3123:
2854:, and wrote a book in 15 parts. The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.
2987:
2946:
196:
55:
10493:
3150:
8655:
6915:
4489:
1387:
4563:, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the
2922:
2877:, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In some later interpretations, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama,
4577:, conceived when his mother gazed upon a falling star. He supposedly remained in her womb for 62 years before being born while his mother was leaning against a plum tree. Laozi was said to have emerged as a grown man with a full grey beard and long earlobes, both symbols of wisdom and long life. Other myths state that he was
4960:
have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways, highlighting the teachings of Laozi in particular. In her rendition of the Tao Te Ching, Le Guin writes that Laozi "does not see political power as magic. He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped...
3026:
describes the Tao as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance
2737:
is "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands", with an author being invented afterwards. While multiple authorship over time is typical for early
Chinese texts, the book's conspicuous absence of a central Master figure place it in marked contrast with nearly all other early Chinese philosophical
3086:
Alan Chan provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of
3048:
is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in
English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".
3122:
3031:
intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao. Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.
3062:
used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some
Taoists see a connection between
3091:, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an
4900:. James A. Dorn agreed, writing that Laozi, like many 18th-century liberals, "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony." Similarly, the
2884:
The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with
Confucius, most famously in the
4538:
and culture. Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various
3010:, and has always been associated with that name. The identity of the person or people who wrote or compiled the text has been the source of considerable speculation and debate throughout history. As with many works of ancient
4920:
that Laozi advocated for rulers to "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony." Philosopher
Roderick Long argues that libertarian themes in Taoist thought are actually borrowed from earlier
4853:, he tells of his travels to China to spread his ideas on spirituality, specifically on the topic of sublimating the sexual energies and using said energies to become self-realised, with a spiritually-minded partner. His
3018:
stands as an exemplar of this literary form. Unlike most works of its genre, the book conspicuously lacks a central "master" character and seldom references historical people or events, giving it an air of timelessness.
4849:, one of the 18 esteemed Siddhars of yore, is believed to be Laozi and is of Chinese origin. His caste, from obscure references is noted to be "Cinatecakkuyavar" or Chinese potter. In his principal book of poetry, the
6139:
An appreciation for spontaneous order can be found in the writings of the ancient
Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu (6th century bce), who urged rulers to "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in
3095:
of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit"
6896:
2869:
and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard
2384:, typically translated as "the Old Master". Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as
5401:), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 B.C.E. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 B.C.E."
2753:. These passages correspond with roughly one third of the received text, and some are placed in the same order. These are mixed in with passages not carried by the transmitted
3279:
3267:
4770:) and then, in 754, as the "Great Sage Ancestor and Mysterious and Primordial Heavenly Emperor and Great Sovereign of the Golden Palace of the High and Supreme Great Way"
10286:
4961:
He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way. No wonder anarchists and
Taoists make good friends."
2945:
4936:
praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and community in his 1937 book
4621:). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture. Under the
3058:, or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source.
2873:. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the
11656:
3149:
4517:
2826:), and was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal Zhou court. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the
2623:' or plum tree when used as a common noun; there is a legend tying Laozi's birth to a plum tree. Laozi has long been identified with the persona
8708:
1518:
6126:
2689:
was the title of the eldest son born to the primary wife, or an uncle of the father's family who was older than one's father, also used as a
11901:
10262:
6965:
2141:
11941:
11931:
10529:
2834:
5415:, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the
3014:, ideas are often explained by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. The
2693:
indicating an aristocratic lineage head with rulership over a small to medium domain, and as a general mark of respect. The character
11916:
6728:
4559:
took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the
885:
687:
528:
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11906:
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8462:
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4510:
3553:
6789:
6642:
6538:
6291:
5692:
5614:
5456:
5403:"Until about two decades ago, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the
5022:
2921:
2705:, the solar and masculine life force in Taoist belief. Lao Dan seems to have been used more generally, however, including by
2488:
and on subsequent
Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century,
2787:. Multiple accounts of Laozi's biography are presented, with Sima Qian expressing various levels of doubt in his sources.
2790:
In one account, Sima Qian reports that Laozi was said to be a contemporary of
Confucius during the 6th or 5th century
10310:
9272:
5377:
4534:, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, the other founder of Taoism, had a great deal of influence on Chinese
2233:
11966:
10753:
8945:
6831:
6761:
6736:
6711:
6689:
6619:
6601:
6583:
6565:
6507:
6486:
6467:
6434:
6375:
6333:
6265:
5955:
5908:
5853:
5240:
5211:
3284:
3272:
1846:
9410:
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6069:
Rothbard, Murray (2005). Excerpt from "Concepts of the Role of
Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire",
5639:
5055:
4985:
4503:
2862:
2161:
11726:
11646:
11626:
9322:
8427:
7259:
6958:
4743:). In 749, Laozi was further honored as the "Sage Ancestor and Mysterious and Primordial Emperor of the Great Way"
2851:
2291:
4530:
Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and
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9040:
8309:
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1954:
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as the ideal Taoist student. Yinxi follows a formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.
2779:
2711:
2146:
725:
438:
2765:, and date to the early 2nd century BCE. Analysis of early commentary on passages that appear in the received
11971:
11946:
11616:
11127:
10095:
9512:
9155:
8920:
7025:
3390:
3262:
2757:, indicating that its makeup was still undergoing revisions and modifications. The oldest manuscripts of the
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2136:
1831:
747:
507:
379:
143:
5387:
silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern
11956:
11911:
11686:
11555:
10342:
10302:
10215:
9160:
7107:
4665:
4598:
4560:
3790:
2438:
2131:
1863:
3116:), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.
2563:, meaning 'old' or 'venerable'. Its structure matches that of other ancient Chinese philosophers, such as
10988:
9974:
8544:
8455:
8378:
6951:
6009:"Shaking the Tree: Kundalini Yoga, Spiritual Alchemy, & the Mysteries of the Breath in Bhogar's 7000"
3237:
3176:
1461:
335:
5885:
T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)
4825:; "Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), presents Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and a character named
11869:
10515:
10270:
7095:
7035:
4585:. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived 990 years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.
3200:
2253:
11132:
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11951:
11756:
11706:
10636:
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led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the
2258:
2191:
1343:
4262:
2907:. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son who became a celebrated soldier of
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11696:
11505:
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10477:
9964:
9621:
9377:
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5843:
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3687:
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1821:
1568:
917:
3475:
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5609:(Reprinted ed.). Indianapolis Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 126–129.
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1826:
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1633:
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1524:
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8400:
11112:
11024:
9954:
9555:
9507:
9020:
8636:
8448:
8393:
8019:
7765:
7601:
5762:
4861:
4122:
2493:
1931:
1626:
1573:
5228:
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11242:
11197:
10700:
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10210:
9572:
9567:
9462:
8641:
8219:
7750:
7378:
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6652:
6523:, SUNY series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture, Albany: State University of New York Press,
5937:
5898:
5203:
4704:). Emperor Xuanzong also elevated Laozi's parents to the ranks of "Innately Supreme Emperor"
4397:
4206:
2912:
2690:
2505:
2458:
2391:
1578:
6655:(2005). "The Guodian Manuscripts and Their Place in Twentieth-Century Historiography on the
2830:
and other classics of the time, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west.
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9540:
9502:
9440:
9352:
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7358:
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4881:
4540:
3824:
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2095:
1329:
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11157:
10115:
8858:
2986:
8:
11676:
11237:
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11102:
11044:
10927:
10822:
10552:
10421:
10382:
10358:
10225:
10145:
10125:
10100:
10070:
9482:
9362:
8373:
7555:
7388:
7363:
7244:
7040:
6258:
The libertarian reader: classic and contemporary readings from Lao-tzu to Milton Friedman
4929:
4880:
Many contemporary philosophers have seen Laozi as a proponent of limited government. The
4535:
4355:
4141:
4027:
2769:
supports an accretionary evolution for the text rather than a singular authorship event.
3928:
3923:
3656:
3077:('sitting in oblivion': emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the
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11330:
10857:
10690:
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10411:
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9535:
9487:
9435:
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9257:
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8686:
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8246:
7456:
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6668:
6405:
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5604:
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3252:
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2612:
2560:
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2218:
2208:
2115:
2080:
1513:
1442:
474:
466:
228:
136:
126:
60:
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5407:. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in Guodian, Jingmen city,
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9586:
8908:
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6757:
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6503:
6495:
6482:
6463:
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6347:
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6276:
The Dynamics of Masters Literature: Early Chinese Thought from Confucius to Han Feizi
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By the mid-twentieth century, consensus had emerged among Western scholars that the
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6421:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 4: China, vol. 14, Boston: Brill Academic,
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612:
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300:
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4683:) of the dynasty with the posthumous title of "Mysterious and Primordial Emperor"
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An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality
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The earliest biographical reference to Laozi is found in the 1st‑century BC
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In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century
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2903:. His birthday is popularly held to be the 15th day of the second month of the
2827:
2701:
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2186:
2100:
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2002:
1851:
1222:
1043:
831:
633:
349:
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4605:, and many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the
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4407:
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195:
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was the original, which was borrowed and re-interpreted by the followers of
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Chapter 20, "Jie Lao," and Chapter 21, "Yu Lao"". In Paul R. Goldin (ed.).
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76:
22:
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6283:
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Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art
5297:
2794:
BC. His personal name was Er or Dan. He was born in the village of Quren (
2445:
and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular
2437:, Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and
11811:
11606:
11580:
11575:
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11360:
11227:
11207:
11187:
11039:
11014:
10973:
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9372:
9170:
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8812:
8805:
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8388:
8149:
8109:
8094:
8089:
8084:
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8029:
7974:
7939:
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7913:
7898:
7828:
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7813:
7745:
7545:
7514:
7481:
7421:
7297:
7292:
7264:
5983:
5040:
The Art of Chinese Philosophy: Eight Classical Texts and How to Read Them
4626:
4552:
4531:
4456:
4346:
4070:
3815:
3733:
3728:
3648:
3355:
3331:
3326:
3129:
2908:
2900:
2730:
2598:
2572:
2151:
1984:
1979:
1893:
1704:
1697:
1621:
878:
680:
521:
209:
80:
6672:
6409:
6033:
11816:
11776:
11345:
11335:
11212:
11142:
11029:
10998:
10978:
10922:
10917:
10872:
10767:
10190:
10160:
10155:
10135:
10085:
9996:
9854:
9797:
9757:
9752:
9522:
9445:
9277:
9219:
9070:
9050:
9000:
8940:
8750:
8129:
8099:
8074:
8059:
8024:
7994:
7964:
7949:
7878:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7661:
7646:
7636:
7616:
7496:
7486:
7373:
7348:
7209:
7204:
7159:
7129:
6745:
6253:
6114:
4952:
also noted that Laozi was among the earliest proponents of essentially
4905:
4842:
4377:
4065:
4048:
4035:
4015:
3879:
3633:
3567:
3536:
3524:
3403:
3092:
2878:
2223:
2166:
1989:
1969:
1964:
1911:
1841:
1638:
1544:
417:
410:
8189:
6085:
Rothbard, Murray (2005). "The Ancient Chinese Libertarian Tradition",
5157:
4796:
4793:
4784:
4781:
4775:
4757:
4754:
4715:
4691:
4688:
4644:
4641:
4082:
3040:, literally 'non-action' or 'not acting', is a central concept of the
2668:
2665:
2647:
2631:
2588:
2585:
937:
934:
760:
757:
754:
738:
735:
732:
576:
573:
11856:
11806:
11570:
11445:
11172:
10943:
10867:
10774:
10748:
10668:
10406:
10318:
10050:
10030:
9929:
9839:
9812:
9792:
9737:
9606:
9415:
9105:
9085:
9045:
9015:
8990:
8826:
8798:
8538:
8339:
8114:
8039:
8014:
7999:
7969:
7944:
7873:
7818:
7730:
7720:
7710:
7695:
7656:
7621:
7596:
7441:
7343:
7254:
7234:
7189:
7144:
7134:
6943:
6925:
6770:
Zhang, Hanmo (2018). "Text, Author, and the Function of Authorship".
5542:
5484:
5320:
4953:
4922:
4551:
The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the
4439:
4053:
3774:
3738:
3692:
3643:
3398:
3360:
3219:
3136:
3003:
2866:
2784:
2762:
2706:
2423:
2027:
2007:
1959:
1926:
1898:
1725:
1690:
892:
701:
694:
535:
431:
10507:
6500:
Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way
5443:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Springer. pp. 197–256.
5080:
4112:
11781:
11257:
10983:
10953:
10912:
10907:
10673:
10648:
10436:
10401:
10035:
10020:
9944:
9939:
9904:
9894:
9807:
9742:
9716:
9214:
9120:
8227:
8203:
8044:
8009:
7979:
7883:
7853:
7833:
7808:
7803:
7755:
7626:
7560:
7466:
7426:
7328:
7308:
7249:
7214:
7124:
6909:
6905:
5488:
4382:
4334:
4241:
4127:
4060:
4020:
3897:
3884:
3844:
3721:
3378:
3156:
3068:
2893:
suggested that the Confucian version of the story presented in the
2833:
In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of Confucius called
2407:
2123:
2045:
1868:
1306:
1292:
1208:
1020:
817:
452:
321:
6343:
2644:
similarly means "Long-Ear" or "the Long-Eared One". The character
2480:
of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this. The
11019:
10882:
10663:
10621:
10604:
10060:
9949:
9914:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9772:
9762:
9177:
9125:
9055:
9035:
9025:
8847:
8840:
8630:
8552:
8004:
7989:
7848:
7715:
7631:
7611:
7501:
7491:
7476:
7461:
7446:
7436:
7383:
7368:
7279:
7224:
7194:
7169:
7164:
7139:
7076:
7068:
5820:
5648:
4857:
4838:
4431:
4329:
4192:
4117:
3995:
3990:
3950:
3748:
3682:
3673:
3665:
3623:
3519:
3446:
3431:
3224:
3073:
2568:
2430:
in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.
2419:
2085:
2054:
1974:
1946:
1936:
1858:
1746:
1739:
1669:
1507:
1469:
1126:
490:
5713:
11801:
10892:
10862:
10714:
10626:
10557:
10045:
9986:
9919:
9844:
9721:
9331:
9030:
9010:
8694:
8678:
8670:
8601:
8471:
8383:
8291:
8069:
7893:
7843:
7666:
7651:
7550:
7535:
7451:
7353:
7333:
7323:
7269:
7219:
7055:
7030:
6706:(2nd ed.), Indianapolis, Ind: Hackett Publishing Company,
6090:
6074:
5947:
4865:
4556:
4424:
4420:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4107:
4102:
4097:
3980:
3955:
3910:
3866:
3757:
3704:
3560:
3480:
3463:
3410:
3383:
3338:
3311:
3301:
3247:
3132:
3036:
2981:
2564:
2473:
2465:
2371:
1941:
1921:
1650:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1484:
1378:
216:
171:
148:
6557:
Over a cup of tea: an introduction to Chinese life and culture
6169:
5917:
5435:
and the Old Master: A Comparative Analysis and Translation of
4956:
concepts. More recently, anarchists such as John P. Clark and
4633:
named Laozi the "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor"
10902:
10897:
10685:
10025:
8913:
8791:
8611:
8529:
8346:
7984:
7770:
7530:
7229:
7184:
7149:
6502:(2nd ed.), Washington, DC: Shambhala Publications Inc.,
5964:
5683:-Style Tetrasyllables". In Joachim Gentz; Dirk Meyer (eds.).
5634:. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals. p. 125.
5408:
4846:
4826:
4474:
4392:
4341:
4197:
4183:
4171:
3965:
3940:
3782:
3628:
3531:
3451:
3054:
2991:
2870:
2813:
2677:), whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as
2530:
2319:
1814:
1711:
1492:
1455:
1278:
1171:
512:
498:
84:
10887:
10287:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
10065:
9981:
9827:
9822:
9782:
8756:
8279:
7274:
7199:
6774:. Library of Sinology, vol. 2. De Gruyter. pp. 10–34.
5742:
5701:
4854:
4582:
4567:
but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao.
4387:
4000:
3970:
3638:
3418:
2809:
2741:
As of 2024, the oldest manuscript containing text from the
2620:
2539:
2328:
2142:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
1644:
6637:. Translated by Ray E. Chase. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
6479:
World scriptures: an introduction to comparative religions
5352:
4810:
Dà Shèngzǔ Gāo Shǎng Dàdào Jīnquē Xuán Yuán Tiānhuáng Dàdì
4543:
have embraced Laozi's teachings on the power of the weak.
2816:. He was said to be the son of the Censor-in-Chief of the
2761:
in a complete form by itself were discovered at a tomb in
904:
9991:
9300:
8497:
8440:
8169:
6278:, Harvard–Yenching Institute Monographs, vol. 74, Brill,
5900:
Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei
5679:
Schaberg, David (2015). "On the Range and Performance of
5581:
5569:
5559:
5557:
3373:
2977:
2678:
2606:
1422:
1386:
890:
692:
533:
471:
457:
443:
164:
5375:. In Edward N. Zalta; Uri Nodelman; et al. (eds.).
422:
8721:
8233:
6051:
5763:"Lao Tzu: Persuasion through inaction and non-speaking"
5465:
5285:
3585:
1530:
6680:
Simpkins, Annellen M.; Simpkins, C. Alexander (1999),
5793:
5687:. Sinica Leidensia, vol. 123. Brill. pp. 87–111.
5554:
4984:
Baxter, William; Sagart, Laurent (20 September 2014).
1348:
1334:
11657:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
6230:
5903:. State University of New York Press. p. 54 ff.
5660:
5530:
5391:
research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (
5084:
2536:
2325:
1257:
1243:
1227:
1213:
1199:
1098:
1075:
1048:
1025:
1002:
866:
852:
836:
822:
808:
668:
654:
638:
624:
398:
384:
370:
354:
340:
326:
312:
72:
Trad. 6th century BC (Sometimes dated 4th century BC)
16:
Semi-legendary Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism
6684:(3rd Printing ed.), Boston: Tuttle Publishing,
5518:
5126:
3002:
is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese
2733:
of a person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the
2533:
2527:
2322:
2316:
6034:"Arulmigu Dandayudhapani Swami Devasthanam, Palani"
5603:(2001) . "The dialogues of Confucius and Old Tan".
5273:
5249:
2524:
2313:
6843:Ways of Heaven: An Introduction to Chinese Thought
6749:
5506:
4613:. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (
2578:Traditional accounts give Laozi the personal name
6697:
6576:The Best Guide to Eastern Philosophy and Religion
6539:"Austro-Libertarian Themes in Early Confucianism"
6089:, (5 December 2005) (original source unknown) at
5719:
5114:
4860:can be found in the southwestern corridor of the
4581:13 times after his first life during the days of
2472:was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god
11888:
6679:
6596:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
6157:
6145:
6095:
5923:
5872:The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1
5826:
5654:
5563:
5381:. Stanford University Department of Philosophy.
5138:
6560:, Washington, DC: University Press of America,
5935:
5632:Mooncakes and Hungry Ghosts: Festivals of China
6462:, Albany: State University of New York Press,
5837:
5835:
5098:
1311:
1297:
1283:
10523:
9316:
8456:
6959:
6935:
6458:Kohn, Livia; Lafargue, Michael, eds. (1998),
5231:. In Carr, Brian; Mahalingam, Indira (eds.).
4820:
4773:
4746:
4728:
4707:
4686:
4671:
4636:
4614:
4511:
3155:A stone sculpture of Laozi, located north of
3107:
3097:
2931:
2865:who grew weary of the moral decay of life in
2845:
2821:
2795:
2745:dates to the late 4th century BC, written on
2694:
2684:
2663:
2645:
2628:
2583:
2552:
2285:
1138:
752:
730:
571:
240:
203:
39:
10765:
10719:
10705:
10263:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
6457:
5970:
5548:
4983:
929:
6682:Simple Taoism: a guide to living in balance
6651:
6384:Kern, Martin (2015). "The "Masters" in the
6113:
5984:"Siddha Bhoganathar: An Oceanic Life Story"
5890:
5832:
5810:
5808:
5358:
5346:
5042:. Princeton University Press. p. 110.
2990:Carving of Laozi at Ping Sien Si Temple in
2559:. It is not a personal name, but rather an
2508:, and was the product of multiple authors.
10530:
10516:
9323:
9309:
8487:
8463:
8449:
6966:
6952:
6926:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Laozi
6921:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Laozi
6817:
6744:
6667:(2). Harvard Yenching Institute: 417–457.
6209:
5868:
5748:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5629:
5441:Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei
5411:, has yielded among other things some 800
5331:[An initial discussion of the Guodian
5233:Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy
4986:"Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction"
4892:, likening Laozi's ideas on government to
4518:
4504:
2292:
2278:
194:
53:
6799:
6779:
6772:Authorship and Text-Making in Early China
6729:UNESCO Collection of Representative Works
5950:: Commercial Printing House. p. 82.
5685:Literary Forms of Argument in Early China
4629:of increasing grandeur. In the year 666,
6704:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
5848:. Barnes & Noble. pp. 218–219.
5805:
5760:
5678:
5364:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
2985:
2881:. Others say he was the Buddha himself.
2468:. Certain Taoist devotees held that the
2441:as the ancestor of the 7th–10th century
10295:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
6840:
6614:, Stanford: Stanford University Press,
6609:
6591:
6494:
6273:
6236:
5896:
5799:
5761:Reynolds, Beatrice K. (February 1969).
5725:
5707:
5536:
5419:. The tomb...is dated around 300 B.C.E.
5303:
2772:
11889:
6973:
6719:
6627:
6573:
6476:
6365:
6175:
5666:
5599:
5587:
5575:
5524:
5512:
5255:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5132:
5011:The Desk Encyclopedia of World History
5008:
2500:was not composed until the 4th century
1259:
1109:
1103:
868:
670:
473:
400:
21:For the book also known as Laozi, see
10537:
10511:
9304:
8444:
6947:
6934:
6850:
6769:
6515:
6212:"Master Lao and the Anarchist Prince"
5841:
5430:
5307:
5291:
5279:
5261:
4970:
6536:
6521:Writing and Authority in Early China
6448:
6442:
6416:
6383:
6299:
6252:
6163:
6151:
6107:
6101:
6057:
5875:(2 ed.), Macmillan, p. 191
5814:
5736:
5471:
5370:
5267:
5144:
2619:which also has the meaning meaning '
2461:, it is held that he then became an
11902:6th-century BC Chinese philosophers
10311:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
6553:
6370:, Brighton: Sussex Academic Press,
5378:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5319:
5170:
5120:
5078:
4888:suggested that Laozi was the first
2234:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
13:
11942:People whose existence is disputed
11932:Investiture of the Gods characters
8946:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
6851:Welch, Holmes Hinkley Jr. (1957),
6810:
6727:, New York: Columbia Univ. Press (
6661:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
6578:, New York: St. Martin's Griffin,
6543:The Journal of Libertarian Studies
6310:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
6071:The Journal of Libertarian Studies
5869:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1934),
5226:
5037:
4601:as the ancestor of all subsequent
3554:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
2426:on one occasion, and composed the
1847:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
14:
11988:
6872:
6537:Long, Roderick T. (Summer 2003),
5483:
5202:, John Wiley & Sons, p.
2162:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
11917:Deities in Chinese folk religion
11727:The Closing of the American Mind
11647:Civilization and Its Discontents
11627:A Vindication of Natural Society
10492:
10491:
8653:
6913:
6822:, translated by Greaves, Roger,
6756:, New York, NY: Pantheon Books,
6748:; Huang, Al Chung-liang (1975),
6594:Dao De Jing: The Book of the Way
6073:, Vol. IX, No. 2 (Fall 1990) at
5944:Outline of the History of Daoism
4916:and noted in an article for the
4487:
3148:
3121:
3052:This concept is used to explain
2944:
2920:
2852:the Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
2652:is the Chinese word for 'ear'.
2520:
2309:
1385:
63:(15th- or 16th-century painting)
9041:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
6396:(4–5). Leiden: Brill: 335–362.
6203:
6181:
6129:from the original on 4 May 2015
6079:
6063:
6026:
6001:
5976:
5929:
5862:
5754:
5720:Van Norden & Ivanhoe (2005)
5672:
5593:
5477:
5424:
5313:
5235:. Routledge. pp. 497–519.
5220:
5079:Lin, Derek (29 December 2016),
4875:
4768:Shèngzǔ Dàdào Xuán Yuán Huángdì
4588:
2963:
2721:, and by some modern scholars.
1955:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
891:
693:
534:
513:
499:
472:
458:
444:
423:
11927:Journey to the West characters
11907:Chinese political philosophers
10279:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
9649:Value monism – Value pluralism
6854:Taoism: The Parting of the Way
5924:Simpkins & Simpkins (1999)
5655:Simpkins & Simpkins (1999)
5606:Chuang-tzŭ: the Inner Chapters
5564:Simpkins & Simpkins (1999)
5497:Records of the Grand Historian
5229:"Daoism in Chinese Philosophy"
5150:
5092:
5072:
5031:
5002:
4942:. In his 1910 article for the
4845:, the greatly revered Siddhar
4546:
2780:Records of the Grand Historian
2712:Records of the Grand Historian
2655:Laozi is recorded bearing the
2248:Institutions and organizations
2147:The Northern Celestial Masters
1349:
1335:
1258:
1244:
1228:
1214:
1200:
1139:
1099:
1076:
1049:
1026:
1003:
867:
853:
837:
823:
809:
753:
731:
669:
655:
639:
625:
572:
399:
385:
371:
355:
341:
327:
313:
241:
1:
11617:Oration on the Dignity of Man
9156:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
8921:Three Great Emperor-Officials
6826:: Stanford University Press,
6245:
5502:(in Chinese). Zhonghua Shuju.
5227:Fu, Charles Wei-hsun (2002).
5081:"The "Ancient Child" Fallacy"
4832:
4625:, Laozi received a series of
3263:Unity of knowledge and action
2137:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
1832:Three Great Emperor-Officials
930:
11687:The Society of the Spectacle
10343:On the Genealogy of Morality
10303:Critique of Practical Reason
9161:Way of the Celestial Masters
6879:Works by Laozi in eBook form
6725:Complete Works of Chuang Tzu
6612:Taoism: Growth of a Religion
6460:Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching
5449:10.1007/978-94-007-4318-2_10
5009:Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006).
4815:A seventh-century work, the
4593:Due to his traditional name
4561:Way of the Celestial Masters
3167:
2679:
2607:
2484:had a profound influence on
2132:Way of the Celestial Masters
7:
6912:(public domain audiobooks)
6481:, New York: Paulist Press,
5827:Simpkins & Simpkins1999
4908:includes passages from the
4541:antiauthoritarian movements
3280:Theory of Evil Human Nature
3268:Theory of Good Human Nature
2724:
2486:Chinese religious movements
2449:. In some sects of Taoism,
2370:, the foundational text of
10:
11993:
10271:A Treatise of Human Nature
9330:
9166:Northern Celestial Masters
8470:
7096:Hundred Schools of Thought
6610:Robinet, Isabelle (1997),
6326:10.4135/9781412965811.n169
5971:Kohn & Lafargue (1998)
5897:Hargett, James M. (2006).
5630:Stepanchuk, Carol (1991).
5549:Kohn & Lafargue (1998)
5183:Decoding Dao: Reading the
5102:; Kaltenmark, Max (2009).
4655:Tàishàng Xuán Yuán Huángdì
3201:Hundred Schools of Thought
3139:and Laozi, from a tomb of
2975:
2969:
2957:Myths and Legends of China
2254:Chinese Taoist Association
20:
11967:Zhou dynasty philosophers
11865:
11769:
11757:Intellectuals and Society
11707:The Culture of Narcissism
11598:
11266:
11058:
11007:
10936:
10850:
10843:
10783:
10545:
10487:
10394:
10239:
10005:
9730:
9659:
9521:
9396:
9338:
9241:Sacred Mountains of China
9228:
9136:
8973:
8857:
8769:
8662:
8651:
8581:
8478:
8356:
8162:
7922:
7784:
7675:
7579:
7510:
7397:
7288:
7115:
7106:
6981:
6941:
6936:Links to related articles
6781:10.1515/9781501505133-003
6417:Kohn, Livia, ed. (2000),
6402:10.1163/15685322-10145P03
6366:Fowler, Jeaneane (2005),
5779:10.1080/01463376909368862
5551:, pp. 14, 17, 54–55.
5431:Queen, Sarah A. (2013). "
5306:, pp. 208, 212–213;
5180:Rainey, Lee Dian (2013),
5048:10.1515/9780691200811-008
4821:
4774:
4747:
4729:
4708:
4687:
4672:
4637:
4615:
3493:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3108:
3098:
3006:. It is often called the
2932:
2846:
2822:
2796:
2749:excavated as part of the
2695:
2685:
2664:
2646:
2629:
2584:
2553:
2351:
2341:
2192:Sacred Mountains of China
1569:Three Treasures (virtues)
1360:
1342:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1251:
1237:
1221:
1207:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1148:
1132:
1125:
1092:
1069:
1042:
1019:
996:
989:
984:
980:
976:
957:
953:
923:
916:
884:
877:
860:
846:
830:
816:
802:
795:
790:
786:
782:
772:
768:
746:
724:
717:
686:
679:
662:
648:
632:
618:
611:
606:
602:
598:
588:
584:
565:
558:
527:
520:
506:
489:
482:
465:
451:
437:
430:
416:
409:
392:
378:
364:
348:
334:
320:
306:
299:
294:
290:
268:
264:
254:
250:
234:
227:
204:
193:
189:
181:
154:
142:
132:
122:
118:
104:
92:
68:
52:
40:
30:
11747:The Malaise of Modernity
11697:The History of Sexuality
10796:Catholic social teaching
9622:Universal prescriptivism
8926:Queen Mother of the West
6818:Kaltenmark, Max (1969),
6752:Tao: The Watercourse Way
6477:Kramer, Kenneth (1986),
6274:Denecke, Wiebke (2011),
6260:, New York: Free Press,
6178:, pp. 82 & 256.
5938:
5936:Fu Qinjia (傅勤家) (1996).
5749:Watts & Huang (1975)
5499:
5336:
5328:
5163:
5158:
4964:
2404:Spring and Autumn period
1822:Queen Mother of the West
726:Traditional Chinese
11827:Philosophy of education
9411:Artificial intelligence
8931:King Father of the East
7091:Nine Schools of Thought
6897:Works by or about Laozi
6845:, New York: Basic Books
6634:Nationalism and Culture
6447:and Its Tradition". In
6302:"Lao Tzu (c. 600 B.C.)"
6300:Dorn, James A. (2008).
6189:"Britannica: Anarchism"
6123:Encyclopædia Britannica
5015:Oxford University Press
4945:Encyclopædia Britannica
4939:Nationalism and Culture
4918:Encyclopædia Britannica
4725:) and "Innate Empress"
4723:Xiāntiān Tàishàng Huáng
4573:state that Laozi was a
2513:
1827:King Father of the East
1795:Four heavenly ministers
748:Simplified Chinese
328:ㄌㄠˇ ㄗˇ
10766:
10720:
10706:
8394:State consequentialism
6841:Sterckx, Roel (2019),
6698:Van Norden, Bryan W.;
6653:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
6592:Roberts, Moss (2004),
6574:Morgan, Diane (2001),
6013:www.alchemywebsite.com
4914:The Libertarian Reader
4862:Dhandayuthapani Temple
2995:
2951:Depiction of Laozi in
2603:has been reconstructed
2406:, served as the royal
11922:Founders of religions
11832:Philosophy of history
11822:Philosophy of culture
11717:A Conflict of Visions
10335:The Methods of Ethics
9573:Divine command theory
9568:Ideal observer theory
7411:Northern and Southern
6443:Chan, Alan K.L. "The
6427:10.1163/9789004391840
6312:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
6284:10.1163/9781684170586
6191:. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu
5383:The discovery of two
4494:Philosophy portal
4207:Japanese Confucianism
3476:East Asian Mādhyamaka
3425:Military and Strategy
2989:
2928:Confucius meets Laozi
2913:Warring States period
2808:, within present-day
2547:is the modern pinyin
2506:Warring States period
2459:Chinese folk religion
2422:), met and impressed
2346:), also romanized as
11972:Zhou dynasty Taoists
11947:Philosophers of mind
11837:Political philosophy
11637:Democracy in America
10452:Political philosophy
5946:] (in Chinese).
5842:Woolf, Greg (2007).
5710:, pp. 208, 213.
5371:Chan, Alan (2018) .
4932:writer and activist
2773:Traditional accounts
2433:A central figure in
2096:Way of the Li Family
886:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
688:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
529:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
11957:Social philosophers
11912:Deified Chinese men
11677:One-Dimensional Man
10422:Evolutionary ethics
10383:Reasons and Persons
10359:A Theory of Justice
9513:Uncertain sentience
8690:(self-cultivation)
7041:School of Diplomacy
6731:: Chinese Series),
6117:(30 January 2009).
6060:, pp. 282–283.
5590:, pp. 223–224.
5578:, pp. 224–225.
5474:, pp. 349–350.
4930:anarcho-syndicalist
4356:Korean Confucianism
3832:Nāstika (heterodox)
3071:practices, such as
11797:Cultural pessimism
11792:Cultural criticism
10691:National character
10417:Ethics in religion
10412:Descriptive ethics
10247:Nicomachean Ethics
8682:(external alchemy)
8674:(internal alchemy)
6975:Chinese philosophy
6820:Lao Tzu and Taoism
6700:Ivanhoe, Philip J.
6517:Lewis, Mark Edward
6496:Le Guin, Ursula K.
6218:on 20 October 2017
5359:Shaughnessy (2005)
5347:Shaughnessy (2005)
5294:, pp. 26, 30.
4661:declared him the "
3808:Gangesha Upadhyaya
3544:Four Tenets system
3185:Eastern philosophy
3012:Chinese philosophy
2996:
2804:) in the southern
2402:BC during China's
2398:in the 6th century
2352:various other ways
2229:Cebu Taoist Temple
2219:White Cloud Temple
2081:Way of the Taiping
137:Chinese philosophy
127:Ancient philosophy
11884:
11883:
11878:
11877:
11594:
11593:
10739:Spontaneous order
10729:Social alienation
10578:Cultural heritage
10539:Social philosophy
10505:
10504:
10472:Social philosophy
10457:Population ethics
10447:Philosophy of law
10427:History of ethics
9910:Political freedom
9587:Euthyphro dilemma
9378:Suffering-focused
9298:
9297:
8909:Tianhuang Emperor
8649:
8648:
8571:
8570:
8438:
8437:
8286:Mandate of Heaven
8158:
8157:
6892:Project Gutenberg
6791:978-1-5015-0513-3
6644:978-1-55164-500-1
6554:Luo Jing (2004),
6293:978-1-68417-058-6
5973:, pp. 55–56.
5829:, pp. 11–12.
5751:, pp. 78–86.
5694:978-90-04-29970-2
5657:, pp. 11–13.
5616:978-0-87220-582-6
5458:978-94-007-4317-5
5323:(1999). "Guodian
5024:978-0-7394-7809-7
4958:Ursula K. Le Guin
4912:in his 1997 book
4898:spontaneous order
4882:right-libertarian
4870:Dindigul district
4702:Xuán Yuán Huángdì
4597:, Laozi has been
4528:
4527:
4154:Japanese Buddhism
4123:Pratītyasamutpāda
3607:Āstika (orthodox)
3549:Rangtong-Shentong
3143:, Shandong, China
3044:. The concept of
2820:and Lady Yishou (
2751:Guodian Chu Slips
2608:*C.rəʔ C.nəʔ
2494:modern historians
2490:textual criticism
2382:Chinese honorific
2302:
2301:
2259:Celestial Masters
1810:Tianhuang Emperor
1418:Taoist philosophy
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1268:
1267:
1188:Standard Mandarin
1121:
1120:
991:Standard Mandarin
912:
911:
797:Standard Mandarin
713:
712:
613:Standard Mandarin
554:
553:
439:Yale Romanization
380:Yale Romanization
301:Standard Mandarin
185:
184:
96:Trad. 5th century
11984:
11962:Taoist immortals
11952:Proto-anarchists
11842:Social criticism
11762:
11752:
11742:
11732:
11722:
11712:
11702:
11692:
11682:
11672:
11662:
11652:
11642:
11632:
11622:
11612:
10848:
10847:
10830:Frankfurt School
10808:Communitarianism
10771:
10725:
10711:
10532:
10525:
10518:
10509:
10508:
10495:
10494:
10442:Moral psychology
10387:
10379:
10371:
10367:Practical Ethics
10363:
10355:
10351:Principia Ethica
10347:
10339:
10331:
10323:
10315:
10307:
10299:
10291:
10283:
10275:
10267:
10259:
10255:Ethics (Spinoza)
10251:
9890:Moral imperative
9348:Consequentialism
9325:
9318:
9311:
9302:
9301:
9246:Wudang Mountains
8657:
8579:
8578:
8556:(transformation)
8533:(eight trigrams)
8485:
8484:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8442:
8441:
8315:Self-cultivation
8220:Neo-Confucianism
7955:Chung-ying Cheng
7113:
7112:
7014:New Confucianism
7009:Neo-Confucianism
6968:
6961:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6932:
6931:
6917:
6916:
6901:Internet Archive
6867:
6857:, Beacon Press,
6846:
6836:
6805:
6803:
6783:
6766:
6755:
6741:
6716:
6694:
6676:
6648:
6624:
6606:
6588:
6570:
6550:
6533:
6512:
6491:
6472:
6452:
6451:, pp. 1–29.
6439:
6413:
6380:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6296:
6270:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6214:. Archived from
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6119:"Libertarianism"
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6083:
6077:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5880:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5839:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5601:Graham, Angus C.
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5566:, pp. 12–13
5561:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5317:
5311:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5038:Goldin, Paul R.
5035:
5029:
5028:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4981:
4824:
4823:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4659:Emperor Xuanzong
4653:
4651:
4650:
4620:
4619:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4470:Minjung theology
4250:Motoori Norinaga
3929:Ātman (Buddhism)
3924:Ātman (Hinduism)
3850:Kashmir Shaivism
3615:Vedic philosophy
3500:Tibetan Buddhism
3319:New Confucianism
3294:Neo Confucianism
3288:
3276:
3172:
3171:
3152:
3125:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3027:of the Tao. The
2948:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2905:Chinese calendar
2863:Duke Xian of Qin
2861:BC reign of the
2860:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2825:
2824:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2683:. The character
2682:
2672:
2671:
2651:
2650:
2635:
2634:
2610:
2592:
2591:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2503:
2451:Chinese Buddhism
2401:
2389:
2364:, author of the
2345:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2197:Wudang Mountains
2106:Chongxuan School
2091:Shangqing School
1634:Sexual practices
1389:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1179:
1178:
1144:
1143:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1088:
1087:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1038:
1037:
1015:
1014:
982:
981:
908:
907:
873:
872:
871:
856:
855:
842:
841:
840:
826:
825:
812:
811:
788:
787:
764:
763:
742:
741:
709:
708:
675:
674:
673:
658:
657:
644:
643:
642:
628:
627:
604:
603:
580:
579:
550:
549:
516:
515:
502:
501:
478:
477:
476:
461:
460:
447:
446:
426:
425:
405:
404:
403:
388:
387:
374:
373:
360:
359:
358:
344:
343:
330:
329:
316:
315:
292:
291:
246:
245:
207:
206:
198:
187:
186:
107:
99:
57:
44:
43:
42:
28:
27:
11992:
11991:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11982:
11981:
11887:
11886:
11885:
11880:
11879:
11874:
11861:
11787:Critical theory
11765:
11760:
11750:
11740:
11730:
11720:
11710:
11700:
11690:
11680:
11670:
11660:
11650:
11640:
11630:
11620:
11610:
11590:
11268:
11262:
11060:
11054:
11003:
10932:
10839:
10791:Budapest School
10779:
10568:Cosmopolitanism
10541:
10536:
10506:
10501:
10483:
10390:
10385:
10377:
10369:
10361:
10353:
10345:
10337:
10329:
10321:
10313:
10305:
10297:
10289:
10281:
10273:
10265:
10257:
10249:
10235:
10008:
10001:
9925:Self-discipline
9885:Moral hierarchy
9833:Problem of evil
9778:Double standard
9768:Culture of life
9726:
9655:
9602:Non-cognitivism
9517:
9392:
9334:
9329:
9299:
9294:
9224:
9132:
8969:
8936:Eight Immortals
8894:Four Sovereigns
8882:Lingbao Tianzun
8877:Yuanshi Tianzun
8872:Three Pure Ones
8853:
8765:
8709:Three Treasures
8658:
8645:
8577:
8567:
8474:
8469:
8439:
8434:
8352:
8253:Three teachings
8154:
8105:Tsang Lap Chuen
7918:
7780:
7689:
7671:
7587:
7583:
7575:
7524:
7506:
7415:
7409:
7393:
7302:
7284:
7102:
7100:
7046:School of Names
6989:Agriculturalism
6977:
6972:
6937:
6914:
6883:Standard Ebooks
6875:
6870:
6865:
6834:
6813:
6811:Further reading
6808:
6792:
6764:
6739:
6714:
6692:
6645:
6622:
6604:
6586:
6568:
6531:
6510:
6489:
6470:
6437:
6419:Daoism Handbook
6378:
6356:
6354:
6336:
6294:
6268:
6248:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6210:Clark, John P.
6208:
6204:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6132:
6130:
6112:
6108:
6100:
6096:
6084:
6080:
6068:
6064:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6017:
6015:
6007:
6006:
6002:
5992:
5990:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5940:
5934:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5895:
5891:
5878:
5876:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5806:
5802:, pp. 1–2.
5798:
5794:
5759:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5677:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5493:Vol. 63: 老子韓非列傳
5482:
5478:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5429:
5425:
5402:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5338:
5330:
5318:
5314:
5302:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5178:
5171:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5097:
5093:
5077:
5073:
5058:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5017:. p. 365.
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4971:
4967:
4950:Peter Kropotkin
4894:Friedrich Hayek
4886:Murray Rothbard
4878:
4835:
4817:Sandong Zhunang
4771:
4744:
4741:Xiāntiān Tàihòu
4726:
4705:
4684:
4669:
4634:
4631:Emperor Gaozong
4591:
4549:
4524:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4435:
4416:
4363:
4359:
4308:
4305:Korean Buddhism
4301:
4295:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4245:
4210:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4093:
4044:
4031:
4011:
3934:Ātman (Jainism)
3906:
3893:
3875:
3835:
3820:
3803:
3770:
3753:
3717:Sri Vaishnavism
3678:
3661:
3619:
3610:
3602:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3576:
3503:
3442:
3427:
3414:
3394:
3369:
3346:
3342:
3322:
3297:
3282:
3270:
3233:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3170:
3163:
3159:at the foot of
3153:
3144:
3141:Dongping County
3126:
2984:
2974:
2968:
2959:
2953:E. T. C. Werner
2949:
2940:
2925:
2858:
2837:
2791:
2775:
2727:
2680:*pˤrak laŋ
2617:Chinese surname
2561:honorific title
2523:
2519:
2516:
2501:
2478:Three Pure Ones
2435:Chinese culture
2399:
2385:
2374:along with the
2359:ancient Chinese
2312:
2308:
2298:
2269:
2268:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2128:
2111:Quanzhen School
2071:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2032:
1999:
1951:
1903:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1837:Eight Immortals
1783:Lingbao Tianzun
1778:Yuanshi Tianzun
1773:Three Pure Ones
1763:
1753:
1752:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1519:Three Treasures
1413:
1330:Revised Hepburn
1239:Tongyong Pinyin
1229:
1167:Literal meaning
1115:
1086:
1071:Tongyong Pinyin
1063:
1058:
1053:
1036:
1013:
972:
949:
948:
947:
918:Posthumous Name
848:Tongyong Pinyin
838:
650:Tongyong Pinyin
640:
366:Tongyong Pinyin
356:
336:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
286:
269:Literal meaning
223:
222:
217:standard script
177:
157:
105:
97:
88:
75:Quren Village,
73:
64:
48:
47:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11990:
11980:
11979:
11977:Taoist deities
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11937:Metaphysicians
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11882:
11881:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11872:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11860:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11847:Social science
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11773:
11771:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11763:
11753:
11743:
11737:Gender Trouble
11733:
11723:
11713:
11703:
11693:
11683:
11673:
11667:The Second Sex
11663:
11653:
11643:
11633:
11623:
11613:
11602:
11600:
11596:
11595:
11592:
11591:
11589:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11272:
11270:
11264:
11263:
11261:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11064:
11062:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11011:
11009:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10940:
10938:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10854:
10852:
10845:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10826:
10825:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10804:
10803:
10793:
10787:
10785:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10777:
10772:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10717:
10712:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10659:Invisible hand
10656:
10651:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10613:
10612:
10602:
10601:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10549:
10547:
10543:
10542:
10535:
10534:
10527:
10520:
10512:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10499:
10488:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10481:
10474:
10469:
10467:Secular ethics
10464:
10462:Rehabilitation
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10398:
10396:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10388:
10380:
10372:
10364:
10356:
10348:
10340:
10332:
10327:Utilitarianism
10324:
10316:
10308:
10300:
10292:
10284:
10276:
10268:
10260:
10252:
10243:
10241:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10012:
10010:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9734:
9732:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9687:Existentialist
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9663:
9661:
9657:
9656:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9625:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9582:Constructivism
9579:
9578:
9577:
9576:
9575:
9570:
9560:
9559:
9558:
9556:Non-naturalism
9553:
9538:
9533:
9527:
9525:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9449:
9448:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9402:
9400:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9385:
9383:Utilitarianism
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9344:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9328:
9327:
9320:
9313:
9305:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9283:Tong Jee Teung
9280:
9275:
9270:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9238:
9236:Grotto-heavens
9232:
9230:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9202:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9168:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9142:
9140:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9130:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9111:Zhang Guoxiang
9108:
9103:
9101:Wang Chongyang
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9081:Cheng Xuanying
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8967:
8960:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8951:Yellow Emperor
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8851:
8844:
8837:
8830:
8823:
8816:
8809:
8802:
8795:
8788:
8781:
8773:
8771:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8748:
8740:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8725:
8719:
8706:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8698:(calisthenics)
8683:
8675:
8666:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8616:(spontenaity)
8607:
8597:
8587:
8585:
8576:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8565:
8557:
8549:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8526:
8520:
8519:(non-polarity)
8502:
8493:
8491:
8482:
8476:
8475:
8468:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8445:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8423:Metaphilosophy
8420:
8415:
8410:
8403:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8360:
8358:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8300:
8295:
8288:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8179:
8172:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8035:Lee Shui-chuen
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7904:Zhang Xuecheng
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7790:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7642:Wang Chongyang
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7581:Five Dynasties
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7404:
7402:Three Kingdoms
7398:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7065:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6971:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6948:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6906:Works by Laozi
6903:
6894:
6888:Works by Laozi
6885:
6874:
6873:External links
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6848:
6838:
6833:978-0804706896
6832:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6790:
6767:
6763:978-0394733111
6762:
6742:
6738:978-0231031479
6737:
6721:Watson, Burton
6717:
6713:978-0872207806
6712:
6695:
6691:978-0804831734
6690:
6677:
6649:
6643:
6629:Rocker, Rudolf
6625:
6621:978-0804728393
6620:
6607:
6603:978-0520242210
6602:
6589:
6585:978-1580631976
6584:
6571:
6567:978-0761829379
6566:
6551:
6534:
6529:
6513:
6509:978-1590307441
6508:
6492:
6488:978-0809127818
6487:
6474:
6469:978-0791435991
6468:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6436:978-9004112087
6435:
6414:
6381:
6377:978-1845190859
6376:
6363:
6335:978-1412965804
6334:
6318:Cato Institute
6306:Hamowy, Ronald
6297:
6292:
6271:
6267:978-0684847672
6266:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6237:Le Guin (2009)
6229:
6202:
6180:
6168:
6156:
6144:
6106:
6094:
6078:
6062:
6050:
6025:
6000:
5988:www.palani.org
5975:
5963:
5957:978-9570513240
5956:
5928:
5916:
5910:978-0791466827
5909:
5889:
5861:
5855:978-1435101210
5854:
5831:
5819:
5817:, pp. 3–4
5804:
5800:Roberts (2004)
5792:
5767:Today's Speech
5753:
5741:
5724:
5722:, p. 162.
5712:
5708:Denecke (2011)
5700:
5693:
5671:
5669:, p. 223.
5659:
5647:
5640:
5622:
5615:
5592:
5580:
5568:
5553:
5541:
5537:Robinet (1997)
5529:
5517:
5505:
5476:
5464:
5457:
5423:
5363:
5361:, p. 445.
5351:
5327:jian chu tan"
5312:
5296:
5284:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5242:978-1134960583
5241:
5219:
5213:978-1118465677
5212:
5169:
5149:
5137:
5135:, p. 118.
5125:
5123:, p. 118.
5113:
5100:Ames, Roger T.
5091:
5071:
5056:
5030:
5023:
5001:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4902:Cato Institute
4877:
4874:
4872:, Tamil Nadu.
4834:
4831:
4590:
4587:
4548:
4545:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4446:Modern Thought
4443:
4442:
4428:
4427:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:Jeong Yak-yong
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Seo Gyeongdeok
4370:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:Kitaro Nishida
4256:Modern Thought
4253:
4252:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4215:Fujiwara Seika
4203:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4039:
4038:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3904:General topics
3901:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3828:
3827:
3811:
3810:
3794:
3793:
3778:
3777:
3761:
3760:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3669:
3668:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3574:General topics
3571:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3469:Guifeng Zongmi
3466:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:Mount Qingyuan
3154:
3147:
3145:
3127:
3120:
3106:) and 'soul' (
2970:Main article:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2919:
2828:Yellow Emperor
2774:
2771:
2726:
2723:
2601:pronunciation
2515:
2512:
2356:semi-legendary
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:Taoist priests
2261:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2187:Grotto-heavens
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2103:
2101:Lingbao School
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Zhang Guoxiang
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:Wang Chongyang
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Cheng Xuanying
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:Yellow Emperor
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1324:Transcriptions
1317:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1182:Transcriptions
1175:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
993:
987:
986:
985:Transcriptions
978:
977:
974:
973:
971:
970:
967:
963:
961:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
940:
931:
927:
921:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
888:
882:
881:
875:
874:
864:
858:
857:
850:
844:
843:
834:
828:
827:
820:
814:
813:
806:
800:
799:
793:
792:
791:Transcriptions
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
765:
750:
744:
743:
728:
722:
721:
715:
714:
711:
710:
690:
684:
683:
677:
676:
666:
660:
659:
652:
646:
645:
636:
630:
629:
622:
616:
615:
609:
608:
607:Transcriptions
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
581:
569:
563:
562:
556:
555:
552:
551:
531:
525:
524:
518:
517:
510:
504:
503:
496:
487:
486:
480:
479:
469:
463:
462:
455:
449:
448:
441:
435:
434:
432:Yue: Cantonese
428:
427:
420:
414:
413:
407:
406:
396:
390:
389:
382:
376:
375:
368:
362:
361:
352:
346:
345:
338:
332:
331:
324:
318:
317:
310:
304:
303:
297:
296:
295:Transcriptions
288:
287:
285:
284:
281:
276:
275:the Old Master
272:
270:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
252:
251:
248:
247:
238:
232:
231:
229:Honorific Name
225:
224:
221:
220:
213:
200:
199:
191:
190:
183:
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
168:
160:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
108:
102:
101:
94:
90:
89:
74:
70:
66:
65:
58:
50:
49:
46:
45:
36:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11989:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11871:
11868:
11867:
11864:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11852:Social theory
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11774:
11772:
11768:
11759:
11758:
11754:
11749:
11748:
11744:
11739:
11738:
11734:
11729:
11728:
11724:
11719:
11718:
11714:
11709:
11708:
11704:
11699:
11698:
11694:
11689:
11688:
11684:
11679:
11678:
11674:
11669:
11668:
11664:
11659:
11658:
11654:
11649:
11648:
11644:
11639:
11638:
11634:
11629:
11628:
11624:
11619:
11618:
11614:
11609:
11608:
11604:
11603:
11601:
11597:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11506:Radhakrishnan
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11267:20th and 21st
11265:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11059:18th and 19th
11057:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11012:
11010:
11006:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10941:
10939:
10935:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10849:
10846:
10842:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10802:
10799:
10798:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10773:
10770:
10769:
10764:
10760:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10680:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10643:
10640:
10639:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10533:
10528:
10526:
10521:
10519:
10514:
10513:
10510:
10498:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10480:
10479:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10399:
10397:
10393:
10384:
10381:
10376:
10373:
10368:
10365:
10360:
10357:
10352:
10349:
10344:
10341:
10336:
10333:
10328:
10325:
10320:
10317:
10312:
10309:
10304:
10301:
10296:
10293:
10288:
10285:
10280:
10277:
10272:
10269:
10264:
10261:
10256:
10253:
10248:
10245:
10244:
10242:
10238:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10009:
10004:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9880:Moral courage
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9818:Good and evil
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9803:Family values
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9617:Quasi-realism
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9520:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9442:
9441:Environmental
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9363:Particularism
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9326:
9321:
9319:
9314:
9312:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9253:Mount Penglai
9251:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9229:Sacred places
9227:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9139:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9116:Zhang Sanfeng
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9006:Zhang Daoling
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8972:
8966:
8965:
8964:Other deities
8961:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8904:Ziwei Emperor
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8887:Daode Tianzun
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8867:Hongjun Laozu
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8834:Qingjing Jing
8831:
8829:
8828:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8782:
8780:
8779:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8747:(immortality)
8746:
8745:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8731:
8730:
8726:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8697:
8696:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8656:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8637:Five Precepts
8635:
8633:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8622:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8563:
8562:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8550:
8548:(five phases)
8547:
8546:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8532:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8466:
8461:
8459:
8454:
8452:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8205:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8135:Zhang Dongsun
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:Liang Shuming
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7761:Wang Yangming
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7674:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7319:Dongfang Shuo
7317:
7315:
7314:Dong Zhongshu
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6969:
6964:
6962:
6957:
6955:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6940:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6864:9780807059739
6860:
6856:
6855:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6816:
6815:
6802:
6801:j.ctvbkk21j.5
6797:
6793:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6765:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6587:
6581:
6577:
6572:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6484:
6480:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6456:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6379:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6295:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6239:, p. 20.
6238:
6233:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6190:
6184:
6177:
6176:Rocker (1997)
6172:
6165:
6160:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6059:
6054:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6014:
6010:
6004:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5972:
5967:
5959:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5932:
5926:, p. 12.
5925:
5920:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5893:
5886:
5874:
5873:
5865:
5857:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5838:
5836:
5828:
5823:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5796:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5704:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5667:Morgan (2001)
5663:
5656:
5651:
5643:
5641:0-8351-2481-9
5637:
5633:
5626:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5589:
5588:Morgan (2001)
5584:
5577:
5576:Morgan (2001)
5572:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5550:
5545:
5539:, p. 26.
5538:
5533:
5527:, p. 96.
5526:
5525:Fowler (2005)
5521:
5514:
5513:Morgan (2001)
5509:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5473:
5468:
5460:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5355:
5349:, p. 451
5348:
5342:
5335:slips].
5334:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5310:, p. 91.
5309:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5282:, p. 61.
5281:
5276:
5269:
5264:
5257:
5256:Watson (1968)
5252:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5174:
5161:
5153:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5133:Kramer (1986)
5129:
5122:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5057:9780691200811
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4987:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4934:Rudolf Rocker
4931:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:'s theory of
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4841:tradition of
4840:
4830:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4769:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4703:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4682:
4675:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4485:
4484:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:Kim Jeong-hui
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Hayashi Razan
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:Rinzai school
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3855:Abhinavagupta
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3513:Sakya Pandita
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:Huayan school
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Wang Yangming
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:Book of Rites
2892:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2657:courtesy name
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:, one of the
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2380:. Laozi is a
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2306:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:Taoist temple
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Mount Penglai
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:Sacred places
2178:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Zhang Sanfeng
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Zhang Daoling
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:Ziwei Emperor
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:Daode Tianzun
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Hongjun Laozu
1766:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1733:Qingjing Jing
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Five Precepts
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:(five phases)
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:Japanese name
1271:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
968:
965:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
944:
941:
939:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
922:
919:
915:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
880:
876:
870:
865:
863:
859:
851:
849:
845:
835:
833:
829:
821:
819:
815:
807:
805:
801:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
759:
756:
751:
749:
745:
740:
737:
734:
729:
727:
723:
720:
719:Courtesy name
716:
707:
703:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
682:
678:
672:
667:
665:
661:
653:
651:
647:
637:
635:
631:
623:
621:
617:
614:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
575:
570:
568:
564:
561:
560:Personal Name
557:
548:
544:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
523:
519:
511:
509:
505:
497:
495:
492:
488:
485:
481:
475:
470:
468:
464:
456:
454:
450:
442:
440:
436:
433:
429:
421:
419:
415:
412:
408:
402:
397:
395:
391:
383:
381:
377:
369:
367:
363:
353:
351:
347:
339:
337:
333:
325:
323:
319:
311:
309:
305:
302:
298:
293:
289:
282:
280:
277:
274:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
239:
237:
233:
230:
226:
218:
214:
211:
202:
201:
197:
192:
188:
180:
174:
173:
169:
167:
166:
162:
161:
159:
156:Notable ideas
153:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
113:
109:
103:
95:
91:
86:
82:
79:(present-day
78:
71:
67:
62:
56:
51:
37:
34:
33:
29:
24:
19:
11755:
11745:
11735:
11725:
11715:
11705:
11695:
11685:
11675:
11665:
11655:
11645:
11635:
11625:
11615:
11605:
11025:Guicciardini
11008:Early modern
10877:
10844:Philosophers
10818:Conservatism
10813:Confucianism
10801:Distributism
10734:Social norms
10722:Sittlichkeit
10708:Ressentiment
10654:Institutions
10632:Human nature
10476:
10432:Human rights
10375:After Virtue
10101:Schopenhauer
10015:
9875:Moral agency
9748:Common sense
9644:Universalism
9612:Expressivism
9592:Intuitionism
9563:Subjectivism
9508:Terraforming
9483:Professional
9258:Mount Kunlun
9126:
9091:Zhang Boduan
9076:Tao Hongjing
8996:Heshang Gong
8980:
8963:
8958:Guan Shengdi
8899:Jade Emperor
8846:
8839:
8832:
8825:
8820:Sanhuangjing
8818:
8811:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8778:Tao Te Ching
8776:
8760:(talismancy)
8755:
8742:
8727:
8713:
8693:
8685:
8677:
8669:
8642:Ten Precepts
8629:
8619:
8610:
8609:
8600:
8599:
8590:
8589:
8559:
8551:
8543:
8528:
8523:Yin and yang
8514:
8505:
8504:
8496:
8418:Epistemology
8405:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8327:Yin and yang
8319:
8310:Human nature
8302:
8298:Filial piety
8290:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8245:
8238:
8226:
8215:Confucianism
8209:
8202:
8195:
8188:
8181:
8174:
8145:Zhou Guoping
8140:Zhang Shenfu
8125:Yin Haiguang
8120:Yang Changji
8065:Liu Xiaofeng
8050:Liang Qichao
7935:Carsun Chang
7923:20th century
7909:Zhuang Cunyu
7839:Hong Liangji
7799:Chen Menglei
7794:Chen Hongmou
7776:Zhan Ruoshui
7736:Liu Zongzhou
7706:Hong Zicheng
7701:Huang Zongxi
7607:Fan Zhongyan
7585:Ten Kingdoms
7571:Linji Yixuan
7566:Liu Zongyuan
7174:
7155:Gongsun Long
7117:Eastern Zhou
7108:Philosophers
7086:
7082:Mixed School
7067:
7060:
7004:Han learning
6999:Confucianism
6853:
6842:
6819:
6771:
6751:
6724:
6703:
6681:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6633:
6611:
6593:
6575:
6556:
6546:
6542:
6520:
6499:
6478:
6459:
6444:
6418:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6367:
6355:. Retrieved
6309:
6275:
6257:
6232:
6220:. Retrieved
6216:the original
6205:
6193:. Retrieved
6183:
6171:
6159:
6147:
6138:
6131:. Retrieved
6122:
6109:
6097:
6086:
6081:
6070:
6065:
6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6037:
6028:
6016:. Retrieved
6012:
6003:
5991:. Retrieved
5987:
5978:
5966:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5877:, retrieved
5871:
5864:
5844:
5822:
5795:
5773:(1): 23–25.
5770:
5766:
5756:
5744:
5739:, p. 22
5715:
5703:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5662:
5650:
5631:
5625:
5605:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5544:
5532:
5520:
5508:
5496:
5479:
5467:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5416:
5413:bamboo slips
5404:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5366:
5354:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5315:
5304:Denecke 2011
5299:
5292:Zhang (2018)
5287:
5280:Lewis (1999)
5275:
5263:
5258:, p. 8.
5251:
5232:
5222:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5189:Tao Te Ching
5186:
5182:
5152:
5147:, p. 2.
5140:
5128:
5116:
5107:
5094:
5085:
5074:
5039:
5033:
5013:. New York:
5010:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4943:
4937:
4927:
4917:
4913:
4910:Tao Te Ching
4909:
4879:
4876:Contemporary
4850:
4836:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4767:
4740:
4722:
4701:
4680:
4654:
4627:temple names
4611:Tang dynasty
4594:
4592:
4589:Tang dynasty
4575:virgin birth
4571:Taoist myths
4569:
4565:Tao Te Ching
4564:
4550:
4529:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4430:
4429:
4413:
4412:
4368:Chŏng To-jŏn
4360:
4354:
4353:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4271:Kyoto School
4269:
4268:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4240:
4239:
4205:
4204:
4162:Japanese Zen
4152:
4151:
4147:
4090:
4089:
4078:Indian logic
4041:
4040:
4026:
4025:
4006:
4005:
3961:Indian logic
3946:Anekantavada
3903:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3872:
3871:
3862:Pratyabhijna
3830:
3829:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3710:Madhvacharya
3698:Adi Shankara
3672:
3671:
3670:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3573:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3498:
3497:
3488:Chinese Chan
3439:Han Buddhism
3437:
3436:
3424:
3423:
3409:
3408:
3389:
3388:
3366:
3365:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3317:
3316:
3292:
3291:
3243:Filial piety
3230:
3229:
3212:
3208:Confucianism
3206:
3205:
3199:
3113:
3103:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3060:Tao Te Ching
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3042:Tao Te Ching
3041:
3035:
3034:
3029:Tao Te Ching
3028:
3024:Tao Te Ching
3023:
3021:
3016:Tao Te Ching
3015:
3007:
3000:Tao Te Ching
2999:
2997:
2972:Tao Te Ching
2965:Tao Te Ching
2964:
2956:
2938:Yuan dynasty
2930:, Shi Gang (
2927:
2894:
2886:
2883:
2875:Tao Te Ching
2874:
2856:
2832:
2818:Zhou dynasty
2806:state of Chu
2801:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2767:Tao Te Ching
2766:
2759:Tao Te Ching
2758:
2755:Tao Te Ching
2754:
2747:bamboo slips
2743:Tao Te Ching
2742:
2740:
2735:Tao Te Ching
2734:
2728:
2716:
2710:
2700:
2674:
2659:
2654:
2641:
2637:
2624:
2615:is a common
2594:
2579:
2577:
2549:romanization
2517:
2510:
2498:Tao Te Ching
2497:
2482:Tao Te Ching
2481:
2470:Tao Te Ching
2469:
2455:Confucianism
2443:Tang dynasty
2432:
2428:Tao Te Ching
2427:
2386:
2375:
2367:Tao Te Ching
2365:
2347:
2304:
2303:
2209:Mount Kunlun
2053:
2013:Zhang Boduan
1995:Tao Hongjing
1907:Heshang Gong
1888:
1800:Jade Emperor
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1719:Sanhuangjing
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1677:Tao Te Ching
1675:
1668:
1643:
1625:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1579:Ten Precepts
1549:
1545:
1535:
1523:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1488:(non-action)
1483:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1449:Yin and yang
1441:
1434:
1427:
1344:Kunrei-shiki
1195:Hanyu Pinyin
1154:Hanyu Pinyin
998:Hanyu Pinyin
959:Hanyu Pinyin
804:Hanyu Pinyin
774:Hanyu Pinyin
620:Hanyu Pinyin
590:Hanyu Pinyin
484:Southern Min
308:Hanyu Pinyin
278:
256:Hanyu Pinyin
170:
163:
112:Tao Te Ching
110:
106:Notable work
59:Portrait by
23:Tao Te Ching
18:
11812:Historicism
11641:(1835–1840)
11607:De Officiis
11331:de Beauvoir
11301:Baudrillard
11253:Vivekananda
11243:Tocqueville
11158:Kierkegaard
10974:Ibn Khaldun
10944:Alpharabius
10835:Personalism
10744:Stewardship
10701:Reification
10696:Natural law
10617:Familialism
10583:Culturalism
10250:(c. 322 BC)
10116:Kierkegaard
9935:Stewardship
9712:Rousseauian
9629:Rationalism
9541:Cognitivism
9488:Programming
9463:Meat eating
9436:Engineering
9288:White Cloud
9209:Dragon Gate
9066:Kou Qianzhi
9061:Bao Jingyan
8986:Zhuang Zhou
8806:Taipingjing
8624:(plainness)
8606:(nonaction)
8596:(integrity)
8564:(reversion)
8511:(ultimate)
8489:Metaphysics
8389:Role ethics
8374:Metaphysics
8150:Zhou Zuoren
8110:Xiong Shili
8095:Tang Chun-i
8090:Sun Yat-sen
8085:Qiu Renzong
8080:Mou Zongsan
8030:Kang Youwei
7975:Feng Youlan
7940:P. C. Chang
7930:Cai Yuanpei
7914:Zeng Guofan
7899:Yu Zhengxie
7829:Gong Zizhen
7824:Feng Guifen
7814:Fang Lanfen
7746:Qian Dehong
7546:Zhang Zhihe
7482:Xiahou Xuan
7422:Bao Jingyan
7265:Zhuang Zhou
6746:Watts, Alan
6449:Kohn (2000)
6254:Boaz, David
6195:14 November
6164:Long (2003)
6152:Boaz (1997)
6133:21 February
6115:Boaz, David
6102:Dorn (2008)
6087:Mises Daily
6058:Dorn (2008)
6038:murugan.org
5815:Chan (2000)
5737:Chan (2000)
5472:Kern (2015)
5397:) and 'B' (
5270:, p. 4
5268:Chan (2000)
5185:Dao De Jing
5145:Chan (2000)
4890:libertarian
4851:Bhogar 7000
4657:). In 743,
4553:Han dynasty
4547:Han dynasty
4457:Jaegwon Kim
4167:Sōtō school
4071:Dharmakirti
3816:Vaisheshika
3799:Navya-Nyāya
3734:Vivekananda
3729:Neo-Vedanta
3649:Yajnavalkya
3332:Mou Zongsan
3327:Xiong Shili
3283: [
3271: [
3130:Western Han
2911:during the
2901:Zhuang Zhou
2891:A.C. Graham
2838: [
2731:historicity
2691:noble title
2599:Old Chinese
2418:(in modern
2362:philosopher
2152:Zhengyi Dao
2116:Dragon Gate
1985:Kou Qianzhi
1980:Bao Jingyan
1894:Zhuang Zhou
1698:Taipingjing
879:Old Chinese
824:ㄌㄧˇ ㄅㄛˊ ㄧㄤˊ
681:Old Chinese
522:Old Chinese
283:the Old One
210:seal script
11891:Categories
11817:Humanities
11777:Agnotology
11436:Kołakowski
10999:Ibn Tufayl
10979:Maimonides
10923:Thucydides
10918:Tertullian
10873:Lactantius
10768:Volksgeist
10749:Traditions
10563:Convention
10146:Bonhoeffer
9855:Immorality
9798:Eudaimonia
9758:Conscience
9753:Compassion
9639:Skepticism
9634:Relativism
9551:Naturalism
9531:Absolutism
9503:Technology
9353:Deontology
9278:Louguantai
9071:Lu Xiujing
9051:Wei Huacun
9001:Wei Boyang
8704:Meditation
8480:Philosophy
8428:Legitimacy
8130:Yu Dunkang
8100:Tang Yijie
8075:Mao Zedong
8060:Lin Yutang
8025:Jin Yuelin
8020:Jiang Qing
7995:He Guanghu
7965:Chu Anping
7950:Chen Duxiu
7879:Wang Fuzhi
7869:Tan Sitong
7864:Pan Pingge
7859:Liu Yiming
7741:Luo Rufang
7662:Zhou Dunyi
7647:Wang Chuyi
7637:Wang Anshi
7617:Lu Jiuyuan
7497:Yan Zhitui
7487:Xie Daoyun
7389:Yang Xiong
7374:Wang Chong
7349:Kong Anguo
7210:Shen Buhai
7205:Shang Yang
7160:Guan Zhong
7130:Chunyu Kun
7051:Naturalism
6530:0791441148
6445:Daode Jing
6390:T'oung Pao
6344:2008009151
6246:References
6222:1 November
5879:8 February
5491:(1959) . "
5343:: 26 n. 1.
5308:Lewis 1999
5197:Chuang Tzu
5191:) and the
5121:Luo (2004)
5108:Britannica
5086:Taoism.net
4906:David Boaz
4884:economist
4843:Tamil Nadu
4833:Tamil Nadu
4378:Yi Eonjeok
4299:Traditions
4235:Ogyū Sorai
4230:Itō Jinsai
4225:Nakae Tōju
4148:Traditions
4066:Vasubandhu
4049:Madhyamika
4042:Traditions
4036:The Buddha
4016:Haribhadra
3986:Nondualism
3688:Badarayana
3634:Ashtavakra
3537:Tsongkhapa
3525:Longchenpa
3404:Shang Yang
3135:depicting
3093:apologetic
2994:, Malaysia
2976:See also:
2879:the Buddha
2850:), one of
2447:surname Li
2224:Louguantai
2167:Yao Taoism
1990:Lu Xiujing
1970:Wei Huacun
1965:Sun Hanhua
1912:Wei Boyang
1651:Priesthood
1584:Meditation
1503:(immortal)
1480:(reversal)
1223:Wade–Giles
1044:Wade–Giles
854:Lǐ Bó-yáng
839:Li Po-yang
832:Wade–Giles
634:Wade–Giles
418:Suzhounese
350:Wade–Giles
11857:Sociology
11807:Historism
11516:Santayana
11486:Oakeshott
11456:MacIntyre
11441:Kropotkin
11416:Heidegger
11269:centuries
11183:Nietzsche
11148:Jefferson
11133:Helvétius
11098:Condorcet
11061:centuries
11045:Montaigne
10868:Confucius
10858:Augustine
10775:Worldview
10669:Modernity
10642:Formation
10407:Casuistry
10319:Either/Or
10226:Korsgaard
10221:Azurmendi
10186:MacIntyre
10126:Nietzsche
10056:Augustine
10051:Confucius
10031:Aristotle
10007:Ethicists
9965:Intrinsic
9930:Suffering
9840:Happiness
9813:Free will
9793:Etiquette
9738:Authority
9682:Epicurean
9677:Confucian
9672:Christian
9607:Emotivism
9431:Discourse
9368:Pragmatic
9340:Normative
9200:Chongxuan
9183:Shangqing
9146:Huang–Lao
9106:Qiu Chuji
9096:Sun Bu'er
9086:Chen Tuan
9046:Guo Xiang
9016:Zhang Jue
8991:Lie Yukou
8827:Huahujing
8799:Huainanzi
8718:(essence)
8687:Yangsheng
8539:Feng shui
8525:(duality)
8407:Shan shui
8340:Zhengming
8115:Xu Fuguan
8040:Li Shicen
8015:Ray Huang
8000:Hu Qiaomu
7970:Fang Keli
7960:Ch'ien Mu
7945:Chen Daqi
7874:Tang Zhen
7819:Fang Quan
7731:Liu Bowen
7721:Lai Zhide
7711:Jiao Hong
7696:Chen Jiru
7657:Zhang Zai
7622:Shao Yong
7597:Cheng Hao
7541:Wang Tong
7442:Guo Xiang
7364:Liu Xiang
7344:Jing Fang
7255:Yuan Xian
7235:Ximen Bao
7190:Lie Yukou
7145:Duanmu Ci
7135:Confucius
7021:Huang–Lao
6631:(1997) .
6352:750831024
6140:harmony."
6091:mises.org
6075:mises.org
5787:0040-8573
5485:Sima Qian
5437:Han Feizi
5433:Han Feizi
5345:Cited in
5321:Qiu Xigui
5066:242423709
4954:anarchist
4925:writers.
4923:Confucian
4599:venerated
4440:Choe Je-u
4398:Bak Jiwon
4128:Emptiness
4054:Nagarjuna
3775:Patanjali
3739:Aurobindo
3693:Gaudapada
3644:Vashistha
3399:Han Feizi
3361:Lie Yukou
3220:Confucius
3168:Influence
3137:Confucius
3004:cosmogony
2867:Chengzhou
2835:Lao Laizi
2785:Sima Qian
2763:Mawangdui
2715:, in the
2707:Sima Qian
2597:), whose
2424:Confucius
2416:Wangcheng
2414:court at
2408:archivist
2076:Huang–Lao
2028:Qiu Chuji
2018:Sun Bu'er
2008:Chen Tuan
1960:Guo Xiang
1927:Zhang Jue
1899:Lie Yukou
1726:Huahujing
1691:Huainanzi
1563:Practices
1514:True form
810:Lǐ Bóyáng
778:Lǐ Bóyáng
11870:Category
11782:Axiology
11770:See also
11561:Voegelin
11551:Spengler
11526:Shariati
11481:Nussbaum
11466:Maritain
11426:Irigaray
11406:Habermas
11371:Foucault
11356:Durkheim
11258:Voltaire
11223:de Staël
11198:Rousseau
11123:Franklin
10984:Muhammad
10969:Gelasius
10954:Avempace
10937:Medieval
10913:Polybius
10908:Plutarch
10674:Morality
10649:Ideology
10637:Identity
10546:Concepts
10497:Category
10437:Ideology
10402:Axiology
10231:Nussbaum
10181:Frankena
10176:Anscombe
10166:Williams
10121:Sidgwick
10041:Valluvar
10036:Diogenes
10021:Socrates
9945:Theodicy
9940:Sympathy
9905:Pacifism
9895:Morality
9808:Fidelity
9788:Equality
9743:Autonomy
9731:Concepts
9692:Feminist
9667:Buddhist
9597:Nihilism
9536:Axiology
9493:Research
9426:Computer
9421:Business
9205:Quanzhen
9193:Jingming
9121:Zhu Quan
9021:Zhang Lu
8813:Xiang'er
8785:Zhuangzi
8732:(spirit)
8724:(breath)
8663:Practice
8401:Ink wash
8379:Politics
8369:Theology
8228:Ming yun
8204:Jing zuo
8163:Concepts
8045:Li Zehou
8010:Hua Gang
7980:Gan Yang
7889:Yan Yuan
7884:Wei Yuan
7854:Lin Zexu
7834:Gu Yanwu
7809:Fang Bao
7804:Dai Zhen
7766:Wu Cheng
7756:Wang Gen
7627:Shen Kuo
7602:Cheng Yi
7561:Liu Yuxi
7467:Sengzhao
7427:Fan Zhen
7329:Huan Tan
7309:Ban Zhao
7260:Zhang Yi
7250:Yang Zhu
7215:Shen Dao
7125:Bu Shang
7026:Legalism
6994:Buddhism
6910:LibriVox
6824:Stanford
6723:(1968),
6702:(2006),
6673:25066782
6519:(1999),
6498:(2009),
6410:24754939
6256:(1997),
6127:Archived
6018:14 April
5993:14 April
5489:Sima Tan
5193:Zhuangzi
4666:Ancestor
4607:emperors
4536:literati
4532:Zhuangzi
4383:Yi Hwang
4335:Cheontae
4242:Kokugaku
4061:Yogacara
4028:Buddhism
4021:Umaswati
3898:Chanakya
3885:Valluvar
3880:Valluvam
3845:Charvaka
3722:Ramanuja
3391:Legalism
3379:Yin yang
3356:Zhuangzi
3177:a series
3175:Part of
3157:Quanzhou
3080:Zhuangzi
3069:esoteric
2887:Zhuangzi
2802:Qūrén lǐ
2725:Identity
2718:Zhuangzi
2573:Zhuangzi
2463:immortal
2410:for the
2377:Zhuangzi
2354:, was a
2124:Wuliupai
2046:Zhu Quan
1932:Zhang Lu
1869:Body god
1761:Theology
1705:Xiang'er
1684:Zhuangzi
1588:Alchemy
1412:Concepts
1371:a series
1369:Part of
1307:Katakana
1293:Hiragana
1245:Lǎo-jyun
1230:Lao-chün
1209:Bopomofo
1170:the Old
1021:Bopomofo
818:Bopomofo
459:lou5 zi2
453:Jyutping
322:Bopomofo
219:(bottom)
61:Zhang Lu
11611:(44 BC)
11541:Sombart
11536:Skinner
11521:Scruton
11501:Polanyi
11476:Niebuhr
11461:Marcuse
11396:Gramsci
11391:Gentile
11351:Du Bois
11341:Deleuze
11311:Benoist
11281:Agamben
11238:Thoreau
11228:Stirner
11218:Spencer
11168:Le Play
11118:Fourier
11103:Emerson
11088:Carlyle
11073:Bentham
11050:Müntzer
11020:Erasmus
10994:Plethon
10989:Photios
10949:Aquinas
10883:Mencius
10851:Ancient
10784:Schools
10664:Loyalty
10622:History
10610:Counter
10605:Culture
10573:Customs
10395:Related
10141:Tillich
10106:Bentham
10081:Spinoza
10076:Aquinas
10061:Mencius
9975:Western
9950:Torture
9915:Precept
9870:Loyalty
9865:Liberty
9860:Justice
9773:Dignity
9763:Consent
9707:Kantian
9697:Islamic
9660:Schools
9546:Realism
9478:Nursing
9473:Medical
9458:Machine
9398:Applied
9273:Hanford
9263:Temples
9188:Lingbao
9178:Xuanxue
9171:Zhengyi
9151:Taiping
9138:Schools
9127:Fangshi
9056:Ge Hong
9036:Wang Bi
9026:Ge Xuan
8941:Chang'e
8859:Deities
8848:Daozang
8841:Baopuzi
8631:Zhenren
8553:Bianhua
8413:Society
8190:Jian'ai
8005:Hu Shih
7990:Gu Zhun
7849:Ma Qixi
7751:Wang Ji
7716:Jiao Yu
7632:Su Song
7612:Hu Hong
7502:Zhi Dun
7492:Xun Can
7477:Wang Bi
7472:Wang Su
7462:Ji Kang
7457:Huiyuan
7447:Fu Xuan
7437:Ge Hong
7384:Xun Yue
7379:Wang Fu
7369:Ma Rong
7339:Jia Kui
7280:Zou Yan
7240:Xu Xing
7225:Sun Tzu
7195:Mencius
7170:Hui Shi
7165:Han Fei
7140:Deng Xi
7077:Yangism
7069:Xuanxue
7036:Marxism
6982:Schools
6899:at the
6549:: 35–62
6308:(ed.).
5373:"Laozi"
5329:郭店老子簡初談
5164:Zdic 漢典
5104:"Laozi"
4858:Samadhi
4839:Siddhar
4837:In the
4681:Shèngzǔ
4609:of the
4450:Persons
4432:Donghak
4361:Persons
4330:Uicheon
4263:Statism
4193:Shingon
4118:Nirvana
4083:Dignāga
4008:Jainism
3996:Pramana
3991:Samadhi
3951:Brahman
3916:Atomism
3840:Ājīvika
3749:Samkhya
3683:Advaita
3674:Vedanta
3666:Jaimini
3657:Mimamsa
3624:Agastya
3520:Nyingma
3447:Tientai
3432:Sun Tzu
3344:Persons
3225:Mencius
3213:Persons
3074:zuowang
2738:works.
2709:in his
2638:Lǎo Dān
2625:Lao Dan
2439:revered
2420:Luoyang
2390:in the
2348:Lao Tzu
2338:Chinese
2086:Xuanxue
2069:Schools
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1975:Ge Hong
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1010:Lǎo Dān
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925:Chinese
567:Chinese
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342:Laotzyy
236:Chinese
11802:Ethics
11761:(2010)
11751:(1991)
11741:(1990)
11731:(1987)
11721:(1987)
11711:(1979)
11701:(1976)
11691:(1967)
11681:(1964)
11671:(1949)
11661:(1935)
11651:(1930)
11631:(1756)
11621:(1486)
11566:Walzer
11556:Taylor
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11401:Guénon
11386:Gehlen
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11316:Berlin
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11068:Arnold
11040:Milton
11035:Luther
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1942:He Yan
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1609:Bugang
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