5065:
5768:
6873:
2549:
3297:
3427:
7234:
5243:
5231:
7434:
6522:
6541:
5454:
6497:
4360:
4746:
7521:
4730:
5049:
3177:
18926:
7346:
18814:
27738:
7003:
3283:
4906:
1897:
4352:
6881:
15082:
15034:
2982:
1618:
3770:
3443:
1577:
3130:), and breathwork. Instead, the school focused on using mental cultivation to return to the mind's original purity and clarity (which could become obscured by desires and emotions). Key figures of this school include Xu Xun, Liu Yu, Huang Yuanji, Xu Yi, and Liu Yuanran. Some of these figures taught at the imperial capital and were awarded titles. Their emphasis on practical ethics and self-cultivation in everyday life (rather than ritual or monasticism) made it very popular among the literati class.
2233:
6725:
4195:. The classic Daoist view is that humans are originally and naturally aligned with Tao, thus their original nature is inherently good. It emphasizes doing things that are natural, following the Tao, which is a cosmic force that flows through all things and binds and releases them. However, one can fall away from this due to personal habits, desires, and social conditions. Returning to one's nature requires active attunement through Daoist practice and ethical cultivation.
7692:
on the
Response of the Tao (T'ai-shang kan-ying p'ien). Li sparked a popular movement which focused on the everyday life of ordinary persons instead of on temples, monasteries and sages. At the core of this tradition is living in harmony with the Tao and with the Way of Heaven, which means acting with benevolence, kindness and compassion. Doing evil is considered a transgression against the way and this evil will be punished by deities, celestial ministers and judges.
3200:
26208:
24103:
6713:
5562:
2864:. Thus, according to Russell Kirkland, "in several important senses, it was really Lu Hsiu-ching who founded Taoism, for it was he who first gained community acceptance for a common canon of texts, which established the boundaries, and contents, of 'the teachings of the Tao' (Tao-chiao). Lu also reconfigured the ritual activities of the tradition, and formulated a new set of liturgies, which continue to influence Taoist practice to the present day."
24113:
6702:
2880:
5430:, this method "encourages openness to all sorts of stimuli and leads to a sense of free-flowing awareness. It often begins with the recognition of physical sensations and subtle events in the body but may also involve paying attention to outside occurrences." Guan is associated with deep listening and energetic sensitivity. The term most often refers to "inner observation" (neiguan), a practice that developed through Buddhist influence (see:
3610:
3908:
2706:
3248:(1966–1976), many Taoist priests were laicized and sent to work camps, and many Taoist sites and temples were destroyed or converted to secular use. This period saw an exodus of Taoists out of China. They immigrated to Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and to Europe and North America. Thus, the communist repression had the consequence of making Taoism a world religion by disseminating Taoists throughout the world.
5609:
18135:
36:
5166:(6) I will maintain harmony with my ancestors and family and never disregard my kin; (7) When I see someone do good, I will support him with joy and delight; (8) When I see someone unfortunate, I will support him with dignity to recover good fortune; (9) When someone comes to do me harm, I will not harbor thoughts of revenge; (10) As long as all beings have not attained the Dao, I will not expect to do so myself.
6979:
3316:(beginning in 1979) during which mainland China experienced increased religious freedom. This led to the restoration of many temples and communities, the publishing of Taoist literature and the preservation of Taoist material culture. Several Chinese intellectuals, like Hu Fuchen (Chinese Academy of Social Studies) and Liu Xiaogan (Chinese University of Hong Kong) have worked to developed a "New Daojia" (
3977:, the intellectual and emotional center (zhong) of a person. It is associated with the chest cavity, the physical heart as well as with emotions, thoughts, consciousness, and the storehouse of spirit (shen). When the heartmind is unstable and separated from the Tao, it is called the ordinary heartmind (suxin). On the other hand, the original heartmind (benxin) pervades Tao and is constant and peaceful.
3673:) of all people, a nature which is seen by Taoists as being ultimately good. In a naturalistic sense, the Tao as visible pattern, "the Tao that can be told", that is, the rhythmic processes and patterns of the natural world that can be observed and described. Thus, Kohn writes that Tao can be explained as twofold: the transcendent, ineffable, mysterious Tao and the natural, visible, and tangible Tao.
4156:
27750:
26195:
3635:) can mean way, road, channel, path, doctrine, or line. The Tao is a natural order that enables all things to exist and dominate every action, not so much through force as through a natural curvature of space and time. It is the origin and power of all creation - its essence is unknown, but it can be observed in its manifestation - this is behind the operation and change of nature.
2571:
4535:. In other cases, they are depicted as the ideal rulers which practice ruling through non-intervention and under which nations prosper peacefully. Sages are the highest humans, mediators between heaven and earth and the best guides on the Taoist path. They act naturally and simply, with a pure mind and with wuwei. They may have supernatural powers and bring good fortune and peace.
5413:). According to Louis Komjathy, this type of meditation "emphasizes emptiness and stillness; it is contentless, non-conceptual, and non-dualistic. One simply empties the heart-mind of all emotional and intellectual content." The texts of classical Taoism state that this meditation leads to the dissolution of the self and any sense of separate dualistic identity. Sima Chengzhen's
7268:. Quanzhen lineages are mainly monastic and ascetic tradition, based on meditation and internal cultivation, while the Orthodox Unity tradition is based on a lay priests (daoshi) who are expected to master an extensive ritual repertoire. These two traditions developed during the Song dynasty and grew to become recognized by the imperial government during late imperial China.
2643:, who was said to have had a vision of Laozi in 142 CE and claimed that the world was coming to an end. Zhang sought to teach people to repent and prepare for the coming cataclysm, after which they would become the seeds of a new era of great peace. It was a mass movement in which men and women could act as libationers and tend to the commoners. A related movement arose in
619:
5380:
5743:(c. CE 300) helped establish the text as an important source for Taoist thought. One traditional view is that a sage called Zhuang Zhou wrote the first seven chapters (the "inner chapters"), and his students and related thinkers were responsible for the other parts (the outer and miscellaneous chapters). However, some modern scholars, like Russell Kirkland, argue that
2218:; 'follower of Dao'), with the meaning of "Taoist" as "lay member or believer of Taoism", is a modern invention that goes back to the introduction of the Western category of "organized religion" in China in the 20th century, but it has no significance for most of Chinese society in which Taoism continues to be an "order" of the larger body of Chinese religion.
4032:
100:
3565:
associations include: Associacion de Taoism de España, Association
Francaise Daoiste, British Daoist Association, Daoist Foundation (San Diego, California), American Taoist and Buddhist Association (New York), Ching Chung Taoist Association (San Francisco), Universal Society of the Integral Way (Ni Hua-Ching), and Sociedade Taoista do Brasil.
2951:, "had frequent meetings with senior masters, ritual specialists, Taoist poets, and official patriarchs, such as Sima Chengzhen." He reorganized imperial rituals based on Taoist forms, sponsored Taoist shrines and monasteries, and introduced a separate examination system based on Taoism. Another important Taoist figure of the Tang dynasty was
4643:. The One then brought forth "the Two", the two energies yin and yang, which in turn merged in harmony to create the next level of existence, "the Three" (yin-yang combined), from which the myriad beings came forth. From original oneness, the world thus continued to move into ever greater states of distinction and differentiation.
2055:
of liturgical or explicitly supernatural character, used in contexts either of abstract metaphysics or of the ordinary conditions required for human flourishing. This distinction is still understood in everyday contexts among
Chinese people, and has been echoed by modern scholars of Chinese history and philosophy such as
3572:'s Healing Tao. While traditional Taoism initially arrived in the West through Chinese immigrants, more recently, Western run Taoist temples have also appeared, such as the Taoist Sanctuary in San Diego and the Dayuan Circle in San Francisco. Kohn notes that all of these centers "combine traditional ritual services with
3988:". Later Taoist sources also refer to it by other terms like "awakened nature" (wuxing), "original nature" (benxing), "original spirit" (yuanshen), and "scarlet palace". This pure heartmind is seen as being characterized by clarity and stillness (qingjing), purity, pure yang, spiritual insight, and emptiness.
7500:. The patriarch of this sect resides in Taiwan and this tradition performs numerous ceremonies which are often sponsored by the Taiwanese government. The training for Zhengyi priesthood, who are not celibate, focuses mainly on learning extensive rituals and liturgy, so that they can perform them flawlessly.
7699:
Karmic Taoism is a nonsectarian tradition adopted by many Taoist sects. The Laozu
Treatise on the Response of the Tao is studied in Quanzhen Taoism, Hsien-t'ien Tao and in the Wu-Liu sect. All major schools of Taoism view ethics as the foundation for spirituality. Furthermore, there are those who are
5758:
uses anecdotes, parables, and dialogues to express one of its main themes—avoiding cultural constructs and instead living in a spontaneous way aligned with the natural world. This way of living might be perceived as "useless" by most people who follow their own "common sense" and social and political
3825:
To attain naturalness, one has to identify with the Tao and flow with its natural rhythms as expressed in oneself. This involves freeing oneself from selfishness and desire, and appreciating simplicity. It also involves understanding one's nature and living in accordance with it, without trying to be
2977:
The Song era saw new scriptures and new movements of ritualists and Taoist rites, the most popular of which were the
Thunder Rites (leifa). The Thunder rites were protection and exorcism rites that evoked the celestial department of thunder, and they became central to the new Heavenly Heart (Tianxin)
2338:
formulated many of their precepts, including the quest for "long life". Traditionally, the Yellow
Emperor's founding of Taoism was said to have been because he "dreamed of an ideal kingdom whose tranquil inhabitants lived in harmonious accord with the natural law and possessed virtues remarkably like
2148:
embedded into
Chinese history and tradition, while also assuming many different "forms of philosophy and practical wisdom". Chung-ying Cheng also noted that the Taoist view of 'heaven' mainly from "observation and meditation, the teaching of can also include the way of heaven independently of human
7695:
These ideas are quite ancient, the
Taiping Jing (Scripture of Great Peace) states: "accumulate good deeds, and prosperity will come to you from the Tao". Besides wealth and prosperity, Karmic Taoism also believes that doing good increases longevity, while doing evil decreases it. Another common idea
5095:
reject animal sacrifice. Sacrifices to the deities remains a key element of Taoist rituals however. There are various kinds of Taoist rituals, which may include presenting offerings, scripture reading, sacrifices, incantations, purification rites, confession, petitions and announcements to the gods,
3956:
Taoism does not identify one's will as the root problem. Rather, it asserts that one must place their will in harmony with the natural way of the universe. Thus, a potentially harmful interference may be avoided, and in this way, goals can be achieved effortlessly. "By wu-wei, the sage seeks to come
2615:
are important sources from this period. An unorganized form of Taoism was popular in the Han dynasty that syncretized many preexisting forms in multiple ways for different groups existed during a rough span of time throughout the 2nd century BCE. Also during the Han, the earliest extant commentaries
2054:
is an ancient, deeply-rooted one. Taoism is a positive philosophy that aims for the holistic unification of an individual's reality with everything that is not only real but also valuable, encompassing both the natural world and society. The earliest references to 'the Tao' per se are largely devoid
7691:
Karmic Taoism, or "Action and Karma Taoism", according to Wong, focuses on ethics and is grounded in the idea that the sacred celestial powers aid and reward those who do good and punish those who do evil. This tradition can be traced back to Song dynasty Taoist Li Ying-chang and his Laozu
Treatise
7558:
of jing, qi and shen), which become dissipated, weak and lost as we age. To prevent this and to increase our inner vital energies, one must practice various methods of "internal alchemy" (neidan) to harmonize the internal energy in one's body and refine the "golden elixir" (jindan) inside the body.
6588:
Taoist temples may fly square or triangular flags. They typically feature mystical writing, talismans, or diagrams and are intended to fulfill various functions including providing guidance for the spirits of the dead, bringing good fortune, increasing life span, etc. Other flags and banners may be
4959:
and see humans as an important class of things in the world. However, in most Taoist views humans were not held to be especially important in comparison to other aspects of the world and Taoist metaphysics that were seen as equally or more special. Similarly, some
Taoists had similar views on their
4931:
Some key elements of Taoist practice include a commitment to self-cultivation, wu wei, and attunement to the patterns of the Tao.The practice of Taoism seeks to develop the body back to its original level of energy and restore it to its original state of creation. The body is no longer just a means
3639:
describes the Tao as "the underlying cosmic power which creates the universe, supports culture and the state, saves the good and punishes the wicked. Literally 'the way', Tao refers to the way things develop naturally, the way nature moves along and living beings grow and decline in accordance with
7445:
and devotion towards various celestial deities and spirits. The basic belief of ceremonial Taoism is that through various rites, human beings can honor the deities and these deities may then grant them with power, protection and blessings. Rituals and festivals can include chanting, offerings, and
6564:
are important symbols in Taoism because they represent key elements of Taoist cosmology (see above). Many Taoist (as well as non-Taoist) organizations make use of these symbols, and they may appear on flags and logos, temple floors, or stitched into clerical robes. What has become the standardised
3931:
carries the meaning of "there is no ..." or "lacking, without". Common translations are nonaction, effortless action, action without intent, noninterference and nonintervention. The meaning is sometimes emphasized by using the paradoxical expression "wei wu wei": action without action. Kohn writes
14293:
The taiji diagram (taiji tu) first appeared in a Taoist context at the beginning of the Song dynasty (960-1279). Several Song sources state that it originated with the Taoist Chen Tuan (c. 906-989), although Isabelle Robinet has shown that an antecedent for the diagram appeared in the work of the
5663:
is "actually a multi-vocal anthology consisting of a variety of historical and textual layers; in certain respects, it is a collection of oral teachings of various members of the inner cultivation lineages." Meanwhile, Russell Kirkland argues that the text arose out of "various traditions of oral
4967:
Throughout the history of Taoism, mountains have occupied a special place for Taoist practice. They are seen as sacred spaces and as the ideal places for Taoist cultivation and Taoist monastic or eremitic life, which may include "cloud wandering" (yunyou) in the mountains and dwelling in mountain
4674:
and organs). Qi is in constant transformation between its condensed state (life) and diluted state (potential). These two different states of qi are embodiments of yin and yang, two complementary forces that constantly play against and with each other and where one cannot exist without the other.
4653:, which applies to various sets of complementary ideas: bright – dark, light – heavy, soft – hard, strong – weak, above – below, ruler – minister, male – female, and so on. Cosmically, these two forces exist in mutual harmony and interdependence. Yin and yang are further divided into five phases (
4550:) with Tao. This is the main goal that all Daoist practices are aiming towards and can be felt in various ways, such as a sense of psychosomatic vitality and aliveness as well as stillness and a "true joy" (zhenle) or "celestial joy" that remains unaffected by mundane concerns like gain and loss.
3367:
Taoist institutions are state-owned, monastics are paid by the government, several bureaus compete for revenues and administrative power, and training centers require courses in Marxism as preparation for full ordination. Still, temple compounds are growing on the five sacred mountains, on Taoist
7286:
Taoism is one of the oldest systems of Taoism and its practices are similar to the shamans and sorcerers of ancient China. Magical Taoism believes there are various natural powers, deities and spirits (benevolent and malevolent) in the universe that can be made use of by specialists who know the
5316:
Another key longevity method is "ingestion", which focuses on what one absorbs or consumes from one's environment and is seen as affecting what one becomes. Diatectics, closely influenced by Chinese medicine, is a key element of ingestion practice, and there are numerous Taoist diet regimens for
2176:; 'master of the Tao'), thus strictly defining the priests of Taoism, ordained clergymen of a Taoist institution who "represent Taoist culture on a professional basis", are experts of Taoist liturgy, and therefore can employ this knowledge and ritual skill for the benefit of a community.
16870:
Napier, Nancy K.; Pham, Hiep-Hung; Nguyen, Ha; Nguyen, Hong Kong; Ho, Manh-Toan; Vuong, Thu-Trang; Cuong, Nghiem Phu Kien; Bui, Quang-Khiem; Nhue, Dam; La, Viet-Phuong; Ho, Tung; Vuong, Quan Hoang (4 March 2018). "'Cultural additivity' and how the values and norms of Confucianism, Buddhism, and
7453:
There is a complex and large pantheon in Taoism. It includes various deities classified into various ranks within an administrative structure, at the top of which are the celestial lords (t'ien-tsun). These include judges, heralds, officers, generals, clerks and messengers. The main division is
7449:
There are various kinds of festivals in Ceremonial Taoism, including "Great Services" (chai-chiao) and Ritual Gatherings (fa-hui) that can last for days and can focus on repentance, rainmaking, disaster aversion or petitioning. There are feast days which honor specific deities. 164 Funerals and
2346:
Afterwards, Taoism developed and grew into two sects; One is Zhengyi Taoism, which mainly focuses on spells, and the other is Quanzhen Taoism, which mainly focuses on practicing inner alchemy. Overall, traditional Taoist thought, content, and sects are varied, reflecting the ideal of "absorbing
7076:
practitioners and scholars, especially Chan Buddhists. On the other hand, Taoism also incorporated Buddhist elements during the Tang dynasty. Examples of such influence include monasteries, vegetarianism, prohibition of alcohol, the doctrine of emptiness, and collecting scripture in tripartite
6625:
celestials as emerging from the glint of light off of a pearl that existed "in the mists of chaos" and trapped in an endless cycle where they continually retrieve the pearl that makes them out of the mists. Some Internal Alchemy Taoists worshipped mercury as "divine water" and an embodiment of
2539:
Early Taoists studied the natural world in attempts to find what they thought were supernatural laws that governed existence. Taoists created scientific principles that were the first of their kind in China, and the belief system has been known to merge scientific, philosophical, and religious
5526:). Internal alchemy (neidan, literally: "internal elixir"), which focuses on the transformation and increase of qi in the body, developed during the late imperial period (especially during the Tang) and is found in almost all Taoist schools today, though it is most closely associated with the
5498:
practices, which include rituals, meditations, exercises, and the creation of various alchemical substances. The goals of alchemy include physical and spiritual transformation, aligning oneself spiritually with cosmic forces, undertaking ecstatic spiritual journeys, improving physical health,
3676:
Dao is a process of reality itself, a way for things to gather together while still changing. All of these reflect the deep-rooted belief of the Chinese people that change is the most fundamental characteristic of things. In the Book of Changes, this pattern of change is symbolized by numbers
2103:
state that "Taoism has never been a unified religion, and has constantly consisted of a combination of teachings based on a variety of original revelations." The distinction is fraught with hermeneutic difficulties when attempting to categorize different schools, sects, and movements. Russell
2090:
themselves, nor the early secondary sources written about them, put forward any particular supernatural ontology. Nonetheless, that religious Taoism emerged from a synthesis of folk religion with philosophical Taoist precepts is clear. The earlier, naturalistic was employed by pre-Han and Han
2094:
However, this distinction has been challenged or rejected by some scholars of religion, often those from a Western or Japanese background, who often use distinct interpretive models and techniques. This point of view characterizes the religious and philosophical characteristics of the Taoist
7822:
as the three gods Tianyi, Diyi, and "the Taiyi". These beings were varyingly interpreted as relatively simple heavenly, earthly, and all-purpose gods respectively, the "supreme deity" (an intangible god that represented the mind of the Tao), "his disciple", the Lord Tao (a more physical god
3564:
and culture. This is because, for most traditional Taoists, the religion is not seen as separate from Chinese ethnicity and culture. As such, most Western convert Taoist groups are led either by Chinese teachers or by teachers who studied with Chinese teachers. Some prominent Western Taoist
7806:
was written, many Taoists told stories and legends about heroes "whose bodies had been rendered invulnerable". This could be achieved by making contact with "dragon's blood" or a river in the afterlife, or drinking the "waters of the 'Well of Life' and eating the 'fungus of immortality'".
13744:. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in Guodian, Jingmen city, Hubei province, has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the
3661:
describes the Tao as an "ontological ground" and as "the One, which is natural, spontaneous, eternal, nameless, and indescribable. It is at once the beginning of all things and the way in which all things pursue their course." The Tao is thus an "organic order", which is not a willful or
4545:
The sages as thus because they have attained the primary goal of Taoism: a union with the Tao and harmonization or alignment with its patterns and flows. This experience is one of being attuned to the Tao and to our own original nature, which already has a natural capacity for resonance
2507:
and his followers insisted they were the heirs of ancient traditions and the ways of life of by-then legendary kingdoms. Pre-Taoist philosophers and mystics whose activities may have influenced Taoism included shamans, naturalists skilled in understanding the properties of plants and
3972:
In Taoism, one's innate or fundamental nature (xing) is ultimately the Tao expressing or manifesting itself as an embodied person. Innate nature is connected with one's heartmind (xin), which refers to consciousness, the heart, and one's spirit. The focus of Taoist psychology is the
6781:
is near to 950 million, which is 70% of Chinese. Among these, 173 million (13%) claim an affiliation with Taoist practices. 12 million people stated that they were "Taoists", a term traditionally used exclusively for initiates, priests, and experts of Taoist rituals and methods.
4338:
into its religious ethical system. Medieval Taoist thought developed the idea that ethics was overseen by a celestial administration that kept records of people's actions and their fate, as well as handed out rewards and punishments through particular celestial administrators.
2483:
were philosophically close to the School of Naturalists and relied greatly on astrological and calendrical speculations in their divinatory activities. Female shamans played an important role in the early Taoist tradition, which was particularly strong in the southern state of
4657:, or five materials): minor yang, major yang, yin/yang, minor yin, major yin. Each of these correlates with a specific substance: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water respectively. This schema is used in many different ways in Taoist thought and practice, from nourishing life (
2264:
meditation as a way of achieving union with the Tao. According to Louis Komjathy, their worldview "emphasized the Dao as sacred, and the universe and each individual being as a manifestation of the Dao." These communities were also closely related to and intermixed with the
14476:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
14443:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
14413:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
4702:(mainly seen as Lord Lao), representing order and creativity. Taoist cosmology influences Taoist soteriology, which holds that one can "return to the root" (guigen) of the universe (and of ourselves), which is also the Tao—the impersonal source (yuan) of all things.
1832:
were immortal beings with vast supernatural powers, also describing a principled, moral person. Since Taoist thought is syncretic and deeply rooted in Chinese culture for millennia, it is often unclear which denominations should be considered "Taoist". The status of
4871:
Different branches of Taoism often have differing pantheons of lesser deities, where these deities reflect different notions of cosmology. Lesser deities also may be promoted or demoted for their activity. Some varieties of popular Chinese religion incorporate the
7274:
There are also various smaller Taoist groups and traditions of practice. Eva Wong divides the major "systems" of Taoism into the following categories: Magical Taoism, Divinational Taoism, Ceremonial Taoism, Internal-Alchemical Taoism and Action and Karma Taoism.
4932:
of living in harmony in the world, it is itself a universe. Most Taoists throughout history have agreed on the importance of self cultivation through various practices, which were seen as ways to transform oneself and integrate oneself to the deepest realities.
4078:"human life is the accumulation of qi; death is its dispersal." Everyone has some amount of qi and can gain and lose qi in various ways. Therefore, Taoists hold that through various qi cultivation methods they can harmonize their qi, and thus improve health and
7416:
Contemporary divinational Taoism is practiced in temples and monasteries by various individuals and may not be sect specific (it is even practiced by non-daoists). This Taoist practice can be found in the Mao-shan sorcerers, the Celestial Masters sect and the
2899:(the teaching of the Tao). The Tang was the height of Taoist influence, during which Taoism, led by the Patriarch of Supreme Clarity, was the dominant religion in China. According to Russell Kirkland, this new Taoist synthesis had its main foundation in the
2854:; Mystery (Dongxuan), associated with Lingbao; and Spirit (Dongshen), associated with the Supreme Clarity tradition. Lu Xiujing also used this schema to arrange the Taoist scriptures and Taoist deities. Lu Xiujing worked to compile the first edition of the
2120:) is a modern Chinese construction largely rooted in earlier Chinese literati, European colonialist, and Protestant missionary interpretations. Contemporaneous Neo-Confucianists, for example, often self-identify as Taoist without partaking in any rituals.
5362:
regulated the body and bodily functions through a bureaucratic system "modeled after the Chinese system of government". Death occurs only when these gods leave, but life can be extended by meditating while visualizing them, doing good deeds, and avoiding
5530:. There are many systems of internal alchemy with different methods such as visualization and breathwork. In the late Imperial period, neidan developed into complex systems that drew on numerous elements, including: classic Taoist texts and meditations,
5422:
Concentration meditation, focusing the mind on one theme, like the breath, a sound, a part of the body (like one of the dantiens), a diagram or mental image, a deity etc. A subset of this is called "guarding the one", which is interpreted in different
2841:
During the sixth century, Taoists attempted to unify the various traditions into one integrated Taoism that could compete with Buddhism and Confucianism. To do this they adopted the schema known as the "three caverns", first developed by the scholar
2123:
In contrast, Komjathy characterizes Taoism as "a unified religious tradition characterized by complexity and diversity.", arguing that historically, none of these terms were understood according to a bifurcated 'philosophy' versus 'religion' model.
3821:
refers to the fact that "there is thus no ultimate cause to make things what they are. The universe exists by itself and of itself; it is existence just as it is. Nothing can be added or substracted from it; it is entirely sufficient upon itself."
13737:
research. The manuscripts, identified simply as "A" (jia) and "B" (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 B.C. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the "A" manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195
7208:
has been made by several authors, such as Martin Aronson, and Toropov & Hansen (2002), who believe that there are parallels that should not be ignored. In the opinion of J. Isamu Yamamoto, the main difference is that Christianity preaches a
7098:
philosophy emphasizing moral behavior and human perfection. In time, most Chinese people identified to some extent with all three traditions simultaneously. This became institutionalized when aspects of the three schools were synthesized in the
4237:
neutrally. However, some of the movements that were dour or skeptical about human nature did not believe that evil is permanent and believed that evil people can become good. Korean Daoists tended to think extremely positively of human nature.
5679:
is not organized in any clear fashion and is a collection of different sayings on various themes. The leading themes of the Tao Te Ching revolve around the nature of Tao, how to attain it and De, the inner power of Tao, as well as the idea of
5064:
5949:, a 4th-century BCE text that describes self-cultivation, meditation, how to work with qi', and how to train one's heart-mind (xin) as well as one's body. The ideas found in this text influenced later Taoist conceptions of internal alchemy.
6924:
represents the different regions, dialects, and time spans that are commonly associated with Taoism. Ancient Taoist art was commissioned by the aristocracy; however, scholars masters and adepts also directly engaged in the art themselves.
3969:. As Russell Kirkland writes, Taoists "generally assume that one's 'self' cannot be understood or fulfilled without reference to other persons, and to the broader set of realities in which all persons are naturally and properly embedded."
1665:). Although Taoism has no simple definitions, possible translations of Tao include 'way', 'road', and 'technique'. Taoist thought has informed the development of various practices within the Taoist tradition and beyond, including forms of
5751:).Zhuangzi also introduced seven versions of the meeting between Laozi and Confucius. Laozi is portrayed as growing old, and his Taoist teachings confuse his famous interlocutors. Zhuangzi also provides the only record of Laozi's death.
6843:. Organized Taoism seems not to have attracted a large non-Chinese following until modern times. In Taiwan, 7.5 million people, 33% of the population, identify themselves as Taoists. Data collected in 2010 for religious demographics of
4963:
According to Louis Komjathy, Taoist practice is a diverse and complex subject that can include "aesthetics, art, dietetics, ethics, health and longevity practice, meditation, ritual, seasonal attunement, scripture study, and so forth."
7652:
Much like Taoists who see writings made by influential members of their faith as having a divine nature, some Taoists view self-cultivation as a way for emotions and self to partake in divinity, and a smaller subset of these view some
5313:, are practiced by Taoists as methods of cultivating health and longevity as well as eliciting internal alchemical transformations. However, these methods are not specifically Taoist and are often practiced outside of Taoist contexts.
3648:
According to Komjathy, the Tao has four primary characteristics: "(1) Source of all existence; (2) Unnamable mystery; (3) All-pervading sacred presence; and (4) Universe as cosmological process." As such, Taoist thought can be seen as
2104:
Kirkland writes that "most scholars who have seriously studied Taoism, both in Asia and in the West" have abandoned this "simplistic dichotomy". Louis Komjathy writes that this is an untenable misconception because "the association of
4216:
was widely viewed by Taoists as a holy land because of influence from the Chinese public that viewed being born in China as a privilege and that outsiders were enemies. Preserving a sense of "Chineseness" in the country and rewarding
14684:; Murray, Daniel M., and James Miller. "TRADUÇAO: A Sociedade Taoísta do Brasil e a globalizaçao do Taoismo da Ortodoxia Unitária." Religare: Revista Do Programa De Pós Graduaç Ao Em Ciências Das Religi Oes Da Ufpb 12 (2016): 315–43.
7799:. In some Taoist sects, the Tao was the primary thing that was venerated and beings that would be gods in other sects were merely treated as supernatural beings similar to gods who could only act in accordance with the Tao's wishes.
4935:
Communal rituals are important in most Taoist traditions, as are methods of self-cultivation. Taoist self-cultivation practices tend to focus on the transformation of the heartmind together with bodily substances and energies (like
2523:
Significant movements in early Taoism disregarded the existence of gods, and many who believed in gods thought they were subject to the natural law of the Tao, in a similar nature to all other life. Roughly contemporaneously to the
7682:
Much of Taoism in general is about cleanliness in some way and involves free thinking, as well as rejecting the gratification of the senses, in order to purify oneself to make the mind like "the sky", "sun", and nature in general.
5443:
Visualization (cunxiang) of various mental images, including deities, cosmic patterns, the lives of saints, various lights in the bodies organs, etc. This method is associated with the Supreme Clarity school, which first developed
1791:. While Taoism and Confucianism often developed in a manner informed by the significant differences between the two traditions, they are not understood to be incompatible or mutually exclusive. The relationship between Taoism and
7678:
Hygiene Taoism is a Taoist tradition meant to increase life and "physical and mental harmony". Some Taoists from the "Hygiene School" believed that they could survive only on their own breath and saliva to purify their bodies.
2272:
Other scholars, like Russell Kirkland, argue that before the Han dynasty, there were no real "Taoists" or "Taoism". Instead, there were various sets of behaviors, practices, and interpretative frameworks (like the ideas of the
3331:, which saw a surge in the popularity of Qigong practice throughout China. During this period many new Taoist and Taoist influenced religions sprung up, the most popular being those associated with Qigong, such as Zangmigong (
2793:(960–1279) and focused on scriptural recitation and the use of talismans for harmony and longevity. The Lingbao school practiced purification rituals called "purgations" in which talismans were empowered. Lingbao also adopted
7511:
sect, though these schools understand ritual as mainly a way to develop internal alchemy. During the Song dynasty, a popular form of ceremonial Taoism was the Thunder Rites (leifa), which focused on exorcism and protection.
7365:
techniques to help one predict the future and live accordingly. This practice can also carry deeper spiritual significance, since it can help one appreciate the flux of the Tao. This form of Taoism owes much to the ancient
4342:
In its original form, the religion does not involve political affairs or complex rituals; on the contrary, it encourages the avoidance of public responsibility and the search for a vision of a spiritual transcendent world.
7072:, distrust of scripture and text, and emphasis on embracing "this life" and living in the "every-moment". Zhuangzi's statements that the Tao was omnipresent and that creation escorts animals and humans to death influenced
4008:
The cultivation of innate nature is often associated with the practice of stillness (jinggong) or quiet meditation, while the cultivation of life-destiny generally revolves around movement based practices (dongong) like
3945:, proposes that the universe works harmoniously according to its own ways. When someone exerts their will against the world in a manner that is out of rhythm with the cycles of change, they may disrupt that harmony and
7570:
forces internally to achieve immortality." A term used by some Taoists that sums up traditions that do not use these practices is "singular path". Most traditions follow the "singular path". These include the Longmen
3756:
sense, as well as to a higher spontaneous kind of sagely virtue or power that comes from following the Tao and practicing wu-wei. Thus, it is a natural expression of the Tao's power and not anything like conventional
3809:") is regarded as a central concept and value in Taoism and as a way of flowing with the Tao. It describes the "primordial state" of all things as well as a basic character of the Tao, and is usually associated with
1845:. Though generally lacking motivation for strong hierarchies, Taoist philosophy has often served as a theoretical foundation for politics, warfare, and Taoist organizations. Taoist secret societies precipitated the
7795:. Some Taoists chose not to worship beings they saw as gods, and only worshipped guardian spirits or "celestials", such as devas, various kinds of beings occupying heaven, members of the celestial bureaucracy, and
5346:
fields" that represented a higher level of reality or a spiritual kind of cinnabar that does not exist in normal reality. A method of meditation used by these Taoists was "visualizing light" that was thought to be
4163:. When some officials came to offer Zhuang zhou a job at court, he replied he preferred to continue to live a life of solitary simplicity, like a turtle who prefers to live in the mud than to be displayed at court.
4147:. Some Taoists viewed ancestors as merely corpses that were improperly revered and respect for the dead as irrelevant and others within groups that followed these beliefs viewed almost all traditions as worthless.
6576:
are more ancient symbols for yin and yang respectively, and these two animals are still widely used in Taoist art. Taoist temples in southern China and Taiwan may often be identified by their roofs, which feature
4991:
One of the earliest schemas for Taoist practice was the "nine practices" or "nine virtues" (jiǔxíng 九行), which were taught in the Celestial Masters school. These were drawn from classic Taoist sources, mainly the
5338:(often 36,000), gods who were likely thought of as at least somewhat mental in nature because of the word's other meaning of consciousness, that could be communed with by doing various methods to manipulate the
2669:
Another important early Taoist movement was Taiqing (Great Clarity), which was a tradition of external alchemy (weidan) that sought immortality through the concoction of elixirs, often using toxic elements like
6289:
and has become a popular morality tract in the last few centuries. It asserts that those in harmony with Tao will live long and fruitful lives. The wicked, and their descendants, will suffer and have shortened
3644:
begins with: "The Tao that can be told is not eternal Tao." Likewise, Louis Komjathy writes that the Tao has been described by Taoists as "dark" (xuan), "indistinct" (hu), "obscure" (huang), and "silent" (mo).
3168:. The Longmen school synthesized the Quanzhen and neidan teachings with the Chan Buddhist and Neo-Confucian elements that the Jingming tradition had developed, making it widely appealing to the literati class.
1745:—widely regarded as the fundamental texts of Taoist philosophy—were largely composed. They form the core of a body of Taoist writings accrued over the following centuries, which was assembled by monks into the
5409:, where it is termed "fasting the heartmind" (xinzhai). This practice is also variously termed "embracing the one" (baoyi), "guarding the one" (shouyi), "quiet sitting" (jingzuo), and "sitting forgetfulness" (
4713:
organs. Another common belief is that there are various gods that reside in human bodies. As a consequence, it is believed that a deeper understanding of the universe can be achieved by understanding oneself.
2259:
Scholars like Harold Roth argue that early Taoism was a series of "inner-cultivation lineages" of master-disciple communities. According to Roth, these practitioners emphasized a contentless and nonconceptual
2140:. Komjathy notes that the earliest Taoist texts also "reveal a religious community composed of master-disciple lineages", and therefore, that "Taoism was a religious tradition from the beginning." Philosopher
7271:"Some sects are concerned with the ritual control of spirits and the cosmic currents of yin and yang; others specialize in inner disciplines of meditation or breath control and mind-body exercise regimes."
15508:
4228:
Foreigners who joined these Taoist sects were made to repent for their sins in another life that caused them to be born "in the frontier wilds" because of Buddhist ideas of reincarnation coming into their
1933:, much like the English "dow". One authority calls the pronunciation with a <t> as in "tie" to be a "mispronunciation" originally caused by the "clumsy Wade-Giles system," which misled most readers.
4071:– "psychosomatic transmutation" or "internal alchemy"). Taoist physical cultivation rely on purifying and transforming the body's qi (vital breath, energy) in various ways such as dieting and meditation.
2091:
thinkers, and continued to be used well into the Song, including among those who explicitly rejected cults, both private and state-sanctioned, that were often either labeled or self-identified as Taoist.
1921:
romanization system, which until the late 20th century was predominant in English-speaking countries and remains in use for certain terms with strongly established spellings. "Dao" is the spelling in the
7696:
in this group of Taoist traditions is that there deities, like the Kitchen Lord, who monitor our actions and report to Heaven and the Jade Emperor (who tallies them and metes out punishment and reward).
7814:
often worshipped local gods, Buddhist gods and devas, and Taoist gods simultaneously, and this population included a significant amount of the Taoists who have ever worshipped devas throughout history.
3504:
and in "popular Western Taoism", a kind of popularized hybrid spirituality. According to Louis Komjathy, this "popular Western Taoism" is associated with popular translations and interpretations of the
7446:
the reading of scripture. These rites are mostly performed by ritual masters who have trained extensively for this role and who may, through their mastery of ritual, intercede on behalf of laypersons.
6481:
generally do not consult published versions of the Daozang, but individually choose or inherit texts included in the Daozang. These texts have been passed down for generations from teacher to student.
4403:
and physical matter were thought of as being the same in a way held together by the microcosm of the spirits of the human body and the macrocosm of the universe itself, represented and embodied by the
2161:
Traditionally, the Chinese language does not have terms defining lay people adhering to the doctrines or the practices of Taoism, who fall instead within the field of folk religion. Taoist, in Western
17231:
3568:
Particularly popular in the West are groups that focus on internal martial arts like Taijiquan, as well as qigong and meditation. A smaller set of groups also focus around internal alchemy, such as
1955:
Firstly, a term encompassing a family of organized religious movements that share concepts and terminology from Taoist philosophy—what can be specifically translated as 'the teachings of the Tao', (
6585:(with the phoenix also standing for yin) made from multicolored ceramic tiles. In general though, Chinese Taoist architecture lacks universal features that distinguish it from other structures.
3891:; 'uncut wood'), the "uncarved log", which represents the "original nature... prior to the imprint of culture" of an individual. It is usually referred to as a state one may return to.
5642:. Authorship, precise date of origin, and even unity of the text are still subject of debate and will probably never be known with certainty. The earliest manuscripts of this work (written on
5355:
or believed in the existence of instead. The light was then channeled through the three cinnabar fields, forming a "microcosmic orbit" or through the hands and feet for a "macrocosmic orbit".
4670:(vital air, subtle breath), which is seen as a force that circulates throughout the universe and throughout human bodies (as both air in the lungs and as a subtle breath throughout the body's
4212:
or "barbarians", and some of these thought of foreigners as people who do not feel "human feelings" and who never live out the correct norms of conduct until they became Taoist. At this time,
3057:
tradition properly developed in Southern China among Taoists of the Chang clan. This liturgically focused tradition would continue to be supported by later emperors and survives to this day.
1619:
5747:
is actually the creator of the 33-chapter Zhuangzi text and that there is no solid historical data for the existence of Zhuang Zhou himself (other than the sparse and unreliable mentions in
3122:
The Ming era saw the rise of the Jingming ("Pure Illumination") school to prominence, which merged Taoism with Buddhist and Confucian teachings and focused on "purity, clarity, loyalty and
4619:—the universe is seen as being in constant change, with various forces and energies (qi) affecting each other in different complex patterns. Taoist cosmology shares similar views with the
1578:
7670:, parts of the celestial hierarchy, metaphorical ideals that people should strive to be like, reclusive Taoist masters who know how to control and harness spiritual energies or shamans.
3241:. A key Taoist figure during this period was Chen Yingning (1880–1969). He was a key member of the early Chinese Taoist Association and wrote numerous books promoting Taoist practice.
17262:
4074:
According to Livia Kohn, qi is "the cosmic energy that pervades all. The concrete aspect of Tao, qi is the material force of the universe, the basic stuff of nature." According to the
3044:
who ended up making him the leader of all Chinese religions as well as exempting Quanzhen institutions from taxation. Another important Quanzhen figure was Zhang Boduan, author of the
15867:
7633:, making his tradition the most powerful in all of China, and contributing to Longmen's lasting influence. Another important Quanzhen lineage is the Qingjing pai, founded by the nun
4542:
through their mastery of the Tao. After shedding their mortal form, spiritual immortals may have many superhuman abilities like flight and are often said to live in heavenly realms.
2662:
period, focusing on ritual confession and petition, as well as developing a well-organized religious structure. The Celestial Masters school was officially recognized by the warlord
3936:
refers to "letting go of egoistic concerns" and "to abstain from forceful and interfering measures that cause tensions and disruption in favor of gentleness, adaptation, and ease."
3115:
continued to invite Taoists to court and hold Taoist rituals that were believed to enhance the power of the throne. The most important of these were connected with the Taoist deity
6854:
Followers of Daoism are present in Chinese émigré communities outside Asia. It has attracted followers with no Chinese heritage. For example, in Brazil there are Daoist temples in
5434:). Neiguan entails developing introspection of one's body and mind, which includes being aware of the various parts of the body as well as the various deities residing in the body.
12376:
4633:
the root of creation Tao rested in deep chaos (ch. 42). Next, it evolved into the One, a concentrated state cosmic unity that is full of creative potential and often described in
4437:" where higher, spiritual versions of Daoists such as Laozi were thought to exist when they were alive and absorb "the purest Yin and Yang" were all possibilities for a potential
3953:
says: "act of things and you will ruin them. Grasp for things and you will lose them. Therefore the sage acts with inaction and has no ruin, lets go of grasping and has no loss."
2721:(Mysterious Learning or Deep Wisdom) tradition, which focused on philosophical inquiry and integrated Confucian teachings with Taoist thought. The movement included scholars like
4591:
3939:
In ancient Taoist texts, wu-wei is associated with water through its yielding nature and the effortless way it flows around obstacles. Taoist philosophy, in accordance with the
10900:
Assandri, Friederike (2020). "Buddhist–Daoist Interaction as Creative Dialogue: The Mind and Dào in Twofold Mystery Teaching". In Anderl, Christoph; Wittern, Christian (eds.).
3470:, are also popular around the world. Its influence is ubiquitous, especially in divination and magical practices. As such, Taoism is now a religion with a global distribution.
1818:, often ones shared with other traditions, which are venerated as superhuman figures exemplifying Taoist virtues. They can be roughly divided into two categories of "gods" and
5581:
was originally viewed as "human wisdom" and "written by humans for humans." It and other important texts "acquired authority...that caused them to be regarded...as sacred."
2658:
The Celestial Masters movement survived this period and did not take part in attempting to replace the Han. As such, they grew and became an influential religion during the
3213:
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Taoism suffered much destruction as a result of religious persecution and numerous wars and conflicts that beset China in the so-called
14676:
Murray, Daniel M. & Miller, James. "The Taoist Society of Brazil and the Globalization of Orthodox Unity Taoism." Journal of Taoist Studies, vol. 6, 2013, pp. 93–114.
11788:
11631:
7666:
as being divine. Xian were viewed in many lights and as completely different types of beings over different times and in different places. They were sometimes viewed as
5577:
Some religious Taoist movements view traditional texts as scriptures that are considered sacred, authoritative, binding, and divinely inspired or revealed. However, the
3700:
rejected wú as the source and held that instead the true source was spontaneous "self-production" (zìshēng 自生) and "self-transformation" (zìhuà 自化). Another school, the
2479:
Both terms were used to designate individuals dedicated to "...magic, medicine, divination,... methods of longevity and to ecstatic wanderings" as well as exorcism. The
5767:
5684:. Tao is said to be ineffable and accomplishes great things through small, lowly, effortless, and "feminine" (yin) ways (which are compared to the behavior of water).
3036:" (Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism), "when investigated, prove to be but one school". Quanzhen became the largest and most important Taoist school in China when master
6765:
movement, which had a strong basis in the lower classes (though even this movement had a hereditary leadership made up of figures of the Chang clan for generations).
10462:(1978). Orsag, Carol; Kempthorne, Elizebethe; Willis, Cathy; Fadness, Fern Bryant; Overman, Laurel; Chase, Linda; Lawson, Wayne; Beadle, Jeremy; Knipe, Judy (eds.).
7049:
with Taoism. Originally seen as a kind of "foreign Taoism", Buddhism's scriptures were translated into Chinese using the Taoist vocabulary. Representatives of early
6660:). Natural symbols are also common, and include gourds, caves, clouds, mountains, and the animals of the Chinese zodiac. Other symbols used by Taoists include: the
5791:
that are not themselves "Taoist" texts but that remain important sources for Taoists. Perhaps the most important of these is the ancient divination text called the
4686:, presenting a natural undirected process in which an apophatic undifferentiated potentiality (called wuwuji, "without non-differentiation") naturally unfolds into
4397:
Taoists' views about what happens in the afterlife tend to include the soul becoming a part of the cosmos (which was often thought of as an illusionary place where
9271:
6488:
has a tradition of approaching Taoism through scriptural study. It is believed that by reciting certain texts often enough one will be rewarded with immortality.
4568:, and Taoist thoughts on immortality were sometimes drawn from Confucian views on heaven and its status as an afterlife that permeates the mortal world as well.
3141:. Thus, during this period, the status and influence of Taoism declined. During the 18th century, the Qing imperial library excluded virtually all Taoist books.
14367:
4564:
Becoming an immortal through the power of yin-yang and heaven, but also specifically Taoist interpretations of the Tao, was sometimes thought of as possible in
4327:
sphere, translated them as: "abstention from aggressive war and capital punishment", "absolute simplicity of living", and "refusal to assert active authority".
8792:
2557:
2520:, tribal chieftains, court scribes and commoner members of governments, members of the nobility in Chinese states, and the descendants of refugee communities.
7843:
was not worshipped alone, although gods do exist that anthropomorphize it in various ways. Laozi was sometimes thought to be a god or "the image of the Tao".
6872:
2548:
17208:
10258:
2183:
framework for the development of local cults", in other words a scheme or structure for Chinese religion, proposed first by the scholar and Taoist initiate
5317:
different effects (such as ascetic diets, monastic diets, therapeutic diets, and alchemical diets that use herbs and minerals). One common practice is the
14581:
4463:
More specifically, possibilities for "the spirit of the body" include "join the universe after death", exploring or serving various functions in parts of
5170:
Apart from these common ethical precepts, Taoist traditions also have larger sets of precepts that are often reserved for ordained priests or monastics.
4803:
in a secondary sense (since they are considered to be emanations from the impersonal and nameless ultimate principle). Some Taoist theology presents the
3419:, where it is a major religion and retains unique features and movements that differ from mainland Taoism. Taoism is also practiced throughout the wider
8284:
7167:
in its dance of assertion/yielding), and where nature takes its course with no gods or masters. Other parallels include the similarities between Daoist
4868:) etc. "Xian" are those who have acquired perfect cultivation of the Tao, persons with vast supernatural powers, unpredictable changes and immortality.
2921:
During the Tang, several emperors became patrons of Taoism, inviting priests to court to conduct rituals and enhance the prestige of the sovereign. The
20523:
15985:
6785:
Since the creation of the People's Republic of China, the government has encouraged a revival of Taoist traditions in codified settings. In 1956, the
2499:(c. 370–290 BCE) was the most influential of the Taoist hermits. Some scholars holds that since he lived in the south, he may have been influenced by
20614:
17731:
11032:
7221:, Taoist values have been shown to adapt to social norms and formed emerging sociocultural beliefs together with Confucianism. It also imitates some
5553:. Louis Komjathy adds that neidan seeks to create a transcendent spirit, usually called the "immortal embryo" (xiantai) or "yang spirit" (yangshen).
3761:. Louis Komjathy describes De as the manifestation of one's connection to the Tao, which is a beneficial influence of one's cosmological attunement.
5545:
Livia Kohn writes that the main goal of internal alchemy is generally understood as a set of three transformations: "from essence (jing) to energy (
2528:, some believed the Tao was a force that was the "basis of all existence" and more powerful than the gods, while being a god-like being that was an
23056:
17673:
16677:
10733:
7425:
sects. There are also many lay practitioners that are not affiliated with any specific sect. These lay Taoist practitioners are called "kui-shih".
6131:
6090:
5263:
2331:
A common tradition holds that Laozi founded Taoism. Laozi's historicity is disputed, with many scholars seeing him as a legendary founding figure.
2128:
was a taxonomical category for Taoist texts, that was eventually applied to Taoist movements and priests in the early medieval period. Meanwhile,
4523:
Those who know the Tao, who flow with the natural way of the Tao and thus embody the patterns of the Tao are called sages or "perfected persons" (
22905:
17692:—with Pinyin transcription, interlinear and literary translation, contains a complete dictionary of the book Zhuangzi and a concordance to Laozi.
6618:
Many Taoists saw the Tao as "the pearl of the sage" and a "conjunction between yin... yang." Taoists also revered pearls more generally, seeing
3181:
1841:, or 'Taoist master', is traditionally attributed only to clergy in Taoist organizations, who distinguish between their traditions and others in
15958:
7539:
Internal Alchemy Taoism or Transformation Taoism focuses on internal transformation through the use of various self-cultivation techniques like
3677:
representing 64 related force relationships, known as hexagrams. Dao is the change of these forces, usually simply referred to as yin and yang.
3032:. The Quanzhen school was syncretic, combining elements from Buddhism and Confucianism with Taoist tradition. According to Wang Chongyang, the "
23962:
18188:
14603:
7555:
4096:
4026:
750:
7618:
and preached his teachings, founding various religious communities. His school popularized Internal Alchemy Taoism and the usage of the term.
7454:
between "earlier heaven" deities, who have existed since the beginning of time and "later heaven" deities, mortals who later became immortal.
5127:
carrying images of deities. The various participants are not considered performers, but rather possessed by the gods and spirits in question.
2000:
from the Warring States period. The earliest recorded use of the word 'Tao' to reference such a philosophical school is found in the works of
15007:
15831:
4877:
26245:
23914:
21262:
17585:
16317:
6896:
Throughout Chinese history, there have been many examples of art being influenced by Taoism. Notable painters influenced by Taoism include
4202:, do not believe this and believe that some people are irredeemably evil and destined to be so. Many Taoist movements from around the time
2778:
or ecstatic excursions, visualizations, and alchemical concoctions." The Shangqing revelations also introduced many new Taoist scriptures.
14653:
10313:
8948:, Religion, Spirituality and Health: A Social Scientific Approach, vol. 5, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–111,
7559:
These meditative inner alchemical practices are believed to lead to greater longevity and even immortality (union with the Tao at death).
6858:
and Rio de Janeiro that are affiliated with the Taoist Society of China. Membership of these temples is entirely of non-Chinese ancestry.
1373:
24149:
18802:
8506:
6750:, monastics, teachers, householders, ascetics, family lineages, teacher-disciple lineages, urban associations, temples, and monasteries.
5739:, is a highly influential composite text of multi-vocal writings from various sources and historical periods. The commentator and editor
2666:
in 215 CE, legitimizing Cao Cao's rise to power in return. Laozi received imperial recognition as a divinity in the mid-2nd century BCE.
2495:
or recluses who did not participate in political life, while others sought to establish a harmonious society based on Taoist principles.
2153:
per se: while the two umbrella terms have considerable cultural overlap, core themes of both also diverge considerably from one another.
16413:
16218:
14014:
13992:
13970:
12360:
9391:
4441:
to be reborn in. These spiritual versions were thought to be abstract beings that can manifest in that world as mythical beings such as
3296:
3270:. Early proponents of Tai Chi Quan, like Sun Lutang, claimed that Tai Chi was a Taoist internal practice created by the Taoist immortal
24992:
22950:
22877:
20048:
19149:
17079:
11978:
7080:
Ideological and political rivals for centuries, Taoism, Confucianism,Hinduism and Buddhism deeply influenced one another. For example,
3447:
5549:), from energy to spirit (shen), and from spirit to Dao." Common methods for this include engaging the subtle body and activating the
4884:), one of the Three Pure Ones, as the highest God. Historical Taoist figures, and people who are considered to have become immortals (
4881:
3255:
and waiting until after death to live in "the dwelling of the immortals" was one of the faith's most popular and influential beliefs.
25270:
22750:
19127:
5266:(647–735). The goal of these methods range from better health and longevity to immortality. Key elements of these "nourishing life" (
3997:(life destiny), which is one's corporeal existence, one's body and vitality. Generally speaking, Taoist cultivation seeks a holistic
3984:(ch.14) calls this pure original heartmind the "inner heartmind", "an awareness that precedes language", and "a lodging place of the
3426:
23201:
18780:
14132:
431:
23041:
22915:
22900:
7637:(1119–1182), the only female member of the "seven perfected". Today, Quanzhen is mainly made up of celibate monastics who practice
7325:
According to Eva Wong, the main sects of magical Taoism today are the Maoshan sect (a very secretive sect, not to be confused with
1976:
largely based on core Taoist texts themselves—a term that can be translated as 'the philosophical school of the Tao' or 'Taology' (
15681:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
14900:
12762:
White, R.J. Teaching the Dao: monotheism, transcendence, and intercultural philosophy. Int. Commun. Chin. Cult 8, 271–287 (2021).
9124:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
9088:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
5542:, and Buddhist influences. Neidan systems tend to be passed on through oral master-disciple lineages that are often to be secret.
4780:, given its philosophical emphasis on the formlessness and unknowable nature of the Tao, and the primacy of the "Way" rather than
3556:
On the other hand, traditionally minded Taoists in the West are often either ethnically Chinese or generally assume some level of
2871:, which merged the high deities from different Taoist traditions into a common trinity that has remained influential until today.
17942:
6773:
The number of Taoists is difficult to estimate, due to a variety of factors, including defining Taoism. According to a survey of
5242:
4897:. Being one with the Tao does not necessarily indicate a union with an eternal spirit in, for example, the Hindu theistic sense.
3744:; often translated with virtue or power), in a sense that De results from an individual living and cultivating the Tao. The term
16871:
Taoism co-exist, interact, and influence Vietnamese society: A Bayesian analysis of long-standing folktales, using R and Stan".
10533:
Herman, Jonathan R. (2001), "Taoist Environmentalism in the West: Ursula K. Le Guin's Reception and Transmission of Taoism," in
15790:
14711:
12463:
1689:, a deeper appreciation of the Tao, and more harmonious existence. Taoist ethics vary, but generally emphasize such virtues as
25907:
20840:
7310:, as well as specific rites. Protection rites often include ritual petitions to the celestial deities of the northern bushel.
4135:
was important and their differing views on it and humanity's place in the universe were a point of distinction from Confucian
27785:
23061:
17894:
17814:
17790:
17766:
17743:
17721:
17685:
17624:
17605:
17573:
17507:
17488:
17469:
17450:
17355:
17308:
17251:
17188:
17142:
17106:
17073:
16959:
16917:
16860:
16820:
16648:
16592:
16540:
16502:
16407:
16386:
16311:
16212:
16170:
16146:
16030:
15995:
15904:
15853:
15530:
15171:
14945:
14774:
14490:
14457:
14427:
14279:
13297:
12340:
12270:
12189:
12154:
11889:
11816:
11732:
11659:
11561:
10993:
10929:
10676:
10499:
10428:
10238:
10052:
9927:
9337:
9316:
9252:
9180:
8961:
8854:
8608:
8270:
8109:
6600:
of the 2nd millennium BCE, Chinese thought regarded the Big Dipper as a deity, while, in later periods, it came to symbolize
5822:, which was later adopted as a Taoist text by Taoists (who also saw master Mo – Mozi – as a Taoist immortal and included the
5656:–249). Apart from the Guodian text and the Wang Bi edition, another alternative version exists, the Mawangdui Tao Te Chings.
1799:
is characterized as one of mutual influence, with long-running discourses shared between Taoists and Buddhists; the distinct
17112:
16176:
16036:
14628:
10879:
9447:
8115:
2030:. This particular usage precedes the emergence of the Celestial Masters and associated later religions. It is unlikely that
23526:
20518:
17902:
13931:
7233:
4623:. Taoist cosmology focuses on the impersonal transformations (zaohua) of the universe, which are spontaneous and unguided.
12228:
7823:
representing the Tao), and Lord Lao (Laozi "deified"), or an emanation of the Tao that was ultimately singular in nature.
7038:, hierarchical social order, and conventional morality, and favors "naturalness", spontaneity, and individualism instead.
4920:, Early Ming dynasty (1368–1644). This silk scroll painting is based on the story that the Yellow Emperor went out to the
3580:
philosophy as well as with various health practices, such as breathing, diet, meditation, qigong, and soft martial arts."
2914:(850–933). Du wrote numerous works about Taoist rituals, history, myth, and biography. He also reorganized and edited the
1880:, and also has significant populations of adherents throughout the Sinosphere and Southeast Asia. In the West, Taoism has
23644:
22925:
22521:
18752:
17860:
13707:
10550:
7708:
Taoism has traditionally been divided into religious Taoism and philosophical Taoism (Dàojiào and Dàojiā), respectively.
6277:
2770:
schools. Shangqing was based on a series of revelations by gods and spirits to a certain Yang Xi between 364 and 370. As
1465:
13644:
13563:
9268:
5230:
2488:. Early Taoist movements developed their own tradition in contrast to shamanism while also absorbing shamanic elements.
24476:
23854:
23584:
23466:
22920:
21500:
19412:
18425:
13716:
8390:
7954:
7433:
5646:) date back to the late 4th century BCE, and these contain significant differences from the later received edition (of
4039:, a diagram which illustrates the complex Taoist schema of the body as a way to aid practitioners of inner cultivation.
2851:
1078:
25533:
15928:
8918:
6753:
According to Russell Kirkland, throughout most of its history, most Taoist traditions "were founded and maintained by
5342:
of the body, as well as its qi. These Taoists also thought of the human body as a metaphorical existence where three "
4005:). Taoism believes in a "pervasive spirit world that is both interlocked with and separate from the world of humans."
3162:(1734–1821) and Min Yide (1758–1836) worked to promote and preserve Taoist inner alchemy practices through books like
2585:(206 BCE–220 CE), the various sources of Taoism had coalesced into a coherent tradition of ritualists in the state of
25558:
23904:
22725:
19933:
19067:
18844:
17662:
17643:
17545:
17526:
17431:
17412:
17393:
17374:
17336:
17165:
17043:
17006:
16978:
16940:
16895:
16839:
16801:
16782:
16761:
16738:
16719:
16693:
16667:
16611:
16559:
16521:
16480:
16461:
16442:
16365:
16346:
16281:
16262:
16243:
16098:
15721:
15688:
15634:
14982:
14359:
13525:
12831:
12125:
12050:
12013:
11939:
11513:
11375:
9220:
9131:
9095:
8894:
8757:
8202:
8002:
5933:, a 4th-century BCE classic Taoist work, which during the Tang was seen as the third great Taoist work alongside the
3217:. This period of persecution was caused by numerous factors including Confucian prejudices, anti-traditional Chinese
2202:
1393:
71:
8782:
5419:
is a key text that outlines this method. The practice is also closely connected with the virtue of wuwei (inaction).
3258:
The 20th century was also a creative period for Taoism despite its many setbacks. The Taoist influenced practice of
27707:
26539:
26238:
26090:
23957:
21510:
19094:
14654:"Census of population 2010: Statistical Release 1 on Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion"
14606:. Taiwan Government Information Office, Department of Civil Affairs, Ministry of the Interior. 2006. Archived from
8007:
6496:
4421:
who can appear in the human world at will, but normally lives in another plane. "acred forests and mountains" or a
4043:
Many Taoist practices work with ancient Chinese understandings of the body, its organs and parts, "elixir fields" (
3496:
centers, and translations of Taoist texts by western scholars as well as non-specialists. Taoist classics like the
2955:, who is considered the founder of the jindan meditation tradition and an influential figure in the development of
1523:
46:
12905:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales"
12082:
11762:
7554:
The basic worldview of this Taoist tradition is that all beings are born with certain forms of energy (mainly the
6521:
5405:
or quietistic meditation, which was the main method of classical Taoism and can be found in classic texts like the
4206:
elements started being syncretized with Daoism had an extremely negative view of foreigners, referring to them as
27589:
26864:
26860:
26690:
26361:
26120:
24142:
23919:
23814:
22940:
22935:
22891:
22516:
21360:
20582:
19567:
18925:
18795:
18520:
14556:
2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Data reported in
11723:
Guangwei, He; Hualing, Tong; Wenzhen, Yang; Zhenguo, Chang; Zeru, Li; Ruicheng, Dong; Weijan, Gong, eds. (1999).
10255:
6937:
positions justified a strong emperor as the legitimate ruler, the Taoist "primitivists" (of chapters 8–11 of the
6789:
was formed to administer the activities of all registered Taoist orders, and received official approval in 1957.
6294:
6251:
5453:
3492:, leading to various forms of Taoist communities in the West, with Taoist publications, websites, meditation and
3286:
3164:
1186:
25728:
9697:
6951:
in which the political life is presented with disdain and some kind of pluralism or perspectivism is preferred.
6820:
tradition. Since 1980, many Taoist monasteries and temples have been reopened or rebuilt, both belonging to the
5668:
that were written, circulated, edited, and rewritten by different hands. He also suggests that authors from the
2937:) was constructed. Wudang would eventually become a major center for Taoism and a home for Taoist martial arts (
2801:, worldview, scriptures, and practices, and created a vast new collection of Taoist texts in close imitation of
2460:
folk religions in China. In particular, many Taoist practices drew from the Warring States era phenomena of the
27780:
26146:
25306:
23774:
23599:
22872:
21886:
21827:
21714:
21593:
21525:
19911:
19549:
19468:
18849:
18645:
14573:
13740:
Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the
4893:
Despite these hierarchies of deities, most conceptions of Tao should not be confused with the Western sense of
4824:) believed in by Taoism can be roughly divided into two categories, namely "gods" and "xian". "Gods" refers to
2026:
1965:), often interpreted as the Taoist "religion proper", or the "mystical" or "liturgical" aspects of Taoism. The
1884:, both those hewing to historical practice, as well as highly synthesized practices variously characterized as
1378:
527:
320:
22006:
21881:
14302:
were symbolized by the tiger and dragon, and this symbolism has continued through the history of later Taoism.
7397:. There many forms of Daoist divination, they include: celestial divination (which include various systems of
6615:
Some Taoists saw the stars as "knots in the 'net of Heaven'" that connected everything in "heaven and earth".
4359:
4112:
3154:) school of Wang Kunyang (1552–1641), a branch of Quanzhen from southern China that became established at the
2435:
Meanwhile, Isabelle Robinet identifies four components in the emergence of Taoism: the teachings found in the
27795:
27790:
26305:
24720:
24305:
23924:
23339:
23076:
22735:
22584:
22506:
21928:
20970:
20481:
19120:
18635:
18400:
8946:
Rituals and Practices in World Religions: Cross-Cultural Scholarship to Inform Research and Clinical Contexts
8292:
7827:
7749:
Taoists venerated one or more of these kinds of spiritual entities: "deified heroes...forces of nature" and "
7474:
6540:
5904:
5697:
commentary, was most likely written in the 2nd century CE. Other important commentaries include the one from
5080:
to gods and ancestors, which could include slaughtered animals (such as pigs and ducks) or fruit. The Taoist
4969:
4709:
of the universe, and thus the cosmological forces, like the five phases, are also present in the form of the
3375:
at Beijing remains the most important center for the training of Taoist monastics on the mainland, while the
2694:
2689:
After this point, Taoism did not have nearly as significant an effect on the passing of law as the syncretic
2387:
2288:
1774:
1368:
1063:
389:
261:
18940:
13733:
silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern
12300:
10902:
Chán Buddhism in Dūnhuáng and Beyond: A Study of Manuscripts, Texts, and Contexts in Memory of John R. McRae
7818:
The trinity is thought by scholars to have evolved into the Three Pure Ones. It was thought of in the early
7496:
The largest and most prominent sect of Ceremonial Taoism is the Way of the Celestial Masters, also known as
26387:
26125:
26030:
25678:
24395:
23982:
23784:
20992:
19700:
19062:
18970:
18839:
18640:
17886:
7867:
7330:
6762:
6501:
5539:
4767:
4558:
4064:
3776:
in front of a waterfall. The natural downward flow of water is a common metaphor for naturalness in Taoism.
2632:
2529:
2363:
1796:
1363:
1095:
22016:
6544:
Chinese Taoist Priest's Robe, 19th century. Aside from Taoist symbols like the dragon, it also adopts the
4795:
concepts in Taoism. However, Taoism does include many deities and spirits and thus can also be considered
3915:. Butcher Ding was so expert at butchering a carcass, that he barely had to use any force to cut the meat.
1930:
439:
27658:
26231:
25929:
25643:
24272:
23992:
23704:
23699:
23471:
21989:
21950:
21505:
21419:
20987:
20651:
19317:
19036:
18024:
17935:
12372:
11974:
11869:
10656:
10408:
10181:
8475:
7390:
6987:
4671:
4654:
4052:
3538:
2891:
The new Integrated Taoism, now with a united Taoist identity, gained official status in China during the
2413:
693:
217:
22021:
22011:
16752:
A theology of world religions: Interpreting God, self, and world in Semitic, Indian, and Chinese thought
9916:
The Story of China: The Epic History of a World Power from the Middle Kingdom to Mao and the China Dream
9843:
Littlejohn, Ronnie (n.d.). "Taoist Philosophy". The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002.
5973:), an old text (5th–6th century BCE) that claims that Laozi traveled to China and is thus the source of
4745:
3640:
cosmic laws." The Tao is ultimately indescribable and transcends all analysis and definition. Thus, the
2774:
writes, these revelations included detailed descriptions of the heavens as well as "specific methods of
1881:
27775:
27728:
26375:
26315:
25796:
25465:
24771:
24547:
24135:
22765:
22710:
22406:
21146:
20641:
19312:
19254:
19041:
18898:
18788:
17843:
15892:
14511:
13055:
10491:
10469:
8101:
Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World – From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present
7997:
6786:
6649:
3420:
3356:
2825:
1997:
1901:
1485:
299:
24181:
20734:
7520:
5759:
rules, but this uselessness is actually a wiser alternative, since it is more in accord with reality.
2334:
While Taoism is often regarded in the West as arising from Laozi, many Chinese Taoists claim that the
1929:
The Standard Chinese pronunciation of both romanizations of the character "Dao" is the same, that is,
27020:
26686:
26002:
24214:
24204:
24017:
23806:
23664:
23116:
21999:
21778:
21409:
21039:
20562:
19694:
19446:
19283:
19238:
19082:
19077:
18810:
18720:
16711:
15950:
12109:
8425:
7315:
7163:
describes a naturalist cosmology where there are only atoms and void (a primal duality which mirrors
7121:
encouraged this, and Taoists who agreed with him and his laws incorporated elements of Christianity,
6609:
5219:
5081:
3669:
in themselves, as well as in natural and social patterns. Thus, the Tao is also the "innate nature" (
3376:
3009:
1490:
1423:
22117:
17095:
Toropov, Brandon; Hansen, Chadwick (2002). "Chapter 15: The Tao and the Judeo-Christian Tradition".
14607:
9772:"On the Historical Background and Ideological Resources of the Confluence of Islam and Confucianism"
4815:
is considered the incarnation of one of the three and worshiped as the ancestral founder of Taoism.
27800:
26105:
25668:
24918:
24758:
24755:
24481:
24315:
24300:
23521:
23481:
23436:
23226:
23216:
23021:
22770:
22595:
22531:
22501:
22391:
22156:
22065:
22033:
21994:
21906:
20803:
20028:
19964:
19434:
19419:
19113:
18405:
16685:
15155:
9911:
7466:
6657:
4749:
4729:
4168:
2970:, were active in promoting Taoism, collecting Taoist texts, and publishing updated editions of the
2944:
1787:
1708:
1053:
800:
20471:
15015:
3705:
27538:
27344:
27168:
26820:
26370:
25683:
25624:
25577:
25435:
25398:
24766:
24681:
24671:
24595:
24461:
24433:
23972:
23909:
23859:
23819:
23764:
23399:
23394:
23284:
23231:
23121:
23051:
22847:
22653:
22568:
21773:
21751:
21550:
21372:
20897:
20513:
20440:
20124:
19495:
19295:
19204:
19088:
18995:
18903:
18442:
18410:
18373:
18208:
18194:
15924:
15626:
14974:
13927:
13559:
13517:
12823:
12441:
12223:
12042:
12005:
11931:
11758:
11505:
10483:
10463:
9050:
8914:
8846:
8012:
7949:
7831:
7118:
6458:
5334:
5135:
Taking up and living by sets of ethical precepts is another important practice in Taoism. By the
4706:
4186:
4116:
4108:
3965:
The Taoist view of the self is a holistic one that rejects the idea of a separate individualized
3946:
3348:
3013:
2967:
2930:
2922:
2652:
2562:
2370:) and its relationship to humanity. According to modern scholars of Taoism, such as Kirkland and
1885:
1846:
1058:
1026:
865:
768:
756:
17:
27680:
17582:
17348:
The Secret of Everlasting Life: The first translation of the ancient Chinese text on immortality
16813:
Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China
16301:
7094:), was a Confucian. The three rivals also share some similar values, with all three embracing a
5103:, street parades take place. These are lively affairs that involve firecrackers, the burning of
5048:
3991:
Taoists see life (sheng) as an expression of the Tao. The Tao is seen as granting each person a
3657:(the Tao is both the sacred world and what is beyond it, immanent and transcendent). Similarly,
3176:
2339:
those espoused by early Taoism. On waking from his dream, Huangdi sought to" bring about "these
27673:
27299:
27045:
26881:
25816:
25748:
24828:
24666:
24244:
24219:
24209:
23839:
23734:
23694:
23674:
23531:
23506:
23411:
23384:
23334:
23304:
23294:
23211:
23176:
23161:
23146:
23101:
23036:
22705:
22636:
22541:
22536:
22277:
22200:
21962:
21844:
21768:
21565:
21555:
21414:
21382:
21320:
21291:
20798:
20793:
20577:
20458:
20418:
20203:
19544:
19539:
19519:
19515:
18893:
18500:
18116:
17928:
14757:
Roth, Harold D. (27 September 2014). "Huainanzi: The Pinnacle of Classical Daoist Syncretism".
14660:
14265:
10320:
8940:
Guoqing, Yu (2020), Yaden, David Bryce; Zhao, Yukun; Peng, Kaiping; Newberg, Andrew B. (eds.),
8073:
7333:
and the Kun-Lun sect (which is strongly influenced by Tibetan magic and make use of Taoist and
7250:
6758:
6653:
5318:
5214:
5147:
4913:
4208:
4173:
Daoist ethics tends to emphasize various themes from the Taoist classics, such as naturalness (
4099:, which is a specifically Taoist schema of the main elements in Taoist physical practices like
3998:
3593:
3214:
3127:
1753:
canon starting in the 5th century CE. Early Taoism drew upon diverse influences, including the
1163:
858:
805:
16876:
16376:
8498:
7345:
7217:, have argued that some moral and ethical tenets of the religions are similar. In neighboring
6648:
Symbols that represent longevity and immortality are particularly popular, and these include:
6315:(Longmen Pai), composed by the founder Wang Changyue (1622?–80), focus on Daoist monasticism:
4429:
realm inconceivable and incomprehensible by normal humans and even the virtuous Confucius and
4067:
and is used for health practices as well as for somatic and spiritual transformation (through
2448:
techniques for achieving ecstasy, practices for achieving longevity and becoming an immortal (
27499:
27030:
26658:
26519:
26330:
26053:
25992:
25972:
25806:
25718:
25698:
25688:
25321:
25170:
24803:
24735:
24643:
24610:
24438:
24418:
24224:
24080:
24025:
23942:
23894:
23869:
23669:
23491:
23486:
23354:
23344:
23166:
22842:
22780:
22600:
22546:
21967:
21945:
21864:
21805:
21471:
20910:
20761:
19891:
19490:
19402:
19026:
18888:
18834:
18121:
16397:
16202:
15745:
Zürcher, Erik (1980). "Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism: A Survey of Scriptural Evidence".
14937:
14761:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 6. Springer Netherlands. pp. 341–365.
14009:
13987:
13965:
12262:
11680:
Zürcher, Erik (1980). "Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism: A Survey of Scriptural Evidence".
10727:
9919:
7891:
7772:
7725:
6778:
6379:
5140:
4620:
4577:
4565:
4486:." They are also often seen as being made up of "pure breath and light" and as being able to
3313:
3234:
3069:
2738:
2714:
2405:
2375:
2280:
2150:
1842:
1762:
1715:
810:
20781:
20729:
17519:
A Path And A Practice: Using Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching as a Guide to an Awakened Spiritual Life
17063:
7256:
Today, there are various living Taoist traditions, the largest and most influential are the
7109:
and Taoist contact often took place in the Tang dynasty, and some scholars believe that the
4001:
form of training that is described as "dual cultivation of innate nature and life-destiny" (
27005:
26638:
26070:
26025:
25987:
25934:
25863:
25619:
25415:
25326:
25149:
25119:
24860:
24388:
24234:
24229:
24070:
24060:
24045:
23952:
23879:
23849:
23824:
23789:
23749:
23744:
23719:
23589:
23511:
23461:
23441:
23431:
23319:
23266:
23241:
23091:
23086:
23066:
23031:
23016:
22960:
22730:
22663:
22631:
22511:
22446:
22312:
22190:
22043:
21923:
21822:
21734:
21702:
21697:
21545:
21277:
20646:
20530:
20114:
19874:
19485:
19429:
19380:
19365:
19218:
17872:
17128:
11970:
10520:
7283:
7193:
7185:) as opposed to conventional virtues, and the prominence of the Epicurus-like Chinese sage
7153:
have focused on the absence of a creator or gods controlling the forces of nature in both.
6705:
6204:), a 6th-century CE text that was adopted by Quanzen school as one of their key scriptures.
6060:
5283:
5247:
4132:
4119:(神, spirit, subtle consciousness, a capacity to connect with the subtle spiritual reality).
3550:
3546:
3542:
3530:
3431:
2817:
1516:
1327:
573:
20845:
19727:
18338:
7846:"Some Taoist adepts" worshipped thousands of gods that were thought to exist in the body.
7739:
that contained numerous ministries and officials and which was "modelled on...the earthly
7002:
3095:
for state bureaucratic purposes. Taoist ideas also influenced Neo-Confucian thinkers like
2476:("method masters", which probably derived from the "archivist-soothsayers of antiquity").
8:
27653:
26835:
26668:
26643:
26524:
26320:
26211:
26166:
26156:
26115:
26063:
26048:
25977:
25957:
25939:
25771:
25738:
25599:
25586:
25393:
25190:
25101:
25056:
24962:
24848:
24661:
24509:
24075:
24050:
24030:
24007:
23934:
23884:
23864:
23779:
23769:
23724:
23684:
23639:
23634:
23624:
23614:
23609:
23604:
23594:
23579:
23574:
23569:
23564:
23559:
23536:
23446:
23421:
23299:
23289:
23251:
23221:
23206:
23191:
23181:
23171:
23136:
23131:
23081:
23026:
23001:
22945:
22802:
22785:
22673:
22668:
22658:
22526:
22327:
22240:
22185:
22161:
22048:
21933:
21891:
21686:
21535:
21163:
20955:
20830:
20609:
20396:
20281:
20209:
20099:
20020:
19847:
19500:
19324:
19170:
19072:
19000:
18980:
17755:
16108:
Chan, Kim-Kwong (2005). "Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios".
14136:
13712:
9212:
8787:
8386:
8056:
8017:
7314:
is also a widespread practice. A commonly used method of divination in magical Taoism is
7197:
6793:
5880:
an ancient Chinense medical text that was influential on Taoist inner cultivation theory.
5392:
4808:
4738:
4324:
4222:
4218:
3859:
3810:
3245:
3111:) rose to prominence, being part of local plays and folk culture. Ming emperors like the
3084:
3017:
1926:
system, officially adopted in China in the 1950s, which has largely replaced Wade–Giles.
457:
24923:
6851:
show that, respectively, 14% and 11% of the people of these cities identify as Taoists.
5627:
has been a central text, used for ritual, self-cultivation, and philosophical purposes.
5387:
There are many methods of Taoist meditation (often referred to as "stillness practice",
5107:, and flower-covered floats broadcasting traditional music. They also variously include
4905:
4490:, and some Taoists believed their afterlife natural "paradises" were palaces of heaven.
3282:
2947:(r. 712–755) was also a devoted Taoist who wrote various Taoist works, and according to
2651:", seeking to create a new world by replacing the Han dynasty. This movement led to the
27526:
26736:
26711:
26254:
26161:
26130:
26110:
26058:
26040:
26015:
26010:
25962:
25949:
25916:
25811:
25713:
25648:
25604:
25548:
25388:
25217:
25111:
25019:
24823:
24702:
24693:
24656:
24651:
24557:
24552:
24529:
24448:
24262:
24189:
24055:
24035:
24002:
23899:
23889:
23834:
23829:
23759:
23739:
23729:
23714:
23709:
23689:
23659:
23654:
23629:
23619:
23551:
23516:
23501:
23406:
23379:
23369:
23329:
23314:
23309:
23261:
23256:
23196:
23151:
23111:
23006:
22993:
22795:
22775:
22700:
22573:
22396:
22070:
22028:
21869:
21837:
21812:
21739:
21719:
21540:
21488:
21476:
21454:
21046:
21004:
20877:
20702:
20697:
20692:
20491:
20275:
20251:
19630:
19554:
19302:
19248:
18985:
18881:
18767:
18747:
18737:
18688:
18630:
18166:
17986:
17707:
17177:
16929:
16750:
16431:
16335:
16125:
16073:
15859:
15807:
15770:
14897:
12926:
11881:
11705:
10943:
10668:
10455:
10420:
10211:
10203:
10172:
8632:
8453:
8331:
8051:
7654:
7646:
7626:
7603:
7572:
7548:
7503:
Ceremonies are practiced, to a lesser extent, in the Longmen (Dragon Gate) sect of the
7418:
7406:
7261:
7110:
6889:
6805:
6717:
6565:
yin-yang taijitu originated as a Taoist symbol in the 10th century CE during the early
6312:
5802:
5531:
5402:
5267:
5235:
5159:
4921:
4777:
4658:
4640:
4608:
4083:
4014:
3827:
3459:
3412:
3400:
3372:
3186:
3155:
2821:
2798:
2648:
2636:
2261:
2240:
2184:
1896:
1873:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1347:
1312:
745:
674:
356:
348:
21158:
20707:
20303:
20033:
6746:
Taoist communities can include a wide variety of people and groups, including daoshi,
3458:
Outside of China, many traditionally Taoist practices have spread, especially through
2374:, Taoist philosophy also developed by drawing on numerous schools of thought from the
2132:
was originally used to specifically distinguish Taoist tradition from Buddhism. Thus,
375:
27754:
27692:
27565:
27519:
27494:
27476:
26751:
26618:
26459:
26341:
26273:
26199:
26100:
26095:
26080:
26020:
25982:
25967:
25924:
25495:
25455:
25373:
25301:
25284:
25262:
24890:
24865:
24676:
24496:
24239:
24112:
24106:
24040:
23997:
23987:
23977:
23967:
23874:
23794:
23754:
23679:
23649:
23541:
23496:
23476:
23451:
23426:
23389:
23374:
23349:
23324:
23236:
23186:
23141:
23126:
23106:
23096:
23071:
23011:
22955:
22715:
22491:
22087:
22058:
21982:
21977:
21938:
21876:
21832:
21817:
21800:
21795:
21790:
21729:
21464:
21350:
21116:
21086:
21066:
20887:
20682:
20663:
20658:
20572:
20535:
20256:
20171:
20094:
19992:
19982:
19950:
19938:
19906:
19883:
19865:
19761:
19616:
19524:
19510:
19473:
19461:
19290:
19209:
19161:
19046:
19031:
19010:
18965:
18866:
18826:
18818:
18388:
18183:
17995:
17959:
17810:
17804:
17786:
17762:
17739:
17717:
17681:
17658:
17639:
17620:
17601:
17569:
17541:
17522:
17503:
17484:
17465:
17446:
17427:
17408:
17389:
17370:
17351:
17332:
17304:
17247:
17223:
17184:
17161:
17154:
17138:
17132:
17102:
17069:
17039:
17002:
16974:
16955:
16936:
16913:
16891:
16872:
16856:
16835:
16816:
16797:
16778:
16772:
16757:
16734:
16715:
16689:
16663:
16644:
16607:
16588:
16555:
16536:
16517:
16498:
16476:
16457:
16438:
16403:
16382:
16361:
16342:
16307:
16277:
16258:
16239:
16208:
16166:
16142:
16094:
16087:
16077:
16026:
15991:
15900:
15863:
15849:
15799:
15762:
15727:
15717:
15694:
15684:
15640:
15630:
15526:
15167:
14988:
14978:
14951:
14941:
14770:
14486:
14453:
14423:
14275:
13531:
13521:
13293:
13058:, "Chinese Medicine: From Temples to Taoism," T'ai Chi, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1996): 28–33.
12837:
12827:
12336:
12276:
12266:
12185:
12150:
12121:
12056:
12046:
12019:
12009:
11945:
11935:
11885:
11812:
11728:
11697:
11655:
11557:
11519:
11509:
11371:
10989:
10947:
10935:
10925:
10715:
10672:
10495:
10424:
10234:
10215:
10195:
9923:
9793:
9312:
9248:
9216:
9186:
9176:
9168:
9160:
9137:
9127:
9101:
9091:
8967:
8957:
8890:
8860:
8850:
8763:
8753:
8604:
8457:
8445:
8105:
8061:
7901:
7398:
7382:
7218:
7205:
7201:
6840:
6774:
6641:
and various historiographies made in prior dynasties to assign a phase from the five
6196:
6138:
5643:
5550:
5187:
5155:
5100:
5073:
4718:
4687:
4604:
3839:
3806:
3589:
3534:
3301:
3226:
3050:, a classic of internal alchemy, and the founder of the southern branch of Quanzhen.
2775:
2679:
2500:
2467:
2227:
1966:
1942:
1861:
1670:
1666:
1041:
815:
667:
649:
633:
628:
283:
275:
21570:
21168:
20818:
20540:
18437:
17823:
The Tao of Steve, a 2000 film directed by Jenniphr Goodman and starring Donal Logue.
17036:
A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion
16129:
14855:
14707:
12930:
10231:
Lost T'ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch'ing Dynasty (Chinese Philosophy and Culture)
7700:
not affiliated with a Taoist sect who may still follow Karmic Taoism in daily life.
5096:
observing the ethical precepts, memorials, chanting, lectures, and communal feasts.
4512:, the goal is to become a sage, which he equates with being a "spiritual immortal" (
4378:
Taoists have different religious goals that include Taoist conceptions of sagehood (
4313:; 'not daring to act as first under the heavens', but usually translated as
2929:
was to be a topic in the imperial examinations. During the reign of the 7th century
27648:
27612:
27594:
27583:
27234:
26293:
26288:
26151:
26085:
26075:
25776:
25723:
25673:
25653:
25614:
25609:
25450:
25378:
25096:
25007:
24898:
24870:
24855:
24818:
24524:
24504:
24471:
24376:
24338:
24065:
23947:
23844:
23456:
23416:
23364:
23359:
23276:
23246:
23156:
23046:
22910:
22862:
22857:
22416:
22381:
22354:
22112:
22097:
21972:
21896:
21746:
21724:
21632:
21493:
21272:
21235:
21091:
21076:
21024:
20808:
20788:
20756:
20751:
20722:
20717:
20629:
20619:
20428:
20392:
20384:
20355:
20268:
20188:
20183:
20146:
20136:
20062:
20000:
19842:
19679:
19529:
19187:
19005:
18975:
18876:
18871:
18725:
18679:
18662:
17968:
17834:
17274:
17156:
The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought
17065:
Effortless Action: Wu-Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China
16117:
16065:
15841:
15754:
15518:
14762:
14677:
12971:
12916:
12468:
12305:
11877:
11796:
11689:
11639:
10917:
10913:
10707:
10664:
10416:
10413:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)
10185:
9783:
8949:
8845:. Consulting work done by Cheng Kam Fong (Revised and Updated ed.). New York:
8437:
7780:
7768:
7740:
7716:
Some Taoist sects are expressly religious in the Western sense. "Lord Heaven" and "
7606:
who was said in legends to have met and learned secret methods from two immortals:
7528:
7485:. Taoists may also honor local spirits and deities, as well Buddhist deities (like
7422:
7394:
7334:
7326:
7246:
7100:
7073:
7050:
7042:
6897:
6880:
6754:
6678:
6661:
6485:
6433:
6079:
6022:
5788:
5255:
5088:
4781:
4585:
4493:
Taoists who sought to become one of the many different types of immortals, such as
4394:, variously understood as a kind of transcendent post-mortem state of the spirit).
4199:
3974:
3701:
3561:
3380:
3336:
3321:
3138:
3073:
2934:
2884:
2861:
2763:
2517:
2417:
2141:
1686:
1638:
1634:
1587:
1546:
1428:
1337:
1322:
176:
125:
21709:
17891:
8441:
8262:
5865:
4351:
4092:(Inward Training) is one of the earliest texts that teach qi cultivation methods.
3274:(though modern scholars note that this claim lacks credible historical evidence).
2850:" of Buddhism. The three caverns were: Perfection (Dongzhen), associated with the
2428:
27770:
27600:
27552:
27545:
27532:
27462:
27384:
26325:
26268:
25857:
25826:
25791:
25756:
25634:
25485:
25383:
25341:
25252:
25240:
25225:
25200:
25175:
24945:
24813:
24808:
24725:
24710:
24383:
24267:
24116:
22740:
22720:
22210:
22102:
22092:
21761:
21429:
21220:
21200:
21131:
21096:
21029:
20813:
20739:
20712:
20687:
20624:
20587:
20375:
20318:
20089:
19606:
19407:
19333:
19273:
19228:
19197:
18684:
18415:
18361:
18356:
18351:
18264:
17898:
17781:
17589:
17096:
16905:
16850:
16582:
16160:
16020:
16011:
The Divine Classic of Nan-Hua; Being the Works of Chuang Tsze, Taoist Philosopher
16009:
16001:
14904:
14766:
14621:
14269:
14018:
13996:
13974:
11808:
11651:
11036:
11027:
10883:
10876:
10554:
10262:
9451:
9444:
9275:
9244:
9236:
8099:
8029:
7992:
7944:
7792:
7764:
7595:
7576:
7504:
7458:
7257:
7159:
7114:
6991:
6973:
6946:
6836:
6832:
6817:
6608:
and may be seen on such roofs between two dragons as well as on the hairpin of a
6270:
6189:
5873:
5722:
5716:
5527:
5460:
4947:
Despite the detachment from reality and dissent from Confucian humanism that the
4804:
4757:
4520:) through the integration of "inner nature" (xing) and "worldly reality" (ming).
4505:
4404:
3912:
3769:
3392:
3104:
3065:
3033:
2997:
2868:
2847:
2443:
2309:
2035:
1815:
1740:
1509:
1342:
1113:
1068:
1014:
1009:
1004:
992:
915:
602:
247:
24997:
13923:
8953:
6800:, but was reestablished in 1980. The headquarters of the association are at the
6558:, commonly known as the "yin and yang symbol" or simply the "yin-yang", and the
1917:"Taoism" and "Daoism" are alternate spellings of the same word. "Tao" is in the
1864:
officially recognized by the Chinese government, also having official status in
132:
53:
27702:
27643:
27314:
27183:
26921:
26681:
25766:
25761:
25629:
25594:
25526:
25500:
25336:
25185:
25124:
25037:
24880:
24776:
24519:
24199:
22867:
22755:
22695:
22411:
22386:
22171:
22075:
21957:
21901:
21854:
21267:
21215:
21111:
21081:
21061:
21056:
21051:
21034:
20930:
20850:
20823:
20776:
20766:
19778:
19441:
19424:
19243:
19223:
19192:
18910:
18762:
18715:
18667:
18617:
18590:
18580:
18560:
18430:
16885:
16703:
15163:
12218:
12117:
11784:
11627:
10855:
10459:
9305:
Discovering God: The Origins of the Great Religions and the Evolution of Belief
7930:
7877:
7860:
7750:
7732:
7599:
7524:
7477:(Celestial, Earth, and Water). Some key later heaven deities include: Immortal
7374:
school of thought and often relies on the classic Chinese divination text, the
7035:
7007:
6921:
6901:
6813:
6638:
6619:
6578:
6573:
6525:
6450:
6244:
6099:
5857:
5485:
5431:
5116:
4690:(primordial oneness, "non-differentiation"), which then evolves into yin-yang (
4509:
4447:
4384:), spiritual self-cultivation, a happy afterlife or longevity and some form of
3658:
3478:
3474:
3442:
3145:
3112:
3061:
3005:
2900:
2802:
2786:
2767:
2659:
2594:
2533:
2335:
2296:
2060:
1656:
1418:
1332:
1300:
1267:
1254:
1234:
1083:
410:
403:
231:
27686:
25207:
24982:
20043:
17278:
17209:"People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011"
16121:
15788:
Stevens, Keith (1998). "Images of Sinicised Vedic Deities on Chinese Altars".
14264:
Little, Stephen (1 January 2000). "The Formation of the Taoist Tradition". In
12921:
12904:
12178:
Tao Te Ching: The Essential Translation of the Ancient Chinese Book of the Tao
10921:
10547:
10256:
Taijiquan and Daoism: From Religion to Martial Art and Martial Art to Religion
9985:
A Brief History of the Relationship Between Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism
9505:
8941:
6082:
in the 288 CE. It remained an influential Shangqin text and was important for
5332:
Some Taoists thought of the human body as a spiritual nexus with thousands of
4944:) and their connection to natural and universal forces, patterns, and powers.
3874:
3119:("Perfect Warrior"), which was the main dynastic protector deity of the Ming.
2981:
2910:
Perhaps the most important figure of the Tang was the court Taoist and writer
2903:
school's teachings, which was appealing to all classes of society and drew on
2232:
471:
27764:
27414:
27334:
27040:
26598:
26593:
26300:
25821:
25733:
25663:
25405:
25195:
25129:
25086:
24955:
24580:
24366:
24348:
22790:
22344:
22225:
21617:
21612:
21560:
21397:
21335:
21230:
21121:
21019:
20950:
20882:
20872:
20835:
20771:
20668:
20634:
20552:
20448:
20411:
20330:
20238:
19689:
19640:
19345:
18990:
18742:
18732:
18625:
18595:
18485:
18383:
18366:
18346:
18313:
18223:
18134:
18062:
17877:
17776:
17227:
15803:
15766:
15676:
15522:
14955:
13636:
13555:
13117:
12763:
12332:
12280:
12146:
11800:
11792:
11701:
11643:
11635:
10939:
10719:
10199:
9797:
9190:
9119:
9083:
8971:
8449:
7973:
7755:
7728:, and some conceptions of this deity thought of the two names as synonymous.
7661:
7638:
6934:
6730:
6686:
6665:
6597:
6403:
6166:
5994:
5911:
5669:
5500:
5477:
5322:
5151:
5139:, Taoism had created a system of lay discipleship in which one took a set of
5092:
5084:
4925:
4886:
4763:
4699:
4539:
4487:
4479:
4443:
4389:
4335:
3693:
3613:
3489:
3482:
3271:
3252:
3096:
3088:
2759:
2640:
2599:
2574:
2449:
2351:
1821:
1754:
1495:
1445:
1435:
1307:
1272:
1148:
1036:
1019:
999:
964:
731:
21459:
17907:
17882:
17839:
15758:
15731:
15698:
15644:
14992:
13880:"Daoism | Definition, Origin, Philosophy, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica"
13535:
12841:
12060:
12023:
11949:
11693:
11523:
9141:
9105:
8864:
8767:
8378:
8098:
Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tignor, Robert (16 December 2014).
7607:
7478:
6083:
4365:
4047:), inner substances (such as "essence" or jing), animating forces (like the
3199:
3108:
2952:
1996:; 'study of the Tao'). This would go on to be considered one of the
1633:—generally understood as an impersonal, enigmatic process of transformation
27742:
27697:
27606:
27577:
27455:
27424:
27419:
27404:
27399:
27329:
27239:
27214:
27188:
27118:
27078:
27073:
27065:
27055:
27015:
26985:
26980:
26964:
26959:
26886:
26868:
26850:
26845:
26799:
26434:
26396:
26283:
26278:
25852:
25842:
25801:
25781:
25553:
25516:
25475:
25361:
25311:
24972:
24950:
24928:
24875:
24843:
24715:
24575:
24486:
24282:
22930:
22832:
22688:
22376:
22371:
22349:
22339:
22220:
21652:
21587:
21530:
21515:
21481:
21106:
21014:
20010:
19901:
19896:
19747:
19717:
19591:
19559:
19307:
19278:
19265:
18856:
18672:
18575:
18570:
18555:
18475:
18378:
18299:
18257:
18071:
18040:
18002:
17800:
15920:
13702:
12437:
12181:
12173:
10699:
9300:
9172:
8910:
8034:
7925:
7811:
7721:
7717:
7634:
7630:
7611:
7527:, the founder of the Quanzhen School, and his seven disciples, depicted in
7462:
7371:
7210:
7175:
7150:
7134:
7106:
7065:
7015:
6995:
6909:
6724:
6673:
6630:
6566:
6545:
6529:
6391:
6387:
6383:
5900:
5846:
5772:
5693:
5603:
5508:
5339:
5306:
5136:
5112:
4873:
4792:
4734:
4664:
Taoists also generally see all things as being animated and constituted by
4649:
4616:
4554:
4430:
4422:
4371:
4320:
4234:
3753:
3717:
3557:
3518:
3384:
3328:
3263:
3203:
3134:
3123:
3116:
3100:
3080:
3041:
3029:
2993:
2963:
2911:
2892:
2806:
2790:
2785:
compiled a series of scriptures that later served as the foundation of the
2690:
2621:
2437:
2409:
2383:
2355:
2343:
in his own kingdom, to ensure order and prosperity among the inhabitants".
2316:
2292:
2074:, referring to the purported authors of the emerging Taoist canon, such as
1923:
1905:
1808:
1770:
1758:
1732:
1249:
1244:
1226:
1138:
1031:
950:
908:
847:
708:
680:
660:
365:
183:
145:
21153:
19798:
16069:
15845:
14681:
13879:
11727:. Translated by Wusun, Lin; Zhongping, Wu. Cologne: Könemann. p. 22.
10711:
8216:
7196:
of Taoism and Christianity. This has been of interest for students of the
6855:
5246:
Reconstructed drawings of guiding and pulling (Daoyin) exercises from the
3957:
into harmony with the great Tao, which itself accomplishes by nonaction."
3016:" and largely displaced them. The school focused on inner transformation,
2741:(267–300). Another later influential figure was the 4th century alchemist
2639:
movement at the end of the 2nd century CE. The latter had been founded by
27668:
27429:
27389:
27374:
27369:
27364:
27359:
27309:
27254:
27219:
27209:
27193:
27178:
27108:
27103:
27093:
27025:
26825:
26794:
26761:
26701:
26577:
26572:
26544:
25847:
25786:
25658:
25638:
25543:
25480:
25440:
25420:
25346:
25316:
24977:
24913:
24605:
24590:
24466:
24456:
24405:
24371:
24310:
22852:
22827:
22646:
22614:
22605:
22551:
22481:
22466:
22359:
22250:
21911:
21859:
21647:
21365:
21345:
21185:
21126:
20864:
20860:
20673:
20161:
20109:
20079:
19916:
19770:
19662:
19586:
19451:
19387:
19338:
18650:
18545:
18540:
18465:
18292:
18285:
18217:
18100:
16777:. Translated by Kierman, Frank A. Jr. University of Massachusetts Press.
16156:
14934:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
13289:
12259:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
9386:
7920:
7896:
7819:
7588:
7580:
7508:
7497:
7265:
7126:
7034:
tenets in his work. In general, Taoism rejects the Confucian emphasis on
7027:
6821:
6399:
6223:
6208:
6188:
Buddhist ideas. The text was adopted as one of the key scriptures of the
6000:
5982:
5958:
5736:
5702:
5665:
5437:
5258:. Many of these methods date back to Tang dynasty figures like alchemist
4952:
4528:
4385:
4060:
3867:
3773:
3681:
3654:
3569:
3522:
3510:
3388:
3355:. In mainland China, the government regulates its activities through the
3222:
3054:
3046:
3021:
3008:(1113–1170) to compete with religious Taoist traditions that worshipped "
2938:
2830:
2625:
2611:
2582:
2504:
2496:
2485:
2462:
2457:
2079:
2056:
2031:
2021:
2001:
1850:
1703:
1383:
1216:
1211:
1125:
936:
929:
853:
424:
22166:
22107:
21210:
20604:
20423:
19972:
15811:
14831:
9788:
9771:
7836:
in some branches of religious Taoism thought to be able to pardon sins.
7490:
6676:, and various Chinese characters (such as the character for Tao and the
6416:, "caves" or "grottoes"). They are arranged from "highest" to "lowest":
5842:), a Legalist work that also contains key Taoist themes, such as wu-wei.
4417:
by either achieving spiritual immortality in an afterlife or becoming a
3462:
as well as conversion by non-Chinese. Taoist influenced practices, like
3028:. Quanzhen flourished during the 13th and 14th centuries and during the
2328:, is dated by scholars to sometime between the 4th and 6th century BCE.
27409:
27379:
27354:
27339:
27304:
27274:
27244:
27229:
27158:
27148:
27143:
27138:
26941:
26926:
26916:
26896:
26776:
26766:
26653:
26628:
26489:
26484:
26439:
26409:
25693:
25521:
25470:
25460:
25331:
25235:
25180:
24987:
24967:
24833:
24600:
24514:
24343:
24290:
24254:
24158:
22818:
22813:
22683:
22678:
22641:
22619:
22476:
22456:
22451:
22292:
22282:
22245:
21849:
21627:
21575:
21315:
20960:
20940:
20476:
20401:
20340:
20104:
20084:
20005:
19657:
19625:
19596:
19375:
19370:
19355:
18915:
18757:
18699:
18550:
18530:
18480:
18420:
18230:
17703:
17263:"Religion and Society. A Summary of French Studies on Chinese Religion"
16514:
Reading Lao Tzu: A Companion to the Tao Te Ching With a New Translation
16490:
16295:. Translated by Trask, Willard R. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15774:
12074:
11754:
11709:
11590:
10332:
An address given to the Delegation EU–China of the European Parliament.
10207:
8505:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
7872:
7791:, a trinity of high gods that varied in how it was thought of, and the
7746:
7362:
7319:
7311:
7296:
7288:
7214:
7046:
6867:
6825:
6797:
6712:
6593:
6116:
6075:
6048:
5561:
5427:
5415:
5302:
5271:
5259:
5205:
5179:
5108:
5104:
4800:
4626:
4594:
4553:
The Taoist quest for immortality was inspired by Confucian emphasis on
4295:
4275:
4182:
4136:
4048:
4036:
3662:
self-conscious creator, but an infinite and boundless natural pattern.
3636:
3514:
3451:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3267:
3159:
3025:
2948:
2843:
2824:
by a local Taoist master named Yin Tong. This tradition was called the
2813:
2771:
2603:
movement, which was an influential school of thought at this time. The
2391:
2371:
2359:
2100:
1973:
1918:
1455:
1398:
1221:
1201:
1196:
1143:
1073:
870:
776:
292:
27469:
21657:
20496:
12558:
8039:
7645:, internal alchemy and recite daily liturgies. The largest lineage is
5812:
Taoism also drew on other non-Taoist Chinese classic texts including:
5569:
manuscript, ink on silk, 2nd century BCE, Han dynasty, unearthed from
3842:
in which one empties the mind. It is held that this can also activate
27619:
27394:
27319:
27294:
27279:
27249:
27224:
27153:
27098:
27010:
27000:
26990:
26975:
26936:
26901:
26876:
26721:
26623:
26534:
26514:
26469:
26424:
26414:
26223:
25708:
25703:
25563:
25490:
25425:
25296:
25230:
25042:
25032:
25027:
25002:
24798:
24358:
24320:
22760:
22556:
22471:
22461:
22332:
22287:
22272:
22205:
22053:
21520:
21442:
21402:
21392:
21355:
21330:
21310:
21205:
21071:
20925:
20915:
20677:
20597:
20592:
20503:
20313:
20298:
20263:
20246:
20228:
20141:
19921:
19837:
19816:
19811:
19788:
19783:
19742:
19737:
19674:
19611:
19534:
19505:
19456:
19397:
19350:
18960:
18945:
18585:
18565:
18525:
18495:
18470:
18306:
18278:
18018:
17713:
16473:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
16139:
Creativity and Taoism, A Study of Chinese Philosophy, Art, and Poetry
15837:
15514:
15070:
14659:. Singapore Department of Statistics. 12 January 2011. Archived from
11396:
11367:
11289:
Living in the Tao: The Effortless Path of Self-Discovery, Mantak Chia
10314:"Human Rights Without Frontiers "Religious Freedom in China in 2006""
9689:
9308:
8886:
7629:
lineage. Chuji was also made the leader of all religions in China by
7622:
7402:
7354:
7154:
7058:
6956:
6945:. A more moderate position is presented in the Inner Chapters of the
6942:
6848:
6844:
6701:
6605:
6582:
6266:
5965:
5884:
5831:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5570:
5310:
5191:
5124:
5077:
4683:
4679:
4414:
4079:
3855:
3697:
3526:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3351:). Today, Taoism is one of five official recognized religions in the
3305:
3290:
3230:
3218:
3092:
3037:
2879:
2805:." Louis Komjathy also notes that they adopted the Mahayana Buddhist
2782:
2734:
2730:
2605:
2006:
1865:
1854:
1678:
1259:
1239:
1191:
1158:
1130:
957:
922:
313:
24933:
20193:
19722:
17709:
Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life: Living the Wisdom of the Tao
16731:
Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world
12361:"Virtuous Life, Honored Afterlife and the Evolution of Confucianism"
11101:
10663:, Chandos Asian Studies Series, Chandos Publishing, pp. 40–71,
5691:
are important texts in their own right. Perhaps the oldest one, the
5154:(which are to avoid: killing , theft, sexual misconduct, lying, and
3653:(the Tao is one reality), panenhenic (seeing nature as sacred), and
2179:
This role of Taoist priests reflects the definition of Taoism as a "
114:
and is often translated as 'way', 'path', 'technique', or 'doctrine'
27507:
27483:
27324:
27289:
27259:
27163:
27133:
27113:
27088:
27083:
27035:
26906:
26840:
26746:
26706:
26608:
26588:
26529:
26494:
26404:
25538:
25445:
25410:
25368:
25356:
25144:
24938:
24838:
24781:
24585:
24539:
24423:
22563:
22307:
22297:
22152:
21642:
21622:
21449:
21325:
21180:
20744:
20466:
20406:
20325:
20233:
20220:
20198:
20178:
20156:
20151:
20131:
20071:
20038:
19977:
19821:
19806:
19684:
19645:
19601:
19392:
19329:
19233:
19136:
18694:
18600:
17282:
15662:(2nd ed.). Wigston, Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. p. 176.
15106:
14867:
14726:
11029:
Taoism and Science: Cosmology, Evolution, Morality, Health and more
10537:, ed. by N. J. Girardot et al., Harvard University Press, 391, 392.
10190:
10167:
8843:
Tong Sing: The Book of Wisdom: Based on the Ancient Chinese Almanac
7642:
7615:
7584:
7292:
7222:
7186:
7164:
7138:
7095:
7054:
6739:
6533:
6185:
5974:
5851:
5343:
5209:
5195:
4956:
4773:
4315:
4230:
4203:
4155:
4122:
These three are further associated with the three "elixir fields" (
3993:
3985:
3907:
3758:
3666:
3609:
3192:
3001:
2978:
tradition as well as for the Youthful Incipience (Tongchu) school.
2904:
2794:
2705:
2671:
2644:
2513:
2453:
2162:
2145:
2096:
1800:
1792:
1625:) is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to
1355:
1277:
1100:
334:
197:
17696:
16454:
A Taoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation
16236:
ABC (Alphabetically Based Computerized) Chinese-English Dictionary
16194:
Syncretism: The Religious Context of Christian Beginnings in Korea
12112:(1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.).
8319:
6056:)—one of the earliest sources on Taoist internal alchemy (neidan).
5957:; attributed to a Disciple of Laozi but which likely dates to the
5608:
5538:
symbology, Taoist cosmology, external alchemy concepts and terms,
4531:. They often are depicted as living simple lives, as craftsmen or
4501:, wanted to "ensure complete physical and spiritual immortality".
3704:(Twofold Mystery), developed a metaphysics influenced by Buddhist
3379:
also contain influential Taoist centers. Other key sites include:
27284:
27269:
27128:
26995:
26911:
26891:
26781:
26771:
26756:
26741:
26726:
26716:
26663:
26648:
26559:
26504:
26474:
26449:
26444:
26419:
26356:
26348:
25165:
25139:
25134:
25076:
25071:
24903:
24791:
24786:
24745:
24567:
24413:
24295:
22837:
22436:
22401:
22322:
22235:
22176:
22080:
21783:
21637:
21387:
21340:
21225:
21101:
20920:
20345:
20308:
20119:
19669:
19635:
19478:
19179:
18950:
18657:
18605:
18535:
18515:
18505:
18327:
18320:
18110:
18032:
17200:
The Beaten Track of Science: The Life and Work of J.J.M. de Groot
16497:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
16162:
Sages and Filial Sons: Mythology and Archaeology in Ancient China
16014:. Translated by Balfour, Frederic Henry. Kelly & Walsh. 1881.
15046:
14482:
14449:
14419:
13122:
13120:
11876:, Chandos Asian Studies Series, Chandos Publishing, pp. iv,
11261:
11259:
11257:
9990:
7968:
7486:
7482:
7386:
7375:
7367:
7130:
7090:
7081:
6809:
6601:
6554:
6508:
6422:
6359:
6127:
6014:
6008:
5838:
5793:
5698:
5647:
5535:
5514:
5495:
5410:
5298:
5274:
in all things (drink, food, etc.), adapting to the cycles of the
5183:
5057:
5053:
4847:
4796:
4710:
4691:
4635:
4599:
4590:
4547:
4524:
4380:
4123:
4044:
3941:
3689:
3685:
3501:
3493:
3463:
3259:
3238:
3207:
2972:
2856:
2747:
2742:
2722:
2718:
2683:
2663:
2590:
2586:
2509:
2472:
2422:
2395:
2275:
2266:
2180:
2075:
1780:
1748:
1317:
1286:
1206:
1178:
1168:
1090:
978:
971:
901:
739:
701:
415:
372:
17855:
16303:
The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters
7061:, knew and were deeply influenced by the Taoist keystone texts.
6978:
5506:
Taoist alchemy can be found in early Taoist scriptures like the
5052:
A Taoist ritual at the Gray Goat Temple (Qingyang Gong, 青羊宫) in
3949:
may more likely result rather than the willed outcome. Thus the
2570:
2042:, and Zhuangzi himself may have died before the term was in use.
27663:
27571:
27349:
27173:
27123:
26946:
26931:
26830:
26815:
26731:
26633:
26613:
26603:
26549:
26499:
26310:
25430:
25351:
25081:
24730:
24428:
24330:
22745:
22624:
22609:
22428:
22317:
22302:
22260:
22038:
21916:
21190:
20945:
20935:
20547:
20508:
20350:
19958:
19652:
18510:
18490:
18174:
18158:
18150:
18081:
16399:
Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism: The Themes of Chaos (Hun-Tun)
14795:
14738:
14360:"Taoism Ritual, Worship, Devotion, Symbolism, Taoism Symbolism"
10909:
10905:
10559:
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions
7906:
7544:
7540:
7442:
7350:
7303:
7169:
7031:
6917:
6913:
6747:
6735:
6690:
6633:, Taoists and intellectuals who leaned towards Taoism used the
6269:
by Daochun Li that outlines the teachings and practices of the
6152:
6148:, c. 8th century CE), a text on internal alchemy and astrology.
5896:
5681:
5566:
5523:
5519:
5489:
5294:
5290:
5279:
5275:
5120:
5012:
4973:
4917:
4894:
4532:
4483:
4191:
4144:
4140:
4104:
4100:
4068:
4010:
3911:
Illustration of the parable of the adept butcher Ding from the
3902:
3749:
3650:
3467:
3332:
3126:". The school derided internal and external alchemy, fasting (
3072:(often from the western parts of the Yuan dynasty's land), and
2956:
2726:
2492:
2456:. Robinet states that some elements of Taoism may be traced to
2400:
2379:
2340:
2284:
2167:
1908:. Philosophers of Taoism are marked by triangles in dark green.
1877:
1853:, attempting to create what has been characterized as a Taoist
1836:
1766:
1691:
1682:
1674:
1646:
1173:
1153:
882:
840:
831:
824:
716:
490:
21136:
16832:
The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture
16204:
What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History
11254:
8471:
7249:, 1553, anonymous woodblock print, James Michener Collection,
6604:. A related symbol is the flaming pearl, which stands for the
5212:
is a key element of some Taoist traditions. These can include
3854:, naturalness is also associated with rejection of the state (
27626:
27264:
27050:
26810:
26509:
26464:
26454:
26429:
25246:
24908:
24194:
24127:
22441:
22215:
22195:
22180:
21756:
21582:
21377:
21240:
21195:
21175:
20335:
19732:
19578:
19360:
18813:
18460:
18393:
18271:
18091:
18009:
17680:(in Chinese and German). Leipzig: Leipziger Literaturverlag.
14382:
14294:
Tang dynasty Buddhist monk Zongmi (780-841). Prior to this,
13796:
13794:
13792:
12937:
11783:
11722:
11626:
11556:. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. pp. 102–103.
8698:
7788:
7784:
7760:
7667:
7532:
7470:
7242:
7181:
7122:
6905:
6885:
6560:
6514:
6286:
5953:
5945:
5929:
5806:
5776:
5639:
4825:
4812:
4451:
4331:
4213:
4088:
4031:
3858:) and a desire to return to simpler pre-technological times (
3781:
3435:
3352:
2860:(the Taoist Canon), which was published at the behest of the
2762:(316–589) era saw the rise of two new Taoist traditions, the
2325:
2304:
1951:
is used to translate two related but distinct Chinese terms.
1869:
1696:
1626:
1608:
1596:
1567:
1555:
1120:
1046:
943:
724:
687:
550:
504:
394:
380:
17568:(2nd ed.). Pullman: Washington State University Press.
17445:(in Chinese, English, and German). Aachen: Hochschulverlag.
16272:
Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul (2005).
15791:
Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
14307:
13602:
13451:
13321:
12744:
12531:
12507:
11904:
11328:
10600:
10564:
10359:
10083:
7295:, healing, traveling to the underworld to help the dead and
7084:, one of the most influential philosophical commentators on
6596:(also called the Bushel) are also important symbols. In the
5801:
and its associated concepts of yin and yang mapped into 64 "
4890:), are also venerated as well by both clergy and laypeople.
4717:
Another important element of Taoist cosmology is the use of
4482:
because "of their life being totally at one with the Tao of
3680:
Throughout Taoist history, Taoists have developed different
3665:
Furthermore, the Tao is something that individuals can find
3488:
During the late 20th century, Taoism began to spread to the
3327:
During the 1980s and 1990s, China experienced the so-called
2350:
Early Taoism drew on the ideas found in the religion of the
2149:
nature". Taoism is generally not understood as a variant of
45:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
27559:
26554:
26479:
22366:
22255:
20166:
19105:
18236:
17868:
15376:
15374:
14475:
14442:
14412:
13850:
13848:
13468:
13466:
13370:
13368:
13366:
13353:
13351:
13338:
13336:
13311:
13309:
13252:
13216:
13204:
13194:
13192:
13190:
13188:
13186:
13107:
13105:
13013:
13001:
12954:
12952:
12768:
11455:
11453:
11345:
11343:
11007:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10657:"Chapter 4 - An overview of Vietnamese history and culture"
10378:
10376:
10374:
10007:
10005:
9875:
9801:
8989:
8987:
7776:
7736:
7657:
7410:
7307:
7238:
7213:
while Daoism does not. Yet, a number of authors, including
7204:, among others. A comparison of the teachings of Laozi and
7014:
Many scholars believe Taoism arose as a countermovement to
7010:, a temple which contains elements from all three teachings
6669:
5818:
5368:
5364:
5325:
and true fasting is also adopted (which may also be termed
5199:
5182:. There are many methods used by Chinese Taoists including
4434:
4409:
4355:
Illustrations of Taoist immortals at the White Cloud Temple
3966:
2675:
2553:
2367:
1374:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
876:
17757:
The Tao Jones Averages: A Guide to Whole-Brained Investing
17583:
The Taoist Translations of Thomas Cleary: A Reader's Guide
16641:
World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions
15160:
World Religions: The Great Faiths Explored & Explained
15058:
14910:
14535:
14533:
14518:
14151:
14115:
14113:
14111:
14048:
14036:
13946:
13898:
13860:
13811:
13809:
13789:
13765:
13753:
13619:
13617:
13578:
13025:
11091:
11089:
11074:
9659:
9657:
5440:("post standing")—standing meditation in various postures.
4811:
of deities, which was a hierarchy emanating from the Tao.
3411:. Meanwhile, Taoism is also practiced much more freely in
27449:
25091:
22265:
22230:
20905:
20242:
18955:
17977:
17920:
17849:
17557:
Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity
15954:
15359:
15094:
15022:
14274:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 131.
12659:
12657:
11242:
11047:
11045:
10856:"Daoist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
10636:
9593:
9591:
9537:
9493:
9425:
9395:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 194.
9281:
8710:
8676:
8674:
8659:
8472:"Daoist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
7840:
6831:
Taoist literature and art has influenced the cultures of
6308:), an influential neidan text from the late 17th century.
5518:. There are two main kinds of alchemy, internal alchemy (
5379:
4785:
4647:
The main distinction in Taoist cosmology is that between
4538:
Some sages are also considered to have become one of the
4426:
4159:
Illustration of the tortoise in the mud parable from the
4059:
channels). The complex Taoist schema of the body and its
3604:
2797:
elements. According to Kohn, they "integrated aspects of
1900:
The birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers from the
1804:
1714:
The core of Taoist thought crystallized during the early
1630:
1602:
1561:
654:
618:
436:
353:
339:
325:
111:
17027:
The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Taotsang
16378:
An Introduction To The Philosophy And Religion Of Taoism
16358:
Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths
15712:
Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992).
15711:
15449:
15425:
15386:
15371:
15279:
15267:
15243:
15219:
14879:
13845:
13683:
13463:
13392:
13363:
13348:
13333:
13306:
13240:
13228:
13183:
13147:
13102:
12949:
12519:
12495:
12391:
12329:
World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts
12143:
World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts
11608:
11530:
11450:
11384:
11340:
11316:
11304:
11292:
10998:
10824:
10700:"Dao-di herbs and its change of cultivated origin place"
10588:
10576:
10371:
10347:
10294:
10282:
10147:
10071:
10029:
10002:
9566:
9564:
8984:
8812:
8810:
8748:
Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992).
8747:
8649:
8647:
8579:
8577:
8575:
6685:
Taoist priests also wear distinctive robes, such as the
6637:
as symbols of leadership and good governance, using old
6232:; 987?–1082), a Song era scholar of the three teachings.
5924:
There are many other important Taoist texts, including:
5783:
and the Northern Dipper, surrounded by Taoist talismans.
5351:
or another kind of life energy a Taoist substituted for
5254:
Taoist longevity methods are closely related to ancient
5178:
A key part of many Taoist traditions is the practice of
4527:). This is what is often considered salvation in Taoist
3960:
2745:, who wrote a key Taoist work on inner cultivation, the
2700:
2593:). One of the earliest forms of Taoism was the Han era (
304:
27513:
18201:
16910:
Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West
16660:
Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching
16255:
Crossing the Gods: World Religions and Worldly Politics
15604:
15602:
15600:
15563:
15561:
15559:
15546:
15544:
15542:
15488:
15466:
15464:
15415:
15413:
15349:
15347:
15345:
15296:
15294:
15180:
15135:
15133:
14819:
14530:
14394:
14259:
14257:
14108:
14096:
14084:
14072:
14060:
14024:
13806:
13777:
13671:
13614:
13493:
13483:
13481:
13441:
13439:
13137:
13135:
13068:
13066:
13064:
13037:
12989:
12708:
12696:
12686:
12684:
12642:
12570:
12418:
11552:
Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021).
11364:
Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals
11230:
11218:
11189:
11177:
11129:
11086:
10836:
10787:
10775:
10112:
10110:
9887:
9846:
9654:
9403:
9401:
9066:
9064:
8883:
Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals
8622:
8620:
8343:
8228:
8226:
8207:[Classification of Taoist gods and immortals].
8163:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8142:
6693:, which symbolize their status and school affiliation.
6390:
dynasties. The extant version was published during the
6283:
Treatise of the Exalted One on Response and Retribution
6044:), the two most influential Supreme Clarity scriptures.
5809:—has influenced Taoism from its inception until today.
5546:
4980:
4666:
4581:
4456:
4407:), somehow aiding the spiritual functions of nature or
4399:
4056:
3927:
refers to any intentional or deliberated action, while
3843:
2816:, the first Taoist monastic institution (influenced by
762:
19148:
17806:
Infinite Self: 33 Steps to Reclaiming Your Inner Power
16869:
15716:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 126.
15660:
Myths & Legends of India, Egypt, China & Japan
15197:
15195:
15112:
14807:
14783:
14568:
14566:
12848:
12654:
12548:
12546:
12483:
12408:
12406:
11428:
11426:
11413:
11411:
11064:
11062:
11060:
11042:
10763:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10743:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9825:
9815:
9813:
9811:
9744:
9742:
9642:
9630:
9588:
9576:
9368:
9344:
9126:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. pp. 123–124.
9020:
9018:
8822:
8752:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 124.
8722:
8671:
8405:
8097:
7473:, the Seven Star Lords of the Northern Bushel and the
6777:
in 2010, the number of people practicing some form of
6468:) grotto, which includes texts predating the Maoshan (
5278:
by following injunctions regarding healing exercises (
4516:) and with the attainment of "clarity and stillness" (
2408:(from which Taoism draws its main cosmological ideas,
578:
99:
27726:
16987:
16271:
15620:
15076:
14968:
14861:
14837:
14479:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
14446:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
14416:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
13659:
13511:
12817:
12669:
12036:
11999:
11925:
11499:
9717:
9715:
9620:
9618:
9561:
9549:
9413:
9356:
9030:
8807:
8686:
8644:
8572:
8548:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8176:
7720:" were terms for a Taoist supreme deity also used in
7045:
into China was marked by significant interaction and
5499:
extending one's life, and even becoming an immortal (
5289:
A number of physical practices, like modern forms of
4241:
Some of the most important virtues in Taoism are the
3229:. By the 20th century, only one complete copy of the
2709:
A Taoist talisman from one of the Lingbao Scriptures.
2209:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1778:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1605:
1564:
280:
266:
252:
236:
222:
202:
188:
15597:
15585:
15573:
15556:
15539:
15476:
15461:
15437:
15410:
15398:
15342:
15330:
15318:
15306:
15291:
15255:
15231:
15207:
15130:
14843:
14254:
14250:(Third ed.). New York: Routhledge. p. 150.
13478:
13436:
13380:
13171:
13132:
13078:
13061:
12732:
12681:
11837:
11271:
10799:
10624:
10612:
10388:
10335:
10122:
10107:
9398:
9061:
8781:
Hackett, Conrad; Grim, Brian J. (18 December 2012).
8617:
8560:
8291:. US Federal Government. 29 May 2018. Archived from
8285:"Taiwan 2017 International Religious Freedom Report"
8245:
8243:
8241:
8223:
8154:
4607:
which gives birth to "the two" – yin and yang (i.e.
3838:
is to practice the "fasting of the mind", a kind of
3359:. Regarding the status of Taoism in mainland China,
2655:, and after years of bloody war, they were crushed.
1593:
1552:
532:
17405:
Mysticism and Morality: a new look at old questions
17206:
17025:Schipper, Kristopher; Verellen, Franciscus (2004).
16052:Carr, Michael (1990). "Whence the Pronunciation of
15192:
15118:
14563:
14557:
12630:
12618:
12606:
12594:
12582:
12543:
12403:
11849:
11438:
11423:
11408:
11165:
11153:
11141:
11117:
11057:
10740:
10523:. pp. First page, which doesn't have a number.
10454:
10266:. Journal of Asian Martial Arts (Vol. 16, Issue 4).
9960:
9948:
9858:
9808:
9739:
9015:
8536:
8372:
8370:
8091:
7144:
7026:are indeed shared by both Taoism and Confucianism.
6933:Taoism never had a unified political theory. While
5915:, which discusses Taoist ideas in several chapters.
3923:constitutes the leading ethical concept in Taoism.
2933:, the Five Dragons Temple (the first temple at the
2302:Some of the main early Taoist sources include: the
2295:" ideas), which were eventually synthesized in the
2254:
1969:
school is a well-known early example of this sense.
1590:
1549:
17754:
17176:
17153:
16928:
16852:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
16749:
16430:
16337:Comparative Religious Ethics: a narrative approach
16334:
16086:
15887:
15885:
14687:
13279:
13277:
13275:
13273:
13271:
13269:
13267:
12104:
12102:
12100:
11362:Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.).
10488:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
10277:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
10142:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
9712:
9690:"Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains"
9615:
9525:
9469:
9209:Dragons, Gods & Spirits from Chinese Mythology
8881:Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.).
8743:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8355:
8173:
6967:
6074:) is a work on Taoist meditation revealed by Lady
5068:Taoist ritual specialists in a procession, Taiwan.
5036:Knowing how to stop and be content (zhī zhǐzú 知止足)
4828:and there are many kinds: heaven gods/celestials (
4678:Taoist texts present various creation stories and
4629:explains the basic Taoist cosmological theory as:
4346:
3083:(1368–1644), aspects of Confucianism, Taoism, and
2809:in its promotion of "universal salvation" (pudu).
2347:everything inside and mixing everything outside".
17292:Buddhism, Taoism, and Other Far Eastern Religions
16999:The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion'
16571:The Taoist Monastic Manual: A Translation of the
15705:
15683:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. p. 166.
12813:
12811:
12809:
12807:
12805:
12803:
12294:
12292:
12290:
11805:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
11648:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
11570:
9090:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. p. 161.
9048:
8601:The Routledge companion to philosophy of religion
8238:
8130:
7562:Another worldview is that beings must "harmonize
6162:), a 10th-century CE classic on internal alchemy.
5869:, which is widely quoted in early Taoist sources.
5162:.) The other five were a set of five injunctions:
4433:, such as the mental realm sometimes called "the
4111:(精, essence, the foundation for one's vitality),
2195:are comparable to the non-Taoist ritual masters (
27762:
17207:Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina; Strait, David (2012).
17024:
16988:Ruokanen, Miikka; Zhanzhu Huang, Paulos (2010).
15825:
15823:
15821:
14907:Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.
14471:
14469:
14354:
14352:
14350:
14348:
14346:
14209:
14193:
14181:
14169:
13839:
13827:
13426:
13286:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy
12801:
12799:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12785:
12783:
12354:
12352:
12168:
12166:
11921:
11919:
11675:
11673:
11671:
11547:
11545:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11485:
11483:
11481:
9175:. London: Penguin Random House UK. p. 249.
8876:
8874:
8367:
7735:was a primary deity among polytheists who had a
7389:, along with the teachings of yin and yang, the
6954:The syncretist position found in texts like the
5398:Some of the key forms of Taoist meditation are:
3684:views regarding the Tao. For example, while the
3347:(which came to be outlawed and repressed by the
3262:developed during this time, led by figures like
3137:(1644–1912) mainly promoted Buddhism as well as
2686:, as well as ritual and purificatory practices.
476:
462:
17697:Popular (nonacademic) interpretations of Taoism
16728:
16332:
15882:
15671:
15669:
15150:
15148:
14873:
14801:
13549:
13547:
13545:
13264:
12331:(1st paperback ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota:
12145:(1st paperback ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota:
12097:
11965:
11963:
11961:
11959:
11777:
11748:
11746:
11744:
11265:
10548:Tracing the Contours of Daoism in North America
9243:(First American ed.). Broadway, New York:
9202:
9200:
8734:
7401:, like Tzu-wei tu-su), terrestrial divination (
7381:This tradition also relies on the cosmology of
5999:a Han dynasty text that is the earliest Taoist
5919:
5797:(circa 1150 BCE). The divination method in the
5672:may have been involved in the editing process.
5198:divination), and the interpretation of various
4850:, the spirit of all things); netherworld gods (
4788:. Nearly all the sects share this core belief.
4698:. Later medieval models included the idea of a
4198:Some popular Daoist beliefs, such as the early
2491:During the early period, some Taoists lived as
1811:(607–917) incorporates many ideas from Taoism.
14927:
14925:
12287:
11620:
11551:
9155:
9153:
9151:
6134:(647–735 CE), which is influenced by Buddhism.
6112:), a manual of longevity practices and neidan.
4330:Taoism also adopted the Buddhist doctrines of
4027:Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)
3846:(vital energy). In some passages found in the
3533:(which are often unrelated to Taoism proper),
3473:Taoism has been traditionally associated with
3289:, one of the most important Taoist temples in
2789:, which was most influential during the later
555:
56:to make improvements to the overall structure.
26239:
24143:
19121:
18796:
17936:
17912:
17216:Religions & Christianity in Today's China
17094:
16676:
16602:Kohn, Livia; LaFargue, Michael, eds. (1998).
15818:
15614:
15506:
15052:
14466:
14388:
14343:
14313:
14233:
14197:
13917:
13915:
13913:
13505:
12780:
12349:
12252:
12250:
12248:
12246:
12163:
12030:
11993:
11916:
11668:
11542:
11478:
11465:
11208:
11206:
11204:
10051:harvp error: no target: CITEREFEsposito2001 (
9389:(1911). "Lâo-Tsze". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
8871:
6964:blend Taoist positions with Confucian views.
6469:
6463:
6444:
6427:
6411:
6365:
6299:
6260:
6241:Fifteen discourses to Establish the Teachings
6227:
6213:
6171:
6157:
6143:
6121:
6069:
5458:
5391:), some of which were strongly influenced by
4863:
4857:
4851:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4819:
4694:) and then into the myriad beings, as in the
3620:
3149:
2196:
1912:
1517:
130:
105:
17483:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
17424:The Face of the Deep: A Theology of Becoming
17345:
16883:
16601:
16333:Fasching, Darrell J.; deChant, Dell (2001).
15899:. New York: Avenel Books. pp. 317–318.
15666:
15145:
14962:
14552:
14550:
14548:
13608:
13542:
12750:
11956:
11741:
11022:
11020:
10890:(Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
10732:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
9979:
9977:
9975:
9765:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9197:
8598:
8594:
8592:
7854:
7703:
7064:Taoism especially shaped the development of
6920:, Tang Mi, and Wang Zengzu. Taoist arts and
5494:A key element of many schools of Taoism are
5467:Pointers on Spiritual Nature and Bodily Life
5262:(582–683) and the Highest Clarity Patriarch
4951:teaches, Taoists were and are generally not
4661:) and medicine to astrology and divination.
3300:Taoist ceremony at Xiao Ancestral Temple in
2867:This period also saw the development of the
1986:; 'school of the Tao', or sometimes
509:
495:
17652:
17061:
17020:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16155:
15658:Storm, Rachel (2011). Sudell, Helen (ed.).
14922:
12213:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12201:
11080:
9148:
8780:
8424:Xiong, Qinjing; Ju, Yucui (21 March 2023).
7457:146 Key earlier heaven deities include the
7179:(live in obscurity), focus on naturalness (
7068:, introducing elements like the concept of
6876:Carved Jade boulder with a Taoist paradise.
6589:those of the gods or immortals themselves.
6222:) is a work on internal alchemy written by
5584:Perhaps the most influential texts are the
5293:, as well as modern internal martial arts (
3865:An often cited metaphor for naturalness is
2874:
2631:The first organized form of Taoism was the
1599:
1558:
26246:
26232:
24150:
24136:
19128:
19114:
18803:
18789:
17967:
17943:
17929:
17636:Chinese Dialectics: From Yijing To Marxism
17197:
17127:
16708:The Columbia History of Chinese Literature
15028:
14245:
14002:
13910:
13800:
12764:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40636-021-00225-1
12243:
11787:; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton;
11630:; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton;
11212:
11201:
9837:
6626:consciousness that was a "flowing pearl".
4979:Tao can serve as a life energy instead of
3813:and creativity. According to Kohn, in the
3529:. This popular spirituality also draws on
3448:Weaverville Joss House State Historic Park
2201:) of vernacular traditions (the so-called
1524:
1510:
98:
17752:
17617:Chinese Religion: An Anthology of Sources
17364:
16904:
16747:
16489:
16299:
16274:Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China)
16233:
15891:
14545:
13854:
13695:
13283:
12943:
12920:
12108:
11248:
11017:
10642:
10279:, p. 41. Princeton: Princeton University.
10222:
10189:
10144:, p. 40. Princeton: Princeton University.
10041:
9972:
9852:
9787:
9754:
9437:
9235:
8840:
8599:Meister, Chad; Copan, Paul, eds. (2010).
8589:
7450:birthday blessings are a common service.
6761:' class". The only real exception is the
6110:Complete Methods of the Numinous Treasure
4467:or other spiritual worlds, or becoming a
3830:one's experience. One way of cultivating
3091:school, which eventually became Imperial
2543:
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
21685:
17730:
17671:
17535:
17478:
17289:
17198:Werblowsky, Raphael Jehudah Zwi (2002).
17015:
16949:
16729:Markham, Ian S.; Ruparell, Tinu (2001).
16657:
16629:
16620:
16530:
16395:
16252:
15913:
15494:
15064:
14885:
14539:
14524:
14400:
14157:
14119:
14102:
14090:
14078:
14066:
14054:
14042:
14030:
13952:
13904:
13866:
13815:
13783:
13771:
13759:
13689:
13623:
13584:
13499:
13472:
13457:
13398:
13374:
13357:
13342:
13327:
13258:
13246:
13234:
13222:
13210:
13198:
13096:
13043:
13031:
13019:
13007:
12995:
12958:
12774:
12714:
12702:
12648:
12576:
12537:
12525:
12513:
12501:
12461:
12424:
12397:
12298:
12198:
11910:
11614:
11536:
11459:
11402:
11390:
11361:
11349:
11334:
11322:
11310:
11298:
11236:
11224:
11195:
11111:
11095:
11011:
10988:p. 25. Columbia University Press. 1968.
10899:
10842:
10830:
10793:
10781:
10769:
10697:
10606:
10594:
10582:
10570:
10407:Wright, James D., ed. (1 January 2015),
10382:
10365:
10300:
10288:
10153:
10101:
10089:
10077:
10065:
10047:
10035:
10023:
10011:
9996:
9893:
9881:
9831:
9663:
9648:
9636:
9597:
9582:
9543:
9499:
9431:
9374:
9350:
9287:
9005:
8993:
8880:
8828:
8728:
8716:
8704:
8692:
8680:
8665:
8638:
8583:
8554:
8337:
8325:
8197:
8195:
8148:
7621:One of his "seven perfected" disciples,
7519:
7432:
7344:
7302:Protection magic can include the use of
7232:
7001:
6977:
6884:A 16th century painting of the immortal
6879:
6871:
6723:
6711:
6700:
6539:
6520:
6495:
6402:. Following the example of the Buddhist
6378:. It was originally compiled during the
5878:(The Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor),
5766:
5607:
5560:
5452:
5378:
5241:
5229:
5063:
5047:
4904:
4744:
4728:
4603:diagram. The red circle is the formless
4589:
4471:who can do one or more of those things.
4358:
4350:
4154:
4063:components contains many parallels with
4030:
3906:
3768:
3608:
3441:
3425:
3295:
3281:
3198:
3175:
2980:
2878:
2704:
2569:
2547:
2231:
1895:
1711:of compassion, frugality, and humility.
22982:
17600:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
17554:
17536:Pas, Julian F.; Leung, Man Kam (1998).
17326:
17298:
17052:
16973:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
16968:
16926:
16810:
16770:
16638:
15987:Jesus and Lao Tzu: The Parallel Sayings
15983:
15829:
15787:
15744:
15507:Stanley-Baker, Michael (19 June 2022).
15088:
15040:
14891:
14849:
14825:
14813:
14221:
13430:
13414:
13165:
13126:
12890:
12866:
12854:
12675:
12663:
12564:
12358:
12172:
11679:
11183:
10972:
10888:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10704:China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica
9733:
9675:
9609:
9519:
9515:
9487:
9463:
9419:
9407:
9362:
9206:
9036:
9024:
8939:
8816:
8626:
8566:
8526:
8503:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8423:
8376:
8349:
8232:
8186:
7884:
7361:Divinational Taoism focuses on various
7287:right methods. Their magic can include
6757:or by members of the later well-to-do '
6021:). This text is a major source for the
5990:), a key source for Han dynasty Taoism.
5457:Illustration of Taoist neidan from the
5173:
5115:, human-occupied puppets (often of the
3887:
3801:
3722:The active expression of Tao is called
3144:The Qing era also saw the birth of the
1661:
14:
27763:
26253:
17614:
17516:
17421:
17365:Carr, David T.; Zhang, Canhui (2004).
17267:Review of Religion and Chinese Society
17033:
16848:
16791:
16470:
16451:
16428:
16374:
16355:
16293:A History of Religious Ideas, Volume 2
16290:
16018:
15675:
15154:
14789:
14744:
14732:
14263:
13665:
13596:
13553:
12326:
12140:
11752:
11107:
11051:
10960:
10654:
10450:
10448:
10446:
10406:
10233:. State University of New York Press.
9681:
9454:, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
9336:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKohn (
9159:
9118:
9082:
9070:
9009:
8496:
8411:
7437:Interior of the Xiaomen Zhengyi Temple
7405:), the casting of incense sticks with
7340:
6960:and some of the Outer Chapters of the
5623:Throughout the history of Taoism, the
5234:Sun Simiao as depicted by Gan Bozong,
5225:
4705:In Taoism, human beings are seen as a
3696:(nothingness, negativity, not-being),
3485:, and originated from Southern China.
3171:
3103:. During the Ming, the legends of the
2540:conceits from close to its beginning.
2378:(4th to 3rd centuries BCE), including
1685:. A common goal of Taoist practice is
355:
282:
26227:
25889:
24631:
24169:
24131:
22981:
22134:
21684:
19147:
19109:
18784:
17924:
17911:
17799:
17595:
17566:Taoism and the Rite of Cosmic Renewal
17481:The Taoist Tradition: An Introduction
17440:
17402:
17383:
17174:
17151:
17082:from the original on 1 September 2023
16996:
16829:
16632:The Daoist Tradition: An Introduction
16416:from the original on 1 September 2023
16320:from the original on 1 September 2023
16221:from the original on 1 September 2023
16200:
16191:
16179:from the original on 1 September 2023
16136:
16039:from the original on 1 September 2023
15897:China & Japan (Myths and Legends)
15657:
15100:
15005:
14916:
14862:Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005)
14838:Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005)
14693:
14584:from the original on 15 November 2011
14370:from the original on 20 February 2023
13748:. The tomb...is dated around 300 B.C.
13677:
12902:
12878:
12231:from the original on 21 February 2023
12116:(First American ed.). New York:
11831:
9906:
9904:
9902:
9700:from the original on 23 February 2023
9299:
9165:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
8795:from the original on 1 September 2023
8509:from the original on 1 September 2023
8478:from the original on 11 February 2021
8192:
8136:
8118:from the original on 1 September 2023
7189:in the foundational Taoist writings.
6990:" which illustrates the unity of the
6491:
6285:, C. 12th century) discusses sin and
6130:("sitting forgetting") meditation by
6042:Purple Texts Inscribed by the Spirits
6034:Perfect Scripture of the Great Cavern
5039:Yielding and withdrawing (tuīràng 推讓)
4986:
4960:gods or the gods of other religions.
4450:who eat yin and yang energy and ride
4225:was important to many Taoist groups.
4221:policies such as the building of the
3961:Aspects of self (xing, xin, and ming)
3509:and the work of popular figures like
3277:
2998:Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) School
2701:Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties eras
2165:, is traditionally used to translate
27:Religious and philosophical tradition
17903:University of Michigan Museum of Art
17775:
17702:
17657:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
17633:
17598:Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies
17563:
17497:
17459:
17443:The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi – Taodejing
17241:
17098:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Taoism
16702:
16580:
16576:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16568:
16549:
16107:
16084:
16051:
15625:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
15608:
15591:
15579:
15567:
15550:
15482:
15470:
15455:
15443:
15431:
15419:
15404:
15392:
15380:
15365:
15353:
15336:
15324:
15312:
15300:
15285:
15273:
15261:
15249:
15237:
15225:
15213:
15201:
15186:
15139:
15124:
14973:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
14931:
14756:
14705:
14596:
14337:
14325:
13647:from the original on 16 October 2009
13516:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
13487:
13445:
13410:
13386:
13315:
13177:
13153:
13141:
13111:
13084:
13072:
12822:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
12738:
12726:
12690:
12636:
12624:
12612:
12600:
12588:
12552:
12489:
12412:
12256:
12041:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
12004:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11930:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11867:
11855:
11843:
11799:; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999).
11642:; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999).
11588:
11576:
11504:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11444:
11432:
11417:
11277:
11171:
11159:
11147:
11135:
11123:
11068:
10904:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 165.
10818:
10805:
10757:
10630:
10618:
10514:
10482:
10476:
10394:
10353:
10341:
10228:
10165:
10128:
10116:
9966:
9954:
9942:
9910:
9869:
9819:
9769:
9748:
9721:
9624:
9570:
9555:
9531:
9511:
9475:
9054:
8921:from the original on 4 November 2021
8542:
8530:
8361:
8313:
8249:
8215:]. 21 April 2019. Archived from
8167:
7775:, various kinds of beings occupying
7428:
7030:explicitly criticized Confucian and
6928:
6025:and its inner-cultivation practices.
5971:Classic on converting the barbarians
5099:On particular holidays, such as the
4924:to meet with the famous Taoist sage
4013:and health and longevity practices (
3251:In the 1910s, Taoist doctrine about
3087:were consciously synthesized in the
2038:, was familiar with the text of the
29:
17861:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
17462:The Taoist Experience: An Anthology
17329:Taijiquan: Through the Western Gate
17237:from the original on 27 April 2017.
17062:Slingerland, Edward Gilman (2003).
16954:. 2 volume set. London: Routledge.
16511:
16089:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
15623:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
15621:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
15077:Ruokanen & Zhanzhu Huang (2010)
14971:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
14969:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
14714:from the original on 12 August 2020
13708:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13514:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
13512:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
12820:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
12818:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
12114:Illustrated Dictionary of Religions
12039:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
12037:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
12002:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
12000:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
11928:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
11926:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
11502:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
11500:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
10655:Nguyen, Lan, ed. (1 January 2009),
10443:
9293:
8426:"Taoism and teaching without words"
8383:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7711:
7515:
6668:, I Ching coins, Taoist talismans (
6351:
5895:), an ancient source that includes
5762:
5735:), named after its supposed author
5321:. In certain cases, practices like
5130:
5027:Clarity and stillness (qīngjìng 清靜)
4561:were thought to exist after death.
4126:) and the organs in different ways.
3368:mountains, and in all major cities.
3312:Taoism began to recover during the
2828:, and their main scripture was the
1466:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
24:
22951:Religions and spiritual traditions
19150:Religious groups and denominations
18426:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
17319:
17260:
17115:from the original on 26 March 2023
17057:. Honolulu: Sacred Mountain Press.
16535:. London and New York: Routledge.
16402:. University of California Press.
15976:
15008:"Contemplations on the Tao Series"
14759:Dao Companion to Daoist Philosophy
14710:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
14505:
13719:from the original on 28 April 2020
11981:from the original on 26 April 2023
11882:10.1016/b978-1-84334-332-5.50013-9
11765:from the original on 23 April 2023
10669:10.1016/b978-1-84334-550-3.50004-7
10421:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.99002-0
10415:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. iii,
9899:
9687:
8791:. The Global Religious Landscape.
8653:
8385:. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI,
8273:from the original on 14 July 2024.
8213:Wudang Mountain Taoist Association
7980:
7955:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
7409:on them and the interpretation of
7173:(effortless action) and Epicurean
5383:Illustration of Taoist meditation.
4020:
3221:ideologies, European and Japanese
2299:into the first forms of "Taoism".
2046:The distinction between Taoism in
1079:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
25:
27812:
19068:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
17828:
17500:Experimental Essays on Chuang-tzu
17029:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
16830:Moore, Charles Alexander (1967).
16796:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
16623:Daoism: A guide for the Perplexed
16201:Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1982) .
16159:; Guisso, R. W. L., eds. (1991).
15830:Szostak, Rick (22 October 2020).
14634:from the original on 30 June 2014
14558:Wenzel-Teuber & Strait (2012)
13934:from the original on 1 April 2023
11868:Tang, Lei, ed. (1 January 2009),
10986:The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu.
9918:(First U.S. ed.). New York:
9278:Indiana University, History G380.
8430:Educational Philosophy and Theory
8393:from the original on 24 June 2013
8045:
8003:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
7673:
7278:
7113:influenced Taoist thought on the
6861:
6674:Four Symbols (mythical creatures)
6096:Perfect Writings in Five Sections
5021:Guarding the feminine (shǒucí 行守)
5018:Softness and weakness (róuruò 柔弱)
1936:
1729:), during which the epigrammatic
1394:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
27748:
27736:
26207:
26206:
26193:
24111:
24102:
24101:
23915:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
23057:Democratic Republic of the Congo
19095:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
18924:
18812:
18133:
16990:Christianity and Chinese Culture
16950:Pregadio, Fabrizio, ed. (2008).
16022:Chinese Thought: An Introduction
15943:
15870:from the original on 15 May 2023
15781:
15738:
15651:
15500:
14999:
14750:
14699:
14670:
14646:
14614:
14499:
14436:
14406:
14331:
14319:
14239:
14227:
14215:
14203:
14187:
14175:
14163:
14135:. Weber.ucsd.edu. Archived from
14125:
13980:
13958:
13921:
13872:
13833:
13821:
13629:
13590:
13420:
13404:
13159:
13090:
13049:
12964:
12896:
12884:
12872:
12860:
12756:
12720:
12455:
12430:
12379:from the original on 3 June 2023
12359:Murrell, Jasmyn (January 2017).
12320:
12134:
12081:(in Chinese). 16 November 2017.
12067:
11861:
11825:
11753:Stefon, Matt (5 December 2016).
11716:
11589:Mark, Emily (22 February 2016).
11582:
11355:
11283:
10978:
10966:
10954:
10893:
10869:
10848:
10811:
10691:
10648:
10540:
10527:
10508:
10400:
10306:
10269:
10247:
10159:
10134:
10095:
10059:
10017:
9331:
8263:"The State of Religion in China"
8008:Chinese spiritual world concepts
7767:and other celestial beings from
7686:
7145:Comparisons with other religions
6824:or Quanzhen schools, and clergy
6645:to different Chinese dynasties.
6345:Central Teachings of Dragon Gate
6337:Precepts for Celestial Immortals
6178:Classic of Clarity and Stillness
5426:Observation (guan)—according to
5117:"Seventh Lord" and "Eighth Lord"
4082:, and even attain magic powers,
3748:can be used to refer to ethical
3500:have also become popular in the
3107:(the most important of which is
2918:after a period of war and loss.
2781:Similarly, between 397 and 402,
2255:Classical Taoism and its sources
2095:tradition as being inseparable.
1637:. The concept originates in the
1586:
1545:
617:
34:
22517:Evolutionary origin of religion
18521:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
17538:Historical Dictionary of Taoism
16815:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
16207:. University of Chicago Press.
16141:. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
16019:Bishop, Donald H., ed. (1995).
15961:from the original on 4 May 2023
15931:from the original on 6 May 2023
13977:. Blue Snake Books, 2008. p. 21
13566:from the original on 8 May 2023
12085:from the original on 9 May 2023
10486:(1993). Laznovsky, Bill (ed.).
10166:Reid, Gilbert (February 1917).
9936:
9727:
9688:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
9669:
9603:
9481:
9457:
9380:
9325:
9261:
9229:
9112:
9076:
9042:
8999:
8933:
8903:
8834:
8774:
8520:
8490:
8464:
8417:
8307:
8277:
7731:The Taoist Jade Emperor in the
7583:(Earlier Heaven Way) sect, the
7149:Comparisons between Taoism and
7077:organization in certain sects.
6968:Relations with other traditions
6295:The Secret of the Golden Flower
6252:The Book of Balance and Harmony
6202:Scripture on the Inner Talisman
5659:Louis Komjathy writes that the
5595:
5218:mediumship and the practice of
5002:Scriptural Statutes of Lord Lao
4983:in some Taoist belief systems.
4752:(The Queen Mother of the West).
4597:'s (1017–1073 CE) cosmological
4347:Soteriology and religious goals
4233:. Some Daoist movements viewed
3450:, the oldest Chinese temple in
3320:), which parallels the rise of
3233:survived intact, stored at the
3165:The Secret of the Golden Flower
3060:In the Yuan dynasty, Taoism in
1629:, emphasizing harmony with the
1187:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
437:
416:
395:
381:
354:
340:
326:
305:
24157:
22873:Separation of church and state
21526:Polytheistic reconstructionism
18850:Chinese salvationist religions
17753:Goodspeed, Bennett W. (1983).
17653:Welch, H.; Seidel, A. (1979).
17502:. University of Hawaii Press.
17346:Bertschinger, Richard (2011).
17016:Schipper, Kristopher (1993) .
16931:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective
16834:. University of Hawaii Press.
16533:Taoism: The Enduring Tradition
16253:Demerath, Nicholas J. (2003).
16238:. University of Hawaii Press.
15012:Society of Friends of Epicurus
14864:, pp. 68, 70–73, 167–168.
14508:The Ageless Chinese: A History
14210:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14194:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14182:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14170:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13840:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13828:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13427:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
12299:Lagerwey, John (21 May 2018).
11554:World History: Our Human Story
10698:Xiangcai, MENG (1 July 2011).
8255:
7810:Ordinary Chinese in the early
7353:(geomantic compasses) used in
6768:
6220:Folios on Awakening to Reality
6019:Master who embraces simplicity
5150:are identical to the Buddhist
4910:Xuan Yuan Inquires of the Tao
4309:
4289:
4269:
4255:
3881:
3872:
3795:
3790:
3732:
3727:
3377:five sacred mountains of China
2836:Scripture of Western Ascension
2027:Records of the Grand Historian
2016:
1992:
1982:
1961:
1891:
1651:
1480:Institutions and organizations
1379:The Northern Celestial Masters
579:
533:
477:
281:
267:
253:
237:
223:
204:
203:
189:
131:
13:
1:
25890:
20482:Traditional Sabahan religions
18636:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
18401:Three Great Emperor-Officials
17134:Anthology of World Scriptures
16992:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
16756:. Augsburg Publishing House.
16748:Martinson, Paul Varo (1987).
16495:A Guide to Chinese Literature
16475:. Stanford University Press.
16234:DeFrancis, John, ed. (1996).
16110:Religion, State & Society
15833:Making Sense of World History
14874:Markham & Ruparell (2001)
14802:Markham & Ruparell (2001)
14248:Religions in the Modern World
13554:Stefon, Matt (2 April 2023).
11266:Fasching & deChant (2001)
9207:Sanders, Tao Tao Liu (1980).
8501:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
8442:10.1080/00131857.2022.2112031
8104:. W. W. Norton. p. 164.
8080:
7828:Three Great Emperor-Officials
7826:An unrelated trinity was the
7602:(1112–1170), a hermit in the
7471:Mother of the Bushel of Stars
7441:Ceremonial Taoism focuses on
7192:Some authors have undertaken
6449:) grotto, which includes the
6432:) grotto, which includes the
6374:) is also referred to as the
6180:), Taoist teachings from the
5889:
5650:
5470:
5374:
4189:, and most important of all,
3560:, especially the adoption of
2959:(internal alchemy) practice.
2269:(method master) communities.
2244:
2099:such as Isabelle Robinet and
2068:
1719:
1635:ultimately underlying reality
1369:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
1064:Three Great Emperor-Officials
27786:Classical Chinese philosophy
25679:Ordinary language philosophy
24170:
19135:
19063:Freedom of religion in China
18641:Way of the Celestial Masters
17887:Internet Sacred Text Archive
16971:Taoism: Growth of a Religion
16884:Occhiogrosso, Peter (1994).
16794:Taoism: A Short Introduction
16682:Taoism and the Arts of China
16604:Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching
16396:Girardot, Norman J. (1988).
16257:. Rutgers University Press.
16165:. Chinese University Press.
14767:10.1007/978-90-481-2927-0_15
14735:, pp. 224–226, 370–374.
14271:Taoism and the Arts of China
14246:Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016).
13999:Doubleday, 1979. pp. 15, 20.
12327:Wilson, Andrew, ed. (1995).
12141:Wilson, Andrew, ed. (1995).
9770:Wang, Wei (16 August 2022).
8641:, Vol. 1, p. 326, "Taoshih".
8340:, Vol. 1, p. 327, "Taoshih".
8289:American Institute on Taiwan
8267:Council on Foreign Relations
8085:
7868:Hong Kong Taoist Association
7228:
6792:It was disbanded during the
6329:Precepts of the Central Pole
5920:Other important Taoist texts
5687:Ancient commentaries on the
5101:Qingming/Ching Ming festival
4900:
4862:); gods of the human ghost (
4768:Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)
4571:
4065:Traditional Chinese medicine
3583:
3454:and an active Taoist center.
3314:Reform and Opening up period
2895:. This tradition was termed
2633:Way of the Celestial Masters
2577:, the first Celestial Master
2156:
1972:The other, referring to the
1364:Way of the Celestial Masters
7:
25729:Contemporary utilitarianism
25644:Internalism and externalism
22726:National religiosity levels
21951:Nauruan Indigenous religion
21506:Hellenism (modern religion)
17892:Collection: "Daoism/Taoism"
17638:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
17619:. Oxford University Press.
17555:Robinet, Isabelle (1993) .
17290:Yamamoto, J. Isamu (1998).
17202:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
17068:. Oxford University Press.
16997:Segal, Robert Alan (2006).
16969:Robinet, Isabelle (1997) .
16811:Mollier, Christine (2008).
16774:Taoism and Chinese Religion
16471:Hucker, Charles O. (1995).
16456:. Oxford University Press.
16300:Eskildsen, Stephen (2004).
15893:Mackenzie, Donald Alexander
15053:Toropov & Hansen (2002)
14389:Little & Eichman (2000)
14314:Little & Eichman (2000)
14234:Little & Eichman (2000)
14198:Little & Eichman (2000)
12373:California State University
11975:National Geographic Society
11874:The Chinese Consumer Market
11405:, p. 110-111, 122–125.
10182:University of Chicago Press
8954:10.1007/978-3-030-27953-0_8
8841:Windridge, Charles (2003).
7913:
7849:
6988:three laughs at tiger brook
6689:and Taoist versions of the
6406:, it is divided into three
5997:(Biographies of Immortals),
5708:
5459:
4996:, and are presented in the
4856:); gods of the human body (
4724:
2887:, a sacred space in Taoism.
2753:Master Embracing Simplicity
2635:, which developed from the
2210:
2205:) within Chinese religion.
2144:likewise views Taoism as a
1835:
1828:
1820:
1779:
1747:
1739:
1731:
10:
27817:
26376:Hundred Schools of Thought
24993:Svatantrika and Prasangika
24632:
22135:
18646:Northern Celestial Masters
17950:
17678:Gesamttext und Materialien
17422:Keller, Catherine (2003).
17403:Jones, Richard H. (2004).
17384:Chang, Stephen T. (1985).
17244:Taoism: An Essential Guide
16952:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
16849:Nadeau, Randal L. (2012).
16658:LaFargue, Michael (1994).
16531:Kirkland, Russell (2004).
16137:Chang, Chung-yuan (1968).
15629:. pp. 326, 393, 401.
14936:(1st ed.). New York:
14622:"2010 Yearbook – Religion"
14133:"Jordan: The Taoist Canon"
13609:Kohn & LaFargue (1998)
12903:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018).
12261:(1st ed.). New York:
11595:World History Encyclopedia
10492:Princeton University Press
10470:William Morrow and Company
10409:"Front Matter of Volume 1"
9987:, p. 389. Springer Nature.
9307:(1st ed.). New York:
7998:Chinese gods and immortals
7961:
7937:
7858:
7018:. The philosophical terms
6971:
6865:
6787:Chinese Taoist Association
6696:
6682:('longevity') character).
6528:at Guan Di Taoist Temple,
6357:
6247:, the founder of Quanzhen.
5714:
5601:
5483:
5448:
5319:avoidance of grains (bigu)
5043:
5033:Being desireless (wúyù 無欲)
5024:Being nameless (wúmíng 無名)
4761:
4755:
4682:. Classic cosmogonies are
4575:
4166:
4024:
3900:
3779:
3715:
3602:
3587:
3535:American Transcendentalism
3421:East Asian cultural sphere
3357:Chinese Taoist Association
3353:People's Republic of China
2826:Northern Celestial masters
2366:, and the idea of Heaven (
2225:
2221:
1998:Hundred Schools of Thought
1940:
1913:Spelling and pronunciation
1902:Hundred Schools of Thought
1814:Many Taoist denominations
1486:Chinese Taoist Association
27636:
27442:
27202:
27064:
26955:
26859:
26790:
26677:
26568:
26395:
26386:
26261:
26187:
26139:
26039:
26001:
25948:
25915:
25906:
25902:
25885:
25835:
25747:
25585:
25576:
25509:
25292:
25283:
25261:
25216:
25158:
25110:
25064:
25055:
25018:
24889:
24754:
24701:
24692:
24642:
24638:
24627:
24566:
24538:
24495:
24447:
24404:
24357:
24329:
24281:
24253:
24215:Philosophy of mathematics
24205:Philosophy of information
24180:
24176:
24165:
24097:
24016:
23933:
23805:
23550:
23275:
22992:
22988:
22977:
22886:
22811:
22582:
22490:
22427:
22145:
22141:
22130:
21693:
21680:
21605:
21428:
21410:Transcendental Meditation
21303:
21290:
21255:
21003:
20980:
20969:
20896:
20859:
20561:
20457:
20439:
20383:
20374:
20291:
20219:
20070:
20061:
20019:
19991:
19949:
19882:
19873:
19864:
19830:
19797:
19769:
19760:
19710:
19577:
19264:
19178:
19169:
19160:
19156:
19143:
19083:Ghosts in Chinese culture
19078:Regional Religious System
19055:
19019:
18933:
18922:
18825:
18721:Sacred Mountains of China
18708:
18616:
18453:
18337:
18249:
18142:
18131:
18061:
17958:
17918:
17913:Links to related articles
17564:Saso, Michael R. (1990).
17521:. Marlowe & Company.
17279:10.1163/22143955-04102008
16927:Prebish, Charles (1975).
16912:. Indiana: World Wisdom.
16855:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
16712:Columbia University Press
16680:; Eichman, Shawn (2000).
16639:Kraemer, Kenneth (1986).
16581:Kohn, Livia, ed. (2000).
16381:. Sussex Academic Press.
16375:Fowler, Jeaneane (2005).
16356:Fisher, Mary Pat (1997).
16122:10.1080/09637490500118570
14008:e.g. Cleary, Thomas, tr.
12922:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2
10922:10.1163/9789004439245_009
10714:(inactive 28 July 2024).
10490:. Princeton, New Jersey:
10168:"Taoism, an Appreciation"
9269:"4.8 Huang-Lao Ideology".
8316:, pp. 58, 60, 62, 68
8067:
7855:Schools and organizations
7704:Other divisions of Taoism
7625:(1148–1227), founded the
6470:
6464:
6445:
6428:
6412:
6366:
6300:
6261:
6228:
6214:
6172:
6158:
6144:
6122:
6070:
5787:Taoism draws on numerous
5775:with the Eight Trigrams (
5732:
5630:According to legend, the
5091:to the gods. Today, many
4864:
4858:
4852:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4820:
4304:
4284:
4264:
4250:
4150:
3894:
3873:
3621:
3150:
3053:During the Song era, the
2820:) was established in the
2215:
2197:
2173:
2067:dates to the Western Han
2011:
1987:
1977:
1956:
1777:theories, as well as the
1642:
1424:Sacred Mountains of China
801:Three Treasures (virtues)
592:
572:
567:
563:
556:
549:
544:
526:
521:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
484:
470:
456:
451:
430:
423:
409:
402:
388:
371:
364:
347:
333:
319:
312:
298:
291:
274:
260:
246:
230:
216:
196:
182:
175:
170:
166:
158:
154:
144:
140:
124:
119:
106:
97:
93:
88:
23042:Central African Republic
20029:Vietnamese folk religion
19420:Charismatic Christianity
18827:Major religions in China
18406:Queen Mother of the West
17878:Patheos Library – Taoism
17615:Sommer, Deborah (1995).
17592:. Shambala Publications.
17517:Martin, William (2005).
17479:Komjathy, Louis (2013).
17367:Space, Time, and Culture
17179:Tao: The Watercourse Way
17034:Sharot, Stephen (2001).
17001:. Blackwell Publishing.
16733:. Blackwell Publishing.
16686:Art Institute of Chicago
16630:Komjathy, Louis (2013).
16621:Komjathy, Louis (2014).
16452:Hansen, Chad D. (2000).
16341:. Blackwell Publishing.
16085:Chan, Wing-tsit (1963).
15984:Aronson, Martin (2002).
15523:10.4324/9780203740262-32
14747:, pp. 172, 306–311.
14627:. Hong Kong Government.
14021:. Shambhala, 1986. p. 6.
12972:"BBC - Religion: Taoism"
12333:Paragon House Publishers
12147:Paragon House Publishers
10546:Komjathy, Louis (2004),
10261:10 February 2023 at the
9274:10 February 2023 at the
8847:Barnes & Noble Books
8203:
8023:
7986:
7467:Queen Mother of the West
6658:Queen Mother of the West
6546:eight auspicious symbols
6061:The Yellow Court Classic
5556:
5522:) and external alchemy (
5238:, Tang dynasty (618–907)
5030:Being adept (zhūshàn 諸善)
5007:The nine practices are:
4818:The gods and immortals (
4733:Chinese painting of the
4478:are often seen as being
4293:, usually translated as
4273:, usually translated as
4169:Three Treasures (Taoism)
3826:something one is not or
3764:
3227:Christian missionization
2875:Later Imperial Dynasties
2004:historians: such as the
1862:five religious doctrines
1860:Today, Taoism is one of
1807:that emerged during the
1788:Spring and Autumn Annals
1054:Queen Mother of the West
26371:Nine Schools of Thought
25684:Postanalytic philosophy
25625:Experimental philosophy
22936:New religious movements
22569:Theories about religion
22522:Evolutionary psychology
21551:Modern Finnish paganism
19496:Independent Catholicism
19089:Three Persian religions
18996:Mongolian folk religion
18411:King Father of the East
17897:3 November 2020 at the
17634:Tian, Chenshan (2005).
17498:Mair, Victor H (1983).
17053:Silvers, Brock (2005).
17038:. New York: NYU Press.
16771:Maspero, Henri (1981).
16554:. New York: Routledge.
16516:. Xlibris Corporation.
16291:Eliade, Mircea (1984).
16025:. Motilal Banarsidass.
15925:Encyclopedia Britannica
15759:10.1163/156853280X00039
15627:Oxford University Press
14975:Oxford University Press
14708:"Taoism and Taoist Art"
14512:Charles Scribner's Sons
14266:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
14017:1 November 2015 at the
13995:17 October 2015 at the
13973:18 October 2015 at the
13928:Encyclopedia Britannica
13855:Idema & Haft (1997)
13560:Encyclopedia Britannica
13518:Oxford University Press
13417:, p. 228 & 103
13284:Stevenson, Jay (2000).
12909:Palgrave Communications
12824:Oxford University Press
12462:Lagerway, John (2005).
12442:Encyclopedia Britannica
12224:Encyclopedia Britannica
12043:Oxford University Press
12006:Oxford University Press
11932:Oxford University Press
11759:Encyclopedia Britannica
11694:10.1163/156853280X00039
11506:Oxford University Press
10465:The People's Almanac #2
9999:, p. 108-109, 165.
9392:Encyclopædia Britannica
9241:A Short History of Myth
8915:Encyclopedia Britannica
8013:Taoism and Confucianism
7950:Four heavenly ministers
7830:, three of the highest
7787:, "mythical emperors",
7771:, Indian Buddhism, and
6941:) argued for a kind of
6017:, also known as Baopu (
5826:into the Taoist canon).
4791:Arguments do exist the
4323:, applying them to the
4187:detachment from desires
4086:, and immortality. The
3947:unintended consequences
3432:Xisai Sacred Boat Rally
3349:Chinese Communist Party
3158:. Longmen authors like
2966:emperors, most notably
2653:Yellow Turban Rebellion
2358:, such as their use of
1974:philosophical doctrines
1886:new religious movements
1847:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1059:King Father of the East
1027:Four heavenly ministers
110:, which represents the
27674:State consequentialism
25817:Social constructionism
24829:Hellenistic philosophy
24245:Theoretical philosophy
24220:Philosophy of religion
24210:Philosophy of language
23585:Bosnia and Herzegovina
21566:Erzyan native religion
21415:Unitarian Universalism
20794:Native American Church
19540:Oneness Pentecostalism
18845:Folk ritual ministries
17835:BBC religions – Taoism
17596:Sivin, Nathan (1968).
17464:. Albany: SUNY Press.
17441:Klaus, Hilmar (2009).
17327:Barrett, Rick (2006).
17299:Zhiming, Yuan (2010).
17261:Wu, Nengchang (2014).
17183:. New York: Pantheon.
17152:Waley, Arthur (1958).
16792:Miller, James (2003).
16512:Kim, Ha Poong (2003).
16493:; Haft, Lloyd (1997).
16429:Graham, Angus (1989).
15006:Hiram (1 April 2015).
14604:"Taiwan Yearbook 2006"
13922:Ware, James Hamilton.
12120:. pp. 67–68, 70.
10515:Noss, John B. (1969).
10275:Dean, Kenneth (1993).
10229:Wile, Douglas (1995).
10140:Dean, Kenneth (1993).
9983:Zhongjian Mou (2003).
8074:Taoist Church of Italy
7536:
7483:Emperor Kuan (Kuan-yu)
7438:
7358:
7253:
7251:Honolulu Museum of Art
7011:
6999:
6893:
6877:
6743:
6721:
6709:
6654:peaches of immortality
6652:, pine trees, and the
6549:
6537:
6518:
6398:includes almost 1,500
5805:"—combinations of the
5784:
5620:
5574:
5481:
5384:
5251:
5239:
5168:
5148:Five precepts (Taoism)
5069:
5061:
4928:
4914:National Palace Museum
4753:
4742:
4645:
4612:
4375:
4368:crossing Lake Dongting
4356:
4310:bùgǎn wéi tiānxià xiān
4301:bugan wei tianxia xian
4164:
4145:political commentators
4040:
3916:
3777:
3625:
3598:
3594:Five precepts (Taoism)
3455:
3439:
3373:The White Cloud Temple
3370:
3343:(Central Qigong), and
3309:
3293:
3215:century of humiliation
3210:
3196:
3064:took inspiration from
2989:
2925:even decreed that the
2888:
2710:
2578:
2567:
2544:Early organized Taoism
2251:
1909:
1882:taken on various forms
463:
104:The Chinese character
27781:Chinese folk religion
26691:Northern and Southern
26200:Philosophy portal
25719:Scientific skepticism
25699:Reformed epistemology
24225:Philosophy of science
23905:Saint Kitts and Nevis
23202:São Tomé and Príncipe
23062:Republic of the Congo
21263:Aboriginal Australian
19892:Chinese folk religion
18835:Chinese folk religion
17559:. Albany: SUNY Press.
17388:. Tao Longevity LLC.
17301:Lao Tzu and the Bible
17137:. Thomson Wadsworth.
17129:Van Voorst, Robert E.
16192:Chung, David (2001).
16070:10.1353/dic.1990.0004
15846:10.4324/9781003013518
15510:Daoism and medicine 1
14682:10.1353/Tao.2013.0003
13729:The discovery of two
13520:. pp. 392, 394.
12365:History in the Making
12008:. pp. 392, 395.
11791:; Giarardot, Norman;
11634:; Giarardot, Norman;
11035:17 April 2016 at the
10712:10.4268/cjcmm20111301
10472:. pp. 1157–1158.
8603:. London: Routledge.
8497:Hansen, Chad (2020),
7781:celestial bureaucracy
7773:Chinese folk religion
7726:Chinese folk religion
7523:
7436:
7348:
7236:
7005:
6981:
6883:
6875:
6866:Further information:
6779:Chinese folk religion
6728:Xianguting Temple, a
6727:
6715:
6704:
6656:(associated with the
6543:
6524:
6499:
6311:The key texts of the
6278:Taishang Ganying Pian
5988:Great Peace Scripture
5770:
5729:Book of Master Zhuang
5611:
5564:
5456:
5382:
5245:
5233:
5164:
5141:Ten precepts (Taoism)
5067:
5051:
4908:
4748:
4732:
4631:
4621:School of Naturalists
4593:
4578:School of Naturalists
4576:Further information:
4566:Chinese folk religion
4413:after death or being
4362:
4354:
4158:
4034:
3910:
3772:
3711:
3612:
3445:
3429:
3365:
3335:Qigong influenced by
3299:
3285:
3235:White Cloud Monastery
3202:
3179:
3070:Chinese folk religion
2984:
2882:
2715:Three Kingdoms period
2708:
2573:
2551:
2452:), and practices for
2406:School of Naturalists
2376:Warring States period
2235:
2151:Chinese folk religion
1899:
1872:. It is considered a
1843:Chinese folk religion
1797:introduction to China
1716:Warring States period
162:"Religion of the Way"
27796:East Asian religions
27791:Dualism in cosmology
25620:Critical rationalism
25327:Edo neo-Confucianism
25171:Acintya bheda abheda
25150:Renaissance humanism
24861:School of the Sextii
24235:Practical philosophy
24230:Political philosophy
23527:United Arab Emirates
22313:Religious experience
21687:Historical religions
20647:Four Mothers Society
20049:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
19381:Schwenkfelder Church
17873:Chinese Text Project
17588:27 June 2021 at the
17460:Kohn, Livia (1993).
17331:. Blue Snake Books.
17175:Watts, Alan (1975).
16935:. Penn State Press.
16569:Kohn, Livia (2004).
16550:Kohn, Livia (2008).
16433:Disputers of the Tao
16004:on 24 November 2015.
15957:. 12 November 2009.
15517:. pp. 401–416.
15113:Napier et al. (2018)
14919:, pp. 133, 147.
14706:Augustin, Birgitta.
14574:"Taoism: Modern Age"
14452:. pp. 784–785.
13989:The I Ching Workbook
12149:. pp. 467–468.
12075:"青山王的秘書長－陰陽司公 | 保庇網"
10963:, pp. 77–78, 88
10916:. pp. 363–390.
10882:5 March 2023 at the
10521:Macmillan Publishers
9450:5 March 2023 at the
9311:. pp. 402–403.
9267:Eno, Robert (2010).
9049:Catherine Despeux. "
8849:. pp. 59, 107.
8707:, p. 20-33, 75.
7885:Concepts and objects
7547:(internal alchemy),
6321:Precepts for Novices
6306:Tàiyǐ Jīnhuá Zōngzhǐ
6098:), the first of the
6054:Kinship of the Three
6003:of Taoist immortals.
5849:) classics like the
5248:Mawangdui Silk Texts
5188:Chinese astrological
5174:Divination and magic
4615:Taoist cosmology is
4559:worshipped ancestors
4364:The Taoist immortal
4133:political philosophy
3752:in the conventional
3551:alternative medicine
3547:perennial philosophy
3543:New Age spirituality
3539:1960s counterculture
3531:Chinese martial arts
2844:Lu Xiujing (406–477)
2818:Buddhist monasticism
2812:During this period,
2717:saw the rise of the
2558:Wucheng Bamboo-slips
1328:Way of the Li Family
528:Revised Romanization
432:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
26321:School of Diplomacy
25191:Nimbarka Sampradaya
25102:Korean Confucianism
24849:Academic Skepticism
23920:Trinidad and Tobago
23815:Antigua and Barbuda
22983:Religion by country
22039:Cult of Magna Mater
20519:Philippine Dayawism
20100:Nimbarka Sampradaya
19848:Chinese Manichaeism
19520:Jehovah's Witnesses
19325:Proto-Protestantism
19073:Irreligion in China
19001:Qiang folk religion
18840:Ancestor veneration
18170:(self-cultivation)
17856:"Taoist philosophy"
17736:The Tao of Business
17540:. Scarecrow Press.
17407:. Lexington Books.
15927:. 3 February 2010.
15368:, p. 146, 159.
15055:, pp. 169–181.
14876:, pp. 248–249.
14514:. pp. 333–334.
14506:Li, Dun J. (1965).
14139:on 16 February 2007
13967:Walking the I Ching
13713:Stanford University
13056:David "Race" Bannon
12946:, pp. 168–169.
12751:Occhiogrosso (1994)
11977:. 30 January 2023.
11039:. Ultravisum, 2015.
10661:Guerilla Capitalism
10494:. pp. 24, 26.
10456:Wallechinsky, David
9789:10.3390/rel13080748
9213:Peter Bedrick Books
9057:, pp. 403–404.
8788:Pew Research Center
8656:, pp. 105–106.
8387:Stanford University
8219:on 26 January 2024.
8057:Taoism in Singapore
8018:Taoism in Hong Kong
7733:first millennium AD
7614:. He then moved to
7341:Divinational Taoism
7260:, particularly the
7198:history of religion
7194:comparative studies
6812:, belonging to the
6794:Cultural Revolution
6426:("real" or "truth"
5837:Writings of Master
5634:(also known as the
5270:) methods include:
5226:Longevity practices
5222:or spirit writing.
4223:Great Wall of China
4131:The body in Taoist
3805:; lit. "self-so", "
3287:Wong Tai Sin Temple
3246:Cultural Revolution
3172:Early modern Taoism
3085:East Asian Buddhism
3018:mystical experience
2624:commentary and the
458:Vietnamese alphabet
54:editing the article
26255:Chinese philosophy
25812:Post-structuralism
25714:Scientific realism
25669:Quinean naturalism
25649:Logical positivism
25605:Analytical Marxism
24824:Peripatetic school
24736:Chinese naturalism
24263:Aesthetic response
24190:Applied philosophy
23855:Dominican Republic
22901:Abrahamic prophets
21990:Proto-Indo-Iranian
20492:Aliran Kepercayaan
19695:Non-denominational
19617:Modernist Salafism
19303:Oriental Orthodoxy
18986:Miao folk religion
18882:Theravada Buddhism
18162:(external alchemy)
18154:(internal alchemy)
17869:Early Taoist texts
17738:. Earnshaw Books.
17350:. Singing Dragon.
17285:on 27 August 2017.
17242:Wong, Eva (2011).
16552:Introducing Daoism
15951:"Gods and spirits"
15458:, p. 173-174.
15434:, p. 172-173.
15395:, p. 155-157.
15383:, p. 147-154.
15288:, p. 124-131.
15276:, p. 115-121.
15252:, p. 115-117.
15228:, p. 105-106.
15103:, p. 141–145.
15018:on 8 October 2022.
14932:Chua, Amy (2007).
14903:2009-02-20 at the
14840:, pp. 70, 74.
14011:The Taoist I Ching
13884:www.britannica.com
13637:"Taoism: Overview"
13460:, p. 133-136.
13429:, pp. 70–71;
13330:, p. 133-134.
13318:, p. 136-140.
13168:, pp. 135–137
13156:, p. 132-135.
13129:, pp. 129–132
13114:, p. 133-142.
12540:, p. 163-166.
12516:, p. 162-163.
12257:Chua, Amy (2007).
11913:, p. 175-183.
11475:. Shambhala, 2000.
11337:, p. 116-117.
11081:Slingerland (2003)
10817:A. Chan, cited in
10609:, p. 222-224.
10573:, p. 207-208.
10553:2011-12-26 at the
10535:Taoism and Ecology
10368:, p. 215-216.
10356:, p. 185-187.
10173:The Biblical World
10092:, p. 202-203.
9920:St. Martin's Press
9884:, p. 103-104.
9247:. pp. 90–91.
9169:Harari, Yuval Noah
9161:Harari, Yuval Noah
9012:, pp. 203–204
8414:, pp. 170–171
8052:Taoism in Malaysia
7647:Dragon Gate Taoism
7604:Zhongnan mountains
7537:
7439:
7419:Dragon Gate Taoism
7359:
7254:
7141:into their faith.
7111:Church of the East
7012:
7000:
6982:A painting in the
6894:
6878:
6828:has been resumed.
6806:White Cloud Temple
6744:
6722:
6718:White Cloud Temple
6710:
6550:
6538:
6519:
6512:surrounded by the
6503:spider web ceiling
6492:Symbols and images
6364:The Taoist Canon (
6313:Dragon Gate School
5785:
5621:
5575:
5482:
5385:
5252:
5240:
5220:planchette writing
5087:rejected food and
5070:
5062:
4987:The nine practices
4929:
4922:Kongtong Mountains
4834:); earth spirits (
4807:at the top of the
4776:can be defined as
4754:
4743:
4739:the Heavenly Kings
4613:
4376:
4357:
4165:
4041:
3917:
3778:
3626:
3460:Chinese emigration
3456:
3440:
3401:Zhongnan mountains
3310:
3294:
3278:Late modern Taoism
3211:
3197:
3156:White Cloud Temple
2990:
2962:Likewise, several
2889:
2822:Zhongnan mountains
2799:Buddhist cosmology
2711:
2649:Way of Great Peace
2637:Five Pecks of Rice
2620:were written: the
2579:
2568:
2252:
2237:Laozi Riding an Ox
2185:Kristofer Schipper
2063:. Use of the term
1910:
1826:(or "immortals").
1795:upon the latter's
1737:and the anecdotal
1461:Cebu Taoist Temple
1451:White Cloud Temple
1313:Way of the Taiping
27776:Chinese astrology
27724:
27723:
27718:
27717:
27566:Mandate of Heaven
27438:
27437:
26221:
26220:
26183:
26182:
26179:
26178:
26175:
26174:
25881:
25880:
25877:
25876:
25873:
25872:
25600:Analytic feminism
25572:
25571:
25534:Kierkegaardianism
25496:Transcendentalism
25456:Neo-scholasticism
25302:Classical Realism
25279:
25278:
25051:
25050:
24866:Neopythagoreanism
24623:
24622:
24619:
24618:
24240:Social philosophy
24125:
24124:
24093:
24092:
24089:
24088:
23077:Equatorial Guinea
22973:
22972:
22969:
22968:
22507:Cognitive science
22126:
22125:
22059:Mysteries of Isis
21833:Frankish paganism
21676:
21675:
21672:
21671:
21668:
21667:
21420:White Brotherhood
21286:
21285:
21251:
21250:
20652:Keetoowah Society
20553:Sundanese Wiwitan
20370:
20369:
20366:
20365:
20095:Brahma Sampradaya
20057:
20056:
19860:
19859:
19856:
19855:
19838:Assianism/Uatsdin
19756:
19755:
19525:British Israelism
19511:Nontrinitarianism
19474:Plymouth Brethren
19469:Nondenominational
19403:Congregationalism
19291:Eastern Orthodoxy
19239:Reconstructionist
19103:
19102:
19011:Yao folk religion
18819:Religion in China
18778:
18777:
18389:Tianhuang Emperor
18129:
18128:
18051:
18050:
17816:978-1-56170-349-4
17792:978-0-14-006747-7
17768:978-0-525-24201-7
17745:978-988-18-1547-7
17723:978-1-4019-1750-0
17687:978-3-86660-222-9
17672:Zhuangzi (2018).
17626:978-0-19-508895-3
17607:978-0-674-12150-8
17575:978-0-87422-054-4
17509:978-0-8248-4700-5
17490:978-1-4411-6873-3
17471:978-0-7914-1579-5
17452:978-3-8107-0055-1
17357:978-1-84819-048-1
17310:978-1-4490-9110-1
17253:978-1-59030-882-0
17190:978-0-394-73311-1
17144:978-0-534-52099-1
17108:978-1-44-069573-5
17075:978-0-19-513899-3
17055:The Taoist Manual
16961:978-0-7007-1200-7
16919:978-1-933316-22-2
16862:978-1-4443-6143-8
16822:978-0-8248-3169-1
16650:978-0-8091-2781-8
16643:. Paulist Press.
16594:978-90-04-11208-7
16587:. Leiden: Brill.
16542:978-0-415-26321-4
16504:978-0-89264-123-9
16409:978-0-520-06460-7
16388:978-1-84519-086-6
16313:978-0-7914-6045-0
16214:978-0-226-12047-8
16172:978-962-201-469-5
16148:978-0-06-131968-6
16032:978-81-208-1139-3
15997:978-1-56975-319-4
15990:. Ulysses Press.
15906:978-0-517-60446-5
15855:978-1-003-01351-8
15798:: 62, 77–78, 85.
15714:Myths and Legends
15677:Cleary, Thomas F.
15532:978-0-203-74026-2
15189:, p. 99-198.
15173:978-0-7440-3475-2
15067:, pp. 69–70.
15029:Werblowsky (2002)
14947:978-0-385-51284-8
14776:978-90-481-2926-3
14492:978-3-8365-1448-4
14459:978-3-8365-1448-4
14429:978-3-8365-1448-4
14281:978-0-520-22785-9
14236:, p. 131–139
13801:Van Voorst (2005)
13299:978-0-02-863820-1
13261:, p. 142-43.
13225:, p. 138-39.
13213:, p. 150-51.
13022:, p. 182-92.
13010:, p. 191-93.
12777:, p. 99-100.
12342:978-1-55778-723-1
12272:978-0-385-51284-8
12191:978-0-670-02498-8
12184:. pp. ix–x.
12156:978-1-55778-723-1
12110:Wilkinson, Philip
11891:978-1-84334-332-5
11818:978-0-87779-044-0
11797:Pelikan, Jaroslav
11734:978-3-8290-1077-1
11725:Spectacular China
11661:978-0-87779-044-0
11640:Pelikan, Jaroslav
11563:978-1-60153-123-0
11213:Van Voorst (2005)
11138:, p. 21, 39.
10994:978-0-231-03147-9
10931:978-90-04-43191-1
10678:978-1-84334-550-3
10501:978-0-691-07417-7
10430:978-0-08-097087-5
10326:on 27 March 2009.
10240:978-0-7914-2654-8
9929:978-1-250-20257-4
9318:978-0-06-117389-9
9254:978-1-84195-716-6
9182:978-0-09-959008-8
9171:; Purcell, John;
9120:Cleary, Thomas F.
9084:Cleary, Thomas F.
8963:978-3-030-27953-0
8856:978-0-7607-4535-9
8783:"Other Religions"
8750:Myths and Legends
8610:978-0-415-43553-6
8328:, Vol. 1, p. xvi.
8111:978-0-393-91847-2
8062:Taoism in Vietnam
7902:Taoist coin charm
7779:, members of the
7429:Ceremonial Taoism
7399:Chinese astrology
7331:Celestial Masters
7206:Jesus of Nazareth
7202:J. J. M. de Groot
6929:Political aspects
6775:religion in China
6763:Celestial Masters
6265:) a 13th-century
6139:Huángdì Yǐnfújīng
5664:wisdom" from the
5638:) was written by
5551:microcosmic orbit
5089:animal sacrifices
5076:made much use of
4719:Chinese astrology
4107:. The three are:
4095:Qi is one of the
4003:xingming shuanxiu
3840:Taoist meditation
3807:self-organization
3692:described Tao as
3590:Taoist philosophy
3430:Taoist priest at
3180:Taoist clergy of
2795:Mahayana Buddhist
2518:environmentalists
2501:Chinese shamanism
2420:, especially the
2398:, which speak of
2228:History of Taoism
2116:with "religion" (
2007:Commentary of Zuo
1967:Celestial Masters
1943:Taoist philosophy
1816:recognize deities
1761:state religions,
1692:effortless action
1534:
1533:
1491:Celestial Masters
1042:Tianhuang Emperor
650:Taoist philosophy
596:
595:
588:
587:
540:
539:
447:
446:
321:Yale Romanization
262:Yale Romanization
177:Standard Mandarin
82:
81:
74:
47:layout guidelines
16:(Redirected from
27808:
27753:
27752:
27751:
27741:
27740:
27739:
27732:
27595:Self-cultivation
27500:Neo-Confucianism
27235:Chung-ying Cheng
26393:
26392:
26294:New Confucianism
26289:Neo-Confucianism
26248:
26241:
26234:
26225:
26224:
26210:
26209:
26198:
26197:
26196:
25913:
25912:
25904:
25903:
25887:
25886:
25777:Frankfurt School
25724:Transactionalism
25674:Normative ethics
25654:Legal positivism
25630:Falsificationism
25615:Consequentialism
25610:Communitarianism
25583:
25582:
25451:New Confucianism
25290:
25289:
25097:Neo-Confucianism
25062:
25061:
24871:Second Sophistic
24856:Middle Platonism
24699:
24698:
24640:
24639:
24629:
24628:
24472:Epiphenomenalism
24339:Consequentialism
24273:Institutionalism
24178:
24177:
24167:
24166:
24152:
24145:
24138:
24129:
24128:
24115:
24105:
24104:
23983:Papua New Guinea
23958:Marshall Islands
23785:Northern Ireland
22990:
22989:
22979:
22978:
22863:Secular theology
22858:Secular humanism
22143:
22142:
22132:
22131:
22007:Ancestral Pueblo
21682:
21681:
21301:
21300:
20978:
20977:
20381:
20380:
20137:Shaiva Siddhanta
20068:
20067:
20001:Korean shamanism
19880:
19879:
19871:
19870:
19767:
19766:
19680:Mahdawi movement
19550:Swedenborgianism
19530:Christadelphians
19176:
19175:
19167:
19166:
19158:
19157:
19145:
19144:
19130:
19123:
19116:
19107:
19106:
18976:Manchu shamanism
18928:
18877:Tibetan Buddhism
18872:Chinese Buddhism
18817:
18816:
18805:
18798:
18791:
18782:
18781:
18726:Wudang Mountains
18137:
18059:
18058:
18036:(transformation)
18013:(eight trigrams)
17965:
17964:
17945:
17938:
17931:
17922:
17921:
17909:
17908:
17865:
17820:
17796:
17772:
17760:
17749:
17732:Gerstner, Ansgar
17727:
17691:
17668:
17655:Facets of Taoism
17649:
17630:
17611:
17579:
17560:
17551:
17532:
17513:
17494:
17475:
17456:
17437:
17418:
17399:
17380:
17361:
17342:
17314:
17295:
17286:
17281:. Archived from
17257:
17238:
17236:
17213:
17203:
17194:
17182:
17171:
17159:
17148:
17124:
17122:
17120:
17091:
17089:
17087:
17058:
17049:
17030:
17021:
17012:
16993:
16984:
16965:
16946:
16934:
16923:
16906:Oldmeadow, Harry
16901:
16887:The Joy of Sects
16880:
16866:
16845:
16826:
16807:
16788:
16767:
16755:
16744:
16725:
16699:
16673:
16654:
16635:
16626:
16617:
16598:
16577:
16565:
16546:
16527:
16508:
16486:
16467:
16448:
16436:
16425:
16423:
16421:
16392:
16371:
16352:
16340:
16329:
16327:
16325:
16296:
16287:
16276:. World Wisdom.
16268:
16249:
16230:
16228:
16226:
16197:
16188:
16186:
16184:
16152:
16133:
16104:
16092:
16081:
16048:
16046:
16044:
16015:
16005:
16000:. Archived from
15971:
15970:
15968:
15966:
15947:
15941:
15940:
15938:
15936:
15917:
15911:
15910:
15889:
15880:
15879:
15877:
15875:
15827:
15816:
15815:
15785:
15779:
15778:
15753:(1/3): 125–126.
15742:
15736:
15735:
15709:
15703:
15702:
15673:
15664:
15663:
15655:
15649:
15648:
15618:
15612:
15606:
15595:
15589:
15583:
15577:
15571:
15565:
15554:
15548:
15537:
15536:
15504:
15498:
15492:
15486:
15480:
15474:
15468:
15459:
15453:
15447:
15441:
15435:
15429:
15423:
15417:
15408:
15402:
15396:
15390:
15384:
15378:
15369:
15363:
15357:
15351:
15340:
15334:
15328:
15322:
15316:
15310:
15304:
15298:
15289:
15283:
15277:
15271:
15265:
15259:
15253:
15247:
15241:
15235:
15229:
15223:
15217:
15211:
15205:
15199:
15190:
15184:
15178:
15177:
15152:
15143:
15137:
15128:
15122:
15116:
15110:
15104:
15098:
15092:
15086:
15080:
15074:
15068:
15062:
15056:
15050:
15044:
15038:
15032:
15026:
15020:
15019:
15014:. Archived from
15003:
14997:
14996:
14966:
14960:
14959:
14929:
14920:
14914:
14908:
14895:
14889:
14883:
14877:
14871:
14865:
14859:
14853:
14847:
14841:
14835:
14829:
14823:
14817:
14811:
14805:
14799:
14793:
14787:
14781:
14780:
14754:
14748:
14742:
14736:
14730:
14724:
14723:
14721:
14719:
14703:
14697:
14691:
14685:
14674:
14668:
14667:
14666:on 3 March 2011.
14665:
14658:
14650:
14644:
14643:
14641:
14639:
14633:
14626:
14618:
14612:
14611:
14600:
14594:
14593:
14591:
14589:
14570:
14561:
14554:
14543:
14537:
14528:
14527:, p. 41-43.
14522:
14516:
14515:
14503:
14497:
14496:
14473:
14464:
14463:
14440:
14434:
14433:
14410:
14404:
14398:
14392:
14386:
14380:
14379:
14377:
14375:
14356:
14341:
14335:
14329:
14323:
14317:
14311:
14305:
14304:
14290:
14288:
14261:
14252:
14251:
14243:
14237:
14231:
14225:
14219:
14213:
14207:
14201:
14191:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14172:, pp. 1, 30
14167:
14161:
14160:, p. 22-23.
14155:
14149:
14148:
14146:
14144:
14129:
14123:
14117:
14106:
14100:
14094:
14088:
14082:
14076:
14070:
14064:
14058:
14057:, p. 44-46.
14052:
14046:
14045:, p. 41-46.
14040:
14034:
14028:
14022:
14006:
14000:
13984:
13978:
13964:Pittman, Allen.
13962:
13956:
13955:, p. 37-38.
13950:
13944:
13943:
13941:
13939:
13919:
13908:
13907:, p. 34-37.
13902:
13896:
13895:
13893:
13891:
13876:
13870:
13869:, p. 34-35.
13864:
13858:
13852:
13843:
13842:, pp. 74–77
13837:
13831:
13825:
13819:
13813:
13804:
13798:
13787:
13781:
13775:
13774:, p. 65-66.
13769:
13763:
13762:, p. 53-55.
13757:
13751:
13750:
13726:
13724:
13699:
13693:
13687:
13681:
13680:, p. xxiii.
13675:
13669:
13663:
13657:
13656:
13654:
13652:
13633:
13627:
13621:
13612:
13606:
13600:
13594:
13588:
13587:, p. 31-32.
13582:
13576:
13575:
13573:
13571:
13551:
13540:
13539:
13509:
13503:
13497:
13491:
13485:
13476:
13470:
13461:
13455:
13449:
13443:
13434:
13424:
13418:
13408:
13402:
13396:
13390:
13384:
13378:
13372:
13361:
13355:
13346:
13340:
13331:
13325:
13319:
13313:
13304:
13303:
13288:. Indianapolis:
13281:
13262:
13256:
13250:
13244:
13238:
13232:
13226:
13220:
13214:
13208:
13202:
13196:
13181:
13175:
13169:
13163:
13157:
13151:
13145:
13139:
13130:
13124:
13115:
13109:
13100:
13099:, pp. 28–29
13094:
13088:
13082:
13076:
13070:
13059:
13053:
13047:
13041:
13035:
13034:, p. 85-86.
13029:
13023:
13017:
13011:
13005:
12999:
12993:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12982:
12968:
12962:
12956:
12947:
12944:Martinson (1987)
12941:
12935:
12934:
12924:
12900:
12894:
12888:
12882:
12876:
12870:
12864:
12858:
12852:
12846:
12845:
12815:
12778:
12772:
12766:
12760:
12754:
12748:
12742:
12736:
12730:
12724:
12718:
12712:
12706:
12700:
12694:
12688:
12679:
12673:
12667:
12661:
12652:
12646:
12640:
12634:
12628:
12622:
12616:
12610:
12604:
12598:
12592:
12586:
12580:
12574:
12568:
12562:
12556:
12550:
12541:
12535:
12529:
12523:
12517:
12511:
12505:
12499:
12493:
12492:, p. 23-24.
12487:
12481:
12480:
12478:
12476:
12469:Encyclopedia.com
12459:
12453:
12452:
12450:
12448:
12434:
12428:
12422:
12416:
12410:
12401:
12395:
12389:
12388:
12386:
12384:
12356:
12347:
12346:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12315:
12313:
12306:Encyclopedia.com
12296:
12285:
12284:
12254:
12241:
12240:
12238:
12236:
12215:
12196:
12195:
12170:
12161:
12160:
12138:
12132:
12131:
12106:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12090:
12071:
12065:
12064:
12034:
12028:
12027:
11997:
11991:
11990:
11988:
11986:
11967:
11954:
11953:
11923:
11914:
11908:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11898:
11865:
11859:
11853:
11847:
11841:
11835:
11829:
11823:
11822:
11811:. p. 1058.
11781:
11775:
11774:
11772:
11770:
11750:
11739:
11738:
11720:
11714:
11713:
11677:
11666:
11665:
11624:
11618:
11612:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11586:
11580:
11574:
11568:
11567:
11549:
11540:
11534:
11528:
11527:
11497:
11476:
11469:
11463:
11457:
11448:
11442:
11436:
11430:
11421:
11415:
11406:
11400:
11394:
11388:
11382:
11381:
11359:
11353:
11347:
11338:
11332:
11326:
11320:
11314:
11308:
11302:
11296:
11290:
11287:
11281:
11275:
11269:
11263:
11252:
11246:
11240:
11234:
11228:
11222:
11216:
11210:
11199:
11193:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11169:
11163:
11157:
11151:
11145:
11139:
11133:
11127:
11121:
11115:
11105:
11099:
11093:
11084:
11078:
11072:
11066:
11055:
11049:
11040:
11024:
11015:
11009:
10996:
10984:Watson, Burton.
10982:
10976:
10970:
10964:
10958:
10952:
10951:
10914:Brill Publishers
10897:
10891:
10873:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10862:
10852:
10846:
10840:
10834:
10828:
10822:
10815:
10809:
10803:
10797:
10791:
10785:
10779:
10773:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10738:
10737:
10731:
10723:
10695:
10689:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10652:
10646:
10643:DeFrancis (1996)
10640:
10634:
10628:
10622:
10616:
10610:
10604:
10598:
10592:
10586:
10580:
10574:
10568:
10562:
10544:
10538:
10531:
10525:
10524:
10519:(4th ed.).
10512:
10506:
10505:
10480:
10474:
10473:
10452:
10441:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10404:
10398:
10392:
10386:
10380:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10331:
10327:
10325:
10319:. Archived from
10318:
10310:
10304:
10298:
10292:
10286:
10280:
10273:
10267:
10251:
10245:
10244:
10226:
10220:
10219:
10193:
10163:
10157:
10151:
10145:
10138:
10132:
10126:
10120:
10114:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10087:
10081:
10075:
10069:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10045:
10039:
10033:
10027:
10021:
10015:
10009:
10000:
9994:
9988:
9981:
9970:
9964:
9958:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9908:
9897:
9891:
9885:
9879:
9873:
9867:
9856:
9853:Eskildsen (2004)
9850:
9844:
9841:
9835:
9829:
9823:
9817:
9806:
9805:
9791:
9767:
9752:
9746:
9737:
9731:
9725:
9719:
9710:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9685:
9679:
9673:
9667:
9661:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9622:
9613:
9607:
9601:
9595:
9586:
9580:
9574:
9573:, p. 71-72.
9568:
9559:
9558:, p. 69-70.
9553:
9547:
9546:, p. 28-29.
9541:
9535:
9529:
9523:
9509:
9503:
9502:, p. 86-87.
9497:
9491:
9485:
9479:
9473:
9467:
9461:
9455:
9441:
9435:
9434:, p. 26-27.
9429:
9423:
9417:
9411:
9405:
9396:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9366:
9360:
9354:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9329:
9323:
9322:
9297:
9291:
9290:, p. 76-81.
9285:
9279:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9237:Armstrong, Karen
9233:
9227:
9226:
9204:
9195:
9194:
9167:. Translated by
9157:
9146:
9145:
9116:
9110:
9109:
9080:
9074:
9068:
9059:
9058:
9046:
9040:
9034:
9028:
9022:
9013:
9003:
8997:
8991:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8878:
8869:
8868:
8838:
8832:
8826:
8820:
8814:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8745:
8732:
8726:
8720:
8719:, p. 23–33.
8714:
8708:
8702:
8696:
8690:
8684:
8678:
8669:
8668:, p. 8, 24.
8663:
8657:
8651:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8615:
8614:
8596:
8587:
8581:
8570:
8564:
8558:
8552:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8374:
8365:
8359:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8236:
8230:
8221:
8220:
8199:
8190:
8184:
8171:
8170:, p. 23–33.
8165:
8152:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8095:
7769:Chinese Buddhism
7712:Religious Taoism
7529:Changchun Temple
7516:Internal alchemy
7423:Wudang Mountains
7395:Chinese calendar
7335:Buddhist deities
7247:Muromachi period
7239:Taoist Talismans
7074:Chinese Buddhist
7051:Chinese Buddhism
6994:, 12th century,
6662:Yellow River Map
6610:Celestial Master
6592:Drawings of the
6486:Shangqing School
6473:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6448:
6447:
6431:
6430:
6415:
6414:
6369:
6368:
6353:The Taoist Canon
6303:
6302:
6264:
6263:
6237:Lijiao shiwu lun
6231:
6230:
6217:
6216:
6175:
6174:
6161:
6160:
6147:
6146:
6125:
6124:
6080:Shangqing school
6073:
6072:
6023:Shangqing School
6013:, attributed to
5894:
5891:
5789:Chinese classics
5763:Chinese classics
5734:
5655:
5652:
5540:Chinese medicine
5475:
5472:
5464:
5393:Buddhist methods
5256:Chinese medicine
5131:Ethical precepts
5082:Celestial Master
5074:Chinese religion
4867:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4586:Taoism and death
4540:immortals (xian)
4425:, yin, yang, or
4311:
4306:
4291:
4286:
4271:
4266:
4257:
4252:
4200:Shangqing school
4177:), spontaneity (
3889:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3803:
3797:
3792:
3734:
3729:
3624:
3623:
3562:Chinese language
3502:New Age movement
3337:Tibetan Buddhism
3322:New Confucianism
3190:
3153:
3152:
3139:Neo-Confucianism
3074:Tibetan Buddhism
3066:Tibetan cultural
2988:(1503) by Guo Xu
2945:Emperor Xuanzong
2935:Wudang Mountains
2883:A temple in the
2852:Three Sovereigns
2776:shamanic travels
2566:
2554:Chinese talisman
2418:Chinese classics
2390:theorists (like
2364:ancestor worship
2324:, attributed to
2281:yin-yang thought
2249:
2246:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2175:
2142:Chung-ying Cheng
2108:with "thought" (
2073:
2070:
2034:, author of the
2018:
2013:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1963:
1958:
1932:
1849:during the late
1840:
1831:
1825:
1784:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1687:self-cultivation
1683:internal alchemy
1663:
1653:
1644:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1429:Wudang Mountains
1338:Chongxuan School
1323:Shangqing School
866:Sexual practices
621:
598:
597:
584:
583:
565:
564:
559:
558:
536:
535:
519:
518:
513:
512:
499:
498:
480:
479:
466:
443:
442:
441:
419:
418:
398:
397:
384:
383:
360:
359:
358:
343:
342:
329:
328:
308:
307:
287:
286:
285:
270:
269:
256:
255:
242:
241:
240:
226:
225:
212:
211:
210:
208:
192:
191:
168:
167:
136:
135:
109:
108:
102:
86:
85:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
38:
37:
30:
21:
27816:
27815:
27811:
27810:
27809:
27807:
27806:
27805:
27801:Three teachings
27761:
27760:
27759:
27749:
27747:
27737:
27735:
27727:
27725:
27720:
27719:
27714:
27632:
27533:Three teachings
27434:
27385:Tsang Lap Chuen
27198:
27060:
26969:
26951:
26867:
26863:
26855:
26804:
26786:
26695:
26689:
26673:
26582:
26564:
26382:
26380:
26326:School of Names
26269:Agriculturalism
26257:
26252:
26222:
26217:
26194:
26192:
26171:
26135:
26035:
25997:
25944:
25898:
25897:
25869:
25858:Russian cosmism
25831:
25827:Western Marxism
25792:New Historicism
25757:Critical theory
25743:
25739:Wittgensteinian
25635:Foundationalism
25568:
25505:
25486:Social contract
25342:Foundationalism
25275:
25257:
25241:Illuminationism
25226:Aristotelianism
25212:
25201:Vishishtadvaita
25154:
25106:
25047:
25014:
24885:
24814:Megarian school
24809:Eretrian school
24750:
24711:Agriculturalism
24688:
24634:
24615:
24562:
24534:
24491:
24443:
24400:
24384:Incompatibilism
24353:
24325:
24277:
24249:
24172:
24161:
24156:
24126:
24121:
24085:
24012:
23993:Solomon Islands
23929:
23801:
23705:North Macedonia
23546:
23271:
22984:
22965:
22926:Mass gatherings
22894:
22889:
22882:
22821:
22816:
22807:
22741:Religiocentrism
22721:National church
22589:
22586:
22578:
22493:
22486:
22423:
22345:Bodies of water
22137:
22122:
21907:Jamaican Maroon
21689:
21664:
21601:
21431:
21424:
21295:
21293:
21282:
21247:
21221:Trinidad Orisha
21006:
20999:
20972:
20965:
20892:
20855:
20841:Washat Dreamers
20564:
20557:
20453:
20435:
20362:
20336:Srilankan Vedda
20287:
20215:
20090:Sri Vaishnavism
20053:
20015:
19987:
19945:
19852:
19826:
19793:
19752:
19706:
19631:Twelver Shi'ism
19573:
19435:Neo-charismatic
19408:Presbyterianism
19260:
19152:
19139:
19134:
19104:
19099:
19051:
19015:
18934:Other religions
18929:
18920:
18821:
18811:
18809:
18779:
18774:
18704:
18612:
18449:
18416:Eight Immortals
18374:Four Sovereigns
18362:Lingbao Tianzun
18357:Yuanshi Tianzun
18352:Three Pure Ones
18333:
18245:
18189:Three Treasures
18138:
18125:
18057:
18047:
17954:
17949:
17914:
17899:Wayback Machine
17854:
17831:
17826:
17817:
17793:
17782:The Tao of Pooh
17769:
17761:. E.P. Dutton.
17746:
17724:
17699:
17688:
17674:Kalinke, Viktor
17665:
17646:
17627:
17608:
17590:Wayback Machine
17576:
17548:
17529:
17510:
17491:
17472:
17453:
17434:
17415:
17396:
17377:
17358:
17339:
17322:
17320:Further reading
17317:
17311:
17254:
17234:
17211:
17191:
17168:
17160:. Grove Press.
17145:
17118:
17116:
17109:
17085:
17083:
17076:
17046:
17018:The Taoist Body
17009:
16981:
16962:
16943:
16920:
16898:
16863:
16842:
16823:
16804:
16785:
16764:
16741:
16722:
16704:Mair, Victor H.
16696:
16678:Little, Stephen
16670:
16651:
16614:
16595:
16584:Taoism Handbook
16562:
16543:
16524:
16505:
16483:
16464:
16445:
16419:
16417:
16410:
16389:
16368:
16360:. I.B. Tauris.
16349:
16323:
16321:
16314:
16284:
16265:
16246:
16224:
16222:
16215:
16182:
16180:
16173:
16149:
16101:
16042:
16040:
16033:
16008:
15998:
15979:
15977:General sources
15974:
15964:
15962:
15949:
15948:
15944:
15934:
15932:
15919:
15918:
15914:
15907:
15890:
15883:
15873:
15871:
15856:
15840:. p. 466.
15828:
15819:
15786:
15782:
15743:
15739:
15724:
15710:
15706:
15691:
15674:
15667:
15656:
15652:
15637:
15619:
15615:
15607:
15598:
15590:
15586:
15578:
15574:
15566:
15557:
15549:
15540:
15533:
15505:
15501:
15495:Komjathy (2014)
15493:
15489:
15481:
15477:
15469:
15462:
15454:
15450:
15442:
15438:
15430:
15426:
15418:
15411:
15403:
15399:
15391:
15387:
15379:
15372:
15364:
15360:
15352:
15343:
15335:
15331:
15323:
15319:
15311:
15307:
15299:
15292:
15284:
15280:
15272:
15268:
15260:
15256:
15248:
15244:
15236:
15232:
15224:
15220:
15212:
15208:
15200:
15193:
15185:
15181:
15174:
15166:. p. 169.
15153:
15146:
15138:
15131:
15123:
15119:
15111:
15107:
15099:
15095:
15087:
15083:
15075:
15071:
15065:Yamamoto (1998)
15063:
15059:
15051:
15047:
15039:
15035:
15027:
15023:
15004:
15000:
14985:
14977:. p. 393.
14967:
14963:
14948:
14930:
14923:
14915:
14911:
14905:Wayback Machine
14898:Windows on Asia
14896:
14892:
14886:Schipper (1993)
14884:
14880:
14872:
14868:
14860:
14856:
14848:
14844:
14836:
14832:
14824:
14820:
14812:
14808:
14800:
14796:
14788:
14784:
14777:
14755:
14751:
14743:
14739:
14731:
14727:
14717:
14715:
14704:
14700:
14692:
14688:
14675:
14671:
14663:
14656:
14652:
14651:
14647:
14637:
14635:
14631:
14624:
14620:
14619:
14615:
14610:on 8 July 2007.
14602:
14601:
14597:
14587:
14585:
14572:
14571:
14564:
14560:, p. 29–54
14555:
14546:
14540:Kirkland (2004)
14538:
14531:
14525:Komjathy (2014)
14523:
14519:
14504:
14500:
14493:
14485:. p. 784.
14474:
14467:
14460:
14441:
14437:
14430:
14422:. p. 518.
14411:
14407:
14401:Schipper (1993)
14399:
14395:
14387:
14383:
14373:
14371:
14364:www.patheos.com
14358:
14357:
14344:
14336:
14332:
14324:
14320:
14312:
14308:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14262:
14255:
14244:
14240:
14232:
14228:
14220:
14216:
14208:
14204:
14192:
14188:
14180:
14176:
14168:
14164:
14158:Komjathy (2014)
14156:
14152:
14142:
14140:
14131:
14130:
14126:
14120:Komjathy (2014)
14118:
14109:
14103:Komjathy (2014)
14101:
14097:
14091:Komjathy (2014)
14089:
14085:
14079:Komjathy (2014)
14077:
14073:
14067:Komjathy (2014)
14065:
14061:
14055:Kirkland (2004)
14053:
14049:
14043:Kirkland (2004)
14041:
14037:
14031:Kirkland (2004)
14029:
14025:
14019:Wayback Machine
14007:
14003:
13997:Wayback Machine
13985:
13981:
13975:Wayback Machine
13963:
13959:
13953:Kirkland (2004)
13951:
13947:
13937:
13935:
13920:
13911:
13905:Kirkland (2004)
13903:
13899:
13889:
13887:
13878:
13877:
13873:
13867:Kirkland (2004)
13865:
13861:
13853:
13846:
13838:
13834:
13826:
13822:
13816:Kirkland (2004)
13814:
13807:
13799:
13790:
13784:Kirkland (2004)
13782:
13778:
13772:Kirkland (2004)
13770:
13766:
13760:Kirkland (2004)
13758:
13754:
13739:
13722:
13720:
13701:
13700:
13696:
13690:Kirkland (2004)
13688:
13684:
13676:
13672:
13664:
13660:
13650:
13648:
13635:
13634:
13630:
13624:Komjathy (2014)
13622:
13615:
13607:
13603:
13595:
13591:
13585:Komjathy (2014)
13583:
13579:
13569:
13567:
13552:
13543:
13528:
13510:
13506:
13500:Komjathy (2014)
13498:
13494:
13486:
13479:
13473:Komjathy (2014)
13471:
13464:
13458:Komjathy (2014)
13456:
13452:
13444:
13437:
13425:
13421:
13413:, p. 672;
13409:
13405:
13399:Komjathy (2014)
13397:
13393:
13385:
13381:
13375:Komjathy (2014)
13373:
13364:
13358:Komjathy (2014)
13356:
13349:
13343:Komjathy (2014)
13341:
13334:
13328:Komjathy (2014)
13326:
13322:
13314:
13307:
13300:
13292:. p. 226.
13282:
13265:
13259:Komjathy (2014)
13257:
13253:
13247:Komjathy (2014)
13245:
13241:
13235:Komjathy (2014)
13233:
13229:
13223:Komjathy (2014)
13221:
13217:
13211:Komjathy (2014)
13209:
13205:
13199:Komjathy (2014)
13197:
13184:
13176:
13172:
13164:
13160:
13152:
13148:
13140:
13133:
13125:
13118:
13110:
13103:
13097:Schipper (1993)
13095:
13091:
13083:
13079:
13071:
13062:
13054:
13050:
13044:Komjathy (2014)
13042:
13038:
13032:Komjathy (2014)
13030:
13026:
13020:Komjathy (2014)
13018:
13014:
13008:Kirkland (2004)
13006:
13002:
12996:Kirkland (2004)
12994:
12990:
12980:
12978:
12970:
12969:
12965:
12959:Komjathy (2014)
12957:
12950:
12942:
12938:
12901:
12897:
12889:
12885:
12877:
12873:
12865:
12861:
12853:
12849:
12834:
12826:. p. 392.
12816:
12781:
12775:Komjathy (2014)
12773:
12769:
12761:
12757:
12749:
12745:
12737:
12733:
12725:
12721:
12715:Komjathy (2014)
12713:
12709:
12703:Komjathy (2014)
12701:
12697:
12689:
12682:
12674:
12670:
12662:
12655:
12649:Komjathy (2014)
12647:
12643:
12635:
12631:
12623:
12619:
12611:
12607:
12599:
12595:
12587:
12583:
12577:Komjathy (2014)
12575:
12571:
12563:
12559:
12551:
12544:
12538:Komjathy (2014)
12536:
12532:
12526:Komjathy (2014)
12524:
12520:
12514:Komjathy (2014)
12512:
12508:
12502:Kirkland (2004)
12500:
12496:
12488:
12484:
12474:
12472:
12460:
12456:
12446:
12444:
12436:
12435:
12431:
12425:Komjathy (2014)
12423:
12419:
12411:
12404:
12398:Kirkland (2004)
12396:
12392:
12382:
12380:
12357:
12350:
12343:
12325:
12321:
12311:
12309:
12297:
12288:
12273:
12255:
12244:
12234:
12232:
12217:
12216:
12199:
12192:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12139:
12135:
12128:
12107:
12098:
12088:
12086:
12073:
12072:
12068:
12053:
12045:. p. 396.
12035:
12031:
12016:
11998:
11994:
11984:
11982:
11969:
11968:
11957:
11942:
11934:. p. 395.
11924:
11917:
11911:Kirkland (2004)
11909:
11905:
11896:
11894:
11892:
11866:
11862:
11854:
11850:
11842:
11838:
11830:
11826:
11819:
11809:Merriam-Webster
11789:Reynolds, Frank
11785:Carrasco, David
11782:
11778:
11768:
11766:
11751:
11742:
11735:
11721:
11717:
11678:
11669:
11662:
11654:. p. 691.
11652:Merriam-Webster
11632:Reynolds, Frank
11628:Carrasco, David
11625:
11621:
11615:Komjathy (2014)
11613:
11609:
11599:
11597:
11587:
11583:
11575:
11571:
11564:
11550:
11543:
11537:Komjathy (2014)
11535:
11531:
11516:
11508:. p. 397.
11498:
11479:
11471:Blofeld, John.
11470:
11466:
11460:Komjathy (2014)
11458:
11451:
11443:
11439:
11431:
11424:
11416:
11409:
11403:Komjathy (2014)
11401:
11397:
11391:Komjathy (2014)
11389:
11385:
11378:
11370:. p. 430.
11360:
11356:
11350:Komjathy (2014)
11348:
11341:
11335:Komjathy (2014)
11333:
11329:
11323:Komjathy (2014)
11321:
11317:
11311:Komjathy (2014)
11309:
11305:
11299:Kirkland (2004)
11297:
11293:
11288:
11284:
11276:
11272:
11264:
11255:
11247:
11243:
11237:Kirkland (2004)
11235:
11231:
11225:Komjathy (2014)
11223:
11219:
11211:
11202:
11196:Girardot (1988)
11194:
11190:
11182:
11178:
11170:
11166:
11158:
11154:
11146:
11142:
11134:
11130:
11122:
11118:
11112:Girardot (1988)
11110:, p. 121;
11106:
11102:
11096:Girardot (1988)
11094:
11087:
11079:
11075:
11067:
11058:
11050:
11043:
11037:Wayback Machine
11025:
11018:
11012:Komjathy (2014)
11010:
10999:
10983:
10979:
10971:
10967:
10959:
10955:
10932:
10898:
10894:
10884:Wayback Machine
10874:
10870:
10860:
10858:
10854:
10853:
10849:
10843:Komjathy (2014)
10841:
10837:
10831:LaFargue (1994)
10829:
10825:
10816:
10812:
10804:
10800:
10794:Komjathy (2014)
10792:
10788:
10782:Komjathy (2014)
10780:
10776:
10770:Komjathy (2014)
10768:
10764:
10756:
10741:
10725:
10724:
10696:
10692:
10683:
10681:
10679:
10653:
10649:
10641:
10637:
10629:
10625:
10617:
10613:
10607:Komjathy (2014)
10605:
10601:
10595:Komjathy (2014)
10593:
10589:
10583:Komjathy (2014)
10581:
10577:
10571:Komjathy (2014)
10569:
10565:
10555:Wayback Machine
10545:
10541:
10532:
10528:
10517:Man's Religions
10513:
10509:
10502:
10481:
10477:
10460:Wallace, Irving
10453:
10444:
10435:
10433:
10431:
10405:
10401:
10393:
10389:
10383:Komjathy (2014)
10381:
10372:
10366:Komjathy (2014)
10364:
10360:
10352:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10329:
10323:
10316:
10312:
10311:
10307:
10301:Komjathy (2014)
10299:
10295:
10289:Komjathy (2014)
10287:
10283:
10274:
10270:
10263:Wayback Machine
10253:Wile, Douglas.
10252:
10248:
10241:
10227:
10223:
10164:
10160:
10154:Komjathy (2014)
10152:
10148:
10139:
10135:
10127:
10123:
10115:
10108:
10102:Schipper (1993)
10100:
10096:
10090:Komjathy (2014)
10088:
10084:
10078:Kirkland (2004)
10076:
10072:
10066:Kirkland (2004)
10064:
10060:
10050:
10048:Esposito (2001)
10046:
10042:
10036:Kirkland (2004)
10034:
10030:
10024:Schipper (1993)
10022:
10018:
10012:Kirkland (2004)
10010:
10003:
9997:Kirkland (2004)
9995:
9991:
9982:
9973:
9965:
9961:
9953:
9949:
9941:
9937:
9930:
9922:. p. 363.
9909:
9900:
9894:Kirkland (2004)
9892:
9888:
9882:Kirkland (2004)
9880:
9876:
9868:
9859:
9851:
9847:
9842:
9838:
9832:Komjathy (2014)
9830:
9826:
9818:
9809:
9768:
9755:
9747:
9740:
9732:
9728:
9720:
9713:
9703:
9701:
9686:
9682:
9674:
9670:
9664:Kirkland (2004)
9662:
9655:
9649:Kirkland (2004)
9647:
9643:
9637:Kirkland (2004)
9635:
9631:
9623:
9616:
9608:
9604:
9598:Kirkland (2004)
9596:
9589:
9583:Kirkland (2004)
9581:
9577:
9569:
9562:
9554:
9550:
9544:Komjathy (2014)
9542:
9538:
9530:
9526:
9518:, p. xvi;
9510:
9506:
9500:Kirkland (2004)
9498:
9494:
9486:
9482:
9474:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9452:Wayback Machine
9442:
9438:
9432:Komjathy (2014)
9430:
9426:
9418:
9414:
9406:
9399:
9385:
9381:
9375:Kirkland (2004)
9373:
9369:
9361:
9357:
9351:Kirkland (2004)
9349:
9345:
9335:
9330:
9326:
9319:
9298:
9294:
9288:Kirkland (2004)
9286:
9282:
9276:Wayback Machine
9266:
9262:
9255:
9245:Canongate Books
9234:
9230:
9223:
9205:
9198:
9183:
9158:
9149:
9134:
9117:
9113:
9098:
9081:
9077:
9069:
9062:
9051:Women in Taoism
9047:
9043:
9035:
9031:
9023:
9016:
9008:, p. 149;
9006:Demerath (2003)
9004:
9000:
8996:, p. 2-10.
8994:Kirkland (2004)
8992:
8985:
8976:
8974:
8964:
8938:
8934:
8924:
8922:
8909:
8908:
8904:
8897:
8889:. p. 431.
8879:
8872:
8857:
8839:
8835:
8829:Kirkland (2004)
8827:
8823:
8815:
8808:
8798:
8796:
8779:
8775:
8760:
8746:
8735:
8729:Kirkland (2004)
8727:
8723:
8717:Kirkland (2004)
8715:
8711:
8705:Kirkland (2004)
8703:
8699:
8693:Komjathy (2014)
8691:
8687:
8681:Komjathy (2014)
8679:
8672:
8666:Komjathy (2014)
8664:
8660:
8652:
8645:
8639:Pregadio (2008)
8637:
8633:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8597:
8590:
8584:Komjathy (2014)
8582:
8573:
8565:
8561:
8555:Kirkland (2004)
8553:
8549:
8541:
8537:
8525:
8521:
8512:
8510:
8495:
8491:
8481:
8479:
8470:
8469:
8465:
8422:
8418:
8410:
8406:
8396:
8394:
8375:
8368:
8360:
8356:
8352:, p. xxix.
8348:
8344:
8338:Pregadio (2008)
8336:
8332:
8326:Pregadio (2008)
8324:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8298:
8296:
8295:on 18 June 2020
8283:
8282:
8278:
8269:. 15 May 2024.
8261:
8260:
8256:
8248:
8239:
8231:
8224:
8205:
8201:
8200:
8193:
8185:
8174:
8166:
8155:
8151:, p. 2–10.
8149:Kirkland (2004)
8147:
8143:
8135:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8112:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8070:
8048:
8030:Taoism in Japan
8026:
7993:Chinese culture
7989:
7983:
7981:Regional Taoism
7978:
7964:
7959:
7945:Three Pure Ones
7940:
7935:
7916:
7911:
7887:
7882:
7863:
7857:
7852:
7793:Three Pure Ones
7714:
7706:
7689:
7676:
7598:was founded by
7596:Quanzhen School
7577:Quanzhen School
7556:three treasures
7518:
7505:Quanzhen School
7475:Three Officials
7459:Three Pure Ones
7431:
7343:
7281:
7258:Quanzhen School
7231:
7160:De rerum natura
7147:
7119:Emperor Taizong
7115:Three Pure Ones
6992:three teachings
6976:
6974:Three teachings
6970:
6931:
6870:
6864:
6771:
6708:temple of Laozi
6706:Laojun Mountain
6699:
6639:religious texts
6494:
6372:Treasury of Tao
6362:
6356:
6271:Quanzhen School
6190:Quanzhen school
6106:Ling Bao Bi Fai
6066:Huang Ting Jing
6030:Dadong zhenjing
5922:
5892:
5874:Huangdi Neijing
5765:
5719:
5717:Zhuangzi (book)
5713:
5653:
5616:edition of the
5606:
5600:
5559:
5528:Quanzhen School
5492:
5473:
5461:Xingming guizhi
5451:
5377:
5236:woodblock print
5228:
5176:
5133:
5046:
4989:
4903:
4813:Laozi (Lao Tzu)
4805:Three Pure Ones
4782:anthropomorphic
4770:
4760:
4758:Taoist theology
4727:
4588:
4574:
4480:eternally young
4405:Three Pure Ones
4370:, dated to the
4349:
4325:socio-political
4243:Three Treasures
4171:
4153:
4097:Three Treasures
4029:
4023:
4021:The Taoist body
3975:heartmind (xin)
3963:
3905:
3899:
3784:
3767:
3736:; also spelled,
3720:
3714:
3607:
3601:
3596:
3588:Main articles:
3586:
3393:Mount Qingcheng
3280:
3184:
3174:
3148:("Dragon Gate"
3105:Eight Immortals
3034:three teachings
3000:was founded in
2931:Emperor Taizong
2923:Gaozong Emperor
2877:
2869:Three Pure Ones
2862:Chinese emperor
2803:Buddhist sutras
2703:
2595:2nd century BCE
2560:
2546:
2468:Chinese shamans
2257:
2247:
2230:
2224:
2189:The Taoist Body
2159:
2071:
1945:
1939:
1915:
1894:
1726:
1722:
1709:three treasures
1617:
1616:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1501:
1500:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1390:
1360:
1343:Quanzhen School
1303:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1264:
1231:
1183:
1135:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1069:Eight Immortals
1015:Lingbao Tianzun
1010:Yuanshi Tianzun
1005:Three Pure Ones
995:
985:
984:
896:
888:
887:
796:
788:
787:
751:Three Treasures
645:
574:Revised Hepburn
452:Vietnamese name
248:Tongyong Pinyin
238:
218:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
206:
159:Literal meaning
115:
78:
67:
61:
58:
52:Please help by
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
27814:
27804:
27803:
27798:
27793:
27788:
27783:
27778:
27773:
27758:
27757:
27745:
27722:
27721:
27716:
27715:
27713:
27712:
27711:
27710:
27703:Metaphilosophy
27700:
27695:
27690:
27683:
27678:
27677:
27676:
27671:
27661:
27656:
27651:
27646:
27640:
27638:
27634:
27633:
27631:
27630:
27623:
27616:
27609:
27604:
27597:
27592:
27587:
27580:
27575:
27568:
27563:
27556:
27549:
27542:
27535:
27530:
27523:
27516:
27511:
27504:
27503:
27502:
27497:
27487:
27480:
27473:
27466:
27459:
27452:
27446:
27444:
27440:
27439:
27436:
27435:
27433:
27432:
27427:
27422:
27417:
27412:
27407:
27402:
27397:
27392:
27387:
27382:
27377:
27372:
27367:
27362:
27357:
27352:
27347:
27342:
27337:
27332:
27327:
27322:
27317:
27315:Lee Shui-chuen
27312:
27307:
27302:
27297:
27292:
27287:
27282:
27277:
27272:
27267:
27262:
27257:
27252:
27247:
27242:
27237:
27232:
27227:
27222:
27217:
27212:
27206:
27204:
27200:
27199:
27197:
27196:
27191:
27186:
27184:Zhang Xuecheng
27181:
27176:
27171:
27166:
27161:
27156:
27151:
27146:
27141:
27136:
27131:
27126:
27121:
27116:
27111:
27106:
27101:
27096:
27091:
27086:
27081:
27076:
27070:
27068:
27062:
27061:
27059:
27058:
27053:
27048:
27043:
27038:
27033:
27028:
27023:
27018:
27013:
27008:
27003:
26998:
26993:
26988:
26983:
26978:
26972:
26970:
26968:
26967:
26962:
26956:
26953:
26952:
26950:
26949:
26944:
26939:
26934:
26929:
26924:
26922:Wang Chongyang
26919:
26914:
26909:
26904:
26899:
26894:
26889:
26884:
26879:
26873:
26871:
26861:Five Dynasties
26857:
26856:
26854:
26853:
26848:
26843:
26838:
26833:
26828:
26823:
26818:
26813:
26807:
26805:
26803:
26802:
26797:
26791:
26788:
26787:
26785:
26784:
26779:
26774:
26769:
26764:
26759:
26754:
26749:
26744:
26739:
26734:
26729:
26724:
26719:
26714:
26709:
26704:
26698:
26696:
26694:
26693:
26684:
26682:Three Kingdoms
26678:
26675:
26674:
26672:
26671:
26666:
26661:
26656:
26651:
26646:
26641:
26636:
26631:
26626:
26621:
26616:
26611:
26606:
26601:
26596:
26591:
26585:
26583:
26581:
26580:
26575:
26569:
26566:
26565:
26563:
26562:
26557:
26552:
26547:
26542:
26537:
26532:
26527:
26522:
26517:
26512:
26507:
26502:
26497:
26492:
26487:
26482:
26477:
26472:
26467:
26462:
26457:
26452:
26447:
26442:
26437:
26432:
26427:
26422:
26417:
26412:
26407:
26401:
26399:
26390:
26384:
26383:
26379:
26378:
26373:
26367:
26365:
26364:
26359:
26354:
26353:
26352:
26345:
26333:
26328:
26323:
26318:
26313:
26308:
26303:
26298:
26297:
26296:
26291:
26286:
26276:
26271:
26265:
26263:
26259:
26258:
26251:
26250:
26243:
26236:
26228:
26219:
26218:
26216:
26215:
26203:
26188:
26185:
26184:
26181:
26180:
26177:
26176:
26173:
26172:
26170:
26169:
26164:
26159:
26154:
26149:
26143:
26141:
26137:
26136:
26134:
26133:
26128:
26123:
26118:
26113:
26108:
26103:
26098:
26093:
26088:
26083:
26078:
26073:
26068:
26067:
26066:
26056:
26051:
26045:
26043:
26037:
26036:
26034:
26033:
26028:
26023:
26018:
26013:
26007:
26005:
26003:Middle Eastern
25999:
25998:
25996:
25995:
25990:
25985:
25980:
25975:
25970:
25965:
25960:
25954:
25952:
25946:
25945:
25943:
25942:
25937:
25932:
25927:
25921:
25919:
25910:
25900:
25899:
25896:
25895:
25891:
25883:
25882:
25879:
25878:
25875:
25874:
25871:
25870:
25868:
25867:
25860:
25855:
25850:
25845:
25839:
25837:
25833:
25832:
25830:
25829:
25824:
25819:
25814:
25809:
25804:
25799:
25794:
25789:
25784:
25779:
25774:
25769:
25767:Existentialism
25764:
25762:Deconstruction
25759:
25753:
25751:
25745:
25744:
25742:
25741:
25736:
25731:
25726:
25721:
25716:
25711:
25706:
25701:
25696:
25691:
25686:
25681:
25676:
25671:
25666:
25661:
25656:
25651:
25646:
25641:
25632:
25627:
25622:
25617:
25612:
25607:
25602:
25597:
25595:Applied ethics
25591:
25589:
25580:
25574:
25573:
25570:
25569:
25567:
25566:
25561:
25559:Nietzscheanism
25556:
25551:
25546:
25541:
25536:
25531:
25530:
25529:
25519:
25513:
25511:
25507:
25506:
25504:
25503:
25501:Utilitarianism
25498:
25493:
25488:
25483:
25478:
25473:
25468:
25463:
25458:
25453:
25448:
25443:
25438:
25433:
25428:
25423:
25418:
25413:
25408:
25403:
25402:
25401:
25399:Transcendental
25396:
25391:
25386:
25381:
25376:
25366:
25365:
25364:
25354:
25349:
25344:
25339:
25337:Existentialism
25334:
25329:
25324:
25319:
25314:
25309:
25304:
25299:
25293:
25287:
25281:
25280:
25277:
25276:
25274:
25273:
25267:
25265:
25259:
25258:
25256:
25255:
25250:
25243:
25238:
25233:
25228:
25222:
25220:
25214:
25213:
25211:
25210:
25205:
25204:
25203:
25198:
25193:
25188:
25183:
25178:
25173:
25162:
25160:
25156:
25155:
25153:
25152:
25147:
25142:
25137:
25132:
25127:
25125:Augustinianism
25122:
25116:
25114:
25108:
25107:
25105:
25104:
25099:
25094:
25089:
25084:
25079:
25074:
25068:
25066:
25059:
25053:
25052:
25049:
25048:
25046:
25045:
25040:
25038:Zoroastrianism
25035:
25030:
25024:
25022:
25016:
25015:
25013:
25012:
25011:
25010:
25005:
25000:
24995:
24990:
24985:
24980:
24975:
24970:
24960:
24959:
24958:
24953:
24943:
24942:
24941:
24936:
24931:
24926:
24921:
24916:
24911:
24906:
24895:
24893:
24887:
24886:
24884:
24883:
24881:Church Fathers
24878:
24873:
24868:
24863:
24858:
24853:
24852:
24851:
24846:
24841:
24836:
24826:
24821:
24816:
24811:
24806:
24801:
24796:
24795:
24794:
24789:
24784:
24779:
24774:
24763:
24761:
24752:
24751:
24749:
24748:
24743:
24738:
24733:
24728:
24723:
24718:
24713:
24707:
24705:
24696:
24690:
24689:
24687:
24686:
24685:
24684:
24679:
24674:
24669:
24664:
24654:
24648:
24646:
24636:
24635:
24625:
24624:
24621:
24620:
24617:
24616:
24614:
24613:
24608:
24603:
24598:
24593:
24588:
24583:
24578:
24572:
24570:
24564:
24563:
24561:
24560:
24555:
24550:
24544:
24542:
24536:
24535:
24533:
24532:
24527:
24522:
24517:
24512:
24507:
24501:
24499:
24493:
24492:
24490:
24489:
24484:
24479:
24474:
24469:
24464:
24459:
24453:
24451:
24445:
24444:
24442:
24441:
24436:
24431:
24426:
24421:
24416:
24410:
24408:
24402:
24401:
24399:
24398:
24396:Libertarianism
24393:
24392:
24391:
24381:
24380:
24379:
24369:
24363:
24361:
24355:
24354:
24352:
24351:
24346:
24341:
24335:
24333:
24327:
24326:
24324:
24323:
24318:
24313:
24308:
24303:
24298:
24293:
24287:
24285:
24279:
24278:
24276:
24275:
24270:
24265:
24259:
24257:
24251:
24250:
24248:
24247:
24242:
24237:
24232:
24227:
24222:
24217:
24212:
24207:
24202:
24200:Metaphilosophy
24197:
24192:
24186:
24184:
24174:
24173:
24163:
24162:
24155:
24154:
24147:
24140:
24132:
24123:
24122:
24120:
24119:
24109:
24098:
24095:
24094:
24091:
24090:
24087:
24086:
24084:
24083:
24078:
24073:
24068:
24063:
24058:
24053:
24048:
24043:
24038:
24033:
24028:
24022:
24020:
24014:
24013:
24011:
24010:
24005:
24000:
23995:
23990:
23985:
23980:
23975:
23970:
23965:
23960:
23955:
23950:
23945:
23939:
23937:
23931:
23930:
23928:
23927:
23922:
23917:
23912:
23907:
23902:
23897:
23892:
23887:
23882:
23877:
23872:
23867:
23862:
23857:
23852:
23847:
23842:
23837:
23832:
23827:
23822:
23817:
23811:
23809:
23803:
23802:
23800:
23799:
23798:
23797:
23792:
23787:
23782:
23775:United Kingdom
23772:
23767:
23762:
23757:
23752:
23747:
23742:
23737:
23732:
23727:
23722:
23717:
23712:
23707:
23702:
23697:
23692:
23687:
23682:
23677:
23672:
23667:
23662:
23657:
23652:
23647:
23642:
23637:
23632:
23627:
23622:
23617:
23612:
23607:
23602:
23597:
23592:
23587:
23582:
23577:
23572:
23567:
23562:
23556:
23554:
23548:
23547:
23545:
23544:
23539:
23534:
23529:
23524:
23519:
23514:
23509:
23504:
23499:
23494:
23489:
23484:
23479:
23474:
23469:
23464:
23459:
23454:
23449:
23444:
23439:
23434:
23429:
23424:
23419:
23414:
23409:
23404:
23403:
23402:
23397:
23387:
23382:
23377:
23372:
23367:
23362:
23357:
23352:
23347:
23342:
23337:
23332:
23327:
23322:
23317:
23312:
23307:
23302:
23297:
23292:
23287:
23281:
23279:
23273:
23272:
23270:
23269:
23264:
23259:
23254:
23249:
23244:
23239:
23234:
23229:
23224:
23219:
23214:
23209:
23204:
23199:
23194:
23189:
23184:
23179:
23174:
23169:
23164:
23159:
23154:
23149:
23144:
23139:
23134:
23129:
23124:
23119:
23114:
23109:
23104:
23099:
23094:
23089:
23084:
23079:
23074:
23069:
23064:
23059:
23054:
23049:
23044:
23039:
23034:
23029:
23024:
23019:
23014:
23009:
23004:
22998:
22996:
22986:
22985:
22975:
22974:
22971:
22970:
22967:
22966:
22964:
22963:
22958:
22953:
22948:
22943:
22938:
22933:
22928:
22923:
22918:
22913:
22908:
22903:
22897:
22895:
22887:
22884:
22883:
22881:
22880:
22875:
22870:
22868:Secularization
22865:
22860:
22855:
22850:
22848:Deconstruction
22845:
22840:
22835:
22830:
22824:
22822:
22812:
22809:
22808:
22806:
22805:
22800:
22799:
22798:
22793:
22788:
22783:
22773:
22768:
22763:
22758:
22753:
22748:
22743:
22738:
22733:
22728:
22723:
22718:
22713:
22708:
22703:
22698:
22696:Fundamentalism
22693:
22692:
22691:
22686:
22681:
22676:
22666:
22661:
22656:
22651:
22650:
22649:
22644:
22639:
22629:
22628:
22627:
22622:
22617:
22603:
22598:
22592:
22590:
22583:
22580:
22579:
22577:
22576:
22571:
22566:
22561:
22560:
22559:
22549:
22544:
22539:
22534:
22529:
22524:
22519:
22514:
22509:
22504:
22498:
22496:
22488:
22487:
22485:
22484:
22479:
22474:
22469:
22464:
22459:
22454:
22449:
22444:
22439:
22433:
22431:
22425:
22424:
22422:
22421:
22420:
22419:
22414:
22409:
22399:
22394:
22389:
22384:
22379:
22374:
22369:
22364:
22363:
22362:
22357:
22352:
22347:
22337:
22336:
22335:
22330:
22325:
22315:
22310:
22305:
22300:
22295:
22290:
22285:
22280:
22275:
22270:
22269:
22268:
22263:
22258:
22248:
22243:
22238:
22233:
22228:
22223:
22218:
22213:
22208:
22203:
22198:
22193:
22188:
22183:
22174:
22172:Call to prayer
22169:
22164:
22159:
22157:Disaffiliation
22149:
22147:
22139:
22138:
22128:
22127:
22124:
22123:
22121:
22120:
22115:
22110:
22105:
22100:
22095:
22090:
22085:
22084:
22083:
22078:
22073:
22063:
22062:
22061:
22056:
22051:
22046:
22041:
22031:
22026:
22025:
22024:
22019:
22014:
22004:
22003:
22002:
21997:
21987:
21986:
21985:
21980:
21975:
21970:
21960:
21955:
21954:
21953:
21943:
21942:
21941:
21936:
21926:
21921:
21920:
21919:
21909:
21904:
21899:
21894:
21889:
21884:
21879:
21874:
21873:
21872:
21867:
21862:
21857:
21855:Greco-Buddhism
21852:
21842:
21841:
21840:
21835:
21830:
21825:
21815:
21810:
21809:
21808:
21798:
21793:
21788:
21787:
21786:
21776:
21771:
21766:
21765:
21764:
21759:
21749:
21744:
21743:
21742:
21737:
21732:
21722:
21717:
21712:
21707:
21706:
21705:
21694:
21691:
21690:
21678:
21677:
21674:
21673:
21670:
21669:
21666:
21665:
21663:
21662:
21661:
21660:
21650:
21645:
21640:
21635:
21630:
21625:
21620:
21615:
21609:
21607:
21603:
21602:
21600:
21599:
21598:
21597:
21585:
21580:
21579:
21578:
21573:
21568:
21563:
21558:
21553:
21548:
21538:
21533:
21528:
21523:
21518:
21513:
21508:
21503:
21498:
21497:
21496:
21486:
21485:
21484:
21479:
21469:
21468:
21467:
21462:
21452:
21447:
21446:
21445:
21436:
21434:
21426:
21425:
21423:
21422:
21417:
21412:
21407:
21406:
21405:
21400:
21390:
21385:
21380:
21375:
21370:
21369:
21368:
21358:
21353:
21348:
21343:
21338:
21333:
21328:
21323:
21318:
21313:
21307:
21305:
21298:
21288:
21287:
21284:
21283:
21281:
21280:
21275:
21270:
21265:
21259:
21257:
21253:
21252:
21249:
21248:
21246:
21245:
21244:
21243:
21238:
21233:
21228:
21223:
21218:
21216:Tambor de Mina
21213:
21208:
21203:
21198:
21193:
21188:
21183:
21178:
21173:
21172:
21171:
21166:
21161:
21142:
21141:
21140:
21139:
21129:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21109:
21104:
21099:
21094:
21089:
21084:
21079:
21074:
21069:
21064:
21059:
21054:
21049:
21044:
21043:
21042:
21037:
21027:
21022:
21017:
21011:
21009:
21001:
21000:
20998:
20997:
20996:
20995:
20993:Guanche church
20984:
20982:
20975:
20967:
20966:
20964:
20963:
20958:
20953:
20948:
20943:
20938:
20933:
20928:
20923:
20918:
20913:
20908:
20902:
20900:
20898:Tibeto-Burmese
20894:
20893:
20891:
20890:
20885:
20880:
20875:
20869:
20867:
20857:
20856:
20854:
20853:
20848:
20843:
20838:
20833:
20828:
20827:
20826:
20821:
20811:
20806:
20804:Nuu-chah-nulth
20801:
20796:
20791:
20786:
20785:
20784:
20779:
20774:
20769:
20759:
20754:
20749:
20748:
20747:
20737:
20732:
20727:
20726:
20725:
20720:
20715:
20713:Muscogee Creek
20710:
20705:
20695:
20690:
20685:
20680:
20671:
20666:
20661:
20656:
20655:
20654:
20649:
20639:
20638:
20637:
20632:
20627:
20622:
20612:
20607:
20602:
20601:
20600:
20595:
20590:
20580:
20575:
20569:
20567:
20559:
20558:
20556:
20555:
20550:
20548:Sumbese Marapu
20545:
20544:
20543:
20538:
20528:
20527:
20526:
20516:
20511:
20506:
20501:
20500:
20499:
20494:
20486:
20485:
20484:
20479:
20469:
20467:Batak Parmalim
20463:
20461:
20455:
20454:
20452:
20451:
20445:
20443:
20437:
20436:
20434:
20433:
20432:
20431:
20426:
20416:
20415:
20414:
20409:
20404:
20389:
20387:
20378:
20372:
20371:
20368:
20367:
20364:
20363:
20361:
20360:
20359:
20358:
20353:
20343:
20338:
20333:
20328:
20323:
20322:
20321:
20316:
20306:
20301:
20295:
20293:
20289:
20288:
20286:
20285:
20278:
20273:
20272:
20271:
20261:
20260:
20259:
20254:
20249:
20231:
20225:
20223:
20217:
20216:
20214:
20213:
20206:
20201:
20196:
20191:
20186:
20181:
20176:
20175:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20149:
20144:
20139:
20129:
20128:
20127:
20122:
20117:
20112:
20107:
20102:
20097:
20092:
20087:
20076:
20074:
20065:
20059:
20058:
20055:
20054:
20052:
20051:
20046:
20041:
20036:
20031:
20025:
20023:
20017:
20016:
20014:
20013:
20008:
20003:
19997:
19995:
19989:
19988:
19986:
19985:
19980:
19975:
19970:
19969:
19968:
19955:
19953:
19947:
19946:
19944:
19943:
19942:
19941:
19936:
19926:
19925:
19924:
19919:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19888:
19886:
19877:
19868:
19862:
19861:
19858:
19857:
19854:
19853:
19851:
19850:
19845:
19840:
19834:
19832:
19828:
19827:
19825:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19803:
19801:
19795:
19794:
19792:
19791:
19786:
19781:
19779:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
19775:
19773:
19764:
19758:
19757:
19754:
19753:
19751:
19750:
19745:
19740:
19735:
19730:
19725:
19720:
19714:
19712:
19708:
19707:
19705:
19704:
19697:
19692:
19687:
19682:
19677:
19672:
19667:
19666:
19665:
19655:
19650:
19649:
19648:
19643:
19638:
19633:
19623:
19622:
19621:
19620:
19619:
19614:
19604:
19599:
19594:
19583:
19581:
19575:
19574:
19572:
19571:
19564:
19563:
19562:
19557:
19552:
19547:
19542:
19537:
19532:
19527:
19522:
19516:Bible Students
19508:
19503:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19486:Restorationism
19483:
19482:
19481:
19476:
19471:
19466:
19465:
19464:
19454:
19449:
19444:
19442:Evangelicalism
19439:
19438:
19437:
19432:
19427:
19417:
19416:
19415:
19410:
19405:
19395:
19390:
19385:
19384:
19383:
19378:
19373:
19368:
19363:
19353:
19343:
19342:
19341:
19336:
19322:
19321:
19320:
19315:
19305:
19300:
19299:
19298:
19288:
19287:
19286:
19281:
19270:
19268:
19262:
19261:
19259:
19258:
19251:
19246:
19241:
19236:
19231:
19226:
19221:
19216:
19215:
19214:
19213:
19212:
19202:
19201:
19200:
19184:
19182:
19173:
19164:
19154:
19153:
19141:
19140:
19133:
19132:
19125:
19118:
19110:
19101:
19100:
19098:
19097:
19092:
19085:
19080:
19075:
19070:
19065:
19059:
19057:
19053:
19052:
19050:
19049:
19044:
19042:Inner Mongolia
19039:
19034:
19029:
19023:
19021:
19017:
19016:
19014:
19013:
19008:
19003:
18998:
18993:
18988:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18968:
18963:
18958:
18953:
18948:
18943:
18937:
18935:
18931:
18930:
18923:
18921:
18919:
18918:
18913:
18908:
18907:
18906:
18901:
18899:Roman Catholic
18896:
18886:
18885:
18884:
18879:
18874:
18864:
18859:
18854:
18853:
18852:
18847:
18842:
18831:
18829:
18823:
18822:
18808:
18807:
18800:
18793:
18785:
18776:
18775:
18773:
18772:
18771:
18770:
18765:
18763:Tong Jee Teung
18760:
18755:
18750:
18740:
18735:
18730:
18729:
18728:
18718:
18716:Grotto-heavens
18712:
18710:
18706:
18705:
18703:
18702:
18697:
18692:
18682:
18677:
18676:
18675:
18665:
18660:
18655:
18654:
18653:
18648:
18638:
18633:
18628:
18622:
18620:
18614:
18613:
18611:
18610:
18603:
18598:
18593:
18591:Zhang Guoxiang
18588:
18583:
18581:Wang Chongyang
18578:
18573:
18568:
18563:
18561:Cheng Xuanying
18558:
18553:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18533:
18528:
18523:
18518:
18513:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18483:
18478:
18473:
18468:
18463:
18457:
18455:
18451:
18450:
18448:
18447:
18440:
18435:
18434:
18433:
18431:Yellow Emperor
18423:
18418:
18413:
18408:
18403:
18398:
18397:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18371:
18370:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18349:
18343:
18341:
18335:
18334:
18332:
18331:
18324:
18317:
18310:
18303:
18296:
18289:
18282:
18275:
18268:
18261:
18253:
18251:
18247:
18246:
18244:
18243:
18242:
18241:
18228:
18220:
18215:
18214:
18213:
18205:
18199:
18186:
18181:
18180:
18179:
18178:(calisthenics)
18163:
18155:
18146:
18144:
18140:
18139:
18132:
18130:
18127:
18126:
18124:
18119:
18114:
18107:
18106:
18105:
18096:(spontenaity)
18087:
18077:
18067:
18065:
18056:
18055:
18052:
18049:
18048:
18046:
18045:
18037:
18029:
18021:
18016:
18015:
18014:
18006:
18000:
17999:(non-polarity)
17982:
17973:
17971:
17962:
17956:
17955:
17948:
17947:
17940:
17933:
17925:
17919:
17916:
17915:
17906:
17905:
17889:
17880:
17875:
17866:
17852:
17837:
17830:
17829:External links
17827:
17825:
17824:
17821:
17815:
17797:
17791:
17777:Hoff, Benjamin
17773:
17767:
17750:
17744:
17728:
17722:
17698:
17695:
17694:
17693:
17686:
17669:
17663:
17650:
17644:
17631:
17625:
17612:
17606:
17593:
17580:
17574:
17561:
17552:
17546:
17533:
17527:
17514:
17508:
17495:
17489:
17476:
17470:
17457:
17451:
17438:
17432:
17419:
17413:
17400:
17394:
17381:
17375:
17362:
17356:
17343:
17337:
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17315:
17309:
17303:. AuthorHous.
17296:
17287:
17273:(1): 104–127.
17258:
17252:
17239:
17204:
17195:
17189:
17172:
17166:
17149:
17143:
17125:
17107:
17092:
17074:
17059:
17050:
17044:
17031:
17022:
17013:
17007:
16994:
16985:
16979:
16966:
16960:
16947:
16941:
16924:
16918:
16902:
16896:
16881:
16867:
16861:
16846:
16840:
16827:
16821:
16808:
16802:
16789:
16783:
16768:
16762:
16745:
16739:
16726:
16720:
16700:
16694:
16674:
16668:
16662:. SUNY Press.
16655:
16649:
16636:
16627:
16618:
16612:
16606:. SUNY Press.
16599:
16593:
16578:
16566:
16560:
16547:
16541:
16528:
16522:
16509:
16503:
16487:
16481:
16468:
16462:
16449:
16443:
16437:. Open Court.
16426:
16408:
16393:
16387:
16372:
16366:
16353:
16347:
16330:
16312:
16306:. SUNY Press.
16297:
16288:
16282:
16269:
16263:
16250:
16244:
16231:
16213:
16198:
16189:
16171:
16153:
16147:
16134:
16105:
16099:
16082:
16049:
16031:
16016:
16006:
15996:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15972:
15942:
15912:
15905:
15881:
15854:
15817:
15780:
15737:
15722:
15704:
15689:
15665:
15650:
15635:
15613:
15611:, p. 194.
15596:
15594:, p. 193.
15584:
15582:, p. 192.
15572:
15570:, p. 191.
15555:
15553:, p. 190.
15538:
15531:
15499:
15487:
15485:, p. 184.
15475:
15473:, p. 183.
15460:
15448:
15446:, p. 173.
15436:
15424:
15422:, p. 169.
15409:
15407:, p. 159.
15397:
15385:
15370:
15358:
15356:, p. 164.
15341:
15339:, p. 163.
15329:
15327:, p. 146.
15317:
15315:, p. 124.
15305:
15303:, p. 123.
15290:
15278:
15266:
15264:, p. 119.
15254:
15242:
15240:, p. 107.
15230:
15218:
15216:, p. 103.
15206:
15191:
15179:
15172:
15144:
15142:, p. 149.
15129:
15117:
15105:
15093:
15089:Zhiming (2010)
15081:
15079:, p. 137.
15069:
15057:
15045:
15041:Aronson (2002)
15033:
15021:
14998:
14983:
14961:
14946:
14940:. p. 71.
14921:
14909:
14890:
14888:, p. 192.
14878:
14866:
14854:
14850:Mollier (2008)
14842:
14830:
14828:, p. 192.
14826:Prebish (1975)
14818:
14814:Maspero (1981)
14806:
14804:, p. 254.
14794:
14792:, p. 167.
14782:
14775:
14749:
14737:
14725:
14698:
14686:
14669:
14645:
14613:
14595:
14562:
14544:
14529:
14517:
14498:
14491:
14465:
14458:
14435:
14428:
14405:
14393:
14391:, p. 128.
14381:
14342:
14330:
14318:
14306:
14280:
14253:
14238:
14226:
14222:Robinet (1997)
14214:
14202:
14196:, p. 15;
14186:
14174:
14162:
14150:
14124:
14107:
14095:
14083:
14071:
14059:
14047:
14035:
14023:
14001:
13979:
13957:
13945:
13909:
13897:
13886:. 9 April 2024
13871:
13859:
13844:
13832:
13820:
13805:
13803:, p. 165.
13788:
13776:
13764:
13752:
13694:
13692:, p. 53-.
13682:
13670:
13658:
13628:
13613:
13611:, p. 158.
13601:
13589:
13577:
13541:
13526:
13504:
13492:
13490:, p. 171.
13477:
13475:, p. 136.
13462:
13450:
13448:, p. 170.
13435:
13431:Robinet (1997)
13419:
13415:Robinet (1997)
13403:
13401:, p. 132.
13391:
13389:, p. 137.
13379:
13377:, p. 137.
13362:
13360:, p. 135.
13347:
13345:, p. 134.
13332:
13320:
13305:
13298:
13263:
13251:
13249:, p. 140.
13239:
13237:, p. 139.
13227:
13215:
13203:
13201:, p. 133.
13182:
13180:, p. 174.
13170:
13166:Silvers (2005)
13158:
13146:
13144:, p. 131.
13131:
13127:Silvers (2005)
13116:
13101:
13089:
13087:, p. 143.
13077:
13075:, p. 145.
13060:
13048:
13036:
13024:
13012:
13000:
12988:
12963:
12961:, p. 131.
12948:
12936:
12895:
12891:Maspero (1981)
12883:
12871:
12867:Maspero (1981)
12859:
12855:Robinet (1997)
12847:
12832:
12779:
12767:
12755:
12753:, p. 171.
12743:
12741:, p. 128.
12731:
12719:
12707:
12695:
12693:, p. 115.
12680:
12676:Robinet (1997)
12668:
12664:Robinet (1997)
12653:
12641:
12629:
12617:
12605:
12593:
12581:
12569:
12565:Robinet (1997)
12557:
12542:
12530:
12528:, p. 163.
12518:
12506:
12504:, p. 184.
12494:
12482:
12454:
12429:
12417:
12402:
12400:, p. 183.
12390:
12348:
12341:
12335:. p. 20.
12319:
12286:
12271:
12265:. p. 65.
12242:
12197:
12190:
12162:
12155:
12133:
12126:
12096:
12066:
12051:
12029:
12014:
11992:
11955:
11940:
11915:
11903:
11890:
11860:
11848:
11846:, p. 123.
11836:
11824:
11817:
11793:Neusner, Jacob
11776:
11740:
11733:
11715:
11667:
11660:
11636:Neusner, Jacob
11619:
11617:, p. 147.
11607:
11581:
11569:
11562:
11541:
11539:, p. 125.
11529:
11514:
11477:
11464:
11462:, p. 112.
11449:
11437:
11422:
11407:
11395:
11393:, p. 109.
11383:
11376:
11354:
11352:, p. 117.
11339:
11327:
11325:, p. 116.
11315:
11313:, p. 115.
11303:
11301:, p. 190.
11291:
11282:
11280:, p. 137.
11270:
11253:
11251:, p. 109.
11249:Oldmeadow 2007
11241:
11229:
11217:
11200:
11188:
11186:, p. 286.
11184:Kraemer (1986)
11176:
11164:
11152:
11140:
11128:
11116:
11100:
11085:
11073:
11056:
11054:, p. 122.
11041:
11016:
11014:, p. 108.
10997:
10977:
10973:Maspero (1981)
10965:
10953:
10930:
10892:
10868:
10847:
10835:
10833:, p. 283.
10823:
10810:
10808:, p. 136.
10798:
10786:
10774:
10762:
10739:
10690:
10677:
10647:
10645:, p. 113.
10635:
10633:, p. 208.
10623:
10621:, p. 210.
10611:
10599:
10597:, p. 220.
10587:
10585:, p. 208.
10575:
10563:
10539:
10526:
10507:
10500:
10475:
10442:
10429:
10399:
10397:, p. 219.
10387:
10385:, p. 201.
10370:
10358:
10346:
10344:, p. 183.
10334:
10330:(30.6 KB)
10305:
10303:, p. 212.
10293:
10291:, p. 211.
10281:
10268:
10246:
10239:
10221:
10191:10.1086/475692
10158:
10156:, p. 205.
10146:
10133:
10131:, p. 184.
10121:
10119:, p. 185.
10106:
10094:
10082:
10080:, p. 168.
10070:
10058:
10040:
10038:, p. 110.
10028:
10016:
10014:, p. 165.
10001:
9989:
9971:
9969:, p. 163.
9959:
9957:, p. 178.
9947:
9945:, p. xvii
9935:
9928:
9898:
9896:, p. 105.
9886:
9874:
9872:, p. 155.
9857:
9845:
9836:
9824:
9822:, p. 154.
9807:
9753:
9751:, p. 153.
9738:
9734:Robinet (1997)
9726:
9711:
9694:whc.unesco.org
9680:
9676:Robinet (1997)
9668:
9666:, p. 163.
9653:
9641:
9629:
9614:
9610:Robinet (1997)
9602:
9587:
9575:
9560:
9548:
9536:
9524:
9522:, p. 150.
9520:Robinet (1997)
9516:Robinet (1997)
9514:, p. 68;
9504:
9492:
9488:Robinet (1997)
9480:
9468:
9456:
9436:
9424:
9420:Robinet (1997)
9412:
9408:Robinet (1997)
9397:
9379:
9367:
9363:Robinet (1997)
9355:
9343:
9324:
9317:
9292:
9280:
9260:
9253:
9228:
9221:
9215:. p. 73.
9196:
9181:
9147:
9132:
9111:
9096:
9075:
9060:
9041:
9037:Robinet (1997)
9029:
9025:Robinet (1997)
9014:
8998:
8983:
8962:
8932:
8902:
8895:
8870:
8855:
8833:
8821:
8817:Robinet (1997)
8806:
8773:
8758:
8733:
8721:
8709:
8697:
8685:
8670:
8658:
8643:
8631:
8627:Robinet (1997)
8616:
8609:
8588:
8571:
8567:Robinet (1997)
8559:
8547:
8545:, p. 174.
8535:
8527:Robinet (1997)
8519:
8489:
8463:
8436:(4): 496–507.
8416:
8404:
8366:
8354:
8350:Robinet (1997)
8342:
8330:
8318:
8306:
8276:
8254:
8237:
8233:Maspero (1981)
8222:
8191:
8187:Robinet (1997)
8172:
8153:
8141:
8129:
8110:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8047:
8046:Southeast Asia
8044:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7931:Taoist Tai Chi
7928:
7923:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7878:Zhengyi Taoism
7875:
7870:
7864:
7861:Taoist schools
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7751:nature spirits
7713:
7710:
7705:
7702:
7688:
7685:
7675:
7674:Hygiene Taoism
7672:
7600:Wang Chongyang
7587:sect, and the
7575:) sect of the
7551:and so forth.
7525:Wang Chongyang
7517:
7514:
7430:
7427:
7342:
7339:
7291:, protection,
7280:
7279:Magical Taoism
7277:
7230:
7227:
7146:
7143:
7008:Hanging Temple
6969:
6966:
6930:
6927:
6922:belles-lettres
6902:Huang Gongwang
6863:
6862:Art and poetry
6860:
6816:branch of the
6770:
6767:
6698:
6695:
6581:, tigers, and
6572:The tiger and
6548:from Buddhism.
6526:Chinese dragon
6493:
6490:
6476:
6475:
6474:) revelations.
6454:
6437:
6358:Main article:
6355:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6309:
6291:
6274:
6248:
6245:Wang Chongyang
6233:
6205:
6193:
6163:
6149:
6135:
6132:Sima Chengzhen
6113:
6103:
6091:Wupian zhenwen
6087:
6057:
6045:
6026:
6004:
5991:
5978:
5962:
5950:
5942:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5908:
5893: 139 BCE
5881:
5870:
5862:
5843:
5827:
5764:
5761:
5715:Main article:
5712:
5707:
5644:bamboo tablets
5602:Main article:
5599:
5594:
5558:
5555:
5486:Taoist alchemy
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5424:
5420:
5376:
5373:
5264:Sima Chengzhen
5227:
5224:
5175:
5172:
5132:
5129:
5093:Taoist temples
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
4988:
4985:
4902:
4899:
4756:Main article:
4726:
4723:
4573:
4570:
4510:Wang Chongyang
4348:
4345:
4259:). These are:
4167:Main article:
4152:
4149:
4084:social harmony
4022:
4019:
3962:
3959:
3901:Main article:
3898:
3893:
3780:Main article:
3766:
3763:
3716:Main article:
3713:
3710:
3659:Wing-Tsit Chan
3603:Main article:
3600:
3597:
3585:
3582:
3479:Southern China
3475:Northern China
3279:
3276:
3173:
3170:
3113:Hongwu Emperor
3062:Northern China
3006:Wang Chongyang
2876:
2873:
2848:three vehicles
2846:based on the "
2787:Lingbao school
2737:(d. 312), and
2702:
2699:
2660:Three Kingdoms
2556:, part of the
2545:
2542:
2534:mother goddess
2336:Yellow Emperor
2256:
2253:
2226:Main article:
2223:
2220:
2158:
2155:
2082:. Neither the
2072: 100 BCE
2061:Wing-tsit Chan
2044:
2043:
1970:
1938:
1937:Classification
1935:
1914:
1911:
1893:
1890:
1874:major religion
1727: 300 BCE
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:Taoist priests
1493:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1419:Grotto-heavens
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1340:
1335:
1333:Lingbao School
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:Zhang Guoxiang
1263:
1262:
1257:
1255:Wang Chongyang
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Cheng Xuanying
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:Yellow Emperor
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1002:
996:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
873:
868:
863:
851:
844:
837:
836:
835:
828:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
774:
773:
772:
765:
760:
748:
743:
736:
728:
721:
713:
705:
698:
690:
685:
684:
683:
671:
664:
657:
652:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
637:
636:
631:
623:
622:
614:
613:
607:
606:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
576:
570:
569:
568:Transcriptions
561:
560:
553:
547:
546:
542:
541:
538:
537:
530:
524:
523:
522:Transcriptions
515:
514:
507:
501:
500:
493:
487:
486:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
460:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
444:
434:
428:
427:
421:
420:
413:
411:Middle Chinese
407:
406:
404:Middle Chinese
400:
399:
392:
386:
385:
378:
369:
368:
362:
361:
351:
345:
344:
337:
331:
330:
323:
317:
316:
314:Yue: Cantonese
310:
309:
302:
296:
295:
289:
288:
278:
272:
271:
264:
258:
257:
250:
244:
243:
234:
228:
227:
220:
214:
213:
200:
194:
193:
186:
180:
179:
173:
172:
171:Transcriptions
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
138:
137:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
103:
95:
94:
91:
90:
80:
79:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
27813:
27802:
27799:
27797:
27794:
27792:
27789:
27787:
27784:
27782:
27779:
27777:
27774:
27772:
27769:
27768:
27766:
27756:
27746:
27744:
27734:
27733:
27730:
27709:
27706:
27705:
27704:
27701:
27699:
27696:
27694:
27691:
27689:
27688:
27684:
27682:
27679:
27675:
27672:
27670:
27667:
27666:
27665:
27662:
27660:
27657:
27655:
27652:
27650:
27647:
27645:
27642:
27641:
27639:
27635:
27629:
27628:
27624:
27622:
27621:
27617:
27615:
27614:
27610:
27608:
27605:
27603:
27602:
27598:
27596:
27593:
27591:
27588:
27586:
27585:
27581:
27579:
27576:
27574:
27573:
27569:
27567:
27564:
27562:
27561:
27557:
27555:
27554:
27550:
27548:
27547:
27543:
27541:
27540:
27536:
27534:
27531:
27529:
27528:
27524:
27522:
27521:
27517:
27515:
27512:
27510:
27509:
27505:
27501:
27498:
27496:
27493:
27492:
27491:
27488:
27486:
27485:
27481:
27479:
27478:
27474:
27472:
27471:
27467:
27465:
27464:
27460:
27458:
27457:
27453:
27451:
27448:
27447:
27445:
27441:
27431:
27428:
27426:
27423:
27421:
27418:
27416:
27415:Zhang Dongsun
27413:
27411:
27408:
27406:
27403:
27401:
27398:
27396:
27393:
27391:
27388:
27386:
27383:
27381:
27378:
27376:
27373:
27371:
27368:
27366:
27363:
27361:
27358:
27356:
27353:
27351:
27348:
27346:
27343:
27341:
27338:
27336:
27335:Liang Shuming
27333:
27331:
27328:
27326:
27323:
27321:
27318:
27316:
27313:
27311:
27308:
27306:
27303:
27301:
27298:
27296:
27293:
27291:
27288:
27286:
27283:
27281:
27278:
27276:
27273:
27271:
27268:
27266:
27263:
27261:
27258:
27256:
27253:
27251:
27248:
27246:
27243:
27241:
27238:
27236:
27233:
27231:
27228:
27226:
27223:
27221:
27218:
27216:
27213:
27211:
27208:
27207:
27205:
27201:
27195:
27192:
27190:
27187:
27185:
27182:
27180:
27177:
27175:
27172:
27170:
27167:
27165:
27162:
27160:
27157:
27155:
27152:
27150:
27147:
27145:
27142:
27140:
27137:
27135:
27132:
27130:
27127:
27125:
27122:
27120:
27117:
27115:
27112:
27110:
27107:
27105:
27102:
27100:
27097:
27095:
27092:
27090:
27087:
27085:
27082:
27080:
27077:
27075:
27072:
27071:
27069:
27067:
27063:
27057:
27054:
27052:
27049:
27047:
27044:
27042:
27041:Wang Yangming
27039:
27037:
27034:
27032:
27029:
27027:
27024:
27022:
27019:
27017:
27014:
27012:
27009:
27007:
27004:
27002:
26999:
26997:
26994:
26992:
26989:
26987:
26984:
26982:
26979:
26977:
26974:
26973:
26971:
26966:
26963:
26961:
26958:
26957:
26954:
26948:
26945:
26943:
26940:
26938:
26935:
26933:
26930:
26928:
26925:
26923:
26920:
26918:
26915:
26913:
26910:
26908:
26905:
26903:
26900:
26898:
26895:
26893:
26890:
26888:
26885:
26883:
26880:
26878:
26875:
26874:
26872:
26870:
26866:
26862:
26858:
26852:
26849:
26847:
26844:
26842:
26839:
26837:
26834:
26832:
26829:
26827:
26824:
26822:
26819:
26817:
26814:
26812:
26809:
26808:
26806:
26801:
26798:
26796:
26793:
26792:
26789:
26783:
26780:
26778:
26775:
26773:
26770:
26768:
26765:
26763:
26760:
26758:
26755:
26753:
26750:
26748:
26745:
26743:
26740:
26738:
26735:
26733:
26730:
26728:
26725:
26723:
26720:
26718:
26715:
26713:
26710:
26708:
26705:
26703:
26700:
26699:
26697:
26692:
26688:
26685:
26683:
26680:
26679:
26676:
26670:
26667:
26665:
26662:
26660:
26657:
26655:
26652:
26650:
26647:
26645:
26642:
26640:
26637:
26635:
26632:
26630:
26627:
26625:
26622:
26620:
26617:
26615:
26612:
26610:
26607:
26605:
26602:
26600:
26599:Dongfang Shuo
26597:
26595:
26594:Dong Zhongshu
26592:
26590:
26587:
26586:
26584:
26579:
26576:
26574:
26571:
26570:
26567:
26561:
26558:
26556:
26553:
26551:
26548:
26546:
26543:
26541:
26538:
26536:
26533:
26531:
26528:
26526:
26523:
26521:
26518:
26516:
26513:
26511:
26508:
26506:
26503:
26501:
26498:
26496:
26493:
26491:
26488:
26486:
26483:
26481:
26478:
26476:
26473:
26471:
26468:
26466:
26463:
26461:
26458:
26456:
26453:
26451:
26448:
26446:
26443:
26441:
26438:
26436:
26433:
26431:
26428:
26426:
26423:
26421:
26418:
26416:
26413:
26411:
26408:
26406:
26403:
26402:
26400:
26398:
26394:
26391:
26389:
26385:
26381:
26377:
26374:
26372:
26369:
26368:
26363:
26360:
26358:
26355:
26351:
26350:
26346:
26344:
26343:
26339:
26338:
26337:
26334:
26332:
26329:
26327:
26324:
26322:
26319:
26317:
26314:
26312:
26309:
26307:
26304:
26302:
26299:
26295:
26292:
26290:
26287:
26285:
26282:
26281:
26280:
26277:
26275:
26272:
26270:
26267:
26266:
26264:
26260:
26256:
26249:
26244:
26242:
26237:
26235:
26230:
26229:
26226:
26214:
26213:
26204:
26202:
26201:
26190:
26189:
26186:
26168:
26165:
26163:
26160:
26158:
26155:
26153:
26150:
26148:
26145:
26144:
26142:
26140:Miscellaneous
26138:
26132:
26129:
26127:
26124:
26122:
26119:
26117:
26114:
26112:
26109:
26107:
26104:
26102:
26099:
26097:
26094:
26092:
26089:
26087:
26084:
26082:
26079:
26077:
26074:
26072:
26069:
26065:
26062:
26061:
26060:
26057:
26055:
26052:
26050:
26047:
26046:
26044:
26042:
26038:
26032:
26029:
26027:
26024:
26022:
26019:
26017:
26014:
26012:
26009:
26008:
26006:
26004:
26000:
25994:
25991:
25989:
25986:
25984:
25981:
25979:
25976:
25974:
25971:
25969:
25966:
25964:
25961:
25959:
25956:
25955:
25953:
25951:
25947:
25941:
25938:
25936:
25933:
25931:
25928:
25926:
25923:
25922:
25920:
25918:
25914:
25911:
25909:
25905:
25901:
25893:
25892:
25888:
25884:
25866:
25865:
25861:
25859:
25856:
25854:
25851:
25849:
25846:
25844:
25841:
25840:
25838:
25836:Miscellaneous
25834:
25828:
25825:
25823:
25822:Structuralism
25820:
25818:
25815:
25813:
25810:
25808:
25807:Postmodernism
25805:
25803:
25800:
25798:
25797:Phenomenology
25795:
25793:
25790:
25788:
25785:
25783:
25780:
25778:
25775:
25773:
25770:
25768:
25765:
25763:
25760:
25758:
25755:
25754:
25752:
25750:
25746:
25740:
25737:
25735:
25734:Vienna Circle
25732:
25730:
25727:
25725:
25722:
25720:
25717:
25715:
25712:
25710:
25707:
25705:
25702:
25700:
25697:
25695:
25692:
25690:
25687:
25685:
25682:
25680:
25677:
25675:
25672:
25670:
25667:
25665:
25664:Moral realism
25662:
25660:
25657:
25655:
25652:
25650:
25647:
25645:
25642:
25640:
25636:
25633:
25631:
25628:
25626:
25623:
25621:
25618:
25616:
25613:
25611:
25608:
25606:
25603:
25601:
25598:
25596:
25593:
25592:
25590:
25588:
25584:
25581:
25579:
25575:
25565:
25562:
25560:
25557:
25555:
25552:
25550:
25547:
25545:
25542:
25540:
25537:
25535:
25532:
25528:
25525:
25524:
25523:
25520:
25518:
25515:
25514:
25512:
25508:
25502:
25499:
25497:
25494:
25492:
25489:
25487:
25484:
25482:
25479:
25477:
25474:
25472:
25469:
25467:
25466:Phenomenology
25464:
25462:
25459:
25457:
25454:
25452:
25449:
25447:
25444:
25442:
25439:
25437:
25434:
25432:
25429:
25427:
25424:
25422:
25419:
25417:
25414:
25412:
25409:
25407:
25406:Individualism
25404:
25400:
25397:
25395:
25392:
25390:
25387:
25385:
25382:
25380:
25377:
25375:
25372:
25371:
25370:
25367:
25363:
25360:
25359:
25358:
25355:
25353:
25350:
25348:
25345:
25343:
25340:
25338:
25335:
25333:
25330:
25328:
25325:
25323:
25320:
25318:
25315:
25313:
25310:
25308:
25305:
25303:
25300:
25298:
25295:
25294:
25291:
25288:
25286:
25282:
25272:
25271:Judeo-Islamic
25269:
25268:
25266:
25264:
25260:
25254:
25251:
25249:
25248:
25247:ʿIlm al-Kalām
25244:
25242:
25239:
25237:
25234:
25232:
25229:
25227:
25224:
25223:
25221:
25219:
25215:
25209:
25206:
25202:
25199:
25197:
25196:Shuddhadvaita
25194:
25192:
25189:
25187:
25184:
25182:
25179:
25177:
25174:
25172:
25169:
25168:
25167:
25164:
25163:
25161:
25157:
25151:
25148:
25146:
25143:
25141:
25138:
25136:
25133:
25131:
25130:Scholasticism
25128:
25126:
25123:
25121:
25118:
25117:
25115:
25113:
25109:
25103:
25100:
25098:
25095:
25093:
25090:
25088:
25085:
25083:
25080:
25078:
25075:
25073:
25070:
25069:
25067:
25063:
25060:
25058:
25054:
25044:
25041:
25039:
25036:
25034:
25031:
25029:
25026:
25025:
25023:
25021:
25017:
25009:
25006:
25004:
25001:
24999:
24996:
24994:
24991:
24989:
24986:
24984:
24981:
24979:
24976:
24974:
24971:
24969:
24966:
24965:
24964:
24961:
24957:
24954:
24952:
24949:
24948:
24947:
24944:
24940:
24937:
24935:
24932:
24930:
24927:
24925:
24922:
24920:
24917:
24915:
24912:
24910:
24907:
24905:
24902:
24901:
24900:
24897:
24896:
24894:
24892:
24888:
24882:
24879:
24877:
24874:
24872:
24869:
24867:
24864:
24862:
24859:
24857:
24854:
24850:
24847:
24845:
24842:
24840:
24837:
24835:
24832:
24831:
24830:
24827:
24825:
24822:
24820:
24817:
24815:
24812:
24810:
24807:
24805:
24802:
24800:
24797:
24793:
24790:
24788:
24785:
24783:
24780:
24778:
24775:
24773:
24770:
24769:
24768:
24765:
24764:
24762:
24760:
24757:
24753:
24747:
24744:
24742:
24739:
24737:
24734:
24732:
24729:
24727:
24724:
24722:
24719:
24717:
24714:
24712:
24709:
24708:
24706:
24704:
24700:
24697:
24695:
24691:
24683:
24680:
24678:
24675:
24673:
24670:
24668:
24665:
24663:
24660:
24659:
24658:
24655:
24653:
24650:
24649:
24647:
24645:
24641:
24637:
24630:
24626:
24612:
24609:
24607:
24604:
24602:
24599:
24597:
24594:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24581:Conceptualism
24579:
24577:
24574:
24573:
24571:
24569:
24565:
24559:
24556:
24554:
24551:
24549:
24546:
24545:
24543:
24541:
24537:
24531:
24528:
24526:
24523:
24521:
24518:
24516:
24513:
24511:
24510:Particularism
24508:
24506:
24503:
24502:
24500:
24498:
24494:
24488:
24485:
24483:
24480:
24478:
24477:Functionalism
24475:
24473:
24470:
24468:
24465:
24463:
24462:Eliminativism
24460:
24458:
24455:
24454:
24452:
24450:
24446:
24440:
24437:
24435:
24432:
24430:
24427:
24425:
24422:
24420:
24417:
24415:
24412:
24411:
24409:
24407:
24403:
24397:
24394:
24390:
24387:
24386:
24385:
24382:
24378:
24375:
24374:
24373:
24370:
24368:
24367:Compatibilism
24365:
24364:
24362:
24360:
24356:
24350:
24347:
24345:
24342:
24340:
24337:
24336:
24334:
24332:
24328:
24322:
24319:
24317:
24314:
24312:
24309:
24307:
24306:Particularism
24304:
24302:
24299:
24297:
24294:
24292:
24289:
24288:
24286:
24284:
24280:
24274:
24271:
24269:
24266:
24264:
24261:
24260:
24258:
24256:
24252:
24246:
24243:
24241:
24238:
24236:
24233:
24231:
24228:
24226:
24223:
24221:
24218:
24216:
24213:
24211:
24208:
24206:
24203:
24201:
24198:
24196:
24193:
24191:
24188:
24187:
24185:
24183:
24179:
24175:
24168:
24164:
24160:
24153:
24148:
24146:
24141:
24139:
24134:
24133:
24130:
24118:
24114:
24110:
24108:
24100:
24099:
24096:
24082:
24079:
24077:
24074:
24072:
24069:
24067:
24064:
24062:
24059:
24057:
24054:
24052:
24049:
24047:
24044:
24042:
24039:
24037:
24034:
24032:
24029:
24027:
24024:
24023:
24021:
24019:
24018:South America
24015:
24009:
24006:
24004:
24001:
23999:
23996:
23994:
23991:
23989:
23986:
23984:
23981:
23979:
23976:
23974:
23971:
23969:
23966:
23964:
23961:
23959:
23956:
23954:
23951:
23949:
23946:
23944:
23941:
23940:
23938:
23936:
23932:
23926:
23925:United States
23923:
23921:
23918:
23916:
23913:
23911:
23908:
23906:
23903:
23901:
23898:
23896:
23893:
23891:
23888:
23886:
23883:
23881:
23878:
23876:
23873:
23871:
23868:
23866:
23863:
23861:
23858:
23856:
23853:
23851:
23848:
23846:
23843:
23841:
23838:
23836:
23833:
23831:
23828:
23826:
23823:
23821:
23818:
23816:
23813:
23812:
23810:
23808:
23807:North America
23804:
23796:
23793:
23791:
23788:
23786:
23783:
23781:
23778:
23777:
23776:
23773:
23771:
23768:
23766:
23763:
23761:
23758:
23756:
23753:
23751:
23748:
23746:
23743:
23741:
23738:
23736:
23733:
23731:
23728:
23726:
23723:
23721:
23718:
23716:
23713:
23711:
23708:
23706:
23703:
23701:
23698:
23696:
23693:
23691:
23688:
23686:
23683:
23681:
23678:
23676:
23673:
23671:
23668:
23666:
23665:Liechtenstein
23663:
23661:
23658:
23656:
23653:
23651:
23648:
23646:
23643:
23641:
23638:
23636:
23633:
23631:
23628:
23626:
23623:
23621:
23618:
23616:
23613:
23611:
23608:
23606:
23603:
23601:
23598:
23596:
23593:
23591:
23588:
23586:
23583:
23581:
23578:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23566:
23563:
23561:
23558:
23557:
23555:
23553:
23549:
23543:
23540:
23538:
23535:
23533:
23530:
23528:
23525:
23523:
23520:
23518:
23515:
23513:
23510:
23508:
23505:
23503:
23500:
23498:
23495:
23493:
23490:
23488:
23485:
23483:
23480:
23478:
23475:
23473:
23470:
23468:
23465:
23463:
23460:
23458:
23455:
23453:
23450:
23448:
23445:
23443:
23440:
23438:
23435:
23433:
23430:
23428:
23425:
23423:
23420:
23418:
23415:
23413:
23410:
23408:
23405:
23401:
23398:
23396:
23393:
23392:
23391:
23388:
23386:
23383:
23381:
23378:
23376:
23373:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23361:
23358:
23356:
23353:
23351:
23348:
23346:
23343:
23341:
23338:
23336:
23333:
23331:
23328:
23326:
23323:
23321:
23318:
23316:
23313:
23311:
23308:
23306:
23303:
23301:
23298:
23296:
23293:
23291:
23288:
23286:
23283:
23282:
23280:
23278:
23274:
23268:
23265:
23263:
23260:
23258:
23255:
23253:
23250:
23248:
23245:
23243:
23240:
23238:
23235:
23233:
23230:
23228:
23225:
23223:
23220:
23218:
23215:
23213:
23210:
23208:
23205:
23203:
23200:
23198:
23195:
23193:
23190:
23188:
23185:
23183:
23180:
23178:
23175:
23173:
23170:
23168:
23165:
23163:
23160:
23158:
23155:
23153:
23150:
23148:
23145:
23143:
23140:
23138:
23135:
23133:
23130:
23128:
23125:
23123:
23120:
23118:
23117:Guinea-Bissau
23115:
23113:
23110:
23108:
23105:
23103:
23100:
23098:
23095:
23093:
23090:
23088:
23085:
23083:
23080:
23078:
23075:
23073:
23070:
23068:
23065:
23063:
23060:
23058:
23055:
23053:
23050:
23048:
23045:
23043:
23040:
23038:
23035:
23033:
23030:
23028:
23025:
23023:
23020:
23018:
23015:
23013:
23010:
23008:
23005:
23003:
23000:
22999:
22997:
22995:
22991:
22987:
22980:
22976:
22962:
22959:
22957:
22954:
22952:
22949:
22947:
22944:
22942:
22941:Organizations
22939:
22937:
22934:
22932:
22929:
22927:
22924:
22922:
22919:
22917:
22914:
22912:
22909:
22907:
22904:
22902:
22899:
22898:
22896:
22893:
22885:
22879:
22876:
22874:
22871:
22869:
22866:
22864:
22861:
22859:
22856:
22854:
22851:
22849:
22846:
22844:
22841:
22839:
22836:
22834:
22831:
22829:
22826:
22825:
22823:
22820:
22815:
22810:
22804:
22801:
22797:
22794:
22792:
22789:
22787:
22784:
22782:
22779:
22778:
22777:
22774:
22772:
22769:
22767:
22766:Vegetarianism
22764:
22762:
22759:
22757:
22754:
22752:
22749:
22747:
22744:
22742:
22739:
22737:
22734:
22732:
22729:
22727:
22724:
22722:
22719:
22717:
22714:
22712:
22711:Homosexuality
22709:
22707:
22704:
22702:
22699:
22697:
22694:
22690:
22687:
22685:
22682:
22680:
22677:
22675:
22672:
22671:
22670:
22667:
22665:
22662:
22660:
22657:
22655:
22652:
22648:
22645:
22643:
22640:
22638:
22635:
22634:
22633:
22630:
22626:
22623:
22621:
22618:
22616:
22613:
22612:
22611:
22607:
22604:
22602:
22599:
22597:
22594:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22581:
22575:
22572:
22570:
22567:
22565:
22562:
22558:
22555:
22554:
22553:
22550:
22548:
22545:
22543:
22540:
22538:
22535:
22533:
22532:Neurotheology
22530:
22528:
22525:
22523:
22520:
22518:
22515:
22513:
22510:
22508:
22505:
22503:
22500:
22499:
22497:
22495:
22489:
22483:
22480:
22478:
22475:
22473:
22470:
22468:
22465:
22463:
22460:
22458:
22455:
22453:
22450:
22448:
22445:
22443:
22440:
22438:
22435:
22434:
22432:
22430:
22426:
22418:
22415:
22413:
22410:
22408:
22405:
22404:
22403:
22400:
22398:
22395:
22393:
22390:
22388:
22385:
22383:
22380:
22378:
22375:
22373:
22370:
22368:
22365:
22361:
22358:
22356:
22353:
22351:
22348:
22346:
22343:
22342:
22341:
22338:
22334:
22331:
22329:
22326:
22324:
22321:
22320:
22319:
22316:
22314:
22311:
22309:
22306:
22304:
22301:
22299:
22296:
22294:
22291:
22289:
22286:
22284:
22281:
22279:
22276:
22274:
22271:
22267:
22264:
22262:
22259:
22257:
22254:
22253:
22252:
22249:
22247:
22244:
22242:
22239:
22237:
22234:
22232:
22229:
22227:
22226:Folk religion
22224:
22222:
22219:
22217:
22214:
22212:
22209:
22207:
22204:
22202:
22199:
22197:
22194:
22192:
22189:
22187:
22184:
22182:
22178:
22175:
22173:
22170:
22168:
22165:
22163:
22160:
22158:
22154:
22151:
22150:
22148:
22144:
22140:
22133:
22129:
22119:
22116:
22114:
22111:
22109:
22106:
22104:
22101:
22099:
22096:
22094:
22091:
22089:
22086:
22082:
22079:
22077:
22074:
22072:
22069:
22068:
22067:
22064:
22060:
22057:
22055:
22052:
22050:
22049:Imperial cult
22047:
22045:
22042:
22040:
22037:
22036:
22035:
22032:
22030:
22027:
22023:
22020:
22018:
22015:
22013:
22010:
22009:
22008:
22005:
22001:
21998:
21996:
21993:
21992:
21991:
21988:
21984:
21981:
21979:
21976:
21974:
21971:
21969:
21966:
21965:
21964:
21961:
21959:
21956:
21952:
21949:
21948:
21947:
21944:
21940:
21937:
21935:
21932:
21931:
21930:
21927:
21925:
21922:
21918:
21915:
21914:
21913:
21910:
21908:
21905:
21903:
21900:
21898:
21895:
21893:
21890:
21888:
21885:
21883:
21880:
21878:
21875:
21871:
21868:
21866:
21863:
21861:
21858:
21856:
21853:
21851:
21848:
21847:
21846:
21843:
21839:
21836:
21834:
21831:
21829:
21826:
21824:
21821:
21820:
21819:
21816:
21814:
21811:
21807:
21804:
21803:
21802:
21799:
21797:
21794:
21792:
21789:
21785:
21782:
21781:
21780:
21777:
21775:
21772:
21770:
21767:
21763:
21760:
21758:
21755:
21754:
21753:
21750:
21748:
21745:
21741:
21738:
21736:
21733:
21731:
21728:
21727:
21726:
21723:
21721:
21718:
21716:
21713:
21711:
21708:
21704:
21701:
21700:
21699:
21696:
21695:
21692:
21688:
21683:
21679:
21659:
21656:
21655:
21654:
21651:
21649:
21646:
21644:
21641:
21639:
21636:
21634:
21631:
21629:
21626:
21624:
21621:
21619:
21618:Discordianism
21616:
21614:
21613:Anthroposophy
21611:
21610:
21608:
21604:
21596:
21595:
21591:
21590:
21589:
21586:
21584:
21581:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21561:Mari religion
21559:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21549:
21547:
21544:
21543:
21542:
21539:
21537:
21534:
21532:
21529:
21527:
21524:
21522:
21519:
21517:
21514:
21512:
21509:
21507:
21504:
21502:
21499:
21495:
21492:
21491:
21490:
21487:
21483:
21480:
21478:
21475:
21474:
21473:
21470:
21466:
21463:
21461:
21458:
21457:
21456:
21453:
21451:
21448:
21444:
21441:
21440:
21438:
21437:
21435:
21433:
21427:
21421:
21418:
21416:
21413:
21411:
21408:
21404:
21401:
21399:
21398:Neo-Theosophy
21396:
21395:
21394:
21391:
21389:
21386:
21384:
21381:
21379:
21376:
21374:
21371:
21367:
21364:
21363:
21362:
21359:
21357:
21354:
21352:
21349:
21347:
21344:
21342:
21339:
21337:
21336:New Acropolis
21334:
21332:
21329:
21327:
21324:
21322:
21319:
21317:
21314:
21312:
21309:
21308:
21306:
21302:
21299:
21297:
21289:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21271:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21260:
21258:
21254:
21242:
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21214:
21212:
21209:
21207:
21204:
21202:
21199:
21197:
21194:
21192:
21189:
21187:
21184:
21182:
21179:
21177:
21174:
21170:
21167:
21165:
21162:
21160:
21157:
21156:
21155:
21152:
21151:
21150:
21148:
21144:
21143:
21138:
21135:
21134:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21053:
21050:
21048:
21045:
21041:
21038:
21036:
21033:
21032:
21031:
21028:
21026:
21023:
21021:
21018:
21016:
21013:
21012:
21010:
21008:
21002:
20994:
20991:
20990:
20989:
20986:
20985:
20983:
20981:North African
20979:
20976:
20974:
20968:
20962:
20959:
20957:
20954:
20952:
20949:
20947:
20944:
20942:
20939:
20937:
20934:
20932:
20929:
20927:
20924:
20922:
20919:
20917:
20914:
20912:
20909:
20907:
20904:
20903:
20901:
20899:
20895:
20889:
20886:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20871:
20870:
20868:
20866:
20862:
20858:
20852:
20849:
20847:
20844:
20842:
20839:
20837:
20834:
20832:
20829:
20825:
20822:
20820:
20817:
20816:
20815:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20797:
20795:
20792:
20790:
20787:
20783:
20780:
20778:
20775:
20773:
20770:
20768:
20765:
20764:
20763:
20760:
20758:
20755:
20753:
20750:
20746:
20743:
20742:
20741:
20738:
20736:
20735:Kwakwakaʼwakw
20733:
20731:
20728:
20724:
20721:
20719:
20716:
20714:
20711:
20709:
20706:
20704:
20701:
20700:
20699:
20696:
20694:
20691:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20679:
20675:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20660:
20657:
20653:
20650:
20648:
20645:
20644:
20643:
20640:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20617:
20616:
20613:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20599:
20596:
20594:
20591:
20589:
20586:
20585:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20570:
20568:
20566:
20560:
20554:
20551:
20549:
20546:
20542:
20539:
20537:
20534:
20533:
20532:
20529:
20525:
20522:
20521:
20520:
20517:
20515:
20512:
20510:
20507:
20505:
20502:
20498:
20495:
20493:
20490:
20489:
20487:
20483:
20480:
20478:
20475:
20474:
20473:
20470:
20468:
20465:
20464:
20462:
20460:
20456:
20450:
20447:
20446:
20444:
20442:
20441:Austroasiatic
20438:
20430:
20427:
20425:
20422:
20421:
20420:
20417:
20413:
20412:Vattisen Yaly
20410:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20400:
20399:
20398:
20394:
20391:
20390:
20388:
20386:
20382:
20379:
20377:
20373:
20357:
20354:
20352:
20349:
20348:
20347:
20344:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20332:
20331:Kirat Mundhum
20329:
20327:
20324:
20320:
20317:
20315:
20312:
20311:
20310:
20307:
20305:
20302:
20300:
20297:
20296:
20294:
20290:
20284:
20283:
20279:
20277:
20274:
20270:
20267:
20266:
20265:
20262:
20258:
20255:
20253:
20250:
20248:
20244:
20240:
20237:
20236:
20235:
20232:
20230:
20227:
20226:
20224:
20222:
20218:
20212:
20211:
20207:
20205:
20202:
20200:
20197:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20187:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20150:
20148:
20145:
20143:
20140:
20138:
20135:
20134:
20133:
20130:
20126:
20123:
20121:
20118:
20116:
20113:
20111:
20108:
20106:
20103:
20101:
20098:
20096:
20093:
20091:
20088:
20086:
20083:
20082:
20081:
20078:
20077:
20075:
20073:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20060:
20050:
20047:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20035:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20026:
20024:
20022:
20018:
20012:
20009:
20007:
20004:
20002:
19999:
19998:
19996:
19994:
19990:
19984:
19981:
19979:
19976:
19974:
19971:
19967:
19966:
19962:
19961:
19960:
19957:
19956:
19954:
19952:
19948:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19931:
19930:
19927:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19914:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19889:
19887:
19885:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19872:
19869:
19867:
19863:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19835:
19833:
19829:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19804:
19802:
19800:
19796:
19790:
19787:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19776:
19774:
19772:
19768:
19765:
19763:
19759:
19749:
19746:
19744:
19741:
19739:
19736:
19734:
19731:
19729:
19726:
19724:
19721:
19719:
19716:
19715:
19713:
19709:
19703:
19702:
19698:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19690:Milah Abraham
19688:
19686:
19683:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19664:
19661:
19660:
19659:
19656:
19654:
19651:
19647:
19644:
19642:
19639:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19628:
19627:
19624:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19610:
19609:
19608:
19605:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19589:
19588:
19585:
19584:
19582:
19580:
19576:
19570:
19569:
19565:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19536:
19533:
19531:
19528:
19526:
19523:
19521:
19517:
19514:
19513:
19512:
19509:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19484:
19480:
19477:
19475:
19472:
19470:
19467:
19463:
19460:
19459:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19436:
19433:
19431:
19428:
19426:
19423:
19422:
19421:
19418:
19414:
19411:
19409:
19406:
19404:
19401:
19400:
19399:
19396:
19394:
19391:
19389:
19386:
19382:
19379:
19377:
19374:
19372:
19369:
19367:
19364:
19362:
19359:
19358:
19357:
19354:
19352:
19349:
19348:
19347:
19346:Protestantism
19344:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19331:
19328:
19327:
19326:
19323:
19319:
19316:
19314:
19311:
19310:
19309:
19306:
19304:
19301:
19297:
19294:
19293:
19292:
19289:
19285:
19282:
19280:
19277:
19276:
19275:
19272:
19271:
19269:
19267:
19263:
19257:
19256:
19252:
19250:
19247:
19245:
19242:
19240:
19237:
19235:
19232:
19230:
19227:
19225:
19222:
19220:
19217:
19211:
19208:
19207:
19206:
19203:
19199:
19196:
19195:
19194:
19191:
19190:
19189:
19186:
19185:
19183:
19181:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19168:
19165:
19163:
19159:
19155:
19151:
19146:
19142:
19138:
19131:
19126:
19124:
19119:
19117:
19112:
19111:
19108:
19096:
19093:
19091:
19090:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19060:
19058:
19054:
19048:
19045:
19043:
19040:
19038:
19035:
19033:
19030:
19028:
19025:
19024:
19022:
19018:
19012:
19009:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18952:
18949:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18939:
18938:
18936:
18932:
18927:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18905:
18902:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18891:
18890:
18887:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18869:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18858:
18855:
18851:
18848:
18846:
18843:
18841:
18838:
18837:
18836:
18833:
18832:
18830:
18828:
18824:
18820:
18815:
18806:
18801:
18799:
18794:
18792:
18787:
18786:
18783:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18745:
18744:
18741:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18733:Mount Penglai
18731:
18727:
18724:
18723:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18713:
18711:
18709:Sacred places
18707:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18690:
18686:
18683:
18681:
18678:
18674:
18671:
18670:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18643:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18623:
18621:
18619:
18615:
18609:
18608:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18596:Zhang Sanfeng
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18567:
18564:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18524:
18522:
18519:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18486:Zhang Daoling
18484:
18482:
18479:
18477:
18474:
18472:
18469:
18467:
18464:
18462:
18459:
18458:
18456:
18452:
18446:
18445:
18444:Other deities
18441:
18439:
18436:
18432:
18429:
18428:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18384:Ziwei Emperor
18382:
18380:
18377:
18376:
18375:
18372:
18368:
18367:Daode Tianzun
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18354:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18347:Hongjun Laozu
18345:
18344:
18342:
18340:
18336:
18330:
18329:
18325:
18323:
18322:
18318:
18316:
18315:
18314:Qingjing Jing
18311:
18309:
18308:
18304:
18302:
18301:
18297:
18295:
18294:
18290:
18288:
18287:
18283:
18281:
18280:
18276:
18274:
18273:
18269:
18267:
18266:
18262:
18260:
18259:
18255:
18254:
18252:
18248:
18239:
18238:
18234:
18233:
18232:
18229:
18227:(immortality)
18226:
18225:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18211:
18210:
18206:
18203:
18200:
18197:
18196:
18192:
18191:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18177:
18176:
18172:
18171:
18169:
18168:
18164:
18161:
18160:
18156:
18153:
18152:
18148:
18147:
18145:
18141:
18136:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18117:Five Precepts
18115:
18113:
18112:
18108:
18103:
18102:
18098:
18097:
18095:
18094:
18093:
18088:
18085:
18084:
18083:
18078:
18075:
18074:
18073:
18068:
18066:
18064:
18060:
18054:
18053:
18043:
18042:
18038:
18035:
18034:
18030:
18028:(five phases)
18027:
18026:
18022:
18020:
18017:
18012:
18011:
18007:
18004:
18001:
17998:
17997:
17993:
17992:
17990:
17989:
17988:
17983:
17980:
17979:
17975:
17974:
17972:
17970:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17957:
17953:
17946:
17941:
17939:
17934:
17932:
17927:
17926:
17923:
17917:
17910:
17904:
17900:
17896:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17870:
17867:
17863:
17862:
17857:
17853:
17851:
17847:
17846:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17832:
17822:
17818:
17812:
17809:. Hay House.
17808:
17807:
17802:
17801:Wilde, Stuart
17798:
17794:
17788:
17784:
17783:
17778:
17774:
17770:
17764:
17759:
17758:
17751:
17747:
17741:
17737:
17733:
17729:
17725:
17719:
17715:
17711:
17710:
17705:
17701:
17700:
17689:
17683:
17679:
17675:
17670:
17666:
17664:0-300-01695-6
17660:
17656:
17651:
17647:
17645:0-7391-0922-7
17641:
17637:
17632:
17628:
17622:
17618:
17613:
17609:
17603:
17599:
17594:
17591:
17587:
17584:
17581:
17577:
17571:
17567:
17562:
17558:
17553:
17549:
17547:0-8108-3369-7
17543:
17539:
17534:
17530:
17528:1-56924-390-5
17524:
17520:
17515:
17511:
17505:
17501:
17496:
17492:
17486:
17482:
17477:
17473:
17467:
17463:
17458:
17454:
17448:
17444:
17439:
17435:
17433:0-415-25648-8
17429:
17426:. Routledge.
17425:
17420:
17416:
17414:0-7391-0784-4
17410:
17406:
17401:
17397:
17395:0-942196-01-5
17391:
17387:
17386:The Great Tao
17382:
17378:
17376:1-4020-2823-7
17372:
17368:
17363:
17359:
17353:
17349:
17344:
17340:
17338:1-58394-139-8
17334:
17330:
17325:
17324:
17312:
17306:
17302:
17297:
17293:
17288:
17284:
17280:
17276:
17272:
17268:
17264:
17259:
17255:
17249:
17246:. Shambhala.
17245:
17240:
17233:
17229:
17225:
17221:
17217:
17210:
17205:
17201:
17196:
17192:
17186:
17181:
17180:
17173:
17169:
17167:0-8021-5085-3
17163:
17158:
17157:
17150:
17146:
17140:
17136:
17135:
17130:
17126:
17114:
17110:
17104:
17100:
17099:
17093:
17081:
17077:
17071:
17067:
17066:
17060:
17056:
17051:
17047:
17045:0-8147-9805-5
17041:
17037:
17032:
17028:
17023:
17019:
17014:
17010:
17008:0-631-23216-8
17004:
17000:
16995:
16991:
16986:
16982:
16980:0-8047-2839-9
16976:
16972:
16967:
16963:
16957:
16953:
16948:
16944:
16942:0-271-01195-5
16938:
16933:
16932:
16925:
16921:
16915:
16911:
16907:
16903:
16899:
16897:0-385-42564-3
16893:
16890:. Doubleday.
16889:
16888:
16882:
16878:
16874:
16868:
16864:
16858:
16854:
16853:
16847:
16843:
16841:0-8248-0075-3
16837:
16833:
16828:
16824:
16818:
16814:
16809:
16805:
16803:1-85168-315-1
16799:
16795:
16790:
16786:
16784:0-87023-308-4
16780:
16776:
16775:
16769:
16765:
16763:0-8066-2253-9
16759:
16754:
16753:
16746:
16742:
16740:0-631-20674-4
16736:
16732:
16727:
16723:
16721:0-231-10984-9
16717:
16713:
16709:
16705:
16701:
16697:
16695:0-520-22784-0
16691:
16687:
16683:
16679:
16675:
16671:
16669:0-7914-1601-1
16665:
16661:
16656:
16652:
16646:
16642:
16637:
16634:. Bloomsbury.
16633:
16628:
16625:. Bloomsbury.
16624:
16619:
16615:
16613:0-7914-3599-7
16609:
16605:
16600:
16596:
16590:
16586:
16585:
16579:
16575:
16574:
16573:FengTao Kejie
16567:
16563:
16561:9780415439985
16557:
16553:
16548:
16544:
16538:
16534:
16529:
16525:
16523:1-4010-8316-1
16519:
16515:
16510:
16506:
16500:
16496:
16492:
16488:
16484:
16482:0-8047-2353-2
16478:
16474:
16469:
16465:
16463:0-19-513419-2
16459:
16455:
16450:
16446:
16444:0-8126-9087-7
16440:
16435:
16434:
16427:
16415:
16411:
16405:
16401:
16400:
16394:
16390:
16384:
16380:
16379:
16373:
16369:
16367:1-86064-148-2
16363:
16359:
16354:
16350:
16348:0-631-20125-4
16344:
16339:
16338:
16331:
16319:
16315:
16309:
16305:
16304:
16298:
16294:
16289:
16285:
16283:0-941532-89-5
16279:
16275:
16270:
16266:
16264:0-8135-3207-8
16260:
16256:
16251:
16247:
16245:0-8248-1744-3
16241:
16237:
16232:
16220:
16216:
16210:
16206:
16205:
16199:
16196:. SUNY Press.
16195:
16190:
16178:
16174:
16168:
16164:
16163:
16158:
16154:
16150:
16144:
16140:
16135:
16131:
16127:
16123:
16119:
16116:(2): 87–119.
16115:
16111:
16106:
16102:
16100:0-691-01964-9
16096:
16093:. Princeton.
16091:
16090:
16083:
16079:
16075:
16071:
16067:
16063:
16059:
16055:
16050:
16038:
16034:
16028:
16024:
16023:
16017:
16013:
16012:
16007:
16003:
15999:
15993:
15989:
15988:
15982:
15981:
15960:
15956:
15952:
15946:
15930:
15926:
15922:
15916:
15908:
15902:
15898:
15894:
15888:
15886:
15869:
15865:
15861:
15857:
15851:
15847:
15843:
15839:
15835:
15834:
15826:
15824:
15822:
15813:
15809:
15805:
15801:
15797:
15793:
15792:
15784:
15776:
15772:
15768:
15764:
15760:
15756:
15752:
15748:
15741:
15733:
15729:
15725:
15723:1-55521-812-1
15719:
15715:
15708:
15700:
15696:
15692:
15690:0-7858-0905-8
15686:
15682:
15678:
15672:
15670:
15661:
15654:
15646:
15642:
15638:
15636:0-19-541521-3
15632:
15628:
15624:
15617:
15610:
15605:
15603:
15601:
15593:
15588:
15581:
15576:
15569:
15564:
15562:
15560:
15552:
15547:
15545:
15543:
15534:
15528:
15524:
15520:
15516:
15512:
15511:
15503:
15497:, p. 30.
15496:
15491:
15484:
15479:
15472:
15467:
15465:
15457:
15452:
15445:
15440:
15433:
15428:
15421:
15416:
15414:
15406:
15401:
15394:
15389:
15382:
15377:
15375:
15367:
15362:
15355:
15350:
15348:
15346:
15338:
15333:
15326:
15321:
15314:
15309:
15302:
15297:
15295:
15287:
15282:
15275:
15270:
15263:
15258:
15251:
15246:
15239:
15234:
15227:
15222:
15215:
15210:
15204:, p. 99.
15203:
15198:
15196:
15188:
15183:
15175:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15151:
15149:
15141:
15136:
15134:
15127:, p. 93.
15126:
15121:
15114:
15109:
15102:
15097:
15090:
15085:
15078:
15073:
15066:
15061:
15054:
15049:
15042:
15037:
15031:, p. 25.
15030:
15025:
15017:
15013:
15009:
15002:
14994:
14990:
14986:
14984:0-19-541521-3
14980:
14976:
14972:
14965:
14957:
14953:
14949:
14943:
14939:
14935:
14928:
14926:
14918:
14913:
14906:
14902:
14899:
14894:
14887:
14882:
14875:
14870:
14863:
14858:
14851:
14846:
14839:
14834:
14827:
14822:
14816:, p. 46.
14815:
14810:
14803:
14798:
14791:
14790:Fisher (1997)
14786:
14778:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14760:
14753:
14746:
14745:Graham (1989)
14741:
14734:
14733:Hansen (2000)
14729:
14713:
14709:
14702:
14695:
14690:
14683:
14679:
14673:
14662:
14655:
14649:
14630:
14623:
14617:
14609:
14605:
14599:
14583:
14579:
14575:
14569:
14567:
14559:
14553:
14551:
14549:
14542:, p. 81.
14541:
14536:
14534:
14526:
14521:
14513:
14509:
14502:
14494:
14488:
14484:
14480:
14472:
14470:
14461:
14455:
14451:
14447:
14439:
14431:
14425:
14421:
14417:
14409:
14403:, p. 21.
14402:
14397:
14390:
14385:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14355:
14353:
14351:
14349:
14347:
14340:, p. 119
14339:
14334:
14328:, p. 116
14327:
14322:
14316:, p. 74.
14315:
14310:
14303:
14301:
14297:
14283:
14277:
14273:
14272:
14267:
14260:
14258:
14249:
14242:
14235:
14230:
14224:, p. 132
14223:
14218:
14211:
14206:
14199:
14195:
14190:
14183:
14178:
14171:
14166:
14159:
14154:
14138:
14134:
14128:
14122:, p. 37.
14121:
14116:
14114:
14112:
14105:, p. 36.
14104:
14099:
14093:, p. 20.
14092:
14087:
14081:, p. 35.
14080:
14075:
14069:, p. 19.
14068:
14063:
14056:
14051:
14044:
14039:
14033:, p. 26.
14032:
14027:
14020:
14016:
14013:
14012:
14005:
13998:
13994:
13991:
13990:
13983:
13976:
13972:
13969:
13968:
13961:
13954:
13949:
13933:
13929:
13925:
13918:
13916:
13914:
13906:
13901:
13885:
13881:
13875:
13868:
13863:
13857:, p. 90.
13856:
13851:
13849:
13841:
13836:
13829:
13824:
13818:, p. 59.
13817:
13812:
13810:
13802:
13797:
13795:
13793:
13786:, p. 54.
13785:
13780:
13773:
13768:
13761:
13756:
13749:
13747:
13743:
13736:
13732:
13718:
13714:
13710:
13709:
13704:
13698:
13691:
13686:
13679:
13674:
13668:, p. 26.
13667:
13666:Eliade (1984)
13662:
13646:
13642:
13638:
13632:
13626:, p. 32.
13625:
13620:
13618:
13610:
13605:
13598:
13597:Miller (2003)
13593:
13586:
13581:
13565:
13561:
13557:
13550:
13548:
13546:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13527:0-19-541521-3
13523:
13519:
13515:
13508:
13502:, p. 31.
13501:
13496:
13489:
13484:
13482:
13474:
13469:
13467:
13459:
13454:
13447:
13442:
13440:
13432:
13428:
13423:
13416:
13412:
13407:
13400:
13395:
13388:
13383:
13376:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13359:
13354:
13352:
13344:
13339:
13337:
13329:
13324:
13317:
13312:
13310:
13301:
13295:
13291:
13287:
13280:
13278:
13276:
13274:
13272:
13270:
13268:
13260:
13255:
13248:
13243:
13236:
13231:
13224:
13219:
13212:
13207:
13200:
13195:
13193:
13191:
13189:
13187:
13179:
13174:
13167:
13162:
13155:
13150:
13143:
13138:
13136:
13128:
13123:
13121:
13113:
13108:
13106:
13098:
13093:
13086:
13081:
13074:
13069:
13067:
13065:
13057:
13052:
13046:, p. 86.
13045:
13040:
13033:
13028:
13021:
13016:
13009:
13004:
12998:, p. 74.
12997:
12992:
12977:
12976:www.bbc.co.uk
12973:
12967:
12960:
12955:
12953:
12945:
12940:
12932:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12899:
12892:
12887:
12880:
12875:
12868:
12863:
12857:, p. 63.
12856:
12851:
12843:
12839:
12835:
12833:0-19-541521-3
12829:
12825:
12821:
12814:
12812:
12810:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12794:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12784:
12776:
12771:
12765:
12759:
12752:
12747:
12740:
12735:
12729:, p. 825
12728:
12723:
12717:, p. 90.
12716:
12711:
12705:, p. 88.
12704:
12699:
12692:
12687:
12685:
12677:
12672:
12665:
12660:
12658:
12651:, p. 94.
12650:
12645:
12639:, p. 85.
12638:
12633:
12627:, p. 83.
12626:
12621:
12615:, p. 82.
12614:
12609:
12603:, p. 81.
12602:
12597:
12591:, p. 22.
12590:
12585:
12579:, p. 87.
12578:
12573:
12566:
12561:
12555:, p. 80.
12554:
12549:
12547:
12539:
12534:
12527:
12522:
12515:
12510:
12503:
12498:
12491:
12486:
12471:
12470:
12465:
12458:
12443:
12439:
12433:
12427:, p. 80.
12426:
12421:
12415:, p. 23.
12414:
12409:
12407:
12399:
12394:
12378:
12374:
12370:
12366:
12362:
12355:
12353:
12344:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12323:
12308:
12307:
12302:
12295:
12293:
12291:
12282:
12278:
12274:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12253:
12251:
12249:
12247:
12230:
12226:
12225:
12220:
12214:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12202:
12193:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12175:
12174:Minford, John
12169:
12167:
12158:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12137:
12129:
12127:0-7894-4711-8
12123:
12119:
12115:
12111:
12105:
12103:
12101:
12084:
12080:
12076:
12070:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12052:0-19-541521-3
12048:
12044:
12040:
12033:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12015:0-19-541521-3
12011:
12007:
12003:
11996:
11980:
11976:
11972:
11966:
11964:
11962:
11960:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11941:0-19-541521-3
11937:
11933:
11929:
11922:
11920:
11912:
11907:
11893:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11875:
11871:
11864:
11858:, p. 99.
11857:
11852:
11845:
11840:
11834:, p. 225
11833:
11828:
11820:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11801:Wendy Doniger
11798:
11794:
11790:
11786:
11780:
11764:
11760:
11756:
11749:
11747:
11745:
11736:
11730:
11726:
11719:
11711:
11707:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11663:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11644:Wendy Doniger
11641:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11623:
11616:
11611:
11596:
11592:
11585:
11578:
11573:
11565:
11559:
11555:
11548:
11546:
11538:
11533:
11525:
11521:
11517:
11515:0-19-541521-3
11511:
11507:
11503:
11496:
11494:
11492:
11490:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11474:
11468:
11461:
11456:
11454:
11447:, p. 53.
11446:
11441:
11435:, p. 51.
11434:
11429:
11427:
11420:, p. 50.
11419:
11414:
11412:
11404:
11399:
11392:
11387:
11379:
11377:0-415-94180-6
11373:
11369:
11365:
11358:
11351:
11346:
11344:
11336:
11331:
11324:
11319:
11312:
11307:
11300:
11295:
11286:
11279:
11274:
11268:, p. 35.
11267:
11262:
11260:
11258:
11250:
11245:
11239:, p. 60.
11238:
11233:
11227:, p. 85.
11226:
11221:
11215:, p. 170
11214:
11209:
11207:
11205:
11198:, p. 70.
11197:
11192:
11185:
11180:
11174:, p. 37.
11173:
11168:
11162:, p. 40.
11161:
11156:
11150:, p. 39.
11149:
11144:
11137:
11132:
11126:, p. 30.
11125:
11120:
11114:, p. 56.
11113:
11109:
11108:Fowler (2005)
11104:
11098:, p. 56.
11097:
11092:
11090:
11083:, p. 97.
11082:
11077:
11071:, p. 21.
11070:
11065:
11063:
11061:
11053:
11052:Fowler (2005)
11048:
11046:
11038:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11023:
11021:
11013:
11008:
11006:
11004:
11002:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10981:
10974:
10969:
10962:
10961:Sharot (2001)
10957:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10927:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10896:
10889:
10885:
10881:
10878:
10872:
10857:
10851:
10845:, p. 83.
10844:
10839:
10832:
10827:
10820:
10814:
10807:
10802:
10796:, p. 98.
10795:
10790:
10784:, p. 95.
10783:
10778:
10771:
10766:
10760:, p. 20.
10759:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10735:
10729:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10694:
10680:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10651:
10644:
10639:
10632:
10627:
10620:
10615:
10608:
10603:
10596:
10591:
10584:
10579:
10572:
10567:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10549:
10543:
10536:
10530:
10522:
10518:
10511:
10503:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10485:
10484:Dean, Kenneth
10479:
10471:
10467:
10466:
10461:
10457:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10432:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10391:
10384:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10367:
10362:
10355:
10350:
10343:
10338:
10322:
10315:
10309:
10302:
10297:
10290:
10285:
10278:
10272:
10265:
10264:
10260:
10257:
10250:
10242:
10236:
10232:
10225:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10174:
10169:
10162:
10155:
10150:
10143:
10137:
10130:
10125:
10118:
10113:
10111:
10104:, p. 220
10103:
10098:
10091:
10086:
10079:
10074:
10068:, p. 112
10067:
10062:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10037:
10032:
10025:
10020:
10013:
10008:
10006:
9998:
9993:
9986:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9968:
9963:
9956:
9951:
9944:
9939:
9931:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9912:Wood, Michael
9907:
9905:
9903:
9895:
9890:
9883:
9878:
9871:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9855:, p. 17.
9854:
9849:
9840:
9834:, p. 29.
9833:
9828:
9821:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9758:
9750:
9745:
9743:
9736:, p. 213
9735:
9730:
9724:, p. 75.
9723:
9718:
9716:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9684:
9678:, p. 185
9677:
9672:
9665:
9660:
9658:
9651:, p. 94.
9650:
9645:
9639:, p. 91.
9638:
9633:
9627:, p. 74.
9626:
9621:
9619:
9612:, p. 184
9611:
9606:
9600:, p. 90.
9599:
9594:
9592:
9585:, p. 87.
9584:
9579:
9572:
9567:
9565:
9557:
9552:
9545:
9540:
9534:, p. 69.
9533:
9528:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9508:
9501:
9496:
9490:, p. 115
9489:
9484:
9478:, p. 67.
9477:
9472:
9465:
9460:
9453:
9449:
9446:
9440:
9433:
9428:
9422:, p. 50.
9421:
9416:
9409:
9404:
9402:
9394:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9377:, p. 83.
9376:
9371:
9365:, p. 54.
9364:
9359:
9353:, p. 82.
9352:
9347:
9339:
9333:
9328:
9320:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9301:Stark, Rodney
9296:
9289:
9284:
9277:
9273:
9270:
9264:
9256:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9232:
9224:
9222:0-87226-922-1
9218:
9214:
9210:
9203:
9201:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9178:
9174:
9173:Watzman, Haim
9170:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9133:0-7858-0905-8
9129:
9125:
9121:
9115:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9097:0-7858-0905-8
9093:
9089:
9085:
9079:
9073:, p. 42.
9072:
9071:Nadeau (2012)
9067:
9065:
9056:
9052:
9045:
9039:, p. 39.
9038:
9033:
9026:
9021:
9019:
9011:
9010:Hucker (1995)
9007:
9002:
8995:
8990:
8988:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8936:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8906:
8898:
8896:0-415-94180-6
8892:
8888:
8884:
8877:
8875:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8831:, p. 62.
8830:
8825:
8819:, p. 25.
8818:
8813:
8811:
8794:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8777:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8759:1-55521-812-1
8755:
8751:
8744:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8731:, p. 61.
8730:
8725:
8718:
8713:
8706:
8701:
8694:
8689:
8683:, p. 24.
8682:
8677:
8675:
8667:
8662:
8655:
8650:
8648:
8640:
8635:
8629:, p. 103
8628:
8623:
8621:
8612:
8606:
8602:
8595:
8593:
8585:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8568:
8563:
8556:
8551:
8544:
8539:
8532:
8529:, p. 3;
8528:
8523:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8493:
8477:
8473:
8467:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8412:Graham (1989)
8408:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8377:Chad Hansen.
8373:
8371:
8364:, p. 44.
8363:
8358:
8351:
8346:
8339:
8334:
8327:
8322:
8315:
8310:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8252:, p. 65.
8251:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8235:, p. 39.
8234:
8229:
8227:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8198:
8196:
8188:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8169:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8150:
8145:
8138:
8133:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8103:
8102:
8094:
8090:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7975:
7974:Qingjing Jing
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7821:
7816:
7813:
7808:
7805:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7709:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7687:Karmic Taoism
7684:
7680:
7671:
7669:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7656:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7639:vegetarianism
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7557:
7552:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7435:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7391:five elements
7388:
7384:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7356:
7352:
7347:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7285:
7276:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7102:
7101:Neo-Confucian
7097:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7083:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7066:Chan Buddhism
7062:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7041:The entry of
7039:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7009:
7004:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6874:
6869:
6859:
6857:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6790:
6788:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6751:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6707:
6703:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6687:Daojiao fushi
6683:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6666:Luoshu Square
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6629:In the later
6627:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6598:Shang dynasty
6595:
6590:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6568:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6547:
6542:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6504:
6498:
6489:
6487:
6482:
6480:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6452:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6341:Longmen xinfa
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6167:Qīngjìng Jīng
6164:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6126:), a work on
6119:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6038:Lingshu ziwen
6035:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5995:Liexian Zhuan
5992:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5866:Lüshi Chunqiu
5863:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5771:Daoist deity
5769:
5760:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5678:
5677:Tao Te Ching
5673:
5671:
5670:Jixia academy
5667:
5662:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5626:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5598:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5479:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:vegetarianism
5320:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5152:five precepts
5149:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5113:dragon dances
5110:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5085:Zhang Daoling
5083:
5079:
5075:
5066:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4998:Laojun jinglu
4995:
4984:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4898:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4849:
4827:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4764:Xian (Taoism)
4759:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4639:terms as the
4638:
4637:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4431:Confucianists
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:reincarnation
4333:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4162:
4157:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:psychosomatic
3996:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:found in the
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:panentheistic
3652:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3614:Bronze script
3611:
3606:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:Western world
3486:
3484:
3483:Western China
3480:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3272:Zhang Sanfeng
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3182:Baxian Temple
3178:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:Wang Yangming
3094:
3090:
3089:Neo-Confucian
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Six Dynasties
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:Zhang Daoling
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2575:Zhang Daoling
2572:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:Lüshi Chunqiu
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:Shang dynasty
2348:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:, as well as
2282:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:, and in the
2023:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:tradition of
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1579:
1572:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:Taoist temple
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:Mount Penglai
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:Sacred places
1410:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Zhang Sanfeng
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Zhang Daoling
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Ziwei Emperor
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:Daode Tianzun
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Hongjun Laozu
998:
997:
994:
989:
988:
981:
980:
976:
974:
973:
969:
967:
966:
965:Qingjing Jing
962:
960:
959:
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
938:
934:
932:
931:
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
917:
913:
911:
910:
906:
904:
903:
899:
898:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
878:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
861:
860:
855:
852:
850:
849:
845:
843:
842:
838:
834:
833:
829:
827:
826:
822:
821:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:Five Precepts
804:
802:
799:
798:
792:
791:
784:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:
754:
753:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
741:
737:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
703:
699:
697:(five phases)
696:
695:
691:
689:
686:
682:
679:
678:
677:
676:
672:
670:
669:
665:
663:
662:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
641:
640:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
600:
599:
591:
582:
577:
575:
571:
566:
562:
554:
552:
548:
545:Japanese name
543:
531:
529:
525:
520:
516:
508:
506:
502:
494:
492:
488:
483:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
459:
455:
450:
435:
433:
429:
426:
422:
414:
412:
408:
405:
401:
393:
391:
387:
379:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
357:
352:
350:
346:
338:
336:
332:
324:
322:
318:
315:
311:
303:
301:
297:
294:
290:
284:
279:
277:
273:
265:
263:
259:
251:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
221:
219:
215:
201:
199:
195:
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
129:
127:
123:
118:
113:
101:
96:
92:
87:
84:
76:
73:
65:
62:December 2023
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
27698:Epistemology
27685:
27625:
27618:
27611:
27607:Yin and yang
27599:
27590:Human nature
27582:
27578:Filial piety
27570:
27558:
27551:
27544:
27537:
27525:
27518:
27506:
27495:Confucianism
27489:
27482:
27475:
27468:
27461:
27454:
27425:Zhou Guoping
27420:Zhang Shenfu
27405:Yin Haiguang
27400:Yang Changji
27345:Liu Xiaofeng
27330:Liang Qichao
27215:Carsun Chang
27203:20th century
27189:Zhuang Cunyu
27119:Hong Liangji
27079:Chen Menglei
27074:Chen Hongmou
27056:Zhan Ruoshui
27016:Liu Zongzhou
26986:Hong Zicheng
26981:Huang Zongxi
26887:Fan Zhongyan
26865:Ten Kingdoms
26851:Linji Yixuan
26846:Liu Zongyuan
26435:Gongsun Long
26397:Eastern Zhou
26388:Philosophers
26366:
26362:Mixed School
26347:
26340:
26335:
26284:Han learning
26279:Confucianism
26205:
26191:
25862:
25853:Postcritique
25843:Kyoto School
25802:Posthumanism
25782:Hermeneutics
25637: /
25578:Contemporary
25554:Newtonianism
25517:Cartesianism
25476:Reductionism
25312:Conservatism
25307:Collectivism
25245:
24973:Sarvāstivadā
24951:Anekantavada
24876:Neoplatonism
24844:Epicureanism
24777:Pythagoreans
24740:
24716:Confucianism
24682:Contemporary
24672:Early modern
24576:Anti-realism
24530:Universalism
24487:Subjectivism
24283:Epistemology
23522:Turkmenistan
23482:Saudi Arabia
23227:South Africa
23217:Sierra Leone
23022:Burkina Faso
22931:Names of God
22878:Unaffiliated
22833:Antireligion
22689:Universalism
22637:Assimilation
22502:Anthropology
22377:Supernatural
22372:Spirituality
22340:Sacred space
22328:Purification
22201:Denomination
22155: /
21963:Paleo-Balkan
21929:Mesopotamian
21769:Cook Islands
21740:Old Prussian
21653:UFO religion
21592:
21588:Zalmoxianism
21516:Neoshamanism
21373:Spiritualism
21256:Other ethnic
21145:
20971:Traditional
20931:Bongthingism
20819:Acoma Pueblo
20762:Mesoamerican
20459:Austronesian
20280:
20276:Neo-Buddhism
20208:
20204:Neo-Hinduism
20125:Swaminarayan
19963:
19928:
19912:Salvationist
19897:Confucianism
19748:Samaritanism
19718:Ali-Illahism
19699:
19566:
19560:Unitarianism
19501:Old Catholic
19308:Nestorianism
19266:Christianity
19253:
19219:Conservative
19087:
18941:Baháʼí Faith
18889:Christianity
18861:
18857:Confucianism
18738:Mount Kunlun
18606:
18571:Zhang Boduan
18556:Tao Hongjing
18476:Heshang Gong
18443:
18438:Guan Shengdi
18379:Jade Emperor
18326:
18319:
18312:
18305:
18300:Sanhuangjing
18298:
18291:
18284:
18277:
18270:
18263:
18258:Tao Te Ching
18256:
18240:(talismancy)
18235:
18222:
18207:
18193:
18173:
18165:
18157:
18149:
18122:Ten Precepts
18109:
18099:
18090:
18089:
18080:
18079:
18070:
18069:
18039:
18031:
18023:
18008:
18003:Yin and yang
17994:
17985:
17984:
17976:
17951:
17883:Taoist Texts
17859:
17844:
17805:
17780:
17756:
17735:
17708:
17677:
17654:
17635:
17616:
17597:
17565:
17556:
17537:
17518:
17499:
17480:
17461:
17442:
17423:
17404:
17385:
17369:. Springer.
17366:
17347:
17328:
17300:
17294:. Zondervan.
17291:
17283:the original
17270:
17266:
17243:
17219:
17215:
17199:
17178:
17155:
17133:
17117:. Retrieved
17097:
17084:. Retrieved
17064:
17054:
17035:
17026:
17017:
16998:
16989:
16970:
16951:
16930:
16909:
16886:
16851:
16831:
16812:
16793:
16773:
16751:
16730:
16707:
16681:
16659:
16640:
16631:
16622:
16603:
16583:
16572:
16570:
16551:
16532:
16513:
16494:
16472:
16453:
16432:
16418:. Retrieved
16398:
16377:
16357:
16336:
16322:. Retrieved
16302:
16292:
16273:
16254:
16235:
16223:. Retrieved
16203:
16193:
16181:. Retrieved
16161:
16157:Ching, Julia
16138:
16113:
16109:
16088:
16064:(1): 55–74.
16061:
16058:Dictionaries
16057:
16053:
16041:. Retrieved
16021:
16010:
16002:the original
15986:
15963:. Retrieved
15945:
15933:. Retrieved
15915:
15896:
15872:. Retrieved
15832:
15795:
15789:
15783:
15750:
15746:
15740:
15713:
15707:
15680:
15659:
15653:
15622:
15616:
15587:
15575:
15509:
15502:
15490:
15478:
15451:
15439:
15427:
15400:
15388:
15361:
15332:
15320:
15308:
15281:
15269:
15257:
15245:
15233:
15221:
15209:
15182:
15162:. New York:
15159:
15156:Bowker, John
15120:
15108:
15101:Chung (2001)
15096:
15084:
15072:
15060:
15048:
15036:
15024:
15016:the original
15011:
15001:
14970:
14964:
14933:
14917:Moore (1967)
14912:
14893:
14881:
14869:
14857:
14845:
14833:
14821:
14809:
14797:
14785:
14758:
14752:
14740:
14728:
14716:. Retrieved
14701:
14694:Chang (1968)
14689:
14672:
14661:the original
14648:
14636:. Retrieved
14616:
14608:the original
14598:
14586:. Retrieved
14577:
14520:
14510:. New York:
14507:
14501:
14478:
14445:
14438:
14415:
14408:
14396:
14384:
14372:. Retrieved
14363:
14333:
14321:
14309:
14299:
14295:
14292:
14285:. Retrieved
14270:
14247:
14241:
14229:
14217:
14212:, p. 44
14205:
14200:, p. 46
14189:
14184:, p. 36
14177:
14165:
14153:
14141:. Retrieved
14137:the original
14127:
14098:
14086:
14074:
14062:
14050:
14038:
14026:
14010:
14004:
13988:
13986:Wing, R. L.
13982:
13966:
13960:
13948:
13936:. Retrieved
13900:
13888:. Retrieved
13883:
13874:
13862:
13835:
13830:, p. 73
13823:
13779:
13767:
13755:
13745:
13741:
13734:
13730:
13728:
13723:18 September
13721:. Retrieved
13706:
13697:
13685:
13678:Watts (1975)
13673:
13661:
13649:. Retrieved
13640:
13631:
13604:
13599:, p. ix
13592:
13580:
13568:. Retrieved
13513:
13507:
13495:
13453:
13433:, p. 73
13422:
13406:
13394:
13382:
13323:
13285:
13254:
13242:
13230:
13218:
13206:
13173:
13161:
13149:
13092:
13080:
13051:
13039:
13027:
13015:
13003:
12991:
12979:. Retrieved
12975:
12966:
12939:
12912:
12908:
12898:
12893:, p. 92
12886:
12881:, p. 50
12879:Segal (2006)
12874:
12869:, p. 41
12862:
12850:
12819:
12770:
12758:
12746:
12734:
12722:
12710:
12698:
12678:, p. 9.
12671:
12644:
12632:
12620:
12608:
12596:
12584:
12572:
12560:
12533:
12521:
12509:
12497:
12485:
12473:. Retrieved
12467:
12457:
12445:. Retrieved
12432:
12420:
12393:
12381:. Retrieved
12368:
12364:
12328:
12322:
12310:. Retrieved
12304:
12258:
12233:. Retrieved
12222:
12182:Viking Press
12180:. New York:
12177:
12142:
12136:
12113:
12087:. Retrieved
12078:
12069:
12038:
12032:
12001:
11995:
11983:. Retrieved
11927:
11906:
11895:, retrieved
11873:
11863:
11851:
11839:
11832:Waley (1958)
11827:
11804:
11779:
11767:. Retrieved
11724:
11718:
11688:(1/3): 108.
11685:
11681:
11647:
11622:
11610:
11598:. Retrieved
11594:
11584:
11572:
11553:
11532:
11501:
11472:
11467:
11440:
11398:
11386:
11366:. New York:
11363:
11357:
11330:
11318:
11306:
11294:
11285:
11273:
11244:
11232:
11220:
11191:
11179:
11167:
11155:
11143:
11131:
11119:
11103:
11076:
11028:
10985:
10980:
10975:, p. 32
10968:
10956:
10901:
10895:
10887:
10877:"Neo-Taoism"
10875:Chan, Alan,
10871:
10859:. Retrieved
10850:
10838:
10826:
10821:, p. 20
10813:
10801:
10789:
10777:
10772:, p. 2.
10765:
10728:cite journal
10703:
10693:
10682:, retrieved
10660:
10650:
10638:
10626:
10614:
10602:
10590:
10578:
10566:
10558:
10542:
10534:
10529:
10516:
10510:
10487:
10478:
10468:. New York:
10464:
10434:, retrieved
10412:
10402:
10390:
10361:
10349:
10337:
10321:the original
10308:
10296:
10284:
10276:
10271:
10254:
10249:
10230:
10224:
10177:
10171:
10161:
10149:
10141:
10136:
10124:
10097:
10085:
10073:
10061:
10043:
10031:
10026:, p. 19
10019:
9992:
9984:
9962:
9950:
9938:
9915:
9889:
9877:
9848:
9839:
9827:
9800:– via
9779:
9775:
9729:
9702:. Retrieved
9693:
9683:
9671:
9644:
9632:
9605:
9578:
9551:
9539:
9527:
9507:
9495:
9483:
9471:
9466:, p. 78
9464:Robinet 1997
9459:
9445:"Neo-Taoism"
9443:Chan, Alan.
9439:
9427:
9415:
9410:, p. 1.
9390:
9387:Legge, James
9382:
9370:
9358:
9346:
9327:
9304:
9295:
9283:
9263:
9240:
9231:
9211:. New York:
9208:
9164:
9123:
9114:
9087:
9078:
9044:
9032:
9027:, p. 36
9001:
8975:, retrieved
8945:
8935:
8923:. Retrieved
8905:
8885:. New York:
8882:
8842:
8836:
8824:
8797:. Retrieved
8786:
8776:
8749:
8724:
8712:
8700:
8695:, p. 8.
8688:
8661:
8634:
8600:
8586:, p. 4.
8569:, p. 2.
8562:
8557:, p. 2.
8550:
8538:
8533:, p. xi
8522:
8511:, retrieved
8502:
8492:
8480:. Retrieved
8466:
8433:
8429:
8419:
8407:
8395:. Retrieved
8382:
8357:
8345:
8333:
8321:
8309:
8297:. Retrieved
8293:the original
8288:
8279:
8266:
8257:
8217:the original
8212:
8208:
8144:
8139:, p. 2.
8137:Creel (1982)
8132:
8120:. Retrieved
8100:
8093:
7926:Taoist music
7892:Ten precepts
7845:
7838:
7832:
7825:
7817:
7812:Tang dynasty
7809:
7804:Tao Te Ching
7803:
7801:
7796:
7754:
7745:
7730:
7722:Confucianism
7718:Jade Emperor
7715:
7707:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7681:
7677:
7662:
7655:mythological
7651:
7631:Genghis Khan
7620:
7612:Zhongli Quan
7593:
7567:
7563:
7561:
7553:
7538:
7502:
7495:
7463:Jade Emperor
7456:
7452:
7448:
7440:
7415:
7380:
7372:Yin and yang
7360:
7324:
7301:
7282:
7273:
7270:
7255:
7211:personal God
7191:
7180:
7176:lathe biosas
7174:
7168:
7158:
7151:Epicureanism
7148:
7135:Confucianism
7105:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7069:
7063:
7040:
7023:
7019:
7016:Confucianism
7013:
6996:Song dynasty
6986:portraying "
6984:litang style
6983:
6961:
6955:
6953:
6947:
6938:
6932:
6910:Muqi Fachang
6895:
6892:(1464–1538).
6853:
6830:
6801:
6791:
6784:
6772:
6752:
6745:
6729:
6684:
6677:
6647:
6642:
6634:
6631:Qing dynasty
6628:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6591:
6587:
6571:
6567:Song dynasty
6559:
6553:
6551:
6530:Kuala Lumpur
6513:
6507:
6506:depicting a
6502:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6457:
6440:
6421:
6407:
6395:
6392:Ming dynasty
6375:
6371:
6363:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6333:Tianxian jie
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6305:
6293:
6282:
6276:
6256:
6250:
6240:
6236:
6224:Zhang Boduan
6219:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6182:Tao Te Ching
6181:
6177:
6165:
6151:
6137:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6089:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6018:
6007:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5970:
5964:
5952:
5944:
5938:
5935:Tao Te Ching
5934:
5928:
5923:
5910:
5901:Confucianist
5883:
5877:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5850:
5836:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5755:
5753:
5728:
5723:
5720:
5709:
5705:commentary.
5694:Heshang Gong
5692:
5689:Tao Te Ching
5688:
5686:
5676:
5674:
5666:state of Chu
5661:Tao Te Ching
5660:
5658:
5635:
5632:Tao Te Ching
5631:
5629:
5625:Tao Te Ching
5624:
5622:
5618:Tao Te Ching
5617:
5613:
5604:Tao Te Ching
5597:Tao Te Ching
5596:
5589:
5586:Tao Te Ching
5585:
5583:
5579:Tao Te Ching
5578:
5576:
5565:A part of a
5544:
5513:
5509:Taiping Jing
5507:
5505:
5493:
5466:
5414:
5406:
5397:
5388:
5386:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5340:yin and yang
5333:
5331:
5326:
5315:
5288:
5253:
5213:
5204:
5190:divination,
5186:divination,
5177:
5169:
5165:
5145:
5137:Tang dynasty
5134:
5098:
5071:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4994:Tao Te Ching
4993:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4962:
4953:misanthropes
4949:Tao Te Ching
4948:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4926:Guangchengzi
4909:
4892:
4885:
4874:Jade Emperor
4870:
4817:
4801:polytheistic
4793:monotheistic
4790:
4784:concepts of
4771:
4735:Jade Emperor
4716:
4704:
4696:Tao Te Ching
4695:
4677:
4665:
4663:
4650:yin and yang
4648:
4646:
4634:
4632:
4625:
4614:
4598:
4563:
4555:filial piety
4552:
4544:
4537:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4455:
4442:
4438:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4379:
4377:
4372:Song dynasty
4363:
4341:
4329:
4321:Arthur Waley
4314:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4254:
4247:Three Jewels
4246:
4242:
4240:
4235:human nature
4227:
4207:
4197:
4190:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4160:
4130:
4127:
4120:
4094:
4087:
4075:
4073:
4042:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3979:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3951:Tao Te Ching
3950:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3895:
3886:
3880:
3866:
3864:
3852:Tao Te Ching
3851:
3847:
3835:
3831:
3828:overthinking
3824:
3818:
3814:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3718:De (Chinese)
3708:philosophy.
3682:metaphysical
3679:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3647:
3642:Tao Te Ching
3641:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3577:
3574:Tao Te Ching
3573:
3567:
3558:sinicization
3555:
3519:John Blofeld
3507:Tao Te Ching
3506:
3498:Tao Te Ching
3497:
3487:
3472:
3457:
3385:Mount Longhu
3371:
3366:
3329:Qigong fever
3326:
3317:
3311:
3264:Yang Chengfu
3257:
3250:
3243:
3212:
3204:Yang Chengfu
3195:, 1910–1911.
3163:
3143:
3135:Qing dynasty
3132:
3124:filial piety
3121:
3101:Zhan Ruoshui
3081:Ming dynasty
3078:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3042:Genghis Khan
3030:Yuan dynasty
3004:by the sage
2994:12th century
2991:
2985:
2971:
2964:Song dynasty
2961:
2943:
2927:Tao Te Ching
2926:
2920:
2915:
2912:Du Guangting
2909:
2896:
2893:Tang dynasty
2890:
2866:
2855:
2840:
2835:
2831:Xisheng jing
2829:
2811:
2807:universalism
2791:Song dynasty
2780:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2733:(223?–300),
2712:
2688:
2668:
2657:
2647:called the "
2630:
2628:commentary.
2622:Heshang Gong
2618:Tao Te Ching
2617:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2580:
2552:Han dynasty
2538:
2526:Tao Te Ching
2525:
2522:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2461:
2442:
2438:Tao Te Ching
2436:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2410:yin and yang
2399:
2384:Confucianism
2356:Zhou dynasty
2349:
2345:
2333:
2330:
2322:Tao Te Ching
2321:
2317:Tao Te Ching
2315:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2297:medieval era
2274:
2271:
2258:
2236:
2207:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2166:
2160:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2084:Tao Te Ching
2083:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2040:Tao Te Ching
2039:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1991:
1981:
1960:
1948:
1946:
1928:
1924:Hanyu Pinyin
1916:
1906:Zhou dynasty
1859:
1813:
1809:Tang dynasty
1786:
1771:Confucianism
1733:Tao Te Ching
1713:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1660:
1650:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1441:Mount Kunlun
1285:
1245:Zhang Boduan
1227:Tao Hongjing
1139:Heshang Gong
1032:Jade Emperor
977:
970:
963:
956:
951:Sanhuangjing
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
909:Tao Te Ching
907:
900:
875:
857:
846:
839:
830:
823:
811:Ten Precepts
781:
777:
767:
755:
738:
730:
723:
720:(non-action)
715:
707:
700:
692:
681:Yin and yang
673:
666:
659:
610:
580:
440:ˤuʔs.kˤraw-s
366:Southern Min
300:Romanization
184:Hanyu Pinyin
146:Hanyu Pinyin
120:Chinese name
83:
68:
59:
44:
27669:Role ethics
27654:Metaphysics
27430:Zhou Zuoren
27390:Xiong Shili
27375:Tang Chun-i
27370:Sun Yat-sen
27365:Qiu Renzong
27360:Mou Zongsan
27310:Kang Youwei
27255:Feng Youlan
27220:P. C. Chang
27210:Cai Yuanpei
27194:Zeng Guofan
27179:Yu Zhengxie
27109:Gong Zizhen
27104:Feng Guifen
27094:Fang Lanfen
27026:Qian Dehong
26826:Zhang Zhihe
26762:Xiahou Xuan
26702:Bao Jingyan
26545:Zhuang Zhou
25848:Objectivism
25787:Neo-Marxism
25749:Continental
25659:Meta-ethics
25639:Coherentism
25544:Hegelianism
25481:Rationalism
25441:Natural law
25421:Materialism
25347:Historicism
25317:Determinism
25208:Navya-Nyāya
24983:Sautrāntika
24978:Pudgalavada
24914:Vaisheshika
24767:Presocratic
24667:Renaissance
24606:Physicalism
24591:Materialism
24497:Normativity
24482:Objectivism
24467:Emergentism
24457:Behaviorism
24406:Metaphysics
24372:Determinism
24311:Rationalism
23973:New Zealand
23910:Saint Lucia
23860:El Salvador
23765:Switzerland
23700:Netherlands
23472:Philippines
23400:South Korea
23395:North Korea
23285:Afghanistan
23232:South Sudan
23122:Ivory Coast
22906:Deification
22853:Objectivism
22828:Agnosticism
22781:Persecution
22771:Video games
22736:Populations
22647:Proselytism
22615:Monasticism
22606:Clericalism
22596:Agriculture
22587:and society
22552:Soteriology
22512:Comparative
22482:Transtheism
22467:Panentheism
22251:Monasticism
22044:Gallo-Roman
21946:Micronesian
21912:Manichaeism
21860:Hermeticism
21828:Continental
21823:Anglo-Saxon
21703:Paleolithic
21698:Prehistoric
21648:Scientology
21511:Italo-Roman
21366:Radha Soami
21346:New Thought
21186:Espiritismo
21127:Waaqeffanna
21067:Fon and Ewe
21005:Sub-Saharan
20888:Satsana Phi
20674:Ghost Dance
20615:Californian
20583:Anishinaabe
20509:Karo Pemena
20488:Indonesian
20162:Lingayatism
20110:Mahanubhava
20080:Vaishnavism
20011:Jeungsanism
19934:Folk Taoism
19917:Xiantiandao
19771:Zoroastrian
19430:Charismatic
19425:Pentecostal
19388:Anglicanism
19339:Waldensians
19274:Catholicism
18981:Manichaeism
18768:White Cloud
18689:Dragon Gate
18546:Kou Qianzhi
18541:Bao Jingyan
18466:Zhuang Zhou
18286:Taipingjing
18104:(plainness)
18086:(nonaction)
18076:(integrity)
18044:(reversion)
17991:(ultimate)
17969:Metaphysics
17845:In Our Time
17785:. Penguin.
17704:Dyer, Wayne
17101:. Penguin.
16684:. Chicago:
16491:Idema, Wilt
15609:Wong (2011)
15592:Wong (2011)
15580:Wong (2011)
15568:Wong (2011)
15551:Wong (2011)
15483:Wong (2011)
15471:Wong (2011)
15456:Wong (2011)
15444:Wong (2011)
15432:Wong (2011)
15420:Wong (2011)
15405:Wong (2011)
15393:Wong (2011)
15381:Wong (2011)
15366:Wong (2011)
15354:Wong (2011)
15337:Wong (2011)
15325:Wong (2011)
15313:Wong (2011)
15301:Wong (2011)
15286:Wong (2011)
15274:Wong (2011)
15262:Wong (2011)
15250:Wong (2011)
15238:Wong (2011)
15226:Wong (2011)
15214:Wong (2011)
15202:Wong (2011)
15187:Wong (2011)
15140:Kohn (2008)
15125:Chan (2005)
15091:, p. .
15043:, p. .
14374:20 February
14338:Kohn (2004)
14326:Kohn (2004)
14287:26 February
13556:"Scripture"
13488:Kohn (2008)
13446:Kohn (2008)
13411:Kohn (2000)
13387:Kohn (2008)
13316:Kohn (2008)
13290:Alpha Books
13178:Kohn (2008)
13154:Kohn (2008)
13142:Kohn (2008)
13112:Wong (2011)
13085:Kohn (2008)
13073:Wong (2011)
12739:Kohn (2008)
12727:Kohn (2000)
12691:Kohn (2008)
12666:, p. 8
12637:Kohn (2008)
12625:Kohn (2008)
12613:Kohn (2008)
12601:Kohn (2008)
12589:Kohn (2008)
12567:, p. 7
12553:Kohn (2008)
12490:Kohn (2008)
12413:Kohn (2008)
12235:21 February
12079:NOWnews今日新聞
11870:"Copyright"
11856:Kohn (2008)
11844:Kohn (2008)
11577:Chan (1963)
11445:Kohn (2008)
11433:Kohn (2008)
11418:Kohn (2008)
11278:Chan (1963)
11172:Kohn (2008)
11160:Kohn (2008)
11148:Kohn (2008)
11136:Kohn (2008)
11124:Kohn (2008)
11069:Kohn (2008)
11026:Dr Zai, J.
10819:Kohn (2000)
10806:Chan (1963)
10758:Kohn (2008)
10631:Kohn (2008)
10619:Kohn (2008)
10395:Kohn (2008)
10354:Kohn (2008)
10342:Kohn (2008)
10129:Kohn (2008)
10117:Kohn (2008)
9967:Kohn (2008)
9955:Kohn (2008)
9943:Kohn (2000)
9870:Kohn (2008)
9820:Kohn (2008)
9749:Kohn (2008)
9722:Kohn (2008)
9704:10 February
9625:Kohn (2008)
9571:Kohn (2008)
9556:Kohn (2008)
9532:Kohn (2008)
9512:Kohn (2008)
9476:Kohn (2008)
9334:, p. 6
9055:Kohn (2000)
8543:Mair (2001)
8531:Kohn (2000)
8362:Kohn (2000)
8314:Carr (1990)
8250:Kohn (2008)
8189:, p. 6
8168:Kohn (2008)
7921:Taoist diet
7820:Han dynasty
7759:, spirits,
7627:Dragon Gate
7589:Wudang quan
7581:Xiantiandao
7573:Dragon Gate
7509:Xiantiandao
7507:and in the
7498:Zhengyi Dao
7479:Lu Tung-pin
7316:sandwriting
7266:Zhengyi Dao
7262:Dragon Gate
7127:Manichaeism
7070:naturalness
6755:aristocrats
6453:scriptures.
6443:("mystery"
6394:. The Ming
6325:Zhongji jie
6317:Chuzhen jie
6257:Zhong he ji
6209:Wùzhēn piān
6102:scriptures.
6001:hagiography
5983:Taipingjing
5959:Han dynasty
5779:) from the
5737:Zhuang Zhou
5474: 1615
5438:Zhan zhuang
5416:Zuowang lun
5358:The 36,000
5156:intoxicants
5109:lion dances
5011:Nonaction (
5004:; DZ 786).
4840:); wuling (
4700:creator God
4684:nontheistic
4680:cosmogonies
4529:soteriology
4386:immortality
4137:politicians
4061:subtle body
3860:primitivism
3850:and in the
3811:spontaneity
3774:Zhuang Zhou
3570:Mantak Chia
3523:Gia-fu Feng
3511:James Legge
3389:Mount Qiyun
3304:, Shantou,
3244:During the
3223:colonialism
3206:practicing
3185: [
3068:practices,
3055:Zhengyi Dao
3047:Wuzhen pian
3022:monasticism
2939:Wudang quan
2725:(226–249),
2697:tradition.
2612:Taipingjing
2583:Han dynasty
2561: [
2505:Zhuang Zhou
2497:Zhuang Zhou
2458:prehistoric
2416:), and the
2414:five phases
2248: 1464
2097:Sinologists
2080:Zhuang Zhou
2057:Feng Youlan
2050:and Taoist
2032:Zhuang Zhou
2022:Zuo Qiuming
1892:Terminology
1851:Han dynasty
1698:naturalness
1384:Zhengyi Dao
1348:Dragon Gate
1217:Kou Qianzhi
1212:Bao Jingyan
1126:Zhuang Zhou
930:Taipingjing
485:Korean name
425:Old Chinese
27765:Categories
27755:Philosophy
27708:Legitimacy
27410:Yu Dunkang
27380:Tang Yijie
27355:Mao Zedong
27340:Lin Yutang
27305:Jin Yuelin
27300:Jiang Qing
27275:He Guanghu
27245:Chu Anping
27230:Chen Duxiu
27159:Wang Fuzhi
27149:Tan Sitong
27144:Pan Pingge
27139:Liu Yiming
27021:Luo Rufang
26942:Zhou Dunyi
26927:Wang Chuyi
26917:Wang Anshi
26897:Lu Jiuyuan
26777:Yan Zhitui
26767:Xie Daoyun
26669:Yang Xiong
26654:Wang Chong
26629:Kong Anguo
26490:Shen Buhai
26485:Shang Yang
26440:Guan Zhong
26410:Chunyu Kun
26331:Naturalism
26147:Amerindian
26054:Australian
25993:Vietnamese
25973:Indonesian
25522:Kantianism
25471:Positivism
25461:Pragmatism
25436:Naturalism
25416:Liberalism
25394:Subjective
25332:Empiricism
25236:Avicennism
25181:Bhedabheda
25065:East Asian
24988:Madhyamaka
24968:Abhidharma
24834:Pyrrhonism
24601:Nominalism
24596:Naturalism
24525:Skepticism
24515:Relativism
24505:Absolutism
24434:Naturalism
24344:Deontology
24316:Skepticism
24301:Naturalism
24291:Empiricism
24255:Aesthetics
24159:Philosophy
23963:Micronesia
23840:Costa Rica
23735:San Marino
23695:Montenegro
23675:Luxembourg
23532:Uzbekistan
23507:Tajikistan
23412:Kyrgyzstan
23385:Kazakhstan
23335:East Timor
23305:Bangladesh
23295:Azerbaijan
23212:Seychelles
23177:Mozambique
23162:Mauritania
23147:Madagascar
23037:Cape Verde
22819:irreligion
22814:Secularism
22716:Minorities
22684:Toleration
22679:Syncretism
22664:Fanaticism
22654:Disability
22642:Missionary
22632:Conversion
22620:Ordination
22542:Psychology
22537:Philosophy
22477:Polytheism
22457:Monotheism
22452:Henotheism
22293:Orthopraxy
22283:Ordination
22246:Meditation
22241:Indigenous
22206:Entheogens
22191:Conversion
22017:Pueblo III
21934:Babylonian
21924:Melanesian
21850:Gnosticism
21735:Lithuanian
21628:Fourth Way
21482:Circassian
21460:Dievturība
21383:Tensegrity
21316:Falun Gong
20961:Sanamahism
20941:Donyi-Polo
20531:Polynesian
20477:Kaharingan
20402:Burkhanism
20341:Ravidassia
20319:Śvetāmbara
20105:Pushtimarg
20085:Krishnaism
20021:Vietnamese
20006:Cheondoism
19939:Yao Taoism
19875:East Asian
19641:Isma'ilism
19597:Maturidism
19376:Mennonites
19371:Hutterites
19356:Anabaptism
19249:Humanistic
18916:Falun Gong
18894:Protestant
18758:Louguantai
18551:Lu Xiujing
18531:Wei Huacun
18481:Wei Boyang
18184:Meditation
17960:Philosophy
17086:18 October
16420:18 October
15836:. London:
15747:T'oung Pao
14638:20 October
13924:"Zhuangzi"
12915:(1): 143.
12375:: 89, 97.
11682:T'oung Pao
8513:27 January
8482:27 January
8081:References
7873:Yao Taoism
7859:See also:
7747:Polytheist
7608:Lu Dongbin
7363:divination
7322:writing).
7320:planchette
7312:Divination
7297:mediumship
7289:rainmaking
7264:sect, and
7215:Lin Yutang
7047:syncretism
6972:See also:
6868:Taoist art
6826:ordination
6802:Baiyunguan
6798:Mao Zedong
6720:in Beijing
6594:Big Dipper
6462:("divine"
6197:Yinfu jing
6117:Zuowanglun
6084:Lu Dongbin
6076:Wei Huacun
6049:Cāntóng qì
6036:) and the
5807:8 trigrams
5682:wei wu-wei
5654: 226
5496:alchemical
5484:See also:
5428:Livia Kohn
5375:Meditation
5307:Xingyiquan
5303:Baguazhang
5284:breathwork
5272:moderation
5260:Sun Simiao
5206:Mediumship
5180:divination
5125:palanquins
5105:hell money
5078:sacrifices
4970:hermitages
4762:See also:
4627:Livia Kohn
4595:Zhou Dunyi
4508:school of
4488:shapeshift
4454:and their
4366:Lü Dongbin
4296:moderation
4276:compassion
4183:simplicity
4049:hun and po
4037:Neijing Tu
4025:See also:
3706:Madhyamaka
3637:Livia Kohn
3515:Alan Watts
3452:California
3381:Wudangshan
3361:Livia Kohn
3318:xin daojia
3268:Sun Lutang
3160:Liu Yiming
3109:Lü Dongbin
3079:Under the
3026:asceticism
2953:Lu Dongbin
2949:Livia Kohn
2907:Buddhism.
2885:Wudangshan
2772:Livia Kohn
2729:(d. 249),
2470:) and the
2392:Shen Buhai
2372:Livia Kohn
2360:divination
2314:, and the
2181:liturgical
2101:Livia Kohn
2048:philosophy
1941:See also:
1919:Wade-Giles
1773:, various
1763:Naturalism
1725: – c.
1723: 450
1707:, and the
1704:simplicity
1667:meditation
1657:Wade–Giles
1456:Louguantai
1399:Yao Taoism
1222:Lu Xiujing
1202:Wei Huacun
1197:Sun Hanhua
1144:Wei Boyang
883:Priesthood
816:Meditation
735:(immortal)
712:(reversal)
341:dou6 gaau3
232:Wade–Giles
27687:Shan shui
27620:Zhengming
27395:Xu Fuguan
27320:Li Shicen
27295:Ray Huang
27280:Hu Qiaomu
27250:Fang Keli
27240:Ch'ien Mu
27225:Chen Daqi
27154:Tang Zhen
27099:Fang Quan
27011:Liu Bowen
27001:Lai Zhide
26991:Jiao Hong
26976:Chen Jiru
26937:Zhang Zai
26902:Shao Yong
26877:Cheng Hao
26821:Wang Tong
26722:Guo Xiang
26644:Liu Xiang
26624:Jing Fang
26535:Yuan Xian
26515:Ximen Bao
26470:Lie Yukou
26425:Duanmu Ci
26415:Confucius
26301:Huang–Lao
26026:Pakistani
25988:Taiwanese
25935:Ethiopian
25908:By region
25894:By region
25709:Scientism
25704:Systemics
25564:Spinozism
25491:Socialism
25426:Modernism
25389:Objective
25297:Anarchism
25231:Averroism
25120:Christian
25072:Neotaoism
25043:Zurvanism
25033:Mithraism
25028:Mazdakism
24799:Cyrenaics
24726:Logicians
24359:Free will
24321:Solipsism
24268:Formalism
24081:Venezuela
24026:Argentina
23943:Australia
23895:Nicaragua
23870:Guatemala
23670:Lithuania
23492:Sri Lanka
23487:Singapore
23467:Palestine
23355:Indonesia
23345:Hong Kong
23167:Mauritius
22888:Overviews
22843:Criticism
22796:Sectarian
22786:Terrorism
22761:Theocracy
22706:Happiness
22674:Pluralism
22659:Education
22585:Religion
22557:Salvation
22547:Sociology
22492:Religious
22472:Pantheism
22462:Nontheism
22355:Mountains
22333:Sacrifice
22288:Orthodoxy
22278:Mythology
22273:Mysticism
22162:Behaviour
22071:Canaanite
22054:Mithraism
22022:Pueblo IV
22012:Pueblo II
21917:Mazdakism
21892:Hungarian
21865:Mysteries
21774:Dravidian
21556:Hungarian
21472:Caucasian
21443:Godianism
21403:Agni Yoga
21393:Theosophy
21356:Rastafari
21331:Modekngei
21311:Brahmoism
21304:Syncretic
21296:movements
21294:religious
21206:Quimbanda
21154:Candomblé
21147:Diasporic
20926:Bathouism
20916:Benzhuism
20831:Tsimshian
20782:Purépecha
20703:Longhouse
20678:Sun Dance
20610:Blackfoot
20598:Wabunowin
20593:Midewiwin
20514:Malaysian
20504:Kapitayan
20314:Digambara
20299:Ayyavazhi
20264:Vajrayana
20229:Theravada
20142:Ganapatya
20115:Ramanandi
20044:Hoahaoism
19922:Yiguandao
19817:Yarsanism
19812:Shabakism
19799:Yazdânism
19789:Zurvanism
19784:Mazdaznan
19743:Rastafari
19738:Mandaeism
19612:Wahhabism
19592:Ash'arism
19555:Tolstoyan
19545:Spiritual
19535:Mormonism
19506:Judaizers
19479:Quakerism
19457:Methodist
19447:Irvingism
19398:Calvinism
19351:Adventism
19334:Moravians
19171:Abrahamic
19037:Northeast
19027:Hong Kong
19020:By region
18961:Dongbaism
18946:Benzhuism
18680:Chongxuan
18663:Shangqing
18626:Huang–Lao
18586:Qiu Chuji
18576:Sun Bu'er
18566:Chen Tuan
18526:Guo Xiang
18496:Zhang Jue
18471:Lie Yukou
18307:Huahujing
18279:Huainanzi
18198:(essence)
18167:Yangsheng
18019:Feng shui
18005:(duality)
17901:from the
17714:Hay House
17228:2192-9289
16324:5 October
16225:21 August
16183:21 August
16078:201790095
16043:21 August
15921:"Sanguan"
15864:224902752
15838:Routledge
15804:0085-5774
15767:0082-5433
15515:Routledge
14956:123079516
14938:Doubleday
12464:"Zhenren"
12438:"zhenren"
12281:123079516
12263:Doubleday
11702:0082-5433
11368:Routledge
10948:242842933
10940:0169-8834
10720:1001-5302
10561:, 8.2, 6.
10216:145738732
10200:0190-3578
9798:2077-1444
9782:(8): 13.
9776:Religions
9309:HarperOne
9191:910498369
8972:2627-6011
8911:"Huangdi"
8887:Routledge
8654:Wu (2014)
8458:251688453
8450:0013-1857
8397:1 October
8086:Citations
7802:When the
7635:Sun Bu'er
7623:Qiu Chuji
7549:Yangsheng
7493:, etc.).
7407:hexagrams
7403:feng shui
7368:fang-shih
7355:feng shui
7327:Shangqing
7237:Chart of
7229:Varieties
7225:concept.
7155:Lucretius
7107:Christian
7088:(and the
7059:Tao Sheng
6957:Huainanzi
6943:anarchism
6935:Huang–Lao
6856:São Paulo
6849:Singapore
6845:Hong Kong
6769:Adherents
6606:pole star
6583:phoenixes
6434:Shangqing
6404:Tripiṭaka
6267:anthology
5966:Huahujing
5885:Huainanzi
5847:Confucian
5832:Han Feizi
5803:hexagrams
5749:Sima Qian
5745:Guo Xiang
5741:Guo Xiang
5571:Mawangdui
5532:yangsheng
5478:Wanli era
5432:Vipaśyanā
5403:Apophatic
5311:Liuhebafa
5299:Taijiquan
5268:yangsheng
5196:geomantic
5192:feng shui
4957:nihilists
4901:Practices
4797:animistic
4778:apophatic
4750:Xi Wangmu
4707:microcosm
4672:meridians
4659:yangsheng
4572:Cosmology
4514:shen xien
4231:doctrines
4080:longevity
4076:Zhuangzi,
4053:meridians
4015:yangsheng
3919:The term
3856:anarchism
3754:Confucian
3702:Chóngxuán
3698:Guo Xiang
3584:Teachings
3527:Bruce Lee
3417:Hong Kong
3409:Mount Lao
3405:Mount Mao
3397:Mount Tai
3345:Falungong
3341:Zhonggong
3306:Guangdong
3291:Hong Kong
3253:immortals
3231:Tao Tsang
3219:modernist
3093:orthodoxy
3040:met with
3038:Qiu Chuji
2986:Qiu Chuji
2783:Ge Chaofu
2764:Shangqing
2735:Guo Xiang
2731:Xiang Xiu
2691:Confucian
2606:Huainanzi
2600:Huang–Lao
2293:Confucian
2262:apophatic
2211:dàojiàotú
2208:The term
2157:Adherents
2136:included
2112:) and of
1947:The word
1866:Hong Kong
1855:theocracy
1679:feng shui
1671:astrology
1308:Huang–Lao
1260:Qiu Chuji
1250:Sun Bu'er
1240:Chen Tuan
1192:Guo Xiang
1159:Zhang Jue
1131:Lie Yukou
958:Huahujing
923:Huainanzi
795:Practices
746:True form
239:Tao-chiao
27681:Ink wash
27659:Politics
27649:Theology
27508:Ming yun
27484:Jing zuo
27443:Concepts
27325:Li Zehou
27290:Hua Gang
27260:Gan Yang
27169:Yan Yuan
27164:Wei Yuan
27134:Lin Zexu
27114:Gu Yanwu
27089:Fang Bao
27084:Dai Zhen
27046:Wu Cheng
27036:Wang Gen
26907:Shen Kuo
26882:Cheng Yi
26841:Liu Yuxi
26747:Sengzhao
26707:Fan Zhen
26609:Huan Tan
26589:Ban Zhao
26540:Zhang Yi
26530:Yang Zhu
26495:Shen Dao
26405:Bu Shang
26306:Legalism
26274:Buddhism
26212:Category
26167:Yugoslav
26157:Romanian
26064:Scottish
26049:American
25978:Japanese
25958:Buddhist
25940:Africana
25930:Egyptian
25772:Feminist
25694:Rawlsian
25689:Quietism
25587:Analytic
25539:Krausism
25446:Nihilism
25411:Kokugaku
25374:Absolute
25369:Idealism
25357:Humanism
25145:Occamism
25112:European
25057:Medieval
25003:Yogacara
24963:Buddhist
24956:Syādvāda
24839:Stoicism
24804:Cynicism
24792:Sophists
24787:Atomists
24782:Eleatics
24721:Legalism
24662:Medieval
24586:Idealism
24540:Ontology
24520:Nihilism
24424:Idealism
24182:Branches
24171:Branches
24107:Category
24071:Suriname
24061:Paraguay
24046:Colombia
23953:Kiribati
23880:Honduras
23850:Dominica
23825:Barbados
23790:Scotland
23750:Slovenia
23745:Slovakia
23720:Portugal
23590:Bulgaria
23512:Thailand
23462:Pakistan
23442:Mongolia
23437:Maldives
23432:Malaysia
23320:Cambodia
23267:Zimbabwe
23242:Tanzania
23092:Ethiopia
23087:Eswatini
23067:Djibouti
23032:Cameroon
23017:Botswana
22961:Timeline
22956:Scholars
22916:Founders
22776:Violence
22731:Politics
22601:Business
22564:Theology
22308:Prophecy
22298:Paganism
22186:Covenant
22153:Apostasy
22088:Scythian
22029:Rapa Nui
21983:Thracian
21978:Illyrian
21968:Albanian
21939:Sumerian
21882:Harappan
21818:Germanic
21813:Georgian
21806:Selk'nam
21791:Etruscan
21779:Egyptian
21757:Druidism
21720:Armenian
21643:Satanism
21623:Eckankar
21546:Estonian
21531:Romanian
21521:Ossetian
21501:Germanic
21450:Armenian
21439:African
21432:paganism
21361:Sant Mat
21351:Rajneesh
21326:Meivazhi
21321:Japanese
21278:Siberian
21211:Santería
21181:Convince
21047:Bushongo
20951:Kiratism
20878:Hmongism
20745:Wocekiye
20730:Jivaroan
20698:Iroquois
20693:Ho-Chunk
20642:Cherokee
20565:American
20536:Hawaiian
20449:Sarnaism
20419:Tungusic
20407:Tengrism
20397:Mongolic
20326:Sarnaism
20257:Nichiren
20234:Mahayana
20221:Buddhism
20199:Sant Mat
20189:Sauraism
20184:Smartism
20179:Shaktism
20172:Balinese
20157:Kaumaram
20152:Kapalika
20147:Kashmiri
20132:Shaivism
20072:Hinduism
20039:Caodaism
19983:Ryukyuan
19978:Tenrikyo
19973:Shugendō
19951:Japanese
19822:Yazidism
19807:Ishikism
19685:Quranism
19658:Khawarij
19607:Salafism
19602:Atharism
19491:Esoteric
19462:Holiness
19452:Lutheran
19413:Reformed
19393:Baptists
19366:Brethren
19330:Hussites
19318:Assyrian
19234:Haymanot
19188:Orthodox
19137:Religion
18966:Hinduism
18904:Orthodox
18867:Buddhism
18685:Quanzhen
18673:Jingming
18601:Zhu Quan
18501:Zhang Lu
18293:Xiang'er
18265:Zhuangzi
18212:(spirit)
18204:(breath)
18143:Practice
17895:Archived
17803:(1995).
17779:(1983).
17734:(2009).
17706:(2007).
17586:Archived
17232:Archived
17131:(2005).
17119:22 March
17113:Archived
17080:Archived
16908:(2007).
16706:(2001).
16414:Archived
16318:Archived
16219:Archived
16177:Archived
16130:73530576
16037:Archived
15959:Archived
15935:30 April
15929:Archived
15895:(1986).
15868:Archived
15812:23889810
15732:27192394
15699:39243466
15679:(1998).
15645:46661540
15158:(2021).
14993:46661540
14901:Archived
14712:Archived
14629:Archived
14582:Archived
14481:. Köln:
14448:. Köln:
14418:. Köln:
14368:Archived
14015:Archived
13993:Archived
13971:Archived
13938:29 April
13932:Archived
13890:27 April
13717:Archived
13715:. 2018.
13645:Archived
13564:Archived
13536:46661540
12981:27 April
12931:54444540
12842:46661540
12475:23 April
12447:23 April
12377:Archived
12312:30 April
12229:Archived
12176:(2018).
12083:Archived
12061:46661540
12024:46661540
11985:30 April
11979:Archived
11971:"Taoism"
11950:46661540
11897:27 April
11769:23 April
11763:Archived
11600:27 April
11591:"Taoism"
11524:46661540
11033:Archived
10880:Archived
10861:27 April
10684:27 April
10551:Archived
10436:27 April
10259:Archived
9914:(2020).
9698:Archived
9448:Archived
9303:(2007).
9272:Archived
9239:(2005).
9163:(2015).
9142:39243466
9122:(1998).
9106:39243466
9086:(1998).
8977:27 April
8942:"Taoism"
8919:Archived
8865:54439373
8793:Archived
8768:27192394
8507:archived
8499:"Daoism"
8476:Archived
8391:Archived
8379:"Taoism"
8271:Archived
8116:Archived
7914:Practice
7850:See also
7660:such as
7643:sobriety
7616:Shandong
7585:Wuliupai
7491:Amitabha
7393:and the
7293:exorcism
7223:Hinduism
7200:such as
7187:Yang Chu
7165:yin-yang
7139:Buddhism
7103:school.
7096:humanist
7055:Sengzhao
7043:Buddhism
7028:Zhuangzi
6962:Zhuangzi
6948:Zhuangzi
6939:Zhuangzi
6890:Zhang Lu
6818:Quanzhen
6740:Shandong
6534:Malaysia
6186:Mahayana
5975:Buddhism
5939:Zhuangzi
5905:Legalist
5855:and the
5852:Analects
5756:Zhuangzi
5724:Zhuangzi
5710:Zhuangzi
5703:Xiang'er
5701:and the
5590:Zhuangzi
5588:and the
5573:tomb 3rd
5512:and the
5407:Zhuangzi
5389:jinggong
5344:cinnabar
5210:exorcism
5072:Ancient
4976:(dong).
4974:grottoes
4972:(an) or
4878:Yü-Huang
4809:pantheon
4774:theology
4725:Theology
4557:and how
4518:qingjing
4506:Quanzhen
4423:yin-yang
4316:humility
4219:nativist
4204:Buddhist
4161:Zhuangzi
3986:numinous
3913:Zhuangzi
3848:Zhuangzi
3836:Zhuangzi
3815:Zhuangzi
3759:morality
3688:thinker
3667:immanent
3651:monistic
3363:writes:
3302:Chaoyang
3002:Shandong
2916:Taotsang
2905:Mahayana
2695:Legalist
2672:cinnabar
2645:Shandong
2626:Xiang'er
2609:and the
2589:(modern
2530:ancestor
2516:, early
2514:diviners
2454:exorcism
2444:Zhuangzi
2426:and the
2412:and the
2388:Legalist
2354:and the
2311:Zhuangzi
2291:", and "
2289:Legalist
2241:Zhang Lu
2191:(1986).
2170:/taoshih
2163:sinology
2146:religion
2118:zongjiao
2088:Zhuangzi
2052:religion
2036:Zhuangzi
2017:Zuǒzhuàn
1801:Mahayana
1793:Buddhism
1775:Legalist
1741:Zhuangzi
1356:Wuliupai
1278:Zhu Quan
1164:Zhang Lu
1101:Body god
993:Theology
937:Xiang'er
916:Zhuangzi
820:Alchemy
644:Concepts
603:a series
601:Part of
464:Đạo giáo
417:dáw kæ̀w
335:Jyutping
327:Douhgaau
254:Dào-jiào
198:Bopomofo
27729:Portals
27693:Society
27470:Jian'ai
27285:Hu Shih
27270:Gu Zhun
27129:Ma Qixi
27031:Wang Ji
26996:Jiao Yu
26912:Su Song
26892:Hu Hong
26782:Zhi Dun
26772:Xun Can
26757:Wang Bi
26752:Wang Su
26742:Ji Kang
26737:Huiyuan
26727:Fu Xuan
26717:Ge Hong
26664:Xun Yue
26659:Wang Fu
26649:Ma Rong
26619:Jia Kui
26560:Zou Yan
26520:Xu Xing
26505:Sun Tzu
26475:Mencius
26450:Hui Shi
26445:Han Fei
26420:Deng Xi
26357:Yangism
26349:Xuanxue
26316:Marxism
26262:Schools
26162:Russian
26131:Spanish
26126:Slovene
26116:Maltese
26111:Italian
26091:Finland
26059:British
26041:Western
26031:Turkish
26016:Islamic
26011:Iranian
25963:Chinese
25950:Eastern
25917:African
25864:more...
25549:Marxism
25379:British
25322:Dualism
25218:Islamic
25176:Advaita
25166:Vedanta
25140:Scotism
25135:Thomism
25077:Tiantai
25020:Persian
25008:Tibetan
24998:Śūnyatā
24939:Cārvāka
24929:Ājīvika
24924:Mīmāṃsā
24904:Samkhya
24819:Academy
24772:Ionians
24746:Yangism
24703:Chinese
24694:Ancient
24657:Western
24652:Ancient
24611:Realism
24568:Reality
24558:Process
24439:Realism
24419:Dualism
24414:Atomism
24296:Fideism
24076:Uruguay
24051:Ecuador
24031:Bolivia
24008:Vanuatu
23935:Oceania
23885:Jamaica
23865:Grenada
23820:Bahamas
23780:England
23770:Ukraine
23725:Romania
23685:Moldova
23645:Ireland
23640:Iceland
23635:Hungary
23625:Germany
23615:Finland
23610:Estonia
23605:Denmark
23600:Czechia
23595:Croatia
23580:Belgium
23575:Belarus
23570:Austria
23565:Andorra
23560:Albania
23537:Vietnam
23447:Myanmar
23422:Lebanon
23340:Georgia
23300:Bahrain
23290:Armenia
23252:Tunisia
23222:Somalia
23207:Senegal
23192:Nigeria
23182:Namibia
23172:Morocco
23137:Liberia
23132:Lesotho
23082:Eritrea
23052:Comoros
23027:Burundi
23002:Algeria
22946:Outline
22911:Deities
22838:Atheism
22751:Science
22669:Freedom
22527:History
22494:studies
22447:Dualism
22437:Animism
22402:Worship
22382:Symbols
22323:Liturgy
22236:Goddess
22196:Deities
22177:Laicism
22167:Beliefs
22146:Aspects
22118:Zapotec
22113:Vainakh
22081:Yahwism
22066:Semitic
21995:Iranian
21897:Hurrian
21887:Hittite
21877:Guanche
21870:Orphism
21801:Fuegian
21796:Finnish
21784:Atenism
21730:Latvian
21715:Arabian
21658:Raëlism
21638:Jediism
21633:Goddess
21606:De novo
21494:Druidry
21388:Thelema
21341:New Age
21226:Umbanda
21117:Tumbuka
21102:Odinala
21087:Lugbara
21007:African
20973:African
20921:Bimoism
20911:Burmese
20757:Mapuche
20723:Wyandot
20683:Guarani
20664:Choctaw
20659:Chilote
20578:Alaskan
20573:Abenaki
20524:Tagalog
20497:Kejawèn
20346:Sikhism
20309:Jainism
20269:Tibetan
20252:Amidism
20120:Warkari
20034:Đạo Mẫu
19884:Chinese
19866:Eastern
19843:Roshani
19762:Iranian
19670:Alevism
19663:Ibadism
19636:Zaydism
19313:Ancient
19284:Eastern
19244:Renewal
19229:Karaite
19210:Zionist
19198:Hasidic
19180:Judaism
19162:Western
19056:Related
19006:Sikhism
18971:Judaism
18951:Bimoism
18753:Hanford
18743:Temples
18668:Lingbao
18658:Xuanxue
18651:Zhengyi
18631:Taiping
18618:Schools
18607:Fangshi
18536:Ge Hong
18516:Wang Bi
18506:Ge Xuan
18421:Chang'e
18339:Deities
18328:Daozang
18321:Baopuzi
18111:Zhenren
18033:Bianhua
17885:at the
17848:at the
17676:(ed.).
16877:3134541
15775:4528195
14718:16 July
14578:Patheos
14483:Taschen
14450:Taschen
14420:Taschen
14268:(ed.).
13703:"Laozi"
13641:Patheos
11803:(ed.).
11710:4528195
11646:(ed.).
10208:3136462
8299:17 June
8209:武当山道教协会
8040:Onmyōji
8035:Onmyōdō
7969:Taozang
7938:Deities
7741:emperor
7668:deities
7487:Guanyin
7351:luopans
7329:), the
7304:amulets
7284:Magical
7219:Vietnam
7157:' poem
7131:Judaism
7091:I Ching
7082:Wang Bi
7053:, like
7036:rituals
6841:Vietnam
6822:Zhengyi
6814:Longmen
6810:Beijing
6748:hermits
6742:, China
6731:Taoguan
6697:Society
6672:), the
6579:dragons
6555:taijitu
6509:taijitu
6451:Lingbao
6396:Daozang
6376:Daozang
6360:Daozang
6339:), and
6128:zuòwàng
6100:Lingbao
6078:of the
6015:Ge Hong
6011:neipian
6009:Baopuzi
5839:Han Fei
5699:Wang Bi
5648:Wang Bi
5614:Wang Bi
5536:I Ching
5515:Baopuzi
5449:Alchemy
5411:zuowang
5297:) like
5282:), and
5276:seasons
5184:I Ching
5160:alcohol
5058:Sichuan
5054:Chengdu
5044:Rituals
4848:animism
4826:deities
4772:Taoist
4711:zang-fu
4655:Wu Xing
4636:I Ching
4600:Taijitu
4548:ganying
4533:hermits
4525:zhenren
4504:In the
4499:zhenren
4474:Taoist
4448:dragons
4435:Heavens
4381:zhenren
4299:), and
4141:writers
4124:dantien
4051:), and
4045:dantien
3942:I Ching
3802:tzu-jan
3690:Wang Bi
3686:Xuanxue
3494:Tai chi
3464:Tai chi
3438:, 2017.
3333:Tantric
3260:Tai Chi
3239:Beijing
3208:Tai chi
3146:Longmen
2992:In the
2973:Daozang
2968:Huizong
2901:Lingbao
2897:daojiao
2857:Daozang
2814:Louguan
2768:Lingbao
2748:Baopuzi
2743:Ge Hong
2739:Pei Wei
2723:Wang Bi
2719:Xuanxue
2684:realgar
2680:mercury
2664:Cao Cao
2616:on the
2591:Sichuan
2581:By the
2510:geology
2493:hermits
2481:fangshi
2473:fangshi
2423:I Ching
2404:), the
2396:Han Fei
2341:virtues
2267:fangshi
2222:History
2134:daojiao
2130:daojiao
2114:daojiao
2110:sixiang
2076:Lao Dan
2002:Han-era
1962:dàojiào
1904:in the
1781:I Ching
1749:Daozang
1639:Chinese
1318:Xuanxue
1301:Schools
1287:Fangshi
1207:Ge Hong
1179:Wang Bi
1169:Ge Xuan
1096:Li Hong
1091:Guan Yu
1074:Chang'e
979:Daozang
972:Baopuzi
902:I Ching
740:Zhenren
702:Bianhua
634:History
629:Outline
472:Chữ Hán
373:Hokkien
306:Doh goh
268:Dàujyàu
224:Dawjiaw
190:Dàojiào
150:Dàojiào
126:Chinese
18:Taoists
27771:Taoism
27664:Ethics
27637:Topics
27572:Wu wei
27350:Lu Xun
27174:Yu Yue
27124:Ji Yun
27006:Li Zhi
26947:Zhu Xi
26932:Ye Shi
26831:Han Yu
26816:Jizang
26732:He Yan
26712:Fan Ye
26639:Lu Jia
26634:Liu An
26614:Jia Yi
26604:Dou Wu
26550:Zichan
26500:Su Qin
26460:Li Kui
26342:Daoxue
26336:Taoism
26311:Mohism
26121:Polish
26101:German
26096:French
26081:Danish
26071:Canada
26021:Jewish
25983:Korean
25968:Indian
25510:People
25431:Monism
25384:German
25352:Holism
25285:Modern
25263:Jewish
25186:Dvaita
25159:Indian
25082:Huayan
24934:Ajñana
24891:Indian
24756:Greco-
24741:Taoism
24731:Mohism
24677:Modern
24644:By era
24633:By era
24548:Action
24429:Monism
24349:Virtue
24331:Ethics
24117:Portal
24056:Guyana
24036:Brazil
24003:Tuvalu
23900:Panama
23890:Mexico
23835:Canada
23830:Belize
23760:Sweden
23740:Serbia
23730:Russia
23715:Poland
23710:Norway
23690:Monaco
23660:Latvia
23655:Kosovo
23630:Greece
23620:France
23552:Europe
23517:Turkey
23502:Taiwan
23407:Kuwait
23380:Jordan
23370:Israel
23330:Cyprus
23315:Brunei
23310:Bhutan
23262:Zambia
23257:Uganda
23197:Rwanda
23152:Malawi
23112:Guinea
23102:Gambia
23007:Angola
22994:Africa
22803:Wealth
22746:Schism
22701:Growth
22625:Priest
22610:Clergy
22429:Theism
22412:Nature
22407:Astral
22350:Groves
22318:Ritual
22303:Prayer
22261:Novice
22211:Ethnic
22136:Topics
22108:Urartu
22103:Tongan
22098:Somali
22093:Slavic
21973:Dacian
21752:Celtic
21747:Basque
21725:Baltic
21576:Udmurt
21541:Uralic
21536:Slavic
21489:Celtic
21477:Abkhaz
21465:Romuva
21455:Baltic
21430:Modern
21273:Papuan
21236:Voodoo
21191:Kumina
21132:Yoruba
21122:Urhobo
21092:Maasai
21077:Lotuko
21025:Baluba
21015:Akamba
20988:Berber
20946:Heraka
20936:Dongba
20814:Pueblo
20809:Pawnee
20799:Navajo
20789:Muisca
20752:Lenape
20740:Lakota
20718:Seneca
20708:Mohawk
20630:Ohlone
20605:Apache
20588:Ojibwe
20563:Native
20429:Manchu
20424:Evenki
20385:Altaic
20376:Ethnic
20351:Khalsa
20304:Kalash
20194:Śrauta
20063:Indian
19993:Korean
19959:Shinto
19929:Taoism
19902:Luoism
19728:Baháʼí
19723:Bábism
19675:Ahmadi
19653:Sufism
19646:Alawis
19296:Church
19224:Reform
19205:Modern
19193:Haredi
18862:Taoism
18511:He Yan
18491:Gan Ji
18454:People
18175:Daoyin
18159:Waidan
18151:Neidan
18082:Wu wei
18063:Ethics
18025:Wuxing
17952:Taoism
17840:Taoism
17813:
17789:
17765:
17742:
17720:
17684:
17661:
17642:
17623:
17604:
17572:
17544:
17525:
17506:
17487:
17468:
17449:
17430:
17411:
17392:
17373:
17354:
17335:
17307:
17250:
17226:
17187:
17164:
17141:
17105:
17072:
17042:
17005:
16977:
16958:
16939:
16916:
16894:
16875:
16859:
16838:
16819:
16800:
16781:
16760:
16737:
16718:
16692:
16666:
16647:
16610:
16591:
16558:
16539:
16520:
16501:
16479:
16460:
16441:
16406:
16385:
16364:
16345:
16310:
16280:
16261:
16242:
16211:
16169:
16145:
16128:
16097:
16076:
16054:Taoism
16029:
15994:
15903:
15874:15 May
15862:
15852:
15810:
15802:
15773:
15765:
15730:
15720:
15697:
15687:
15643:
15633:
15529:
15170:
14991:
14981:
14954:
14944:
14773:
14588:16 May
14489:
14456:
14426:
14278:
14143:16 May
13651:16 May
13570:22 May
13534:
13524:
13296:
12929:
12840:
12830:
12383:3 June
12339:
12301:"Xian"
12279:
12269:
12219:"xian"
12188:
12153:
12124:
12059:
12049:
12022:
12012:
11948:
11938:
11888:
11815:
11731:
11708:
11700:
11658:
11560:
11522:
11512:
11473:Taoism
11374:
10992:
10946:
10938:
10928:
10910:Boston
10906:Leiden
10718:
10675:
10498:
10427:
10328:
10237:
10214:
10206:
10198:
10184:: 87.
9926:
9796:
9315:
9251:
9219:
9189:
9179:
9140:
9130:
9104:
9094:
9053:". In
8970:
8960:
8925:22 May
8893:
8863:
8853:
8799:20 May
8766:
8756:
8607:
8456:
8448:
8204:道教神仙分类
8122:21 May
8108:
8068:Europe
7907:Zhizha
7785:ghosts
7777:heaven
7737:heaven
7658:beings
7591:sect.
7579:, the
7545:neidan
7541:qigong
7481:, and
7469:, the
7465:, the
7461:, the
7443:ritual
7376:Yijing
7370:, the
7349:Three
7170:wu wei
7137:, and
7032:Mohist
6918:Ni Zan
6914:Shitao
6898:Wu Wei
6839:, and
6796:under
6759:gentry
6736:Weihai
6691:Daopao
6664:, the
6650:cranes
6643:wuxing
6635:wuxing
6623:dragon
6574:dragon
6479:Taoist
6436:texts.
6386:, and
6301:太乙金華宗旨
6290:lives.
6287:ethics
6153:Huàshū
5912:Guanzi
5907:ideas.
5903:, and
5897:Taoist
5858:Mengzi
5799:Yijing
5794:Yijing
5781:Yijing
5773:Zhenwu
5567:Taoist
5524:waidan
5520:neidan
5490:Neidan
5309:, and
5295:neijia
5291:qigong
5280:daoyin
5215:tongji
5123:, and
5121:gongfu
4918:Taipei
4895:theism
4617:cyclic
4584:, and
4484:nature
4452:clouds
4305:不敢爲天下先
4256:sānbǎo
4192:wu wei
4151:Ethics
4143:, and
4105:neidan
4101:qigong
4069:neidan
4011:daoyin
3921:wu wei
3903:Wu wei
3896:Wu wei
3882:pǔ, pú
3750:virtue
3578:Yijing
3549:, and
3545:, the
3525:, and
3481:, and
3468:qigong
3413:Taiwan
3407:, and
3225:, and
3117:Xuanwu
3024:, and
3010:ghosts
2996:, the
2957:neidan
2727:He Yan
2682:, and
2532:and a
2401:wu wei
2380:Mohism
2320:. The
2308:, the
2285:Mohist
2276:Yijing
2250:–1538)
2193:Taoshi
2168:daoshi
2138:daojia
2126:Daojia
2106:daojia
2065:daojia
1993:dàoxué
1983:dàojiā
1949:Taoism
1878:Taiwan
1837:daoshi
1767:Mohism
1681:, and
1675:qigong
1659::
1649::
1647:pinyin
1541:Daoism
1537:Taoism
1174:He Yan
1154:Gan Ji
1114:People
841:Bugang
832:Waidan
825:Neidan
717:Wu wei
694:Wuxing
611:Taoism
581:Dō kyō
534:do gyo
491:Hangul
396:Tō-kàu
390:Tâi-lô
382:Tō-kàu
207:
89:Taoism
27743:China
27644:Logic
27627:Ziran
27265:Gu Su
27051:Xu Ai
26836:Li Ao
26811:Fu Yi
26525:Xunzi
26510:Wu Qi
26465:Li Si
26455:Laozi
26430:Gaozi
26152:Aztec
26106:Greek
26086:Dutch
26076:Czech
25925:Bantu
25362:Anti-
24909:Nyaya
24899:Hindu
24759:Roman
24553:Event
24195:Logic
24041:Chile
23998:Tonga
23988:Samoa
23978:Palau
23968:Nauru
23875:Haiti
23795:Wales
23755:Spain
23680:Malta
23650:Italy
23542:Yemen
23497:Syria
23477:Qatar
23452:Nepal
23427:Macau
23390:Korea
23375:Japan
23350:India
23325:China
23237:Sudan
23187:Niger
23142:Libya
23127:Kenya
23107:Ghana
23097:Gabon
23072:Egypt
23012:Benin
22921:Index
22892:lists
22756:State
22574:Women
22442:Deism
22417:Place
22397:Water
22392:Truth
22360:Trees
22216:Faith
22181:Laity
22076:Punic
22034:Roman
22000:Vedic
21958:Olmec
21845:Greek
21838:Norse
21762:Irish
21583:Wicca
21378:Subud
21268:Inuit
21241:Winti
21231:Vodou
21196:Obeah
21176:Comfa
21159:Bantu
21112:Serer
21097:Mbuti
21057:Dogon
21052:Dinka
21035:Kongo
21030:Bantu
20956:Qiang
20846:Yaqui
20777:Olmec
20767:Aztec
20688:Haida
20625:Miwok
20620:Kuksu
20541:Māori
20472:Dayak
20393:Turko
20356:Sects
20292:Other
20247:Thiền
19831:Other
19733:Druze
19711:Other
19587:Sunni
19579:Islam
19361:Amish
19279:Latin
19047:Tibet
19032:Macau
18911:Islam
18695:Wuliu
18461:Laozi
18394:Houtu
18272:Liezi
18250:Texts
18092:Ziran
18010:Bagua
17987:Taiji
17981:(way)
17235:(PDF)
17222:(3).
17212:(PDF)
16126:S2CID
16074:S2CID
15965:4 May
15860:S2CID
15808:JSTOR
15771:JSTOR
14664:(PDF)
14657:(PDF)
14632:(PDF)
14625:(PDF)
13746:Laozi
13742:Laozi
13735:Laozi
13731:Laozi
12927:S2CID
12371:(7).
12089:9 May
11755:"ren"
11706:JSTOR
10944:S2CID
10324:(PDF)
10317:(PDF)
10212:S2CID
10204:JSTOR
10180:(2).
8454:S2CID
8211:[
8024:Japan
7987:China
7962:Texts
7789:Laozi
7765:devas
7533:Wuhan
7411:omens
7387:Taiji
7243:Japan
7182:ziran
7123:Islam
7086:Laozi
6906:Mi Fu
6886:Liezi
6837:Japan
6833:Korea
6804:, or
6602:Taiji
6561:bagua
6515:Bagua
6400:texts
6243:) of
6184:with
6145:黃帝陰符經
5954:Wenzi
5946:Neiye
5930:Liezi
5777:bagua
5640:Laozi
5636:Laozi
5612:1770
5557:Texts
5423:ways.
5200:omens
5158:like
5013:wúwéi
4882:Yü-Di
4692:taiji
4641:taiji
4609:taiji
4415:saved
4332:karma
4214:China
4179:ziran
4089:Neiye
3982:Neiye
3934:wuwei
3932:that
3832:ziran
3819:ziran
3796:zìrán
3787:Ziran
3782:Ziran
3765:Ziran
3436:Hubei
3193:Xi'an
3189:]
2565:]
2326:Laozi
2305:Neiye
2203:Faism
2020:) by
1931:/daʊ/
1870:Macau
1755:Shang
1641:word
1627:China
1615:
1574:
1121:Laozi
1047:Houtu
944:Liezi
895:Texts
725:Ziran
688:Bagua
675:Taiji
551:Kanji
505:Hanja
27613:Yong
27560:Tian
27539:Shen
27520:Qing
27477:Jing
27066:Qing
26965:Ming
26960:Yuan
26869:Song
26800:Tang
26555:Zisi
26480:Mozi
25253:Sufi
25087:Chan
24946:Jain
24919:Yoga
24449:Mind
24389:Hard
24377:Hard
24066:Peru
23948:Fiji
23845:Cuba
23457:Oman
23417:Laos
23365:Iraq
23360:Iran
23277:Asia
23247:Togo
23157:Mali
23047:Chad
22890:and
22817:and
22387:Text
22367:Soul
22256:Monk
22221:Fire
21902:Inca
21710:Ainu
21594:list
21571:Sámi
21201:Palo
21169:Ketu
21164:Jejé
21082:Lozi
21062:Efik
21040:Zulu
21020:Akan
20873:Ahom
20865:Miao
20863:and
20851:Zuni
20824:Hopi
20772:Maya
20669:Crow
20635:Pomo
20282:list
20239:Chan
20210:list
20167:Nath
19965:list
19701:list
19626:Shia
19568:list
19255:list
18748:Cebu
18237:Fulu
18224:Xian
18218:Diet
18209:Shen
18195:Jing
17996:Wuji
17811:ISBN
17787:ISBN
17763:ISBN
17740:ISBN
17718:ISBN
17682:ISBN
17659:ISBN
17640:ISBN
17621:ISBN
17602:ISBN
17570:ISBN
17542:ISBN
17523:ISBN
17504:ISBN
17485:ISBN
17466:ISBN
17447:ISBN
17428:ISBN
17409:ISBN
17390:ISBN
17371:ISBN
17352:ISBN
17333:ISBN
17305:ISBN
17248:ISBN
17224:ISSN
17185:ISBN
17162:ISBN
17139:ISBN
17121:2023
17103:ISBN
17088:2015
17070:ISBN
17040:ISBN
17003:ISBN
16975:ISBN
16956:ISBN
16937:ISBN
16914:ISBN
16892:ISBN
16873:SSRN
16857:ISBN
16836:ISBN
16817:ISBN
16798:ISBN
16779:ISBN
16758:ISBN
16735:ISBN
16716:ISBN
16690:ISBN
16664:ISBN
16645:ISBN
16608:ISBN
16589:ISBN
16556:ISBN
16537:ISBN
16518:ISBN
16499:ISBN
16477:ISBN
16458:ISBN
16439:ISBN
16422:2015
16404:ISBN
16383:ISBN
16362:ISBN
16343:ISBN
16326:2020
16308:ISBN
16278:ISBN
16259:ISBN
16240:ISBN
16227:2017
16209:ISBN
16185:2017
16167:ISBN
16143:ISBN
16095:ISBN
16056:?".
16045:2017
16027:ISBN
15992:ISBN
15967:2023
15937:2023
15901:ISBN
15876:2023
15850:ISBN
15800:ISSN
15763:ISSN
15728:OCLC
15718:ISBN
15695:OCLC
15685:ISBN
15641:OCLC
15631:ISBN
15527:ISBN
15168:ISBN
14989:OCLC
14979:ISBN
14952:OCLC
14942:ISBN
14771:ISBN
14720:2014
14640:2014
14590:2011
14487:ISBN
14454:ISBN
14424:ISBN
14376:2023
14300:yang
14298:and
14289:2024
14276:ISBN
14145:2011
13940:2023
13892:2024
13738:B.C.
13725:2011
13653:2011
13572:2023
13532:OCLC
13522:ISBN
13294:ISBN
12983:2024
12838:OCLC
12828:ISBN
12477:2023
12449:2023
12385:2023
12337:ISBN
12314:2023
12277:OCLC
12267:ISBN
12237:2023
12186:ISBN
12151:ISBN
12122:ISBN
12091:2023
12057:OCLC
12047:ISBN
12020:OCLC
12010:ISBN
11987:2023
11946:OCLC
11936:ISBN
11899:2024
11886:ISBN
11813:ISBN
11771:2023
11729:ISBN
11698:ISSN
11656:ISBN
11602:2024
11558:ISBN
11520:OCLC
11510:ISBN
11372:ISBN
10990:ISBN
10936:ISSN
10926:ISBN
10908:and
10863:2024
10734:link
10716:ISSN
10686:2024
10673:ISBN
10496:ISBN
10438:2024
10425:ISBN
10235:ISBN
10196:ISSN
10053:help
9924:ISBN
9802:MDPI
9794:ISSN
9706:2023
9338:help
9332:Kohn
9313:ISBN
9249:ISBN
9217:ISBN
9187:OCLC
9177:ISBN
9138:OCLC
9128:ISBN
9102:OCLC
9092:ISBN
8979:2024
8968:ISSN
8958:ISBN
8927:2023
8891:ISBN
8861:OCLC
8851:ISBN
8801:2023
8764:OCLC
8754:ISBN
8605:ISBN
8515:2022
8484:2022
8446:ISSN
8399:2008
8301:2020
8124:2019
8106:ISBN
7839:The
7833:shen
7797:xian
7761:gods
7756:xian
7724:and
7663:xian
7610:and
7594:The
7568:yang
7566:and
7421:and
7385:and
7383:Wuji
7308:fulu
7306:and
7057:and
7022:and
7006:The
6847:and
6716:The
6679:shou
6670:fulu
6621:lung
6552:The
6484:The
6459:Shen
6456:The
6441:Xuan
6439:The
6423:Zhen
6420:The
6408:dong
6388:Song
6384:Tang
6235:The
6028:The
6006:The
5980:The
5937:and
5829:The
5824:Mozi
5819:Mozi
5816:The
5754:The
5721:The
5675:The
5501:xian
5488:and
5369:wine
5367:and
5365:meat
5360:shen
5335:shen
5327:bigu
5208:and
5146:The
5111:and
4940:and
4938:jing
4887:xian
4865:人鬼之神
4859:人體之神
4853:地府神靈
4799:and
4766:and
4737:and
4688:wuji
4605:Wuji
4495:xian
4476:xian
4469:xian
4465:tiān
4444:xian
4439:xian
4419:xian
4410:Tian
4391:xian
4334:and
4290:jiǎn
4281:jian
4117:shén
4115:and
4109:jing
4103:and
4035:The
3994:ming
3980:The
3967:self
3671:xing
3631:(or
3616:for
3592:and
3576:and
3466:and
3446:The
3415:and
3266:and
3133:The
3128:bigu
3099:and
3014:gods
3012:and
2766:and
2758:The
2713:The
2676:lead
2450:xian
2441:and
2394:and
2368:Tian
2086:and
2078:and
2059:and
1868:and
1829:Xian
1822:xian
1785:and
1759:Zhou
1757:and
877:Fulu
859:Bigu
854:Diet
780:and
769:Shen
757:Jing
732:Xian
668:Wuji
209:ㄐㄧㄠˋ
27584:Xin
27527:Ren
27450:Tao
26795:Sui
26687:Jin
26578:Han
26573:Qin
25527:Neo
25092:Zen
22791:War
22266:Nun
22231:God
21292:New
21137:Ifá
21107:San
20906:Bon
20861:Tai
20836:Ute
20243:Zen
19907:Nuo
18956:Bon
18700:Yao
18231:Art
18041:Fan
17978:Tao
17850:BBC
17842:on
17275:doi
16118:doi
16066:doi
15955:BBC
15842:doi
15755:doi
15519:doi
14763:doi
14678:doi
14296:yin
12917:doi
11878:doi
11690:doi
10918:doi
10708:doi
10665:doi
10417:doi
10186:doi
9784:doi
8950:doi
8438:doi
7841:Tao
7753:",
7743:".
7564:yin
7337:).
7020:Tao
6888:by
6808:of
6734:in
6380:Jin
6331:),
6323:),
6262:中和集
6229:張伯端
6215:悟真篇
6173:清靜經
6123:坐忘論
6071:黃庭經
5503:).
5469:),
5444:it.
5329:).
5119:),
5015:無為)
4955:or
4880:or
4786:God
4497:or
4427:Tao
4319:).
4279:),
4245:or
4181:),
4017:).
3925:Wei
3888:p'u
3862:).
3742:Teh
3740:or
3633:Dao
3629:Tao
3618:tao
3605:Tao
3599:Tao
3339:),
3237:in
2941:).
2838:).
2755:).
2587:Shu
2486:Chu
2287:, "
2239:by
2216:道教徒
2187:in
1876:in
1805:Zen
1662:tao
1652:dào
1631:Tao
1539:or
871:Art
848:Chu
778:Hun
709:Fan
655:Tao
376:POJ
349:IPA
276:IPA
205:ㄉㄠˋ
112:Tao
27767::
27601:Yi
27553:Ti
27546:Si
27514:Qi
27490:Li
27463:Fa
27456:De
22608:/
22179:/
21072:Ik
20883:Mo
18991:Mo
18202:Qi
18101:Pu
18072:De
17871:–
17858:.
17716:.
17712:.
17269:.
17265:.
17230:.
17220:II
17218:.
17214:.
17111:.
17078:.
16714:.
16710:.
16688:.
16412:.
16316:.
16217:.
16175:.
16124:.
16114:33
16112:.
16072:.
16062:12
16060:.
16035:.
15953:.
15923:.
15884:^
15866:.
15858:.
15848:.
15820:^
15806:.
15796:38
15794:.
15769:.
15761:.
15751:66
15749:.
15726:.
15693:.
15668:^
15639:.
15599:^
15558:^
15541:^
15525:.
15513:.
15463:^
15412:^
15373:^
15344:^
15293:^
15194:^
15164:DK
15147:^
15132:^
15010:.
14987:.
14950:.
14924:^
14769:.
14580:.
14576:.
14565:^
14547:^
14532:^
14468:^
14366:.
14362:.
14345:^
14291:.
14256:^
14110:^
13930:.
13926:.
13912:^
13882:.
13847:^
13808:^
13791:^
13727:.
13711:.
13705:.
13643:.
13639:.
13616:^
13562:.
13558:.
13544:^
13530:.
13480:^
13465:^
13438:^
13365:^
13350:^
13335:^
13308:^
13266:^
13185:^
13134:^
13119:^
13104:^
13063:^
12974:.
12951:^
12925:.
12911:.
12907:.
12836:.
12782:^
12683:^
12656:^
12545:^
12466:.
12440:.
12405:^
12369:10
12367:.
12363:.
12351:^
12303:.
12289:^
12275:.
12245:^
12227:.
12221:.
12200:^
12165:^
12118:DK
12099:^
12077:.
12055:.
12018:.
11973:.
11958:^
11944:.
11918:^
11884:,
11872:,
11807:.
11795:;
11761:.
11757:.
11743:^
11704:.
11696:.
11686:66
11684:.
11670:^
11650:.
11638:;
11593:.
11544:^
11518:.
11480:^
11452:^
11425:^
11410:^
11342:^
11256:^
11203:^
11088:^
11059:^
11044:^
11019:^
11000:^
10942:.
10934:.
10924:.
10912::
10886:,
10742:^
10730:}}
10726:{{
10706:.
10702:.
10671:,
10659:,
10557:,
10458:;
10445:^
10423:,
10411:,
10373:^
10210:.
10202:.
10194:.
10178:49
10176:.
10170:.
10109:^
10004:^
9974:^
9901:^
9860:^
9810:^
9792:.
9780:13
9778:.
9774:.
9756:^
9741:^
9714:^
9696:.
9692:.
9656:^
9617:^
9590:^
9563:^
9400:^
9199:^
9185:.
9150:^
9136:.
9100:.
9063:^
9017:^
8986:^
8966:,
8956:,
8944:,
8917:.
8913:.
8873:^
8859:.
8809:^
8785:.
8762:.
8736:^
8673:^
8646:^
8619:^
8591:^
8574:^
8474:.
8452:.
8444:.
8434:55
8432:.
8428:.
8389:.
8381:.
8369:^
8287:.
8265:.
8240:^
8225:^
8194:^
8175:^
8156:^
8114:.
7897:Pu
7783:,
7763:,
7649:.
7641:,
7543:,
7531:,
7489:,
7413:.
7378:.
7299:.
7245:,
7241:,
7133:,
7129:,
7125:,
7117:.
7024:De
6916:,
6912:,
6908:,
6904:,
6900:,
6835:,
6738:,
6612:.
6569:.
6532:,
6500:A
6471:茅山
6382:,
6370:,
6367:道藏
6347:).
6304:;
6259:,
6218:,
6176:,
6159:化書
6068:,
5899:,
5890:c.
5733:莊子
5731:,
5651:c.
5592:.
5547:qi
5534:,
5480:).
5471:c.
5395:.
5371:.
5353:qi
5349:qi
5305:,
5301:,
5286:.
5202:.
5143:.
5056:,
4981:qi
4942:qi
4916:,
4912:,
4846:,
4843:物靈
4837:地祇
4831:天神
4821:神仙
4721:.
4667:qi
4611:).
4582:Qi
4580:,
4460:.
4457:qi
4400:qi
4307:;
4287:;
4270:cí
4267:;
4261:ci
4253:;
4251:三寶
4209:yi
4185:,
4175:pu
4139:,
4113:qi
4057:qi
3929:wu
3885:;
3879:;
3868:pu
3844:qi
3817:,
3799:;
3793:;
3791:自然
3746:De
3738:Te
3733:dé
3730:;
3724:De
3712:De
3694:wú
3553:.
3541:,
3537:,
3521:,
3517:,
3513:,
3477:,
3434:,
3423:.
3403:,
3399:,
3395:,
3391:,
3387:,
3383:,
3324:.
3191:,
3187:zh
3151:龍門
3076:.
3020:,
2678:,
2674:,
2597:)
2563:zh
2536:.
2512:,
2503:.
2463:wu
2432:.
2386:,
2382:,
2362:,
2279:,
2245:c.
2198:法師
2174:道士
2069:c.
2014:;
2012:左傳
1990:;
1988:道學
1980:;
1978:道家
1959:;
1957:道教
1888:.
1857:.
1769:,
1765:,
1720:c.
1701:,
1695:,
1677:,
1673:,
1669:,
1655:;
1609:əm
1597:aʊ
1584:,
1568:əm
1556:aʊ
782:po
763:Qi
661:De
605:on
557:道教
511:道敎
497:도교
478:道教
293:Wu
133:道教
27731::
26247:e
26240:t
26233:v
24151:e
24144:t
24137:v
21149::
20676:/
20395:-
20245:/
20241:/
19518:/
19332:/
19129:e
19122:t
19115:v
18804:e
18797:t
18790:v
18691:)
18687:(
17944:e
17937:t
17930:v
17864:.
17819:.
17795:.
17771:.
17748:.
17726:.
17690:.
17667:.
17648:.
17629:.
17610:.
17578:.
17550:.
17531:.
17512:.
17493:.
17474:.
17455:.
17436:.
17417:.
17398:.
17379:.
17360:.
17341:.
17313:.
17277::
17271:1
17256:.
17193:.
17170:.
17147:.
17123:.
17090:.
17048:.
17011:.
16983:.
16964:.
16945:.
16922:.
16900:.
16879:.
16865:.
16844:.
16825:.
16806:.
16787:.
16766:.
16743:.
16724:.
16698:.
16672:.
16653:.
16616:.
16597:.
16564:.
16545:.
16526:.
16507:.
16485:.
16466:.
16447:.
16424:.
16391:.
16370:.
16351:.
16328:.
16286:.
16267:.
16248:.
16229:.
16187:.
16151:.
16132:.
16120::
16103:.
16080:.
16068::
16047:.
15969:.
15939:.
15909:.
15878:.
15844::
15814:.
15777:.
15757::
15734:.
15701:.
15647:.
15535:.
15521::
15176:.
15115:.
14995:.
14958:.
14852:.
14779:.
14765::
14722:.
14696:.
14680::
14642:.
14592:.
14495:.
14462:.
14432:.
14378:.
14147:.
13942:.
13894:.
13655:.
13574:.
13538:.
13302:.
12985:.
12933:.
12919::
12913:4
12844:.
12479:.
12451:.
12387:.
12345:.
12316:.
12283:.
12239:.
12194:.
12159:.
12130:.
12093:.
12063:.
12026:.
11989:.
11952:.
11880::
11821:.
11773:.
11737:.
11712:.
11692::
11664:.
11604:.
11579:.
11566:.
11526:.
11380:.
10950:.
10920::
10865:.
10736:)
10722:.
10710::
10667::
10504:.
10419::
10243:.
10218:.
10188::
10055:)
9932:.
9804:.
9786::
9708:.
9340:)
9321:.
9257:.
9225:.
9193:.
9144:.
9108:.
8952::
8929:.
8899:.
8867:.
8803:.
8770:.
8613:.
8486:.
8460:.
8440::
8401:.
8303:.
8126:.
7571:(
7535:.
7357:.
7318:(
6998:.
6536:.
6465:神
6446:玄
6429:眞
6413:洞
6410:(
6343:(
6335:(
6327:(
6319:(
6298:(
6281:(
6273:.
6255:(
6239:(
6226:(
6212:(
6200:(
6192:.
6170:(
6156:(
6142:(
6120:(
6108:(
6094:(
6086:.
6064:(
6052:(
6040:(
6032:(
5986:(
5977:.
5969:(
5961:.
5941:.
5888:(
5861:.
5845:(
5835:(
5727:(
5476:(
5465:(
5250:.
5194:(
5060:.
5000:(
4876:(
4741:.
4546:(
4388:(
4374:.
4303:(
4285:儉
4283:(
4265:慈
4263:(
4249:(
4055:(
3875:樸
3871:(
3789:(
3728:德
3726:(
3622:道
3308:.
2975:.
2834:(
2751:(
2693:-
2466:(
2446:,
2243:(
2214:(
2172:(
2010:(
1718:(
1645:(
1643:道
1612:/
1606:z
1603:ɪ
1600:.
1594:t
1591:ˈ
1588:/
1571:/
1565:z
1562:ɪ
1559:.
1553:d
1550:ˈ
1547:/
1543:(
1525:e
1518:t
1511:v
1350:)
862:)
856:(
438:*
107:道
75:)
69:(
64:)
60:(
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
