926:
966:
refused their mutual assistance treaty and was gathering forces in
Vilnius Region in the east and in Latvia in the north. In such light, the government decided to demand as much territory as possible. However, when the delegation returned to Moscow, it found the atmosphere changed. The Soviets were inflexible, refused further negotiations, and intimidated the delegation to sign the treaty. They presented a new draft, which combined the mutual assistance pact and transfer of Vilnius into one agreement. The Lithuanian delegation had little choice but to sign the proposed treaty. After signing the treaty, Stalin invited the Lithuanian delegation to celebrate and watch two movies with him. Urbšys informed the Lithuanian government about signing of the treaty only in the morning of October 11 – at the time the treaty was already published by Soviet news agency
1192:
1267:, was formed on November 21. Lithuanians were careful to follow the treaty to the letter and not give any excuses for Moscow to accuse them of treaty violations. At first, delayed by the Winter War, the Soviets did not interfere with Lithuania's domestic affairs and Soviet soldiers were well-behaved in their bases. The Lithuanian government started debating its options and what could be done to prepare for the future occupation. Despite various resolutions, nothing material was accomplished. Lithuania had no counterweight to Soviet influence: its own forces were small, Germany was in effect Russia's ally, Poland was conquered, France and Great Britain had bigger issues in western Europe. After the Winter War was over, Soviet Union turned its attention to the
1179:, used celebrations of return of the city to increase its prestige and popularity. The government stressed its competence and the opposition emphasized Soviet generosity. While politicians publicly praised the Soviet Union and taunted "traditional Soviet–Lithuanian friendship," in private they understood this treaty was a serious threat to Lithuanian independence. Popular attitude was reflected in a known slogan "Vilnius – mūsų, Lietuva – rusų" (Vilnius is ours, but Lithuania is Russia's). After the treaty was signed, Lithuania lost its neutrality and could not independently execute its foreign policy. For example, Lithuania could not support Finland when the
1230:) and hospitals, vehicles and trains, cultural objects from museums and libraries. After the Russian troops left, Polish residents, seeing the deal as a betrayal of Poland, protested against the Lithuanian government. On October 30 – November 1, when the bread price suddenly rose, clashes between local communists and Poles turned into a riot against the Jewish population. Many Jewish shops were raided and some 35 people were injured. Jews accused Lithuanian police of inaction and sympathizing with Polish rioters. Soviet soldiers, uninvited by the Lithuanian government, helped to subdue the riots.
709:
918:
979:
1282:. The Soviets accused Lithuania of violating the treaty and abducting Russian soldiers from their bases. The Soviets demanded that a new government, which would comply with the Mutual Assistance Treaty, be formed and that an unspecified number of Soviet troops be admitted to Lithuania. With Soviet troops already in the country it was impossible to mount military resistance. The Soviets took control of government institutions, installed a new pro-Soviet government, and announced elections to the
1214:
905:, territories with larger Lithuanian populations. The Soviets replied that the boundary draw by the 1920 peace treaty was inaccurate and that Belarusians also laid claims to the territory. The Soviets tentatively agreed that territories where a Lithuanian majority could be proven would be transferred to Lithuania. Nevertheless, the Soviets blackmailed the Lithuanians that if they will not accept the Mutual Assistance Treaty, Vilnius will be attached to the
925:
1075:. The final agreement was signed on October 28, the same day when the Lithuanian army marched into Vilnius. A day before, another agreement determined the new border of eastern Lithuania: Lithuania received 6,739 km (2,602 sq mi) of territory with population of approximately 430,000. The territory comprised about one fifth of the Vilnius Region recognized to Lithuania by the
897:, Urbšys said that Lithuanians refused Vilnius Region as well as the Russian garrisons, however then nervous Stalin replied that "No matter if you take Vilnius or not, the Russian garrisons will enter Lithuania anyway". Finally, the Soviets agreed to reduce the number of troops to 35,000. Urbšys then also bargained for more territories in the Vilnius Region, especially in the vicinity of
2778:
1243:
hoped that such reform would weaken pro-Polish landowners and would win peasants' loyalty to the
Lithuanian state. By March 1940, 90 estates and 23,000 hectares were distributed. Lithuanians proceeded to "re-Lithuanize" cultural life in Vilnius Region. They closed many Polish cultural and educational institutions, including
892:
Urbšys' protested the Soviet bases arguing that it would mean virtual occupation of
Lithuania. Soviets argued that their army would protect Lithuania from possible attacks from Nazi Germany and that a similar treaty was already signed with Estonia. Urbšys argued that Lithuania's neutrality was enough
1242:
at a favourable rate, losing over 20 million litas. The
Lithuanian government decided to implement a land reform similar to the land reform executed in the 1920s. Large estates would be nationalized and distributed to landless peasants in exchange for redemption dues payable in 36 years. Politicians
1233:
The territory presented an economic challenge to
Lithuania: unemployment was rampant, food was in short supply, valuables were stolen by the Soviet army, war refugees were gathering from other former Polish territories. The Lithuanian army would provide up to 25,000 daily rations of hot soup and
965:
doubted that it was worth gaining
Vilnius for such a price and debated whether the negotiations could be broken off. Bizauskas argued that refusing the treaty would not prevent the Soviet Union from implementing its plan. The Soviet Union had already threatened Estonia with force in the case it
938:. Lithuanians in principle agreed to sign the mutual assistance treaty, but were instructed to resist Soviet bases as much as possible. Alternatives included doubling the Lithuanian army, exchanging military missions, and building fortifications on the western border with Germany similar to the
933:
Urbšys returned to
Lithuania to consult the government. German officials confirmed that the secret protocols were real, and informed Lithuanians that transfer of the territory in Suvalkija was not an urgent matter. Eventually, Nazi Germany sold this territory to the Soviet Union for 7.5 million
861:
On
September 29, the next day after the Boundary and Friendship Treaty, Germany canceled planned talks with Lithuania and the Soviet Union informed Lithuania that it wished to open negotiations regarding future relationship between the two countries. The new Soviet–Lithuanian negotiations were
760:. The Lithuanians refused to recognize Polish control and continued to claim legal and moral rights to the region throughout the interwar period. The Soviet Union continued to support Lithuanian claims against sovereign Poland. The Soviets supported as well Lithuania's interests in the
1106:(headquarters, infantry and artillery units with 4,500 troops). For comparison, on June 1, 1940, Lithuanian army had 22,265 soldiers and 1,728 officers. While aircraft bases in Alytus and Gaižiūnai were under construction, Soviet aircraft were to be stationed in
950:, returned to Moscow. Stalin refused the proposed alternatives, but agreed to reduce the number of Soviet troops to 20,000 – about the size of the entire Lithuanian army. Soviets wanted to sign the treaty right then to commemorate the 19th anniversary of
1225:
On
October 28, the Lithuanian Army entered Vilnius for the first time since 1920. Before handing over the city to the Lithuanians, the Soviets robbed and transported to the Soviet Union all valuables: equipment from factories (including
842:, to the Soviet sphere of influence. The exchange of territories was also motivated by Soviet control of Vilnius: the Soviet Union could exert significant influence on the Lithuanian government, which claimed Vilnius to be its
1134:
The treaty was presented as proof of Soviet respect for small nations and Stalin's benevolence by Soviet propaganda. Russians emphasized that it was the second time the Soviet Union gave
Vilnius to Lithuania while the
53:
1059:(western Lithuania) to be the worst possible outcome. The Lithuanians preferred fewer, but bigger bases with no permanent runways for the aircraft. The Soviets initially proposed to have their bases in Vilnius,
909:. The most shocking demand was to cede part of Lithuanian territory to Germany. Lithuanians decided to postpone any negotiations regarding territory transfer to Germany until Germans expressed clear demands.
2783:
787:, were assigned to the Soviets. This different treatment could be explained by Lithuania's economic dependence on Germany. Germany accounted for approximately 80% of Lithuania's foreign trade and after the
1151:
riots broke out accusing Lithuanians of betrayal. France and Great Britain, traditional allies of Poland, also condemned the treaty. Belarusian activists who campaigned for Vilnius incorporation into the
1139:
failed to mediate the Polish–Lithuanian dispute. The Soviets also worked to assure Lithuanians that Soviet friendship is effective protection from and a welcome alternative to Nazi aggression. The
111:
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personally informed Urbšys about the Soviet–German secret protocols and showed maps of the spheres of influence. He demanded that Lithuania signed three separate treaties, according to which:
1844:
594:
698:
838:. Its secret attachment detailed that to compensate the Soviet Union for German-occupied Polish territories, Germany would transfer Lithuania, except for a small territory in
2160:
17:
205:
830:, which according to the 1920 and 1926 Soviet–Lithuanian treaties was recognized to Lithuania. As a result, Soviets and Germans re-negotiated the secret protocols of the
1083:
275:
2535:
1039:, was sent to Lithuania to discuss the specifics on October 22. The Lithuanians sought to limit Soviet bases to Vilnius Region and southern Lithuania, offering
2945:
1156:
were arrested, deported, or executed by the Soviet authorities. The transfer upset their national aspirations to position Belarus as a successor to the former
291:
1183:
broke out after Finland rejected a similar mutual assistance treaty proposed by Soviet Union. In international politics, Lithuania became a Soviet satellite.
587:
2788:
1020:
Article VIII: Articles II to VII are valid for a period of 15 years with an automatic extension for another 10 (note that transfer of Vilnius is permanent)
659:
with 20,000 troops to be established across Lithuania. In essence the treaty with Lithuania was very similar to the treaties that the Soviet Union signed
313:
330:
1259:
Future of the Vilnius Region caused frictions between political and military leaders in Lithuania. As the first Soviet troops moved into Lithuania on
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935:
85:
1854:
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1147:. Lithuanians replied that the region was legally part of Lithuania. Poles resented the transfer and as soon as the Soviet Army left Vilnius,
783:. According to the pact's secret protocols, Lithuania was assigned to the German sphere of influence while Latvia and Estonia, the other two
2940:
2576:
2566:
2528:
1384:
Gedye, G.E.R. (1939-10-03). "Latvia Gets Delay on Moscow Terms; Lithuania Summoned as Finland Awaits Call to Round Out Baltic 'Peace Bloc'".
986:(dark orange) was ceded to Lithuania in exchange for four Soviet military bases (marked with stars) according to the Mutual Assistance Treaty
154:
958:, put additional pressure on Lithuanians and provided a sense of urgency. Urbšys refused to sign and the talks receded for the second time.
2925:
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military bases would be established and up to 50,000 Soviet soldiers would be stationed in Lithuania (the original mutual assistance pact);
660:
168:
2628:
1304:
664:
498:
335:
173:
1107:
679:. The treaty provided that Lithuania's sovereignty would not be affected. However, in reality the treaty opened the door for the first
656:
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1876:
769:
131:
116:
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a neighborhood of Vilnius. The final location of the bases showed that the Soviets were more concerned with encircling Kaunas, the
441:
34:
1008:
Article IV: Soviet Union receives right to station its troops in Lithuania. Base locations are to be decided by a separate treaty.
2980:
2604:
121:
106:
1082:
According to the final agreement, four military bases would be established in Lithuania with 18,786 military personnel from the
2610:
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126:
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1967:
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The treaty also had a secret supplement, which specified that the Soviets could station only up to 20,000 of their troops.
967:
436:
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which was a short-lived political entity without international recognition. The region was ceded to Poland in 1922 at the
2920:
1143:
officially protested the treaty as it did not recognize Russian conquest and claimed sovereignty over territories of the
503:
2895:
2793:
2717:
1309:
1275:
1076:
788:
733:
426:
411:
377:
247:
224:
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would be ceded to the Nazi Germany (as agreed between Germany and Soviet Union in the Boundary and Friendship Treaty);
848:
capital. In the secret protocols, both Soviet Union and Germany explicitly recognized Lithuanian interest in Vilnius.
2935:
2735:
2502:
2441:
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2337:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
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the government, which included four generals, resigned. A new civilian cabinet, led by controversial Prime Minister
1176:
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to guarantee its security and proposed to strengthen Lithuanian army. According to the Lithuanian brigadier general
647:
on October 10, 1939. According to provisions outlined in the treaty, Lithuania would acquire about one fifth of the
2965:
2707:
823:
721:
493:
237:
1741:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics. Rodopi. pp. 15–21.
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and Lithuania's loss of Vilnius. Political rallies, organized in Vilnius demanding city's incorporation into the
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42:
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1474:
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2257:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics. Rodopi. pp.
1958:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics. Rodopi. pp.
1930:(1939-10-07). "Lithuania to Yield: Will Give Soviet Union Right to Build 'Maginot Line' on German Border".
540:
1655:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics. Rodopi. p.
1523:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics. Rodopi. p.
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The treaty did not decide the exact location of the Soviet bases and 18-member Soviet delegation, led by
776:
545:
200:
140:
93:
2651:
52:
2930:
1901:
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on June 14, 1940 – the same day when the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris during the
1140:
1005:
Article III: Soviet Union renders assistance to the Lithuanian Army in terms of munitions and equipment
340:
862:
supposed to formally resolve the status of the Vilnius Region. Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs
2859:
1818:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
1419:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.).
804:
729:
2400:
Kai ksenofobija virsta prievarta: lietuvių ir žydų santykių dinamika XIX a. – XX a. pirmojoje pusėje
951:
741:
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Lithuanian politicians attempted to show the regained Vilnius as a major diplomatic victory. The
629:
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were expected to improve as the cause for tension, the Vilnius Region assigned to Poland by the
2817:
2492:
1927:
1144:
921:
Lithuanian delegation before departing to Moscow on October 7, 1939. Urbšys is third from left.
362:
219:
2335:
2258:
1959:
1902:
Kamuntavičius, Rūstis; Vaida Kamuntavičienė; Remigijus Civinskas; Kastytis Antanaitis (2001).
1686:
1656:
1583:
1524:
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1984:
1736:
1623:
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753:
565:
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1951:
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1516:
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pushed Polish forces behind the line agreed with the Soviets. Germans took control of the
8:
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612:
555:
471:
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1402:
1386:
1333:
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1244:
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261:
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736:
was signed. The Soviet Union recognized Lithuania's independence and its right to the
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2437:
2407:
2341:
2309:
2262:
2251:
2226:
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2024:
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1963:
1952:
1907:
1823:
1775:
1742:
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1660:
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1627:
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515:
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187:
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1036:
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863:
795:, Lithuania's only port. Also, Lithuania and Russia did not have a common border.
2752:
2686:
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962:
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740:. The region was fiercely contested with Poland and fell under its control after
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372:
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978:
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in public life and sponsored Lithuanian organizations and cultural activities.
1103:
1099:
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1044:
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827:
737:
725:
648:
2784:
Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
1217:
2889:
2838:
2306:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
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1268:
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Article VI: Agreement not to participate in alliances against the other party
871:
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63:
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was strengthening the defenses of a weak nation against possible attacks by
2127:
1877:"Sovietų kariuomenė Vilniaus krašte 1939–1940 m. (iki Lietuvos okupacijos)"
1763:
1684:
1494:
939:
898:
676:
640:
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73:
68:
1820:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940
1422:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940
999:
Article I: Transfer of Vilnius Region and the city of Vilnius to Lithuania
2852:
2074:Łossowski, Piotr (2002). "The Lithuanian–Soviet Treaty of October 1939".
1112:
2361:
Matthews, Herbert L. (1939-10-19). "Pope Will Defend Christian Europe".
1072:
792:
2866:
1817:
1622:. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics. WestviewPress. p.
1418:
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bread to residents of Vilnius. The Lithuanian government exchanged the
1180:
446:
1822:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 168–176.
1425:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 108–110.
1218:
Vilniaus krašto atgavimas / Žygis į Vilnių (1939 m. spalio 27 - 28 d.)
1068:
1040:
27:
1939 treaty allowing Soviet troops and military bases within Lithuania
2873:
1849:
1121:, than with defending the country against a possible foreign attack.
1056:
839:
808:
644:
2108:"Vilniaus krašto atgavimas ir Lietuvos–SSRS santykiai 1939–1940 m."
1685:
Shtromas, Alexander; Robert K. Faulkner; Daniel J. Mahoney (2003).
1227:
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820:
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dividing Eastern Europe into Soviet and German spheres of influence
2111:
1478:
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in France. On October 7, Lithuanian delegation, including General
2044:
Gedye, G.E.R. (1939-10-23). "Russians Solicit Estonians' Favor".
1095:
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one portion of the Vilnius Region would be attached to Lithuania.
844:
775:
On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the
652:
1585:
Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940–1941
1403:"The Security Policy of Lithuania and the 'Integration Dilemma'"
1274:
After months of intense propaganda and diplomatic pressure, the
699:
Background of the occupation and annexation of the Baltic states
1094:(infantry, artillery, and mechanized units with 8,000 troops),
1091:
1064:
1060:
1052:
867:
1247:
with over 3,000 students. Lithuanians sought to introduce the
1090:, and 2nd Light Tank Brigade. The bases were to be located in
1764:"Lithuania and the Soviet Union 1939–1940: the Fateful Year"
1079:
of 1920; population of Lithuania reached about 3.8 million.
2161:
Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras
1290:
was incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 3, 1940.
1615:
2434:
Lithuania in Crisis: Nationalism to Communism 1939–1940
2212:
2116:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
2021:
Lithuania in Crisis: Nationalism to Communism 1939–1940
1483:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
1017:
Article VII: Sovereignty is not affected by this treaty
1129:
1102:(mechanized and tank units with 3,500 troops), and in
995:
The mutual assistance treaty contained nine articles:
728:
on February 16, 1918. On June 12, 1920, following the
617:
Lietuvos-Sovietų Sąjungos savitarpio pagalbos sutartis
2184:
Antanas Račis, ed. (2008). "Reguliariosios pajėgos".
634:
2789:
Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
2490:
1561:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Šviesa. pp. 137–140.
1098:(infantry and artillery units with 2,500 soldiers),
2543:
1011:
Article V: Coordinated actions in case of an attack
744:in October 1920. It was then incorporated into the
2214:
2154:
1616:Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Judith B. Sedaitis (1997).
1002:Article II: Mutual assistance in case of an attack
1845:"Ar Lietuva galėjo išsigelbėti 1939–1940 metais?"
1688:Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order
2887:
1175:, ruling political party in Lithuania since the
2436:. Indiana University Press. pp. 160–163.
2217:The Theory, Law, and Policy of Soviet Treaties
2190:Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute
2155:Arvydas Anušauskas; et al., eds. (2005).
2023:. Indiana University Press. pp. 157–158.
2946:Military alliances involving the Soviet Union
2529:
2183:
1906:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vaga. p. 399.
936:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
834:Pact. On September 28, 1939, they signed the
588:
2474:"Kaunas Mayor Forms Lithuanian Government".
1030:
714:German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty
651:, including Lithuania's historical capital,
639:) was a bilateral treaty signed between the
636:sovetsko-litovskiy dogovor o vzaimopomoshchi
2457:"First Soviet Troops Move into Lithuania".
2536:
2522:
2497:. Stanford University Press. p. 131.
2491:Slusser, Robert M.; Jan F. Triska (1959).
2431:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2333:
2213:Triska, Jan F.; Robert M. Slusser (1962).
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2148:
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2018:
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609:Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
595:
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2308:. Yale University Press. pp. 81–83.
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1943:
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1207:Documentary for the annexation of Vilnius
990:
625:советско-литовский договор о взаимопомощи
18:Soviet–Lithuania Mutual Assistance Treaty
2494:A Calendar of Soviet Treaties, 1917–1957
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1475:"Klaipėdos krašto aneksija 1939–1940 m."
1300:Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
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977:
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689:as "virtual sacrifice of independence."
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1680:
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1472:
1331:"Soviet Acclaimed Baltic's Protector".
1305:Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
14:
2951:Treaties involving territorial changes
2888:
2378:"40 Russian Tanks are Sent to Vilna".
2303:
2282:"Poles Bar Cession of Any Territory".
2239:
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2003:
1989:. Anmol Publications. pp. 54–56.
1982:
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1154:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
956:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
907:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
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2253:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
2221:. Stanford University Press. p.
2113:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
2101:
2099:
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1954:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
1926:
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1738:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
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1651:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
1519:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
1480:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
1383:
770:Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact
756:and confirmed internationally by the
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1949:
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1288:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
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1168:, now was under Lithuanian control.
934:dollars on January 10, 1941, in the
772:in 1926, later extended it to 1944.
494:Baltic diplomatic services (1940–91)
2926:Treaties entered into force in 1939
2054:
1341:
1321:
1130:International and domestic reaction
703:
655:, and in exchange would allow five
24:
2794:Museum of the Occupation of Latvia
2090:
1408:. NATO Academic Forum. p. 21.
1310:Polish National-Territorial Region
412:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
378:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
25:
2992:
881:Lithuanian territory west of the
870:on October 3. During the meeting
856:
2941:Lithuania–Soviet Union relations
1691:. Lexington Books. p. 246.
1559:Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentai
1212:
1195:Lithuanian troops enter Vilnius.
1160:. Lithuanian relations with the
779:and divided Eastern Europe into
51:
2956:1939 in international relations
2901:Occupation of the Baltic states
2545:Occupation of the Baltic states
2484:
2467:
2450:
2404:Lithuanian Institute of History
2371:
2354:
2340:. McFarland. pp. 161–162.
2275:
2206:
2177:
2037:
1976:
1920:
1904:Lietuvos istorija 11–12 klasėms
1895:
1869:
1853:(in Lithuanian). Archived from
1836:
1755:
1640:
1575:
1254:
851:
798:
2188:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I.
1762:Urbšys, Juozas (Summer 1989).
1588:. Penguin Group. p. 259.
1508:
1439:
1377:
1077:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
836:Boundary and Friendship Treaty
734:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
681:Soviet occupation of Lithuania
13:
1:
1452:. Hoover Press. p. 139.
1363:. Routledge. pp. 37–38.
1315:
1173:Lithuanian Nationalists Union
973:
912:
746:Republic of Central Lithuania
692:
2911:Treaties of the Soviet Union
2334:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998).
1401:Miniotaite, Grazina (1999).
1360:Lithuania: Stepping Westward
1124:
1055:. They considered a base in
355:Soviet re-occupation in 1944
7:
2976:Belarus–Lithuania relations
2592:Diplomatic treaties in 1939
2577:Soviet re-occupation (1944)
2432:Sabaliūnas, Leonas (1972).
2398:Vareikis, Vygantas (2005).
2249:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
2019:Sabaliūnas, Leonas (1972).
1950:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
1735:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
1647:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
1619:Lithuania: The Rebel Nation
1557:Eidintas, Alfonsas (1991).
1515:Senn, Alfred Erich (2007).
1293:
1276:Soviets issued an ultimatum
826:, Soviet troops took over
819:. When on September 17 the
667:on October 5. According to
635:
10:
2997:
2981:Lithuania–Poland relations
2921:Treaties concluded in 1939
2772:Research and investigation
2402:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius:
2159:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius:
1141:Polish government-in-exile
1023:Article IX: Date of effect
946:and Deputy Prime Minister
929:Urbšys signing the treaty.
696:
551:Lithuania–Russia relations
163:Mutual Assistance Treaties
2896:Lithuania in World War II
2860:The Chronicles of Melanie
2802:
2771:
2728:
2673:
2645:Massacres and repressions
2644:
2591:
2551:
1449:Estonia and the Estonians
1245:Stephan Batory University
1211:
1206:
1201:
1031:Location of Soviet troops
624:
155:Soviet occupation in 1940
2936:1939 in the Soviet Union
2652:Masļenki border incident
2635:Soviet–Lithuanian Treaty
2567:Soviet occupation (1940)
2304:Snyder, Timothy (2004).
2106:Skirius, Juozas (2002).
1986:Soviet Diplomacy 1925–41
1473:Skirius, Juozas (2002).
1158:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1084:16th Special Rifle Corps
961:In Lithuania, President
541:Estonia–Russia relations
2966:Vilnius in World War II
2617:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2076:Acta Poloniae Historica
1446:Raun, Toivo U. (2001).
777:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
669:official Soviet sources
546:Latvia–Russia relations
141:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
94:Baltic–Soviet relations
2961:Moscow in World War II
2818:Between Shades of Gray
2623:Soviet–Estonian Treaty
2599:German–Lithuanian Pact
2572:Nazi occupation (1941)
1843:Gureckas, Algimantas.
1196:
1145:Second Polish Republic
991:Articles of the treaty
987:
930:
922:
805:Germany invaded Poland
803:On September 1, 1939,
717:
616:
2916:World War II treaties
2906:Treaties of Lithuania
2629:Soviet–Latvian Treaty
1983:Johari, J.C. (2000).
1582:Kershaw, Ian (2007).
1357:Lane, Thomas (2001).
1194:
981:
928:
920:
789:1939 German ultimatum
730:Lithuanian–Soviet War
722:declared independence
711:
683:and was described by
663:on September 28, and
657:Soviet military bases
566:Russians in Lithuania
2832:Nobody Wanted to Die
2605:German–Estonian Pact
781:spheres of influence
712:Map attached to the
388:Lithuanian partisans
101:Non-aggression pacts
2699:October deportation
2611:German–Latvian Pact
1249:Lithuanian language
982:About one-fifth of
952:Żeligowski's Mutiny
742:Żeligowski's Mutiny
556:Russians in Estonia
472:Congress of Estonia
442:Territorial changes
220:People's Parliament
2477:The New York Times
2460:The New York Times
2381:The New York Times
2364:The New York Times
2285:The New York Times
2163:. pp. 41–43.
2157:Lietuva, 1940–1990
2047:The New York Times
1933:The New York Times
1857:on 15 January 2020
1387:The New York Times
1334:The New York Times
1197:
1088:5th Rifle Division
988:
931:
923:
832:Molotov–Ribbentrop
817:Warsaw Voivodeship
813:Lublin Voivodeship
718:
686:The New York Times
561:Russians in Latvia
452:Singing Revolution
262:Welles Declaration
2931:1939 in Lithuania
2883:
2882:
2811:Ashes in the Snow
2779:Kersten Committee
2693:March deportation
2268:978-90-420-2225-6
2199:978-5-420-01639-8
1969:978-90-420-2225-6
1748:978-90-420-2225-6
1666:978-90-420-2225-6
1595:978-1-59420-123-3
1534:978-90-420-2225-6
1286:. The proclaimed
1223:
1222:
1187:In Vilnius Region
1166:Concordat of 1925
1137:League of Nations
1119:temporary capital
758:League of Nations
754:Polish–Soviet War
633:
605:
604:
516:Kersten Committee
404:Under Soviet rule
383:Latvian partisans
276:German occupation
179:Soviet-Lithuanian
132:German–Lithuanian
117:Soviet–Lithuanian
43:Occupation of the
16:(Redirected from
2988:
2846:In the Crosswind
2825:Dangerous Summer
2763:Operation Jungle
2729:Armed resistance
2681:June deportation
2658:Rainiai massacre
2582:State continuity
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2480:: 2. 1939-11-21.
2471:
2465:
2464:
2463:: 3. 1939-11-15.
2454:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2384:: 2. 1939-11-02.
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2290:
2289:
2288:: 3. 1939-10-21.
2279:
2273:
2272:
2256:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2220:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2126:. Archived from
2103:
2088:
2087:
2071:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1784:
1783:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1671:
1670:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1493:. Archived from
1470:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1354:
1339:
1338:
1337:: 5. 1939-10-12.
1328:
1280:Battle of France
1262:
1240:Lithuanian litas
1216:
1215:
1199:
1198:
1150:
1116:
1037:Mikhail Kovalyov
833:
704:Pre-war treaties
638:
628:
626:
597:
590:
583:
521:Helsinki Accords
486:State continuity
422:Operation Jungle
417:Operation Priboi
368:Baltic offensive
253:June deportation
55:
30:
29:
21:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2798:
2767:
2753:Estonian Legion
2724:
2687:May deportation
2669:
2664:Kautla massacre
2640:
2587:
2586:
2547:
2542:
2512:
2505:
2489:
2485:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2406:. p. 179.
2396:
2389:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2332:
2323:
2316:
2302:
2293:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:. p. 335.
2182:
2178:
2171:
2153:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2104:
2091:
2072:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2017:
2004:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1948:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1883:(in Lithuanian)
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1816:
1787:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1733:
1706:
1699:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1614:
1603:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1555:
1542:
1535:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1355:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1296:
1284:People's Seimas
1260:
1257:
1213:
1202:External videos
1189:
1149:anti-Lithuanian
1148:
1132:
1127:
1110:
1033:
993:
976:
963:Antanas Smetona
948:Kazys Bizauskas
944:Stasys Raštikis
915:
859:
854:
831:
801:
791:had control of
768:and signed the
766:Klaipėda Revolt
762:Klaipėda Region
706:
701:
695:
673:Soviet military
601:
572:
571:
570:
535:
527:
526:
525:
488:
478:
477:
476:
406:
396:
395:
394:
373:Courland Pocket
363:Battle of Narva
357:
347:
346:
345:
323:
301:
278:
268:
267:
266:
234:
197:
169:Soviet–Estonian
165:
157:
147:
146:
145:
122:German–Estonian
107:Soviet–Estonian
103:
88:
78:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2758:Latvian Legion
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:from Lithuania
2715:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2625:(28 September)
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2483:
2466:
2449:
2442:
2419:
2412:
2387:
2370:
2353:
2346:
2321:
2314:
2291:
2274:
2267:
2238:
2231:
2205:
2198:
2176:
2169:
2140:
2122:
2089:
2078:(86): 98–101.
2053:
2036:
2029:
2002:
1995:
1975:
1968:
1939:
1919:
1912:
1894:
1868:
1835:
1828:
1785:
1754:
1747:
1704:
1697:
1672:
1665:
1639:
1632:
1601:
1594:
1574:
1567:
1540:
1533:
1507:
1489:
1465:
1458:
1438:
1431:
1411:
1393:
1376:
1369:
1340:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1265:Antanas Merkys
1256:
1253:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1188:
1185:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1104:Naujoji Vilnia
1049:Naujoji Vilnia
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
992:
989:
984:Vilnius Region
975:
972:
914:
911:
890:
889:
886:
879:
858:
857:Initial stance
855:
853:
850:
828:Vilnius Region
824:invaded Poland
800:
797:
738:Vilnius Region
726:Russian Empire
705:
702:
694:
691:
649:Vilnius Region
603:
602:
600:
599:
592:
585:
577:
574:
573:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
524:
523:
518:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
490:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
437:Lithuanian SSR
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
407:
402:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
391:
390:
385:
375:
370:
365:
359:
358:
353:
352:
349:
348:
344:
343:
338:
333:
327:
322:
321:
316:
311:
305:
300:
299:
294:
289:
283:
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
248:from Lithuania
245:
240:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
203:
191:
190:
188:Orzeł incident
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
174:Soviet-Latvian
171:
159:
158:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
137:
136:
135:
134:
129:
127:German–Latvian
124:
119:
114:
112:Soviet–Latvian
109:
97:
96:
90:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
77:
76:
71:
66:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2993:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:Utterly Alone
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:Art and media
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2506:
2504:0-8047-0587-9
2500:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2443:0-253-33600-7
2439:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2413:9986-780-70-5
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2347:0-7864-0371-3
2343:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2315:0-300-10586-X
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2232:0-8047-0122-9
2228:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2170:9986-757-65-7
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2130:on 2008-03-03
2129:
2125:
2123:9986-9216-9-4
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2030:0-253-33600-7
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1996:81-7488-491-2
1992:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:Gedye, G.E.R.
1923:
1915:
1913:5-415-01502-7
1909:
1905:
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1882:
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815:and eastern
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661:with Estonia
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232:Deportations
231:
211:to Lithuania
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2971:1930s riots
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243:from Latvia
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2746:Lithuanian
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2557:Background
2134:2008-11-02
1501:2008-03-14
1316:References
1181:Winter War
974:Provisions
913:Acceptance
903:Švenčionys
764:after the
752:after the
720:Lithuania
697:See also:
693:Background
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1294:See also
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1073:Šiauliai
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