1055: 1044: 8412:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 8053:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 8027:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 7826:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 7561:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 5952:(PhD thesis). University of Oxford. 5553:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 2849: 2829: 2810: 2791: 2772: 2753: 2734: 2715: 2696: 2677: 2658: 2639: 2616: 2603: 2588: 2571: 2556: 2537: 2522: 2507: 2492: 2474: 2433: 1853:, who would later rule the region. 1365:responded by sending an army under 1266: 1066: 654:The Samanid dynasty was founded by 471: 13: 6951:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 6390:* indicates short living provinces 5966: 5941:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 5718:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). 5529:, London: Bloomsbury, 2019, p. 68. 5446:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan 5083:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan 4937:Bosworth, C. E. (1 January 1998). 566:The Samanid Empire is part of the 516:origin. The empire was centred in 14: 8961: 8022:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 7643:Supreme National Security Council 7469:Persian Constitutional Revolution 7099:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 7006:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 6996:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 5957:de la Vaissière, Étienne (2005). 4398: 4334:Journal of World-Systems Research 2398: 1683:has increased the royal splendor" 8652: 8643: 8642: 7618:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 6378: 5502:. Psychology Press. p. 14. 4124: 2895: 2345:was indeed worthy and right for 2286: 2266: 2250: 2230: 2217:Due to extensive excavations at 1966:wrote an Arabic anthology named 1019: 444: 430: 416: 402: 388: 374: 349: 335: 321: 307: 293: 279: 265: 251: 7817:Military equipment manufactured 7383:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 7147:United States withdrawal (2018) 7068:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 6432: 5920:Pourshariati, Parvenah (2011). 5611:. Taylor & Francis: 51–62. 5516: 5489: 5462: 5437: 5414: 5405: 5362: 5221: 5196: 5187: 5159: 5134: 5125: 5112: 5099: 5074: 5037: 4979: 4964: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4832: 4777: 4759: 4667: 4642: 4629: 4616: 4372:International Studies Quarterly 4205: 4196: 942:invaded the territories of the 769:Ilyas died in 856, and his son 755:The Samanids in Herat (819–857) 597:. While under Samanid control, 287:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 8377:modern / contemporary 7623:Expediency Discernment Council 6946:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 6935:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 6459: 5745:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–169. 5144:, (RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 11. 4893:, Cambridge University Press, 4359: 4321: 4261:, (Greenwood Press, 2001), 74. 4251: 4235: 4179:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 2803:Abu'l-Harith Mansur ibn Nuh II 2168:The main Samanid towns – 2079:Under the Samanid Empire, the 2051:("The Book of Kings"), a long 1905:, the Ethiopian king of Yemen. 1758:Cultural and religious efforts 706:, and named his oldest son as 570:, which saw the creation of a 1: 8900:Former countries in West Asia 7591:state-sponsorship allegations 7321: 5724:. Columbia University Press. 5297:. ANU E Press. pp. 30–. 4229: 3272: 3236: 3116: 3103: 3080: 3067: 3044: 3027: 2977: 2964: 2951: 2938: 2925: 2632:Abu Ibrahim Isma'il ibn Ahmad 2581:Abu Ibrahim Isma'il ibn Ahmad 2363:, stated that Ismail Samani: 2074: 1977:, which is today part of the 1878: 1653: 1501:held de facto power over the 1305: 1013:Intermediate period (907–961) 787:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar 89:, court, academia, literary), 8925:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 8708:Persian and Caspian kingdoms 8048:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 7440: 7349:twin towns and sister cities 6655:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 6532:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 6508:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 5929:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). 5875:. Brill. pp. 579–1203. 5836:Gutas, Dimitri (1982). "The 5475:. Hoover Press. p. 19. 5444:Collinet, Annabelle (2022). 5431:10.1017/CBO9780511791895.007 5318:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007). 5044:Starr, S. Frederick (2015). 4765:Madelung (1975), pp. 211–212 4649:Starr, S. Frederick (2015). 4635:"Samanids", C. E. Bosworth, 4405:Canfield L., Robert (2002). 4289:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007). 2107:by the Ferghanans; southern 2035:Daqiqi, who was a native of 1336:(r. 914–943) succeeded him. 850:. He died in 864/5; his son 7: 8327:Water supply and sanitation 8084: 8058:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 7697: 7117:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 6492:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 6446: 5784:The Oxford History of Islam 5542:Blair, Sheila, ed. (1992). 5324:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 5–. 4295:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 6–. 2866: 2640:ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد 2589:ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد 2147:with only a tiny amount of 2130: 2024:Another prominent poet was 1698:is the messenger of Allah, 698:during the governorship of 694:, Saman Khuda converted to 482: 10: 8966: 7807:Economy of the Middle East 7184:2021–2022 Iranian protests 7174:2019–2020 Iranian protests 7154:2017–2018 Iranian protests 6615:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 5959:Sogdian Traders: A History 5810:Cambridge University Press 5786:. Oxford University Press. 5647:Cambridge University Press 5546:. Vol. V. E.J. Brill. 5535: 4971:Jami' al-tawarikh (1314). 4889:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990), 4879:. Retrieved 17 August 2014 4439:by Elton L. Daniel, pg. 74 2746:Abu Salih Mansur ibn Nuh I 2456:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri 2324:"Where have all the great 2320:ز بهرامیان تا به سامانیان 1805:but were more tolerant of 1648: 1515:Decline and fall (961–999) 808: 773:became his successor. The 758: 700:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri 666:, in present-day northern 637: 632: 609:and culture more than the 8841: 8820: 8799: 8758: 8707: 8638: 8604: 8550: 8353: 8344: 8274: 8226: 8158: 8105: 8096: 8092: 8079: 8040: 8032:National Development Fund 7995: 7952:Telecommunications and IT 7946:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 7875: 7772:Foreign direct investment 7717:Bonyad (charitable trust) 7709: 7705: 7692: 7651: 7610: 7452: 7448: 7435: 7329: 7316: 7196: 7063:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 7053:Interim Government (1979) 7032: 6980: 6973: 6869: 6779: 6696: 6687: 6664: 6581: 6474: 6467: 6458: 6454: 6441: 6387: 6376: 6255: 6207: 6086: 6036:Regional rulers (819–857) 6035: 5946:Treadwell, W. L. (1991). 5207:. Routledge. p. 45. 5107:The Encyclopedia of Islam 4637:The Encyclopedia of Islam 2839: 2820: 2801: 2782: 2763: 2744: 2725: 2706: 2687: 2668: 2649: 2630: 2594: 2547: 2465: 2424: 2305: 2237:Lute player. Samanid (or 2111:by Khorasanians; and the 2103:by the Khwarazmians; the 1677:khvarrah apzut shahanshah 1357:Abu 'Abd-Allah al-Jaihani 936:Principality of Ushrusana 329:Principality of Ushrusana 230: 222: 217: 213: 203: 193: 189: 179: 175: 163: 151: 147: 135: 125: 102: 75: 52: 36: 31: 21: 7782:International oil bourse 7547:Ministry of Intelligence 7132:Syrian civil war (2011–) 6956:1921 Persian coup d'état 5975:The Numismatic Chronicle 5827:Grousset, Renee (1991). 5739:Bosworth, C. E. (2011). 5691:Bosworth, C. E. (1984). 5666:"AḤMAD B. SAHL B. HĀŠEM" 5664:Bosworth, C. E. (1984). 5599:Bosworth, C. E. (1973). 5469:Edward Allworth (2013). 5120:The Ghaznavids: 994–1040 5105:"Mihragan", J. Calmard, 4839:Hansen, Valerie (2020). 4366:Taagepera, Rein (1997). 4189: 1560:Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan 1492:in the mid-10th century. 1103:YENESEI KYRGYZ KHAGANATE 973:ruler of Tabaristan and 811:Samanid Civil War of 888 617:while continuing to use 343:Principality of Farghana 8702:dynasties (800–1100 AD) 8306:scientists and scholars 7812:Milad Tower and complex 7602:Women's rights movement 7597:White Revolution (1963) 7265:Peoples of the Caucasus 6607:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 6500:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 5869:Houtsma, M. Th (1993). 5421:Walker, Alicia (2012). 4943:. UNESCO. p. 106. 4774:Madelung (1975), p. 212 4384:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 4184:Samanid Epigraphic Ware 2947:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 2822:Abd al-Malik ibn Nuh II 2811:ابو الحارث منصور بن نوح 2353:The celebrated scholar 2212: 749: 95:(theology, bureaucracy) 8617:Anti-Iranian sentiment 8612:Science and technology 8437:Intellectual movements 8317:International rankings 8301:Intellectual movements 7787:International rankings 7280:Heads of state of Iran 7086:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 6647:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 6484:culture (3400–2000 BC) 6199:(pretender, 1000–1004) 5759:Daniel, Elton. (2001) 5555:. Vol. 9. Brill. 5496:Niẓām al-Mulk (2002). 5203:Savran, Scott (2017). 4975:. Stanford University. 3486:Masmughans of Damavand 2960:Zayandeh River Culture 2727:Abd al-Malik ibn Nuh I 2454:governor of Khorasan, 2369: 2351: 2322: 2318:کجا آن بزرگان ساسانیان 1932: 1906: 1775: 1751:(commander-in-chief). 1708: 1603: 1505:around the same time. 1493: 1352: 904: 831:In 839/40, Nuh seized 828: 777:governor of Khorasan, 651: 205:• Disestablished 8940:999 disestablishments 7905:Shetab Banking System 7895:Banking and insurance 7857:Tehran Stock Exchange 7777:Intellectual property 7122:PJAK conflict (2004–) 6895:Turcomans (1378–1508) 6887:Turcomans (1374–1468) 6836:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 6639:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 5551:Bregel, Yuri (2003). 5081:Rante, Rocco (2022). 4174:List of kings of Iran 3364:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 3318:3rd-century BC–132 BC 3284:Kingdom of Cappadocia 3240: 6th century BC 3222:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2754:ابو صالح منصور بن نوح 2442:province in northern 2365: 2357:, in his famous work 2343: 2316: 1912: 1886: 1778:The Samanids revived 1765: 1661: 1601: 1488: 1342: 899:, the burial site of 894: 818: 759:Further information: 645: 486:), also known as the 76:Common languages 8920:10th century in Iran 8864:Nizari Ismaili state 8800:Khwarezmian kingdoms 7866:Technology start-ups 7767:Environmental issues 7757:Economic Reform Plan 7671:Provincial governors 7361:Environmental issues 7109:Iran Air Flight 655 6850:Jalayirid Sultanate 6722:Caliphate (750–1258) 6564:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 5812:. pp. 136–161. 4876:Encyclopædia Iranica 4756:Nazim (1987), p. 164 4719:Encyclopædia Iranica 4713:(15 December 1998). 4568:de la Vaissière 2005 4244:Buyids (945–1055)... 2850:اسماعیل منتصر بن نوح 2678:ابوالحسن نصر بن احمد 2450:to the court of the 2115:and environs by the 1435:after a few months. 1301:class=notpageimage| 8915:9th century in Iran 8859:Kara-Khanid Khanate 8266:Freedom of religion 7852:Supreme Audit Court 7731:Automotive industry 7378:Iranian Balochistan 7104:1987 Mecca incident 7001:Iran crisis of 1946 6990:dynasty (1925–1979) 6919:Dynasty (1751–1794) 6860:dynasty (1338–1357) 6852:dynasty (1335–1432) 6844:dynasty (1314–1393) 6829:dynasty (1244–1381) 6813:dynasty (1077–1231) 6797:dynasty (1011–1215) 6714:Caliphate (661–750) 6706:Caliphate (632–661) 6674:Empire (AD 224–651) 6591:Empire (550–330 BC) 6572:Empire (626–539 BC) 6556:Empire (678–549 BC) 6540:Empire (911–609 BC) 6172:Abd al-Aziz ibn Nuh 5761:The History of Iran 5649:. pp. 90–135. 4829:, pp. 764–766. 4817:, pp. 149–151. 4711:Bosworth, C. Edmund 4437:The History of Iran 4020:Contemporary period 3924:Early modern period 3826:Jalayirid Sultanate 3696:Khwarazmian dynasty 3125:Neo-Assyrian Empire 3003:Kura–Araxes culture 2921:Baradostian culture 1675:in Middle Persian: 1452:Abu Mansur Muhammad 1002:and other enemies. 960:Samanid slave trade 950:and converting the 797:in 857, he fled to 532:, from 819 to 999. 498:, or simply as the 195:• Established 130:Hereditary monarchy 8935:819 establishments 8700:Iranian Intermezzo 8397:Persian New Year ( 7802:Main economic laws 7373:Iranian Azerbaijan 7275:Monarchs of Persia 7219:Persianate society 6927:Empire (1789–1925) 6911:Empire (1736–1796) 6903:Empire (1501–1736) 6879:Empire (1370–1507) 6805:Empire (1037–1194) 6770:dynasty (934–1062) 6762:dynasty (931–1090) 6754:dynasty (861–1003) 6623:Empire (312–63 BC) 6524:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 5931:"SASANIAN DYNASTY" 4451:, p. 145-146. 4169:Iranian Intermezzo 4039:Interim Government 4029:Iranian Revolution 3816:Muzaffarid dynasty 3520:864 – 14th century 3510:791 – 11th century 3436:Rashidun Caliphate 3258:Kingdom of Armenia 2907:Prehistoric period 2393:Ismoil Somoni Peak 2281:, 10th century CE. 2099:by the Bactrians; 2091:were populated by 1979:Panjakent District 1937:Persian literature 1933: 1907: 1776: 1709: 1639:Iranian Intermezzo 1633:Iranian intermezzo 1604: 1494: 1448:Ibrahim ibn Simjur 1390:Lili ibn al-Nu'man 1353: 905: 829: 779:Muhammad ibn Tahir 761:Anarchy at Samarra 652: 568:Iranian Intermezzo 8930:Medieval Khorasan 8882: 8881: 8874:Fatimid Caliphate 8869:Abbasid Caliphate 8791:Hadhabani (tribe) 8666: 8665: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8600: 8599: 8507:Opium consumption 8340: 8339: 8176:Ethnic minorities 8150:Iranian languages 8075: 8074: 8071: 8070: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7567:Political parties 7505:Children's rights 7490:Foreign relations 7484:2009 presidential 7431: 7430: 7393:Iranian Kurdistan 7312: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7192: 7191: 7164:COVID-19 pandemic 7023:Revolution (1979) 6969: 6968: 6789:Empire (977–1186) 6746:dynasty (864–928) 6738:dynasty (821–873) 6730:dynasty (819–999) 6683: 6682: 6599:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 6400: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6335: 6327: 6314: 6306: 6293: 6285: 6272: 6264: 6247:Provinces of the 6214: 6213: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6140:Ibrahim ibn Ahmad 6136: 6128: 6120: 6112: 6104: 6079: 6075:Ibrahim ibn Ilyas 6071: 6063: 6055: 6047: 6030: 5840:Cycle of Texts". 5777:978-0-313-30731-7 5752:978-1-84885-353-9 5710:978-0-71009-096-6 5683:978-0-71009-095-9 5509:978-07-00-71228-1 5482:978-08-17-98733-6 5331:978-1-84511-283-7 5304:978-1-925021-16-5 4999:978-0-85772-743-5 4950:978-92-3-103467-1 4924:978-92-3-103467-1 4900:978-0-521-24304-9 4527:Pourshariati 2011 4416:978-0-521-52291-5 4302:978-1-84511-283-7 4257:Elton L. Daniel, 4165: 4164: 4057: 4056: 4010: 4009: 3973: 3972: 3914: 3913: 3856:Afrasiyab dynasty 3756:Khorshidi dynasty 3746:Pishkinid dynasty 3636:Ghaznavid dynasty 3456:Abbasid Caliphate 3446:Umayyad Caliphate 3412: 3411: 3408:550s–11th century 3304:Kingdom of Pontus 3248:Achaemenid Empire 3212:Anshanite Kingdom 3173: 3172: 3076:Oxus Civilization 2984: 2983: 2864: 2863: 2853:1000 – 1005 2708:Ibrahim ibn Ahmad 2651:Ahmad ibn Isma'il 2564:Ibrahim ibn Ilyas 2459: 2160:Intellectual life 1925:Persian miniature 1899:Persian miniature 1503:Abbasid Caliphate 1478:, and the Kumiji 1456:Ibrahim ibn Ahmad 1444:Abu 'Ali Chaghani 967:Muhammad ibn Zayd 915:with Ismail near 897:Samanid Mausoleum 835:from the nomadic 771:Ibrahim ibn Ilyas 712:Rafi ibn al-Layth 480: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 370:Ghaznavid dynasty 362: 361: 273:Abbasid Caliphate 153:• 819–864/5 8957: 8821:Sogdian kingdoms 8759:Kurdish kingdoms 8745:Sallarid dynasty 8720:Saffarid dynasty 8693: 8686: 8679: 8670: 8669: 8656: 8646: 8645: 8497:National symbols 8351: 8350: 8166:Iranian citizens 8103: 8102: 8094: 8093: 8081: 8080: 8063:Research centers 7752:Economic history 7707: 7706: 7694: 7693: 7628:Guardian Council 7450: 7449: 7437: 7436: 7318: 7317: 7295:Electric history 7290:Military history 7204:Ancient Persians 7112: 7111:shootdown (1988) 7094: 7081: 7078:Iranian Embassy 7048: 7037: 7035:Islamic Republic 7024: 7016:1953 coup d'état 6991: 6978: 6977: 6936: 6933:Khanates of the 6928: 6920: 6912: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6880: 6861: 6853: 6845: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6814: 6806: 6798: 6790: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6694: 6693: 6675: 6656: 6648: 6640: 6632: 6624: 6616: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6573: 6565: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6533: 6525: 6517: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6472: 6471: 6456: 6455: 6443: 6442: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6333: 6325: 6312: 6304: 6291: 6283: 6270: 6262: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6218: 6217: 6198: 6196:Isma'il Muntasir 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6077: 6069: 6061: 6053: 6045: 6028: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5962: 5953: 5942: 5935:Yarshater, Ehsan 5925: 5916: 5907: 5886: 5865: 5832: 5823: 5800:Frye, Richard N. 5787: 5756: 5735: 5714: 5697:Yarshater, Ehsan 5687: 5670:Yarshater, Ehsan 5660: 5637:Frye, Richard N. 5628: 5595: 5566: 5547: 5530: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5418: 5412: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5249: 5243: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5175: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5156:, p. 39-40. 5151: 5145: 5140:Michael Dillon, 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5116: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5004: 5003: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4886: 4880: 4869: 4863: 4862:Flury, pp. 62–63 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4745: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4622:Renee Grousset, 4620: 4614: 4608: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4421: 4420: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4286: 4277: 4271: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4239: 4223: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4098:Military history 4088:Economic history 4066:Related articles 4049:Islamic Republic 4025: 4024: 3988: 3987: 3929: 3928: 3886:Kar-Kiya dynasty 3806:Chobanid dynasty 3796:Ilkhanate Empire 3576:Sallarid dynasty 3546:Saffarid dynasty 3432: 3431: 3277: 3274: 3242:–11th century AD 3241: 3238: 3202:Scythian Kingdom 3188: 3187: 3118: 3105: 3082: 3069: 3046: 3029: 2999: 2998: 2979: 2966: 2953: 2940: 2927: 2917: 2916: 2899: 2889: 2871: 2870: 2851: 2841:Isma'il Muntasir 2831: 2830:عبدالمالک بن نوح 2812: 2793: 2774: 2755: 2736: 2717: 2698: 2679: 2660: 2641: 2618: 2610:Ya'qub ibn Ahmad 2605: 2590: 2573: 2572:ابراهیم بن الیاس 2558: 2539: 2524: 2509: 2494: 2476: 2446:, he arrived in 2437: 2435: 2403: 2402: 2290: 2270: 2254: 2234: 1798:, and repressed 1607:Isma'il Muntasir 1545:Ghaznavid Empire 1398:Simjur al-Dawati 1317:Abu Salih Mansur 1310: 1307: 1295: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1255: 1253: 1244: 1242: 1235: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1204: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1182: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1151: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1106: 1104: 1097: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1064: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1033: 1031: 1023: 990:in the west and 952:Nestorian church 909:Amr ibn al-Layth 868:Afrighid dynasty 672:Greater Khorasan 607:Persian language 485: 475: 473: 448: 447: 434: 433: 420: 419: 406: 405: 392: 391: 378: 377: 366: 365: 353: 352: 339: 338: 325: 324: 311: 310: 297: 296: 283: 282: 269: 268: 259:Saffarid dynasty 255: 254: 248: 247: 232: 231: 170:'Abd al-Malik II 41: 19: 18: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8905:Sunni dynasties 8885: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8837: 8816: 8795: 8766:Rawadid dynasty 8754: 8740:Kakuyid dynasty 8730:Ziyarid dynasty 8725:Samanid dynasty 8715:Tahirid dynasty 8703: 8697: 8667: 8662: 8626: 8596: 8575:Rap and hip-hop 8546: 8527:Public holidays 8512:Persian gardens 8501:Imperial Anthem 8492:National Jewels 8447:Iranian studies 8336: 8270: 8222: 8154: 8115:Persian (Farsi) 8088: 8067: 8036: 7998: 7991: 7926:Pharmaceuticals 7871: 7862:Venture capital 7837:Rial (currency) 7822:Nuclear program 7701: 7680: 7647: 7606: 7557:Nuclear program 7522:Judicial system 7444: 7427: 7398:Iranian plateau 7325: 7304: 7188: 7110: 7092: 7079: 7047:History (1979–) 7046: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7022: 6989: 6965: 6934: 6926: 6918: 6910: 6902: 6894: 6886: 6878: 6865: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6812: 6804: 6796: 6788: 6775: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6705: 6689: 6679: 6673: 6660: 6654: 6646: 6638: 6630: 6622: 6614: 6606: 6598: 6590: 6577: 6571: 6570:Neo-Babylonian 6563: 6555: 6548:(860 BC–590 BC) 6547: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6516:(c.2300–675 BC) 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6463: 6450: 6437: 6431: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6383: 6374: 6251: 6245: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6188:Abd al-Malik II 6082: 6031: 6022: 5969: 5967:Further reading 5904: 5883: 5820: 5753: 5732: 5711: 5684: 5657: 5617:10.2307/4300484 5584:10.2307/4299599 5563: 5538: 5533: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5442: 5438: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5383:10.2307/3258167 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5252: 5244: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5118:C.E. Bosworth, 5117: 5113: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5007: 5000: 4984: 4980: 4969: 4965: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4887: 4883: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4424: 4417: 4403: 4399: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4259:History of Iran 4256: 4252: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4161: 4131:Iran portal 4125: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4103:Women's history 4067: 4059: 4058: 4022: 4012: 4011: 3985: 3975: 3974: 3926: 3916: 3915: 3766:Qutlugh-Khanids 3716:Atabegs of Yazd 3616:Rawadid dynasty 3586:Ziyarid dynasty 3526:Tahirid dynasty 3424: 3422:Medieval period 3414: 3413: 3398:6th century–785 3384:Sasanian Empire 3354:Kings of Persis 3324:Parthian Empire 3294:Seleucid Empire 3275: 3239: 3185: 3183:Imperial period 3175: 3174: 3089:Akkadian Empire 3036:Lullubi Kingdom 2996: 2986: 2985: 2934:Zarzian culture 2909: 2887: 2880: 2869: 2852: 2844: 2832: 2824: 2813: 2805: 2794: 2786: 2775: 2767: 2756: 2748: 2737: 2735:عبدالملک بن نوح 2729: 2718: 2716:ابراهیم بن احمد 2710: 2699: 2691: 2680: 2672: 2661: 2659:احمد بن اسماعیل 2653: 2642: 2634: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2606: 2598: 2591: 2583: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2540: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2477: 2469: 2436: 2428: 2401: 2329: 2319: 2308: 2298: 2291: 2282: 2271: 2262: 2255: 2246: 2235: 2215: 2162: 2133: 2113:Pamir mountains 2105:Ferghana valley 2077: 2022: 1968:Yatimat al-Dahr 1881: 1782:by patronizing 1780:Persian culture 1760: 1738:sahib al-shurta 1733:diwanal-rasa'il 1700:al-Muti' lillah 1684: 1671: 1656: 1651: 1635: 1596: 1582:, who received 1539:for control of 1517: 1480:mountain people 1325:Hasan al-Utrush 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1015: 895:Picture of the 889: 813: 807: 767: 757: 752: 680:House of Mihran 640: 635: 623:Sasanian Empire 601:was a rival to 496:Samanid amirate 492:Samanid dynasty 488:Samanian Empire 445: 431: 417: 403: 389: 375: 350: 336: 322: 308: 294: 280: 266: 252: 206: 196: 166: 154: 98: 71: 48: 27: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8963: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8895:Samanid Empire 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8824: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8752: 8750:Bavand dynasty 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8696: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8673: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8650: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8464: 8459: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8370: 8364: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8248: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8173: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8109: 8100: 8090: 8089: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8003: 8001: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7959: 7949: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7892: 7881: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7703: 7702: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7676:Supreme Leader 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7638:Local councils 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7533: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7515:Women's rights 7512: 7507: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7477: 7472: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7446: 7445: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7366:Climate change 7358: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7250:Jiroft culture 7247: 7246: 7245: 7238:Iranic peoples 7235: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7214:Persianization 7211: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7088: 7083: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7042: 7040: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6984: 6982: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6930: 6922: 6914: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6882: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6855: 6847: 6839: 6832: 6824: 6821:(1135/36-1225) 6816: 6808: 6800: 6792: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6700: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6634: 6631:(c.295–220 BC) 6626: 6618: 6610: 6602: 6594: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6543: 6535: 6527: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6490:Proto-Elamite 6487: 6478: 6476: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6452: 6451: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6273: 6265: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6249:Samanid Empire 6244: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6185: 6177: 6169: 6161: 6153: 6148:Abd al-Malik I 6145: 6137: 6129: 6121: 6113: 6105: 6096: 6094: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6072: 6067:Ilyas ibn Asad 6064: 6059:Ahmad ibn Asad 6056: 6051:Yahya ibn Asad 6048: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6026:Samanid Empire 6024:Rulers of the 6021: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5954: 5943: 5926: 5924:. I.B. Tauris. 5917: 5908: 5902: 5887: 5881: 5866: 5854:10.2307/601973 5848:(4): 645–650. 5838:Ṣiwān al-Ḥikma 5833: 5824: 5818: 5796:"The Sāmānids" 5788: 5779: 5757: 5751: 5736: 5730: 5715: 5709: 5688: 5682: 5661: 5655: 5633:Bosworth, C.E. 5629: 5596: 5567: 5561: 5548: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5515: 5508: 5488: 5481: 5461: 5455:978-8412527858 5454: 5436: 5413: 5404: 5377:(6): 209–228. 5361: 5357:Litvinsky 1998 5349: 5345:Litvinsky 1998 5337: 5330: 5310: 5303: 5283: 5281:, p. 101. 5279:Litvinsky 1998 5271: 5267:Litvinsky 1998 5250: 5246:Litvinsky 1998 5229: 5220: 5213: 5195: 5186: 5167: 5158: 5146: 5133: 5124: 5111: 5098: 5092:978-8412527858 5091: 5073: 5061: 5054: 5036: 5024: 5022:, p. 143. 5005: 4998: 4978: 4963: 4949: 4929: 4923: 4905: 4899: 4881: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4792: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4746: 4744:, p. 141. 4731: 4702: 4690: 4688:, p. 140. 4675: 4666: 4659: 4641: 4628: 4615: 4613:, p. 138. 4596: 4594:, p. 142. 4584: 4582:, p. 116. 4572: 4570:, p. 296. 4560: 4548: 4546:, p. 137. 4531: 4529:, p. 463. 4519: 4517:, p. 136. 4494: 4492:, p. 162. 4482: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4422: 4415: 4397: 4378:(3): 475–504. 4358: 4320: 4318:, p. 145. 4308: 4301: 4278: 4276:, p. 146. 4263: 4250: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4204: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4083:Heads of state 4080: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3876:Timurid Empire 3872: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3666:Nasrid dynasty 3662: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3560:pre-879 – 1215 3558: 3556:Ghurid dynasty 3552: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3536:Samanid Empire 3532: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3516:Alid dynasties 3512: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3112:Avestan period 3108: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3023:Jiroft culture 3019: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3005: 2997: 2994:Ancient period 2992: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2980:5th millennium 2975: 2969: 2968: 2967:6th millennium 2962: 2956: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2765:Nuh ibn Mansur 2761: 2760: 2758: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2608: 2593: 2577: 2576: 2561: 2549:Ahmad ibn Asad 2546: 2543: 2542: 2530:Ilyas ibn Asad 2527: 2515:Yahya ibn Asad 2512: 2500:Ahmad ibn Asad 2497: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2467:Asad ibn Saman 2464: 2461: 2460: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2400: 2399:Samanid rulers 2397: 2383:is also named 2314:says of them: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2272: 2265: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2241:) metal work, 2236: 2229: 2214: 2211: 2207:Siwān al-Hikma 2161: 2158: 2132: 2129: 2121:Middle Iranian 2076: 2073: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2007: 1880: 1877: 1759: 1756: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1634: 1631: 1595: 1592: 1558:confederation 1516: 1513: 1402:Makan ibn Kaki 1367:Ahmad ibn Sahl 1299: 1298: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009:(r. 907–914). 888: 885: 842:living in the 806: 803: 756: 753: 751: 748: 740:Ilyas ibn Asad 732:Yahya ibn Asad 724:Ahmad ibn Asad 708:Asad ibn Saman 664:Balkh province 639: 636: 634: 631: 535:Four brothers— 464:Samanid Empire 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 442: 436: 435: 428: 422: 421: 414: 408: 407: 400: 394: 393: 386: 380: 379: 372: 363: 360: 359: 354: 346: 345: 340: 332: 331: 326: 318: 317: 315:Bukhar Khudahs 312: 304: 303: 298: 290: 289: 284: 276: 275: 270: 262: 261: 256: 244: 243: 238: 228: 227: 224: 220: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181: 180:Historical era 177: 176: 173: 172: 167: 164: 161: 160: 158:Ahmad ibn Asad 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 119:Zoroastrianism 104: 100: 99: 97: 96: 90: 79: 77: 73: 72: 70: 69: 63: 56: 54: 50: 49: 42: 34: 33: 29: 28: 25: 23:Samanid Empire 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8962: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8854:Seljuk Empire 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8833:Sajid dynasty 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8735:Buyid dynasty 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8694: 8689: 8687: 8682: 8680: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8649: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8471:news agencies 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7832:Privatization 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7695: 7691: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7301: 7300:Years in Iran 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7224:Turco-Persian 7222: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7093:War (1980–88) 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6931: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6891: 6889: 6885:Qara Qoyunlu 6883: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6686: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582:550 BC–AD 224 6580: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6538:Neo-Assyrian 6536: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6386: 6381: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6332: 6329: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6311: 6308: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6290: 6287: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6269: 6266: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6206: 6197: 6194: 6189: 6186: 6181: 6178: 6173: 6170: 6165: 6162: 6157: 6154: 6149: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6133: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6117: 6114: 6109: 6108:Ismail Samani 6106: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6076: 6073: 6068: 6065: 6060: 6057: 6052: 6049: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6019: 6014: 6012: 6007: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5970: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5903:9789231032110 5899: 5895: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5882:9789004097964 5878: 5874: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5819:0-521-20093-8 5815: 5811: 5808:. Cambridge: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769:0-313-30731-8 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5731:9780748621378 5727: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693:"ĀL-E MOḤTĀJ" 5689: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5656:0-521-20093-8 5652: 5648: 5645:. Cambridge: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5562:9789004123212 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5528: 5524: 5523:Richard Foltz 5519: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5359:, p. 94. 5358: 5353: 5347:, p. 93. 5346: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5269:, p. 98. 5268: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5248:, p. 97. 5247: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5224: 5216: 5214:9780415749688 5210: 5206: 5199: 5190: 5183: 5180: 5177:T.W. Arnold, 5174: 5172: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5137: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5071:, p. 86. 5070: 5069:Negmatov 1998 5065: 5057: 5055:9780691165851 5051: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5032:Shahbazi 2005 5028: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4842: 4841:The Year 1000 4835: 4828: 4827:Bosworth 1984 4823: 4816: 4811: 4805:, p. 63. 4804: 4803:Bosworth 2011 4799: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4700:, p. 35. 4699: 4698:Bosworth 1968 4694: 4687: 4682: 4680: 4670: 4662: 4660:9780691165851 4656: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4593: 4592:Grousset 1991 4588: 4581: 4580:Bosworth 1975 4576: 4569: 4564: 4558:, p. 27. 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4491: 4490:Bosworth 2004 4486: 4480:, p. 58. 4479: 4478:Bosworth 1973 4474: 4472: 4470: 4463:, p. 20. 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4211:Specifically 4208: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3983:Modern period 3979: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3955:Afsharid Iran 3953: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3944:Hotak dynasty 3941: 3940: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3686:Seljuk Empire 3684: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3606:Buyid dynasty 3604: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3566:Sajid dynasty 3564: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3358:132 BC–224 AD 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3348:141 BC–222 AD 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3338:147 BC–224 AD 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3328:247 BC–224 AD 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3288:320s BC–17 AD 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3276: 323 BC 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3262:331 BC–428 AD 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3252:550 BC–330 BC 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3226:626 BC–539 BC 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3216:635 BC–550 BC 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3192:Median Empire 3190: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3013:Proto-Elamite 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2976: 2974: 2973:Dalma culture 2971: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2941:20,000–10,000 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2928:36,000–18,000 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2858: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2617:یعقوب بن احمد 2614: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2355:Nizam al-Mulk 2350: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2339:Ismail Samani 2335: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2303: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2165:literature." 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2026:Shahid Balkhi 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1951:(d. 977) and 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1829:Although the 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1681:King of Kings 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1646: 1644: 1643:Abbasid power 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570:, who gained 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1302: 1294: 1283: 1274: 1263: 1254: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1214: 1203: 1192: 1181: 1172: 1161: 1150: 1141: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1085: 1083: 1074: 1072: 1063: 1052: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1022: 1010: 1008: 1003: 1001: 995: 994:in the east. 993: 989: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 954:there into a 953: 949: 945: 941: 940:Ismail Samani 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 902: 901:Ismail Samani 898: 893: 884: 881: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 838: 834: 826: 822: 817: 812: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 766: 762: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Bahram Chobin 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 649: 644: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 580:Turko-Persian 577: 576:Islamic world 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 553:Ismail Samani 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 512: 508: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 478: 469: 465: 443: 441: 440:Buyid dynasty 438: 437: 429: 427: 424: 423: 415: 413: 410: 409: 401: 399: 396: 395: 387: 385: 382: 381: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 358: 355: 348: 347: 344: 341: 334: 333: 330: 327: 320: 319: 316: 313: 306: 305: 302: 299: 292: 291: 288: 285: 278: 277: 274: 271: 264: 263: 260: 257: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 229: 225: 221: 216: 212: 208: 202: 198: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 174: 171: 168: 162: 159: 156: 150: 146: 142: 139: 134: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 94: 91: 88: 87:lingua franca 84: 81: 80: 78: 74: 67: 64: 61: 58: 57: 55: 51: 46: 40: 35: 30: 20: 8781:Hasanwayhids 8605:Other topics 8589: 8517:Persian name 8456:Islamization 8398: 8358:Architecture 8311:universities 8256:Zoroastrians 8251:Christianity 8241:Baháʼí Faith 8191:Azerbaijanis 8098:Demographics 7912:Construction 7900:Central Bank 7842:Space Agency 7737:Child labour 7572:Principlists 7552:Cyberwarfare 7500:Human rights 7465:Constitution 7260:Azerbaijanis 7229:Indo-Persian 7209:Greater Iran 7080:siege (1980) 7039:1979–present 6727: 6690:early modern 6688:Medieval and 6482:Kura-Araxes 6248: 6116:Ahmad Samani 6043:Nuh ibn Asad 6025: 5978: 5974: 5958: 5948: 5938: 5921: 5912: 5892: 5871: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5804: 5783: 5760: 5741: 5720: 5700: 5673: 5641: 5608: 5604: 5575: 5571: 5552: 5543: 5526: 5518: 5498: 5491: 5471: 5464: 5445: 5439: 5422: 5416: 5407: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5320: 5313: 5293: 5286: 5274: 5223: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5178: 5161: 5149: 5141: 5136: 5127: 5119: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5082: 5076: 5064: 5045: 5039: 5027: 4988: 4981: 4966: 4954: 4939: 4932: 4914: 4908: 4890: 4884: 4874: 4872:"GHAZNAVIDS" 4867: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4761: 4722:. 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Retrieved 4337: 4333: 4323: 4311: 4291: 4258: 4253: 4242: 4237: 4207: 4198: 4093:LGBT history 4053:1979–present 4002:Pahlavi Iran 3965:Zand dynasty 3933:Safavid Iran 3896:Qara Qoyunlu 3786:Kurt dynasty 3626:Hasanwayhids 3535: 3426: 3404:Qarinvandids 3308:281 BC–62 BC 3298:312 BC–63 BC 2911: 2773:نوح بن منصور 2538:الیاس بن اسد 2523:یحییٰ بن اسد 2485:Nuh ibn Asad 2475:اسد بن سامان 2389:Soviet Union 2375:currency of 2370: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2347:padishahship 2344: 2336: 2323: 2317: 2309: 2301: 2216: 2206: 2167: 2163: 2134: 2085:Kashka Darya 2078: 2067: 2065: 2034: 2023: 2008: 1972: 1967: 1964:al-Tha'alibi 1957: 1934: 1914: 1888: 1862: 1855: 1840: 1828: 1811:Central Asia 1777: 1753: 1746: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1689: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1636: 1620: 1612: 1605: 1549: 1518: 1507: 1495: 1468: 1459: 1437: 1433:tuberculosis 1422: 1379: 1375:Marw al-Rudh 1354: 1347:, minted in 1314: 1137: 1092: 1081: 1070: 1048: 1007:Ahmad Samani 1004: 996: 964: 944:Karluk Turks 933: 906: 876: 858:his brother 856: 830: 768: 716:Nuh ibn Asad 674:rather than 653: 584: 565: 534: 530:Central Asia 507:Sunni Muslim 499: 495: 491: 487: 463: 461: 241:Succeeded by 240: 235: 115:Nestorianism 8622:Tehrangeles 8585:Traditional 8322:Nationality 8260:persecution 8245:persecution 8196:Circassians 8145:Neo-Aramaic 8125:Azerbaijani 7997:State-owned 7922:Health care 7885:Agriculture 7722:Brain drain 7661:Ambassadors 7356:Earthquakes 6893:Aq Qoyunlu 6842:Muzaffarid 6819:Eldiguzids 6811:Anushtegin 6637:Kingdom of 6613:Kingdom of 6605:Kingdom of 6597:Atropatene 6589:Achaemenid 6530:Kingdom of 6475:3400–539 BC 6365:Tukharistan 6281:Gharchistan 6268:Chaghaniyan 5981:: 451–458. 5154:Donner 1999 4461:Bregel 2003 3776:Mihrabanids 3736:Hazaraspids 3496:Baduspanids 3374:Paratarajas 3368:19 AD–224/5 2886:History of 2784:Abd al-Aziz 2604:نصر بن احمد 2557:احمد بن اسد 2508:احمد بن اسد 2444:Afghanistan 2426:Saman Khuda 2360:Siyasatnama 2223:earthenware 2151:-descended 2145:Khwarezmian 2137:Persianized 2125:New Persian 2097:Tukharistan 2045:Chaghaniyan 2032:about him. 1955:(d. 1020). 1873:Scandinavia 1836:Sunni Islam 1831:Zoroastrian 1796:Sunni Islam 1748:sipah-salar 1688:in Arabic: 1625:tribe near 1584:Transoxiana 1580:Karakhanids 1576:Afghanistan 1562:, captured 1541:Transoxiana 1537:Karakhanids 1533:Sebük Tigin 1472:Tukharistan 1464:Chaghaniyan 1000:Karakhanids 983:Amr Saffari 848:Transoxiana 825:Transoxiana 765:Fifth Fitna 692:Zoroastrian 688:Oghuz Turks 676:Transoxiana 668:Afghanistan 656:Saman Khuda 522:Transoxiana 509:empire, of 412:Farighunids 384:Karakhanids 236:Preceded by 184:Middle Ages 165:• 999 107:Sunni Islam 8910:Tabaristan 8889:Categories 8849:Ghaznavids 8828:Banu Ilyas 8776:Shaddadids 8522:Philosophy 8481:newspapers 8462:Literature 8367:architects 8362:Achaemenid 8282:Corruption 7742:Corruption 7582:Reformists 7577:Propaganda 7475:Corruption 7460:Censorship 7403:Lake Urmia 7091:Iran–Iraq 6787:Ghaznavid 6665:AD 224–651 6629:Frataraka 6461:Prehistory 6359:Tabaristan 6191:(999–1004) 5896:. UNESCO. 5792:Frye, R.N. 4724:24 January 4556:Blair 1992 4340:(2): 222. 4230:References 3992:Qajar Iran 3906:Aq Qoyunlu 3890:1370s–1592 3726:Salghurids 3706:Eldiguzids 3676:Shabankara 3650:990/1–1117 3394:Zarmihrids 3314:Fratarakas 3268:Atropatene 3206:652–625 BC 3196:678–550 BC 2843:ibn Nuh II 2697:نوح بن نصر 2560:819–864/5 2511:819–864/5 2496:819–841/2 2493:نوح بن اسد 2409:Samarkand 2377:Tajikistan 2156:Samanids. 2075:Population 1983:Tajikistan 1947:(d. 941), 1927:depicting 1916:Tarikhnama 1890:Tarikhnama 1879:Literature 1851:Ghaznavids 1654:Government 1588:Oxus River 1578:, and the 1568:Ghaznavids 1552:Karakhanid 1550:In 992, a 1309: 900 1159:PRATIHARAS 1028:KARAKHANID 921:Tabaristan 809:See also: 648:Tarikhnama 572:Persianate 504:Persianate 398:Banu Ilyas 301:Banijurids 126:Government 111:Shia Islam 109:(minority 8812:Ma'munids 8807:Afrighids 8771:Marwanids 8487:Mythology 8393:Calendars 8383:Astronomy 8292:Education 8201:Georgians 8186:Assyrians 8181:Armenians 8107:Languages 7999:companies 7962:Transport 7942:Petroleum 7727:Companies 7666:President 7653:Officials 7587:Terrorism 7536:Air Force 7480:Elections 7418:Provinces 7413:Mountains 7323:Geography 7243:languages 6981:1925–1979 6909:Afsharid 6870:1370–1925 6858:Chobanid 6752:Saffarid 6704:Rashidun 6672:Sasanian 6653:Kings of 6645:Parthian 6621:Seleucid 6562:Scythian 6522:Kassites 6506:Akkadian 6370:Ushrusana 6183:(997–999) 6180:Mansur II 6167:(976–997) 6159:(961–976) 6151:(954–961) 6135:(943–954) 6127:(914–943) 6119:(907–914) 6111:(892–907) 6103:(864–892) 6078:(856–867) 6070:(819–856) 6062:(819–864) 6054:(819–855) 6046:(819–841) 6029:(819–999) 5578:: 33–44. 5391:0026-1521 5184:on pp 161 5020:Frye 1975 4815:Frye 1975 4742:Frye 1975 4686:Frye 1975 4611:Frye 1975 4544:Frye 1975 4515:Frye 1975 4449:Frye 1975 4346:1076-156X 4316:Frye 1975 4274:Frye 1975 4006:1925–1979 3996:1789–1925 3969:1751–1794 3959:1736–1796 3949:1722–1729 3937:1501–1736 3910:1468–1508 3900:1406–1468 3880:1370–1507 3870:1359–1596 3866:Mar'ashis 3860:1349–1504 3850:1335–1357 3840:1337–1376 3836:Sarbadars 3830:1337–1376 3820:1335–1393 3810:1335–1357 3800:1256–1335 3790:1244–1396 3780:1236–1537 3770:1223-1306 3760:1184-1597 3750:1155–1231 3740:1155–1424 3730:1148–1282 3720:1141–1319 3710:1135–1225 3700:1077–1231 3690:1037–1194 3680:1030–1355 3670:1029–1236 3660:1008–1141 3506:Justanids 3476:Bavandids 3344:Characene 3106:1500–1155 3093:2400–2150 3083:2400–1700 3070:2550-2020 3030:3100–2200 3017:3200–2700 3007:3400–2000 2954:6000–5000 2792:عبدالعزیز 2624:Saffarids 2434:سامان خدا 2412:Ferghana 2385:Somon Air 2332:Bahrāmids 2330:From the 2326:Sasanians 2194:Bunjikath 2174:Samarkand 2089:Usrushana 2081:Zarafshan 2053:epic poem 2049:Shahnameh 1975:Panjrudak 1929:Alexander 1772:Samarkand 1743:Muhtajids 1615:Zarafshan 1525:Alp Tigin 1509:Alp Tigin 1382:Daylamite 1270:BYZANTINE 1241:DVARAVATI 1190:CALIPHATE 1148:SRIVIJAYA 1130:SAFFARIDS 1071:Pechenegs 946:, taking 742:received 734:received 726:received 720:Samarkand 718:received 615:Saffarids 582:culture. 483:Sāmāniyān 477:romanized 426:Muhtajids 103:Religion 68:(892–999) 62:(819–892) 60:Samarkand 8842:See also 8786:Annazids 8648:Category 8541:football 8532:Scouting 8442:Iranians 8432:Folklore 8228:Religion 8140:Georgian 8120:Armenian 7981:shipping 7976:railways 7966:airlines 7932:Industry 7797:Taxation 7611:Councils 7527:Military 7442:Politics 7423:Wildlife 7388:Caucasus 7270:Persians 7197:See also 7021:Iranian 6988:Pahlavi 6901:Safavid 6877:Timurid 6780:977–1432 6760:Ziyarid 6736:Tahirid 6728:Samanid 6720:Abbasid 6712:Umayyad 6697:632–1090 6514:Lullubi 6498:Elamite 6331:Khwarazm 6318:Khorasan 6276:Farghana 6156:Mansur I 6092:Khorasan 5987:26637395 5961:. Brill. 5794:(1975). 4221:Khorasan 4217:Sijistan 4120:Timeline 4078:Monarchs 3656:Kakuyids 3646:Annazids 3640:977–1186 3630:959–1095 3620:955–1070 3610:934–1062 3596:Ilyasids 3590:930–1090 3580:919–1062 3550:861–1003 3500:665–1598 3480:651–1349 3466:Dabuyids 3460:750–1258 3119:1500–500 3099:Kassites 3057:2700–539 3047:3100-675 2913:BCE / BC 2877:a series 2875:Part of 2867:See also 2814:997–999 2776:976–997 2757:961–976 2738:954–961 2700:943–954 2681:914–943 2662:907–914 2643:892–907 2607:864–892 2592:892–907 2575:856–867 2541:819–856 2526:819–855 2406:Bukhara 2381:Dushanbe 2312:Ferdowsi 2275:Nishapur 2219:Nishapur 2186:Nishapur 2153:Yaghnobi 2141:Bactrian 2131:Language 2109:Khorasan 2101:Khwarezm 2093:Sogdians 2083:valley, 2057:Gushtasp 2041:Muhtajid 1953:Ferdowsi 1768:Afrasiab 1729:mustawfi 1696:Muhammad 1664:Mansur I 1572:Khorasan 1440:Muhtajid 1425:Isma'ili 1418:Iskhabad 1414:Vushmgir 1410:Mardavij 1396:general 1394:Simjurid 1362:Nishapur 1351:(933/4). 1349:Nishapur 1343:Coin of 1168:RASHTRA- 1157:GURJARA- 1139:SAMANIDS 992:Peshawar 872:Khwarazm 821:Khorasan 799:Nishapur 783:Saffarid 736:Tashkent 728:Farghana 704:Khorasan 613:and the 595:Avicenna 591:Ferdowsi 518:Khorasan 502:, was a 500:Samanids 472:سامانیان 223:928 est. 26:سامانیان 8591:Ey Iran 8539: ( 8499: ( 8475:student 8473: ( 8469: ( 8454: ( 8422:Cuisine 8407:Fashion 8395: ( 8375: ( 8360: ( 8346:Culture 8294: ( 8258: ( 8243: ( 8216:Turkmen 8168: ( 8159:Peoples 8130:Kurdish 8086:Society 7987:Tourism 7964: ( 7954: ( 7944: ( 7924: ( 7917:Defense 7887: ( 7877:Sectors 7864: ( 7824: ( 7729: ( 7710:General 7699:Economy 7589: ( 7559: ( 7529: ( 7482: ( 7467: ( 7453:General 7408:Islands 7344:largest 7334:Borders 6803:Seljuk 6795:Ghurid 6744:Alavid 6554:Median 6546:Urartu 6468:Ancient 6448:History 6323:Khuttal 6124:Nasr II 5937:(ed.). 5802:(ed.). 5699:(ed.). 5672:(ed.). 5639:(ed.). 5625:4300484 5592:4299599 5536:Sources 5399:3258167 4392:2600793 3846:Injuids 3600:932–968 3570:889–929 3540:819–999 3530:821–873 3490:651–760 3470:642–760 3450:661–750 3440:632-661 3428:CE / AD 3388:224–651 3378:125–300 3334:Elymais 3278:–226 AD 3169:720-670 3165:Saparda 3159:750-521 3155:Zikirti 3149:850–616 3145:Mannaea 3139:860–590 3129:911–609 3063:Marhaši 2846:Persian 2826:Persian 2807:Persian 2788:Persian 2769:Persian 2750:Persian 2731:Persian 2712:Persian 2693:Persian 2674:Persian 2670:Nasr II 2655:Persian 2636:Persian 2613:Persian 2600:Persian 2585:Persian 2568:Persian 2553:Persian 2534:Persian 2519:Persian 2504:Persian 2489:Persian 2471:Persian 2452:Umayyad 2430:Persian 2259:Simurgh 2243:Khorezm 2190:Khujand 2170:Bukhara 2149:Sogdian 1923:, with 1921:Bal'ami 1897:, with 1895:Bal'ami 1819:Persian 1807:Twelver 1800:Ismaili 1788:Bal'ami 1686:Reverse 1673:Obverse 1668:Bukhara 1649:Culture 1564:Bukhara 1521:ghulams 1476:Khuttal 1406:Ziyarid 1345:Nasr II 1334:Nasr II 1223:DYNASTY 1188:ABBASID 1093:Khitans 1030:KHANATE 929:Isfahan 913:clashed 880:caliphs 864:Bukhara 833:Isfijab 819:Map of 795:Pushang 775:Tahirid 638:Origins 633:History 627:Persian 603:Baghdad 599:Bukhara 561:Abbasid 511:Iranian 479:: 468:Persian 83:Persian 66:Bukhara 53:Capital 45:Nasr II 32:819–999 8658:Portal 8417:Cinema 8399:Nowruz 8296:higher 8170:abroad 8135:Hebrew 8041:Places 7937:Mining 7762:Energy 7339:Cities 7255:Aryans 6974:Modern 6925:Qajar 6768:Buyid 6436:topics 6354:Sogdia 6349:Sistan 6339:Kirman 6302:Guzgan 6297:Gurgan 6289:Ghazna 6164:Nuh II 6100:Nasr I 5985: 5900: 5879: 5862:601973 5860: 5816: 5775: 5767: 5749: 5728: 5707: 5680: 5653: 5623: 5590: 5559: 5506: 5479: 5452: 5397: 5389: 5328: 5301: 5211: 5089: 5052: 4996: 4957:b. Ali 4947: 4921: 4897: 4657: 4413: 4390: 4344: 4299: 4219:, and 4213:Kirman 3232:Sogdia 3135:Urartu 2879:on the 2596:Nasr I 2418:Herat 2415:Shash 2373:Somoni 2306:Legacy 2239:Seljuk 2202:Termez 2198:Hulbuk 2068:dehqan 2061:Arjasp 2003:ruba'i 1999:ghazal 1995:qasida 1960:Arabic 1949:Daqiqi 1945:Rudaki 1903:Masruq 1869:Baltic 1865:Europe 1858:Nuh II 1856:Under 1847:Hanafi 1815:Qur'an 1803:Shiism 1792:Daqiqi 1784:Rudaki 1719:vassal 1586:; the 1556:Karluk 1529:Ghazna 1499:Buyids 1442:ruler 1408:ruler 1386:Gilite 1330:Arabic 1323:named 1292:SHAHIS 1272:EMPIRE 1212:YABGUS 1201:EMPIRE 1179:MULTAN 1121:KHOTAN 1082:Kimeks 1059:KIEVAN 1049:Cumans 988:Qazvin 979:Daylam 975:Gorgan 969:, the 956:mosque 860:Ismail 852:Nasr I 844:steppe 791:Sistan 785:ruler 738:, and 660:dehqan 619:Arabic 611:Buyids 593:, and 587:Rudaki 557:feudal 547:, and 514:dehqan 357:Sogdia 143: 136:Amir ( 93:Arabic 47:in 943 8552:Music 8537:Sport 8467:Media 8452:Islam 8388:Blogs 8332:Women 8287:Crime 8275:Other 8236:Islam 8206:Kurds 7971:metro 7889:fruit 7847:Setad 6917:Zand 6827:Kart 6175:(992) 6143:(947) 6132:Nuh I 6088:Amirs 5983:JSTOR 5933:. In 5858:JSTOR 5798:. In 5695:. In 5668:. In 5621:JSTOR 5588:JSTOR 5395:JSTOR 4388:JSTOR 4190:Notes 3040:Zamua 2689:Nuh I 2440:Balkh 2328:gone? 2178:Balkh 2030:elegy 1987:chang 1843:Turks 1823:Islam 1817:into 1724:divan 1692:Allah 1679:"the 1429:Nuh I 1290:HINDU 1281:SILLA 1261:KHMER 1232:PAGAN 1210:OGHUZ 1170:KUTAS 1112:QOCHO 971:Zaydi 948:Talas 917:Balkh 840:Turks 837:pagan 744:Herat 696:Islam 549:Ilyas 545:Yahya 541:Ahmad 8580:Rock 8565:Jazz 8560:Folk 8426:wine 8211:Jews 7541:Navy 7531:Army 7510:LGBT 6434:Iran 6310:Ilaq 6260:Bust 5898:ISBN 5877:ISBN 5814:ISBN 5773:ISBN 5765:ISBN 5747:ISBN 5726:ISBN 5705:ISBN 5678:ISBN 5651:ISBN 5605:Iran 5572:Iran 5557:ISBN 5504:ISBN 5477:ISBN 5450:ISBN 5387:ISSN 5326:ISBN 5299:ISBN 5209:ISBN 5087:ISBN 5050:ISBN 4994:ISBN 4945:ISBN 4919:ISBN 4895:ISBN 4726:2015 4655:ISBN 4411:ISBN 4353:2016 4342:ISSN 4297:ISBN 4108:Wars 4073:Name 4043:1979 4033:1979 3053:Elam 2888:Iran 2833:999 2795:992 2719:947 2448:Merv 2371:The 2295:Iran 2279:Iran 2213:Arts 2182:Merv 2143:and 2123:and 2117:Saka 2087:and 2059:and 2001:and 1991:harp 1941:Fars 1871:and 1790:and 1714:amir 1627:Merv 1623:Arab 1574:and 1490:Iran 1460:amir 1384:and 1371:Merv 1321:Alid 1252:ZHAO 1250:NAN- 1221:TANG 1199:PALA 1061:RUS' 927:and 823:and 763:and 750:Rise 528:and 526:Iran 520:and 462:The 218:Area 138:Emir 8570:Pop 8373:Art 7956:TCI 6344:Ray 6090:of 5979:177 5850:doi 5846:102 5613:doi 5580:doi 5427:doi 5379:doi 4380:doi 4246:". 2037:Tus 1981:in 1919:of 1893:of 1704:Nuh 1458:as 1039:900 925:Ray 870:of 862:to 789:in 702:in 682:of 537:Nuh 209:999 199:819 8891:: 5977:. 5856:. 5844:. 5771:, 5619:. 5609:11 5607:. 5603:. 5586:. 5574:. 5525:, 5393:. 5385:. 5375:23 5373:. 5253:^ 5232:^ 5170:^ 5008:^ 4953:. 4795:^ 4749:^ 4734:^ 4717:. 4678:^ 4599:^ 4534:^ 4497:^ 4468:^ 4425:^ 4386:. 4376:41 4374:. 4370:. 4338:12 4336:. 4332:. 4281:^ 4266:^ 4215:, 3273:c. 3237:c. 3117:c. 3104:c. 3081:c. 3068:c. 3045:c. 3028:c. 2978:c. 2965:c. 2952:c. 2939:c. 2926:c. 2860:? 2848:: 2828:: 2809:: 2790:: 2771:: 2752:: 2733:: 2714:: 2695:: 2676:: 2657:: 2638:: 2620:? 2615:: 2602:: 2587:: 2570:: 2555:: 2536:: 2521:: 2506:: 2491:: 2473:: 2432:: 2395:. 2341:: 2277:, 2200:, 2196:, 2192:, 2188:, 2184:, 2180:, 2176:, 2172:, 2095:; 2063:. 2005:. 1997:, 1875:. 1786:, 1770:, 1547:. 1523:, 1420:. 1306:c. 923:, 746:. 730:; 722:; 714:. 589:, 543:, 539:, 494:, 490:, 474:, 470:: 117:, 113:, 8692:e 8685:t 8678:v 8543:) 8503:) 8483:) 8477:) 8458:) 8428:) 8424:( 8403:) 8401:) 8379:) 8369:) 8313:) 8262:) 8247:) 8172:) 7983:) 7958:) 7948:) 7928:) 7891:) 7868:) 7828:) 7733:) 7593:) 7563:) 7543:) 7486:) 7471:) 6426:e 6419:t 6412:v 6361:* 6334:† 6326:† 6313:† 6305:† 6292:† 6284:† 6271:† 6263:† 6240:e 6233:t 6226:v 6017:e 6010:t 6003:v 5989:. 5906:. 5885:. 5864:. 5852:: 5822:. 5755:. 5734:. 5713:. 5686:. 5659:. 5627:. 5615:: 5594:. 5582:: 5576:6 5565:. 5512:. 5485:. 5458:. 5433:. 5429:: 5401:. 5381:: 5334:. 5307:. 5217:. 5095:. 5058:. 5034:. 5002:. 4728:. 4663:. 4419:. 4394:. 4382:: 4355:. 4305:. 4156:e 4149:t 4142:v 3946:) 3942:( 3038:/ 2297:. 2257:" 1774:. 1706:. 1670:. 903:. 827:. 466:( 140:) 121:) 85:(

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