1297:
1354:, administrating defense enterprises and overseeing space research, implementing Soviet foreign policy, crime-fighting, and maintaining defense and state security. It also worked alongside the republican governments to develop financial and credit policy, administer fuel and power supplies and transport systems, and developing welfare and social programs. In addition the Cabinet of Ministers was responsible for coordinating All-Union policy on science, technology, patents, use of airspace, prices, general economic policy, housing, environmental protection and military appointments. At last, the Law on the Cabinet of Ministers granted the Cabinet of Ministers the right to issue
49:
1335:
Cabinet of
Ministers would report directly to the President of the Soviet Union, and be accountable to both the presidency and to the Supreme Soviet. While the term of the Council of Ministers had been tied to the election of the Supreme Soviet, the Cabinet of Ministers was obliged by law to tender its resignation if the sitting president stepped down. Similar to the Council of Ministers, the leading decision-making organ of the Cabinet of Ministers was the Presidium. It was to be chaired by the newly created office of Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. In accordance with law the Presidium had to consist of the prime minister, his
1221:'s leadership. At first, the new leadership sought to solve problems within the existing bureaucratic framework, however, by 1954 the government initiated reforms which devolve more economic decision-making to the republican governments. Around this time Khrushchev suggested abolishing the industrial and construction ministries and distributing their duties and responsibilities to republican governments and regional bureaucrats. The end-goal was to reduce the size of the All-Union government and increase economic growth. A similar idea was proposed to the
1105:
997:
5102:
1565:
government. At the same time, the union-republican ministries had double subordination – they simultaneously submitted to the union republican government, within the framework of which they were created, and to the corresponding all-union government, orders and instructions which should have been guided in their activities. In contrast to the union republican ministries of the union republic, the republican ministries were subordinate only to the government of the corresponding union republic.
1076:
meantime the commissariats for foreign affairs, commerce and industry, transport, military and navy affairs, finance, foreign trade, labour, post and telegraphs, supply and the interior were granted All-Union status. This system created troubles at first since neither the constitution or any legal document defined the relations between All-Union commissariats, their organs in republics and the separate unified republican commissariats. However, this system was kept with minor changes until the
710:
1319:
Extraordinary
Session of the Congress of People's Deputies was convened to amend the constitution. The Law on the Presidency which was adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies stated that the president had to be elected in a nationwide election, but Gorbachev argued that the country was not ready for divisive election. Therefore, the Congress of People's Deputies held a vote in which 1329 voted to elect Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union, while 916 voted against him.
1620:. The officeholder was responsible for convening the government and its Presidium, reporting to the Supreme Soviet on behalf of the government and leading the work on formulating the five-year plans. The "Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR" states that the chairman "heads the Government and directs its activity... coordinates the activity of the first deputy chairmen and deputy chairmen in urgent cases, makes decisions on particular questions of state administration."
1170:
Industry and Bureau for
Culture and Health. This decision transformed the government's working methods. The new resolution delegated authorities to the bureaus and away from the deputy chairmen of government and high-standing ministers. Every sectoral bureau was headed by a deputy chairman of government, but decision-making was devolved into these collegial decision-making organs. The net effect of these change was to greatly increase the legislative activity of government.
5114:
1288:. It defined for the first time the responsibilities and membership of the government's Presidium. The constitution defined the Presidium as a permanent governmental organ responsible for establishing and securing good economic leadership and to assume administrative responsibilities. It stated that the government chairman, alongside the first deputy chairmen, deputy chairmen and the republican governmental heads made up the Presidium's membership.
1035:(CEC). The Congress of Soviets held legislative responsibilities and was the highest organ of state power, while the CEC was to exercise the powers of the Congress of Soviets whenever it was not in session, which in practice comprised the majority of its existence. It stated that the government, named the Council of People's Commissars, was to be the executive arm of the CEC. This governmental structure was copied from the one established in the
1162:
sought to explain the role of the
Council of Ministers, its internal operations and its relationship with the party. It stated that the party politburo had the right to decide on all political matters, which included such topics as governmental appointments and defense, foreign policy and internal security. It went on to define the government solely as an institution of administering the economy. The non-economic ministries, such as the
1006:
1207:
984:
966:, in a speech to the II Supreme Soviet in March 1946, argued to change the name of government from Council of People's Commissars to Council of Ministers because "The commissar reflects the period of revolutionary rupture and so on. But that time has now passed. Our social system has come into being and is now made flesh and blood. It is time to move on from the title 'people's commissar' to that of 'minister.
1557:
to it. The
Council coordinated and directed the work of the union republics and union ministries, state committees and other organs subordinate to it. The competence of the government and its Presidium with respect to their procedures and activities and the council's relationships with subordinate organs were defined in the Soviet constitution by the Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
1277:. In the decade 1965 to 1975, twenty-eight industrial ministries were established. Of these seven were All-Union ministries and the remainder seventeen were republican ministries. In addition, the Kosygin Government sought to reform the economy by strengthening enterprise autonomy while at the same time retaining strong centralised authority. The
1238:
increase inter-branch cooperation and specialization. However, the reforms did not manage to cure the failings of the Soviet economy, and actually showed shortcomings in other areas as well. Khrushchev's government responded by initiating reforms that reversed decentralisation measures, and sought to recentralise control over resource allocation.
1638:
The government appointed first deputy chairmen and deputy chairmen to assist the work of the government chairman. These deputies worked with the responsibilities allocated to them by the government. They could coordinate the activities of ministries, state committees and other organs subordinated to
1507:, state committees chairmen and the republican governmental chairmen. The premier could recommend individuals who he found suitable for membership in the governmental council to the Supreme Soviet. The government tendered its resignation to the first plenary session of a newly elected Supreme Soviet.
1264:
was regifted responsibility for agriculture (which it lost in one
Khrushchev's earlier reforms). By October the same year the Council of Ministers abolished the industrial state committees and regional economic councils and reestablished the system of industrial ministers as they existed before 1957.
1556:
The government could issue decrees and resolutions and later verify their execution. All organisations were obliged to obey the decrees and resolutions issued by the government. The All-Union
Council also had the power to suspend all mandates and decrees issued by itself or organisations subordinate
1564:
had its own governments formed by the republican legislature of the respective union republic or autonomous republic. Republican governments were not legally subordinate to the All-Union government, but they were obliged in their activities to be guided by the decrees and decisions of the All-Union
1087:
defined the
Council of People's Commissars as the Soviet government, and conferring upon it the role of the "highest executive and administrative organ of state power". The constitution stripped the Council of People's Commissars of powers to initiate legislation, and instead confined it to issuing
1669:
The
Administrator of Affairs was tasked with co-signing decrees and resolutions made by government with the government chairman. The government apparatus prepared items of policy, which the officeholder would check systematically against decrees of the party-government. This function consisted of
1161:
The government's Bureau was established in 1944. After the war, the bureau was split into two. These bureaus were merged on 20 March 1946, reestablishing the government's Bureau. The party
Politburo adopted on 8 February 1947 the resolution "On the Organization of the Council of Ministers", which
1075:
The 1924 constitution differentiated between All-Union and unified (referred to as republican from 1936 onwards) people's commissariats. The people's commissariats for justice, internal affairs, social security, education, agriculture and public health remained republican-level ministries. In the
1054:
The original idea was for the Council of People's Commissars to report directly (and be subordinate) to the CEC, but the working relations of the two bodies were never clearly defined in depth. Eventually, the powers of the Council of People's Commissars outstripped those of the CEC. However, the
1322:
As President of the Soviet Union Gorbachev could appoint and dismiss government ministers. However, he grew concerned about his inability to control All-Union ministries. On 24 September 1990 Gorbachev managed to get the Supreme Soviet to grant him temporary powers of unrestricted decrees on the
1237:
was given responsibility over companies that could not be decentralised to republican governments. The Soviet media began propagating the idea of developing complex, regional economies and comparing them to the old ministerial system. The belief was that the Soviets of the National economy would
1169:
In addition, the 8 February resolution established eight sectoral bureaus; Bureau for Agriculture, Bureau for Metallurgy and Chemicals, Bureau for Machine Construction, Bureau for Fuel and Electric Power Stations, Bureau for Food Industry, Bureau for Transport and Communication, Bureau for Light
1334:
By November 1990 Gorbachev was calling for the dissolution of the Council of Ministers and its replacement with a Cabinet of Ministers. Formerly executive power had been divided into two separate institutions; the presidency and the Council of Ministers. Both reported to the Supreme Soviet. The
1173:
Stalin, who had not attended a meeting of the Bureau since 1944, resorted to appointing acting government chairmen. Molotov was first appointed, but could rarely fulfill his duties since he was simultaneously Minister of Foreign Affairs and often away on business. On 29 March 1948 the politburo
1318:
was seen as an important tool to strengthen Gorbachev's control over the state apparatus. Gorbachev proposed to the 3rd Plenary Session of the XXI Supreme Soviet in February 1990 to establish the Office of the President of the Soviet Union. The Supreme Soviet passed the motion, and in March an
1514:. It regularly reported to the Supreme Soviet on its work, as well as being tasked with resolving all state administrative duties in the jurisdiction of the USSR which were not the responsibility of the Supreme Soviet or the Presidium. Within its limits, the government had responsibility for:
1427:
was established and superseded the government in terms of power by giving each republican president a seat on the council. In addition, every decision had to be decided by a vote–a move that greatly weakened Gorbachev's control. In tandem, the Russian SFSR seized the building and staff of the
1372:
The Cabinet of Ministers was by law forced to work more closely with republican governments than the Council of Ministers. Republican governments could petition the Cabinet of Ministers at any time, and the Cabinet of Ministers was forced to take all questions from republican governments into
1717:
According to the Soviet constitution, ministries were divided into all-union and union-republican. All-Union ministries managed the branch of state administration entrusted to them throughout the entire Soviet Union directly or through the organs appointed by them, while the union-republican
1698:
USSR state committees were different from the ministries in that a state committee was primarily responsible for several parts of government as opposed to the one specific topic for which a ministry was solely responsible. Therefore, many state committees had jurisdiction over certain common
1059:
defined the Council of People's Commissars as the "executive and administrative organ" of the CEC. The ability to legislate was restricted by the powers conferred to it by the CEC, and on the Statute of the Council of People's Commissars. The legislative dominance of the Council of People's
1153:
concurrently served as SDC head and as chairman of the Soviet government until 1946. On 15 March 1946 the 1st Plenary Session of the 2nd Supreme Soviet transformed the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers. Accordingly, the people's commissariats were renamed
1225:
in January 1957. The proposal sought to switch the function of the All-Union government from active management of operational management of industry to active branch policy-making. Operational management was to be decentralised to republican governments and local authorities.
1699:
activities performed by ministries such as research and development, standardisation, planning, building construction, state security, publishing, archiving and so on. The distinction between a ministry and a state committee could be obscure as for the case of the
1125:
contended that "Stalin's style of rule was characterised by the way in which rule through regular machinery (party, government apparatus) gave way increasingly to the rule of personal agents and agencies, each operating separately and often in conflict, with
3597:
1323:
economy, law and order and appointment of government personnel until 31 March 1992. Still feeling stifled by anti-reformist elements, Gorbachev proposed in November 1990 to radically reorganise the Soviet political system, being greatly inspired by the
1265:
Of the 33 newly appointed construction- and industry ministers appointed in 1965, twelve had served as ministers in 1957 or before and ten had worked and risen to the rank of deputy minister by this time. This was followed by the establishment of the
3783:
3798:
1718:
ministries operated, as a rule, through the same-named ministry of the specific union republic in question. It managed only a certain limited number of activities directly according to the list approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.
1678:
The Presidium of the Council of Ministers consisted of the chairman, First Deputy Chairmen, and the deputy chairman. It is important to note that the Presidium of the Council of Ministers is different than the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.
3788:
1186:. Lacking a formal leader, most controversial issues were solved at meetings of the Bureau. On 1 September 1949 power was even more dispersed. The Bureau changed its name to the Presidium of the Council of Ministers, and Beria, Malenkov,
3602:
3317:
3557:
3677:
2825:
On the order of publication of the laws and orders of the Government of the Soviet Union: Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union of August 22,
970:" Scholar Yoram Gorlizki writes that "Notwithstanding the reversion to bourgeois precedents, the adoption of the new nomenclature signaled that the Soviet order had entered a new phase of postrevolutionary consolidation."
3612:
3462:
3392:
3632:
3307:
3793:
3587:
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3337:
901:
in its place. At the 1st Plenary Session of the II Supreme Soviet in 1946, the government was renamed Council of Ministers. Minor changes were introduced with the enactment of the 1977 constitution. The CPSU's
1116:
Stalin's power grab in the 1930s had weakened the formal institutions of governance, both in the party and government. Scholar T. H. Rigby writes that "all institutions had gradually dissolved in the acid of
3925:
3742:
3642:
3930:
3407:
3377:
1639:
the government, take control of these organs and issue day-to-day instructions. At last, they could give prior consideration to proposals and draft decisions submitted to the government. For example,
1365:
The Council of Ministers had been the sole permanent executive and administrative body in the Soviet Union during its existence. The Cabinet of Ministers existed alongside the Federation Council, the
3397:
1452:, to elect a new Cabinet of Ministers. This committee was later transformed into the Committee for the Operational Management of the National Economy (COMSE), also chaired by Silayev, to manage the
253:
3920:
3838:
3818:
3258:
3652:
3457:
1121:", and that from 1946 until Stalin's death in 1953 "only the most minimal of gestures were made to reverse the atrophy of formal organs of authority, in both party and state." British academic
3532:
1655:. In the case of the government chairman not being able to perform his duties one of the first deputy chairmen would take on the role of acting head of government until the premier's return.
962:. However, scholar Derek Watson states that "the term 'commissar' was regarded as interchangeable with 'minister', and there seems little doubt that the Bolshevik leaders meant 'minister'."
3687:
3552:
3357:
1281:
also sought to de-regulate the economy to give state enterprises more autonomy, while giving state enterprises more room to discuss their production goals with their respective ministries.
3662:
3432:
903:
1415:
was one of the leaders of the coup. The Cabinet of Ministers alongside most All-Union organs of power supported the coup attempt against Gorbachev. In the aftermath of the coup attempt,
3848:
3722:
3502:
792:, controlled the government by holding a two-thirds majority in the All-Union Supreme Soviet. The government underwent several name changes throughout its history, and was known as the
1314:
and one-man leadership. However, Gorbachev was meeting stiff resistance from bureaucrats and anti-reformist elements against his reformist policies. The establishment of the office of
3672:
4021:
866:
1229:
The CPSU Presidium adopted Khrushchev's proposal. By July 1957 the management functions of the construction and industrial ministries had been transferred to 105 newly established
3878:
3762:
1549:, economic, scientific-technical and cultural cooperation of the USSR with foreign countries as well as the power to confirm or denounce international treaties signed by the USSR.
1369:
and other executive organs that reported directly to the president. However, as the sole executive organ responsible for the economy and the ministries it was the most important.
3402:
3727:
3592:
1483:
The government was the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet state. It was formed at the 1st Plenary Session of the Supreme Soviet (the joint meeting of the
1043:
governed the Soviet Union until 6 July 1923, when the CEC established the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union. Lenin was appointed its chairman, alongside five
3702:
3562:
4425:
4408:
3747:
3572:
812:
532:
144:
129:
4455:
3367:
1764:
1670:
several departments and other structural units. In addition the Administrator of Affairs headed the government apparatus and was a member of the government's Presidium.
404:
1310:
Gorbachev had been speaking critically of the idea of a Soviet presidency until October 1989. He had argued that a presidency could lead to the reestablishment of the
1754:
1593:
and ratified later by the Council of People's Commissars. This informal system of government, in which the party decides and the government implements, lasted until
1051:
notified the central executive committees of the union republics and their respective republican governments that it had begun to fulfill the tasks entrusted to it.
1350:
The duties and responsibilities of the Cabinet of Ministers overlapped with the former Council of Ministers. It was responsible for formulating and executing the
4398:
846:; they were chosen by the premier and confirmed by the Supreme Soviet. The Government of the Soviet Union exercised its executive powers in conformity with the
4918:
4418:
3737:
747:
160:
1475:
voted to dissolve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a state and subject of international law, legally terminating the Soviet government's existence.
3542:
3487:
2775:
793:
4444:
4413:
2838:
1590:
1222:
907:
241:
155:
1759:
1436:
and the Bank for Foreign Economic Relations. With the central government's authority greatly weakened, Gorbachev established a four-man committee, led by
5553:
4403:
4355:
3607:
882:
429:
124:
1738:"Bulletin of the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Labor and Defense of the Soviet Union" (1923–1924);
1464:. The All-Union government tried to rebuff the seizure attempts by the Russian government but by September 1991 the Soviet government had broken down.
134:
885:
established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The treaty established the government, which was later legitimised by the adoption of the
4652:
3218:
662:
1273:
in 1966. Four All-Union construction ministries were established in 1967 and a fifth in 1972. In addition, in 1970 the government reestablished the
1039:(Russian SFSR), and the government was modeled on the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR. The government of the Russian SFSR led by
5548:
3447:
3387:
1721:
The government had the right to create, reorganize and abolish subordinate institutions, which were directly subordinate to the government itself.
3302:
2846:
1032:
772:. It was formed on 30 December 1922 and abolished on 26 December 1991. The government was headed by a chairman, most commonly referred to as the
201:
3843:
3752:
3617:
2842:
930:. The head of the Cabinet of Ministers was the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. The government was forced to resign in the aftermath of the
4350:
3963:
3472:
3297:
3126:
1378:
4016:
3853:
1664:
1416:
1344:
1069:
1036:
870:
372:
1158:, and the people's commissars into ministers. On 25 February 1947, appropriate changes were made to the Constitution of the Soviet Union.
4535:
4505:
3567:
3547:
3427:
1270:
1048:
4792:
4752:
4662:
4473:
3989:
3888:
3467:
3382:
3246:
1779:
1456:. On 28 August 1991 a Supreme Soviet temporarily gave the COMSE the same authority as the Cabinet of Ministers, and Silayev became the
919:
740:
657:
547:
78:
4780:
4675:
4547:
4333:
3883:
3717:
3647:
3582:
3522:
3362:
3347:
1404:
1373:
consideration. To foster better relations ministers moved to create collegiums with their republican counterparts. For instance, the
1163:
90:
1252:
The removal of Khrushchev was followed by reversing his reforms of the government apparatus. The first move came in early 1965 when
4685:
4602:
4495:
3342:
3253:
3114:
3110:
1629:
1496:
1336:
831:
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667:
632:
362:
100:
31:
1331:
of France. Gorbachev sought to reorganise institutions at the All-Union level by subordinating executive power to the presidency.
5543:
4625:
4432:
4299:
3707:
3372:
3327:
1769:
1065:
890:
827:
682:
672:
342:
191:
5150:
4323:
4168:
3288:
1261:
878:
851:
416:
258:
720:
5278:
4810:
4311:
4277:
4265:
4260:
4151:
3682:
3211:
3093:
3074:
3007:
2960:
2867:
2810:
2491:
1774:
1581:
responded to criticism in 1923 by stating that "Everyone understands that our Politburo is the principal body of the state."
1285:
1130:
in supreme overall control." The government, which was at this point the most formalised Soviet state institution, developed
1084:
1056:
894:
886:
789:
733:
4737:
1396:
931:
5208:
4847:
4615:
3512:
3437:
3268:
1266:
647:
4727:
4393:
4340:
4328:
3808:
3697:
3637:
3622:
3159:
2668:
2647:
2626:
2605:
2584:
2563:
2542:
2521:
1693:
1522:
1366:
874:
843:
816:
801:
781:
337:
113:
68:
958:
was chosen to distinguish the Soviet government from its bourgeois counterparts, especially its tsarist predecessor the
4775:
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4490:
4438:
3823:
3757:
3657:
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3537:
3517:
3477:
3442:
3422:
3417:
2770:
2258:
1633:
1552:
Creation of necessary organisations within the government concerning economics, socio-cultural development and defence.
1500:
1429:
1374:
1340:
1274:
1089:
1044:
1024:
898:
835:
823:
777:
769:
527:
367:
296:
211:
83:
942:
headed by Silayev to run the basic governmental functions until a new cabinet was appointed. On 26 December 1991, the
5027:
4978:
4911:
4722:
4450:
4052:
3956:
3527:
3263:
3048:
3029:
2988:
2941:
2890:
2464:
2424:
1546:
1424:
1137:
Stalin was elected to the government chairmanship on 6 May 1941. The government continued to function normally until
1072:, which he considered the "organ of legislation", and the administrative role of the Council of People's Commissars.
955:
399:
95:
17:
2900:
Gorlizki, Y. (2002). "Ordinary Stalinism: The Council of Ministers and the Soviet Neopatrimonial State, 1946–1953".
5522:
5415:
5228:
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4869:
4859:
4815:
4630:
4306:
4255:
4138:
3828:
3482:
3204:
847:
652:
588:
411:
285:
1296:
5481:
5253:
5062:
5050:
4906:
4891:
4805:
4707:
4289:
4109:
3452:
1648:
1528:
Defence of the interests of state, socialist property, public order and to protect the rights of Soviet citizens.
1511:
1390:
1093:
1077:
522:
231:
5003:
4983:
4680:
4119:
4047:
3873:
3863:
3283:
1712:
1652:
1504:
1155:
959:
839:
677:
627:
332:
1741:"Collection of laws and regulations of the Workers' and Peasants' Government of the Soviet Union" (1924–1938);
1096:, having replaced the Congress of Soviets and the Central Executive Committee respectively, could alter laws.
5496:
5448:
5340:
5335:
5074:
4901:
4765:
4717:
4478:
4272:
4146:
4129:
3497:
3332:
3322:
3241:
3174:
1468:
1315:
1257:
1109:
1028:
927:
820:
593:
562:
73:
1213:
was the longest-serving chairman of the Soviet government, holding office from 1964 until his death in 1980.
926:. The Council of Ministers was abolished and replaced by a Cabinet of Ministers that was responsible to the
4670:
4345:
4240:
4041:
3949:
3627:
765:
608:
40:
5453:
5300:
4951:
4933:
4699:
4557:
4518:
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4175:
4163:
4079:
3981:
3908:
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2882:
2480:Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2367-I «О недоверии Кабинету Министров СССР»
1784:
1611:
1492:
1457:
1278:
1015:
910:
and weakened the party's control over the Supreme Soviet. Later, on 20 March 1991, the Supreme Soviet on
773:
577:
537:
512:
352:
1589:, echoed the same sentiments. According to Bazhanov appointment of people's commissars were made by the
5458:
5420:
5143:
4946:
4923:
4896:
3692:
906:
voted in favor of amending the constitution. It allowed for multi-candidate elections, established the
598:
48:
5400:
4988:
4961:
4864:
3868:
3352:
939:
785:
557:
4956:
5370:
5330:
5310:
5290:
5193:
5069:
3667:
3507:
2664:
2643:
2622:
2601:
2580:
2559:
2538:
2517:
1616:
The government chairman was until the establishment of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1991 the Soviet
1542:
1328:
915:
311:
306:
301:
5486:
5305:
4318:
3833:
3712:
2412:
1488:
1472:
1146:
1088:"decrees and regulations on the basis and in execution of the laws currently in force". Only the
805:
394:
226:
2416:
2406:
1060:
Commissars continued despite the 1924 constitution's insistence on its relationship to the CEC.
5506:
5491:
5438:
5385:
5380:
5355:
5213:
4998:
4590:
4528:
1467:
On 25 December 1991 Gorbachev announced in a televised speech his resignation from the post of
5476:
5410:
5360:
5320:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5218:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5136:
5117:
4089:
2953:
Party Leadership under Stalin and Khrushchev: Party Officials and the Soviet State, 1948–1964
1573:
Lenin sought to create a governmental structure that was independent of the party apparatus.
1362:, but not of the same power and scope of those formerly issued by the Council of Ministers.
5501:
5443:
5405:
5395:
5375:
5365:
5350:
5345:
5325:
5295:
5263:
5248:
5223:
5159:
4879:
4742:
4562:
4360:
4074:
3492:
3312:
3196:
3178:
3145:
923:
445:
4966:
1198:
were handed the chairmanship. This mode of operating lasted until Stalin's death in 1953.
1134:
due to Stalin's habit of ruling through "the strict personal loyalty of his lieutenants".
830:, such as Ryzhkov's second government, had more than 100 government ministers, serving as
8:
5390:
5315:
5285:
5106:
4835:
4640:
4569:
4377:
4226:
4104:
4026:
3999:
3066:
2859:
1561:
1535:
1484:
1377:
established the Council of Ministers of Culture to better coordinate policies, while the
1324:
1311:
1179:
1142:
714:
542:
221:
1525:
for "economic and social development" to the Supreme Soviet along with the state budget.
1014:
Lenin and Trotsky (both photographed in 1920) were viewed as the leading figures in the
4973:
4884:
4201:
4114:
4004:
3994:
3412:
2917:
2763:
1617:
1217:
The Post-Stalin Era saw several changes to the government apparatus, especially during
786:
The leading and guiding force of Soviet society and the nucleus of its political system
603:
5081:
5021:
4800:
4586:
4282:
4084:
4069:
4011:
3089:
3070:
3044:
3025:
3003:
2984:
2956:
2937:
2921:
2886:
2863:
2806:
2460:
2420:
1744:"Collection of decrees and orders of the Government of the Soviet Union" (1938–1946).
1594:
1441:
1247:
1218:
1131:
946:
dissolved the union and therefore, the government of the USSR shut down permanently.
911:
552:
1300:
Gorbachev at the 1st Plenary Session of the I Congress of People's Deputies in 1989.
938:
participated in. In its place, the Soviet state established what was supposed to be
3058:
2909:
1644:
1578:
1574:
1408:
1359:
1191:
1187:
1122:
471:
440:
2495:
1518:
Management of the union's economy and socio-cultural construction and development.
978:
4993:
4206:
4158:
4064:
1412:
1183:
1175:
1104:
1061:
935:
859:
5013:
4941:
4221:
4211:
3184:
3163:
3017:
2929:
2439:
1640:
1582:
1453:
1253:
1210:
1195:
1040:
943:
855:
1765:
Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § Government and politics
1381:
established the Council of Foreign Ministers of the USSR and Union Republics.
30:"Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)" redirects here. Not to be confused with
5537:
4874:
2981:
Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State
2803:
Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State
1586:
1445:
1420:
1150:
963:
692:
567:
463:
4757:
4578:
3972:
3134:
1449:
1437:
1351:
1291:
1233:. Republican planning committees were given more responsibility, while the
1138:
996:
4620:
4582:
4574:
4196:
4180:
4094:
4036:
3893:
1305:
1149:(SDC), formed on 30 June 1941 to govern the Soviet Union during the war.
637:
477:
2440:Указ Президента СССР от 24.08.1991 N УП-2461 "О Кабинете Министров СССР"
5128:
4610:
3915:
1538:
and determination of how many citizens were to be drafted into service.
1230:
687:
3941:
3111:
Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1917–1964
1755:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § Government
889:
in 1924. The 1924 constitution made the government responsible to the
4830:
4825:
4647:
4540:
4370:
4031:
2456:
1118:
458:
4820:
4365:
4099:
4059:
2913:
2408:
Revolutionary Passage: From Soviet to Post-Soviet Russia, 1985–2000
1732:
484:
453:
3000:
Soviet Economic Management under Khrushchev: The Sovnarkhoz Reform
1206:
1005:
819:(CPSU) and elected by delegates at the first plenary session of a
4712:
4216:
3898:
3858:
2479:
1433:
1234:
165:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2077:
1760:
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Government
983:
2161:
1355:
1127:
979:
Revolutionary beginnings and Molotov's chairmanship (1922–1941)
893:. In 1936, the state system was reformed with the enactment of
806:
Committee on the Operational Management of the National Economy
27:
Highest executive and administrative organ in the Soviet Union
4635:
4513:
2879:
Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law
2453:
Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market: A Guide
2173:
1510:
The government was responsible to the Supreme Soviet and its
1047:
and ten people's commissars (ministers). On 17 July 1923 the
642:
3226:
3041:
The Nature of Stalin's Dictatorship: The Politburo 1928–1953
2494:[Силаев, Иван Степанович]. Praviteli. Archived from
4747:
4523:
1955:
1068:
noted in 1928 that one needed to differentiate between the
897:. It abolished the Congress of Soviets and established the
2934:
Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2031:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1945:
1943:
4732:
4552:
3903:
3598:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1700:
1478:
764:(USSR) was the executive and administrative organ of the
2388:
2386:
2384:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2241:
2239:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
1292:
Presidentialism and the Cabinet of Ministers (1990–1991)
2782:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2124:
2058:
2043:
2028:
2013:
1994:
1967:
1940:
1174:
resolved to create a rotational chairmanship headed by
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1984:
1982:
1928:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1823:
1423:
sought to weaken Gorbachev's presidential powers. The
914:'s suggestion amended the constitution to establish a
2381:
2358:
2339:
2322:
2293:
2276:
2236:
2219:
2192:
2149:
2089:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1857:
1855:
1801:
1799:
762:
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
3784:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
3122:
2839:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
2726:
2709:
1811:
3799:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
3403:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
2690:
2678:
2134:
2101:
1979:
1888:
850:and legislation enacted by the Supreme Soviet. The
1867:
1852:
1840:
1796:
1271:All-Union Ministry of Preservation of Public Order
3563:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
3086:Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930–41
2928:
2083:
5535:
4821:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
3789:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
3242:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
3063:The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union
2908:(4). The University of Chicago Press: 699–736.
2847:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union
2259:"Soviet Union – The U.S.S.R. from 1953 to 1991"
2843:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
2800:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2404:
1384:
1284:The Brezhnev Era also saw the adoption of the
1201:
5144:
3957:
3212:
2760:
2450:
1568:
1099:
811:The government chairman was nominated by the
741:
3603:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
3318:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
2969:
2819:
2167:
1665:Administrator of Affairs of the Soviet Union
1417:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1037:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
2776:Law of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
2747:
1658:
1145:in Russia) when it was subordinated to the
5554:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
5151:
5137:
3964:
3950:
3738:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
3558:Installation and Special Construction Work
3219:
3205:
3127:All-Russian Council of People's Commissars
2876:
2853:
2762:Кабинет Министров СССР. 5 июля 1978 «
2186:
1780:List of heads of state of the Soviet Union
1025:Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union
748:
734:
3678:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
3543:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
1405:State Committee on the State of Emergency
5158:
3894:Standards and Product Quality Management
3228:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
3057:
2899:
2788:
2071:
2052:
2037:
2022:
2007:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1934:
1922:
1834:
1630:First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union
1407:in a bid to oppose the enactment of the
1295:
1205:
1103:
1049:All-Union Council of People's Commissars
982:
32:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
5549:1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
3971:
3613:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
3608:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
3393:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
1770:List of governments of the Soviet Union
1066:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
891:Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union
14:
5536:
3990:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
3083:
2997:
2978:
2974:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2950:
2741:
2720:
2703:
2684:
2392:
2375:
2352:
2333:
2316:
2287:
2245:
2230:
2213:
2143:
2128:
2095:
1903:
1882:
1861:
1846:
1817:
1805:
1479:Duties, functions and responsibilities
1241:
5132:
3945:
3633:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
3308:Installation and Special Construction
3200:
1775:List of heads of government of Russia
1379:All-Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs
858:, and the last government was led by
804:from January to August 1991 and the
3794:Construction in the Southern Regions
3588:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
3448:Electrical Power and Electrification
3388:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
3038:
3016:
2155:
1988:
3779:Construction in the Eastern Regions
3338:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
2671:(USSR) of 7 October 1977
2669:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2650:(USSR) of 7 October 1977
2648:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2629:(USSR) of 7 October 1977
2627:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2608:(USSR) of 7 October 1977
2606:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2587:(USSR) of 7 October 1977
2585:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2566:(USSR) of 7 October 1977
2564:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2545:(USSR) of 7 October 1977
2543:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2524:(USSR) of 7 October 1977
2522:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1694:State Committee of the Soviet Union
817:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
782:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
3753:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
3618:Manufacture of Communication Media
2771:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
1643:was responsible for industry, and
1634:Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union
1623:
1521:Formulation and submission of the
899:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
867:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
824:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
25:
5565:
3298:Agricultural Products Procurement
3104:
2970:Hough, J; Fainsod, Merle (1979).
1262:All-Union Ministry of Agriculture
5113:
5112:
5100:
3368:Communication Equipment Industry
2972:How the Soviet Union is Governed
1004:
995:
848:constitution of the Soviet Union
708:
47:
3743:Tool and Tool Building Industry
2832:
2794:
2657:
2636:
2615:
2594:
2573:
2552:
2531:
2510:
2484:
2473:
2444:
2433:
2398:
2251:
1724:
1682:
1397:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
1391:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1267:All-Union Ministry of Education
1231:Soviets of the National Economy
1078:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1064:of the CEC and Chairman of the
987:A governmental badge from 1930.
932:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
766:highest body of state authority
5544:Government of the Soviet Union
3383:Construction of Heavy Industry
2856:Contemporary Soviet Government
2663:Article #136 of the
2642:Article #135 of the
2621:Article #134 of the
2600:Article #133 of the
2579:Article #131 of the
2558:Article #130 of the
2537:Article #129 of the
2516:Article #128 of the
1713:Ministries of the Soviet Union
1577:echoed Lenin's criticism, but
956:Council of People's Commissars
918:, essentially a fusion of the
808:from August to December 1991.
794:Council of People's Commissars
780:throughout its existence. The
13:
1:
4653:Political abuse of psychiatry
4445:Congress of People's Deputies
3648:Mineral Fertilizer Production
3408:Construction of Tool-Machines
3378:Construction of Fuel Industry
3024:(3rd ed.). Unwin Hyman.
2902:The Journal of Modern History
2877:Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (1993).
2764:ЗАКОН О СОВЕТЕ МИНИСТРОВ СССР
2084:Gorlizki & Khlevniuk 2005
1706:
1687:
1600:
1491:), and had to consist of the
1469:President of the Soviet Union
1375:All-Union Ministry of Culture
1327:of the United States and the
1316:President of the Soviet Union
1275:All-Union Ministry of Justice
1166:, reported to the politburo.
1029:All-Union Congress of Soviets
1027:saw the establishment of the
928:President of the Soviet Union
908:Congress of People's Deputies
663:Political abuse of psychiatry
242:Congress of People's Deputies
3398:Construction of Power Plants
3343:Cellulose and Paper Industry
2955:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2805:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 112.
1701:Committee for State Security
1673:
1541:General policies concerning
949:
844:state committees/commissions
41:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
4816:Academy of Medical Sciences
3328:Building Materials Industry
2936:. Oxford University Press.
2883:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
1785:Premier of the Soviet Union
1748:
1653:Kosygin's Second Government
1612:Premier of the Soviet Union
1605:
1585:, the private secretary of
1471:. On the following day the
1385:Government breakdown (1991)
1279:1979 Soviet economic reform
1202:Post-Stalin Era (1953–1985)
1033:Central Executive Committee
924:French styles of government
774:premier of the Soviet Union
202:Central Executive Committee
10:
5570:
3488:Foreign Economic Relations
3022:The Soviet Economic System
2932:; Khlevniuk, Oleg (2005).
2836:
2492:"Silaev, Ivan Stepanovich"
1710:
1691:
1662:
1627:
1609:
1569:Party-government relations
1388:
1303:
1245:
1164:Ministry of State Security
1110:Stalin's Second Government
1100:High Stalinism (1941–1953)
973:
29:
5515:
5467:
5429:
5166:
5094:
5038:
5012:
4932:
4855:
4846:
4791:
4698:
4661:
4601:
4504:
4466:
4386:
4248:
4239:
4189:
4137:
4128:
3980:
3926:Timber and Paper Industry
3807:
3771:
3683:Power and Electrification
3458:Electrotechnical Industry
3282:
3234:
3170:
3156:
3141:
3131:
2854:Churchward, L.G. (1975).
2761:
1534:General policies for the
904:19th All-Union Conference
887:first Soviet constitution
558:Material balance planning
259:1989 Legislative election
3854:Labour and Social Issues
3533:Housing and Architecture
3513:General Machine-Building
3463:Environmental Protection
2168:Hough & Fainsod 1979
1790:
1659:Administrator of Affairs
1560:Each union republic and
1543:Soviet foreign relations
1531:Ensuring state security.
1345:Administrator of Affairs
1329:semi-presidential system
1235:State Planning Committee
916:semi-presidential system
770:All-Union Supreme Soviet
373:Administrator of Affairs
5107:Soviet Union portal
3688:Pulp and Paper Industry
3638:Medium Machine-Building
3623:Meat and Dairy Industry
3553:Industrial Construction
3158:Representative for the
2801:Huskey, Eugene (1992).
2413:Temple University Press
2405:Garcelon, Marc (2005).
2263:Encyclopædia Britannica
1489:Soviet of Nationalities
1473:Soviet of the Republics
1403:, was initiated by the
1147:State Defense Committee
1132:neopatrimonial features
1016:first Soviet government
934:, which Prime Minister
800:from 1946 to 1991, the
796:from 1922 to 1946, the
788:" per Article 6 of the
715:Soviet Union portal
227:Soviet of Nationalities
5209:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4999:Stalinist architecture
4753:Science and technology
4663:Ideological repression
4591:Soviet Airborne Forces
4529:Destruction battalions
3931:Transport Construction
3889:Science and Technology
3758:Transport Construction
3663:Nuclear Power Industry
3658:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
3538:Heavy Machine Building
3443:Electrical Engineering
2451:Jeffries, Ian (1993).
1419:(Russian SFSR) led by
1399:, better known as the
1352:All-Union state budget
1301:
1214:
1113:
988:
940:a transitory committee
658:Ideological repression
548:Science and technology
5160:Government of Europe
4781:List of metro systems
4334:Collective leadership
3723:Technical Cultivation
3503:Fruits and Vegetables
1597:'s tenure as leader.
1299:
1209:
1107:
986:
832:first deputy premiers
91:Collective leadership
4743:Net material product
4686:Censorship of images
4603:Political repression
4563:Soviet Border Troops
4496:First Deputy Premier
4080:1965 economic reform
4075:Soviet space program
3921:Television and Radio
3673:Oil and Gas Industry
3453:Electronics Industry
3303:Agriculture and Food
3254:Presidential Council
3146:Government of Russia
3067:Taylor & Francis
3039:Rees, E. A. (2003).
2860:Taylor & Francis
2455:. London; New York:
1647:was responsible for
1367:Presidential Council
1070:Presidium of the CEC
960:Council of Ministers
840:government ministers
802:Cabinet of Ministers
798:Council of Ministers
668:Political repression
633:Censorship of images
363:First Deputy Premier
101:Presidential Council
5430:States with limited
4811:Academy of Sciences
4626:Population transfer
4570:Soviet Armed Forces
4433:Congress of Soviets
4414:Presidium/Politburo
4378:Soviet anti-Zionism
4227:West Siberian Plain
4105:Revolutions of 1989
4042:Great Patriotic War
4027:New Economic Policy
3772:Regional ministries
3084:Watson, D. (2016).
2998:Kibita, N. (2013).
2979:Huskey, E. (1992).
2951:Harris, J. (2008).
2773:. 5 July 1978
2189:, pp. 158–159.
2170:, pp. 253–255.
1964:, pp. 699–700.
1562:autonomous republic
1536:Soviet armed forces
1493:government chairman
1485:Soviet of the Union
1430:Ministry of Finance
1401:August coup attempt
1325:presidential system
1312:cult of personality
1242:Brezhnev government
1180:Nikolai Voznesensky
1143:Great Patriotic War
1108:The composition of
828:Certain governments
683:Suppressed research
673:Population transfer
543:New Economic Policy
222:Soviet of the Union
192:Congress of Soviets
4456:Military Collegium
4324:Capital punishment
4202:Caucasus Mountains
4115:Post-Soviet states
3995:Russian Revolution
3884:State of Emergency
3839:Defense Technology
3819:Building Materials
3763:Urban Construction
3473:Ferrous Metallurgy
3259:Federation Council
3189:1991–present
3181:Russian Federation
3150:1991–present
3133:Government ruling
1618:head of government
1302:
1215:
1114:
989:
895:a new constitution
883:Transcaucasian SSR
790:state constitution
417:Procurator General
405:Military Collegium
5531:
5530:
5126:
5125:
5090:
5089:
5082:Hammer and sickle
5024:and their groups
5022:Soviet dissidents
4801:Communist Academy
4718:Economic planning
4694:
4693:
4587:Soviet Air Forces
4506:Security services
4426:General Secretary
4409:Central Committee
4351:Political parties
4283:Brezhnev Doctrine
4278:Foreign relations
4235:
4234:
4176:Autonomous okrugs
4090:Soviet–Afghan War
4070:Sino-Soviet split
4012:Russian Civil War
3939:
3938:
3498:Forestry Industry
3333:Chemical Industry
3323:Aviation Industry
3195:
3194:
3179:Government of the
3095:978-1-34924-848-3
3076:978-0-09-131721-8
3009:978-0-415-60568-7
2962:978-1-49852-839-9
2869:978-0-7100-8202-2
2812:978-1-56324-060-7
2665:1977 constitution
2644:1977 constitution
2623:1977 constitution
2602:1977 constitution
2581:1977 constitution
2560:1977 constitution
2539:1977 constitution
2518:1977 constitution
2158:, pp. 86–89.
1595:Mikhail Gorbachev
1442:Grigory Yavlinsky
1411:. Prime Minister
1286:1977 constitution
1248:Era of Stagnation
1219:Nikita Khrushchev
1112:as shown in 1946.
1085:1936 constitution
1057:1924 constitution
912:Mikhail Gorbachev
813:Central Committee
758:
757:
700:
699:
553:Era of Stagnation
495:
494:
380:
379:
268:
267:
174:
173:
145:General Secretary
130:Central Committee
18:Soviet Government
16:(Redirected from
5561:
5468:Dependencies and
5167:Sovereign states
5153:
5146:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5104:
5103:
4853:
4852:
4761:
4616:Collectivization
4361:Marxism–Leninism
4246:
4245:
4135:
4134:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3864:People's Control
3809:State Committees
3728:Textile Industry
3628:Medical Industry
3593:Machine Building
3568:Internal Affairs
3548:Higher Education
3483:Fishing Industry
3428:Defense Industry
3269:Security Council
3221:
3214:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3168:1945–1991
3151:
3139:1922–1991
3120:
3119:
3099:
3080:
3054:
3035:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2966:
2947:
2925:
2896:
2873:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2745:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2707:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2661:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2577:
2571:
2556:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2411:. Philadelphia:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2356:
2350:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2291:
2285:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2190:
2184:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1907:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1645:Dmitry Polyansky
1579:Grigory Zinoviev
1575:Valerian Osinsky
1440:, that included
1409:New Union Treaty
1258:First Government
1192:Lazar Kaganovich
1188:Nikolai Bulganin
1123:Leonard Schapiro
1008:
999:
969:
879:Byelorussian SSR
852:first government
750:
743:
736:
713:
712:
711:
648:Collectivization
508:
507:
472:De-Stalinization
446:Marxism–Leninism
441:Soviet democracy
435:
434:
338:State Committees
281:
280:
187:
186:
119:
118:
51:
37:
36:
21:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5511:
5469:
5463:
5449:Northern Cyprus
5431:
5425:
5341:North Macedonia
5162:
5157:
5127:
5122:
5101:
5099:
5086:
5034:
5008:
4928:
4842:
4787:
4759:
4733:Internet domain
4728:Five-year plans
4690:
4657:
4597:
4500:
4462:
4394:Communist Party
4382:
4341:Passport system
4231:
4207:European Russia
4185:
4124:
4065:Khrushchev Thaw
4044:(World War II)
4022:Creation treaty
3976:
3970:
3940:
3935:
3812:and commissions
3811:
3803:
3767:
3733:Timber Industry
3703:Rubber Industry
3643:Merchant Marine
3468:Foreign Affairs
3286:
3278:
3230:
3225:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3124:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3077:
3051:
3032:
3010:
2991:
2983:. M.E. Sharpe.
2963:
2944:
2893:
2870:
2849:
2837:Main articles:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2759:
2748:
2740:
2727:
2719:
2710:
2702:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2662:
2658:
2641:
2637:
2620:
2616:
2599:
2595:
2578:
2574:
2557:
2553:
2536:
2532:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:. p. 100.
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2382:
2374:
2359:
2351:
2340:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2294:
2286:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2220:
2212:
2193:
2187:Feldbrugge 1993
2185:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2102:
2098:, pp. 1–2.
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1910:
1902:
1889:
1881:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1824:
1820:, pp. 1–2.
1816:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1751:
1727:
1715:
1709:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1636:
1628:Main articles:
1626:
1624:Deputy Chairmen
1614:
1608:
1603:
1591:party Politburo
1571:
1523:five-year plans
1481:
1458:Soviet Union's
1413:Valentin Pavlov
1393:
1387:
1308:
1294:
1250:
1244:
1204:
1184:Georgy Malenkov
1176:Lavrentiy Beria
1102:
1062:Mikhail Kalinin
1045:deputy chairmen
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
981:
976:
967:
952:
936:Valentin Pavlov
860:Valentin Pavlov
836:deputy premiers
778:deputy chairmen
754:
725:
721:Other countries
709:
707:
702:
701:
613:
505:
497:
496:
468:
432:
422:
421:
390:
382:
381:
316:
278:
270:
269:
184:
176:
175:
170:
116:
114:Communist Party
106:
105:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5523:European Union
5519:
5517:
5516:Other entities
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5470:other entities
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5416:United Kingdom
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5229:Czech Republic
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4776:Rail transport
4773:
4771:Railway system
4763:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4491:Deputy Premier
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4474:Heads of state
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4442:
4439:Supreme Soviet
4436:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4406:
4401:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4356:State ideology
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4252:
4250:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4222:Ural Mountains
4219:
4214:
4212:North Caucasus
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3904:State Security
3901:
3899:State Planning
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Cinematography
3821:
3815:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Internal Trade
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:State Security
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:Radio Industry
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Light Industry
3580:
3575:
3573:Iron and Steel
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Grain Products
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Communications
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Civil Aviation
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3185:United Nations
3175:Representative
3169:
3164:United Nations
3154:
3153:
3140:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3105:External links
3103:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3081:
3075:
3055:
3049:
3036:
3030:
3014:
3008:
2995:
2989:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2948:
2942:
2926:
2914:10.1086/376210
2897:
2891:
2874:
2868:
2850:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2811:
2793:
2791:, p. 127.
2781:
2746:
2725:
2708:
2689:
2677:
2656:
2635:
2614:
2593:
2572:
2551:
2530:
2509:
2483:
2472:
2465:
2443:
2432:
2425:
2397:
2395:, p. 121.
2380:
2378:, p. 120.
2357:
2355:, p. 119.
2338:
2336:, p. 112.
2321:
2319:, p. 111.
2292:
2290:, p. 110.
2275:
2250:
2248:, p. 109.
2235:
2233:, p. 108.
2218:
2216:, p. 107.
2191:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2133:
2100:
2088:
2086:, p. 104.
2076:
2074:, p. 713.
2057:
2055:, p. 712.
2042:
2040:, p. 709.
2027:
2025:, p. 707.
2012:
2010:, p. 705.
1993:
1991:, p. 215.
1978:
1976:, p. 706.
1966:
1954:
1952:, p. 704.
1939:
1937:, p. 736.
1927:
1925:, p. 699.
1908:
1887:
1866:
1851:
1839:
1837:, p. 703.
1822:
1810:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1730:The newspaper
1726:
1723:
1711:Main article:
1708:
1705:
1692:Main article:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1663:Main article:
1660:
1657:
1641:Kirill Mazurov
1625:
1622:
1610:Main article:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1583:Boris Bazhanov
1570:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1497:first deputies
1480:
1477:
1454:Soviet economy
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1337:first deputies
1304:Main article:
1293:
1290:
1254:Alexei Kosygin
1246:Main article:
1243:
1240:
1223:CPSU Presidium
1211:Alexei Kosygin
1203:
1200:
1196:Maksim Saburov
1141:(known as the
1101:
1098:
1090:Supreme Soviet
1041:Vladimir Lenin
1013:
1012:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
992:
991:
990:
980:
977:
975:
972:
951:
948:
944:Supreme Soviet
865:Following the
856:Vladimir Lenin
776:, and several
756:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
727:
726:
724:
723:
717:
704:
703:
698:
697:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
622:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
582:
581:
573:
572:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
538:Kosygin reform
535:
533:Five-Year Plan
530:
528:Consumer goods
525:
517:
516:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
492:
491:
490:
489:
488:
474:
469:
467:
466:
461:
456:
450:
448:
443:
433:
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
414:
412:People's Court
409:
408:
407:
397:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
378:
377:
376:
375:
370:
368:Deputy Premier
365:
357:
356:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
327:
326:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
297:Official names
293:
290:
289:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
246:
245:
237:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
216:
215:
212:Supreme Soviet
207:
206:
205:
204:
196:
195:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
171:
169:
168:
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
127:
117:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
87:
86:
84:Vice President
81:
71:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5566:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:Faroe Islands
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:South Ossetia
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Liechtenstein
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5119:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Printed media
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
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4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4912:Cyrillisation
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Working class
4878:
4876:
4875:Soviet people
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4845:
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4827:
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4814:
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4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
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4790:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Energy policy
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
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4634:
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4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4573:
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4568:
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4559:
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4497:
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4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:Supreme Court
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
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4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4053:The Holocaust
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Fuel Industry
3847:
3845:
3844:Flight Safety
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Coal Industry
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:State Council
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3135:Russia proper
3129:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3050:0-23052-428-1
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3031:0-04335-042-9
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:. Routledge.
3001:
2996:
2992:
2990:1-56324-059-9
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2943:0-19530-420-9
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2892:0-79232-359-9
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2822:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2789:Schapiro 1977
2785:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2744:, p. 34.
2743:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2723:, p. 33.
2722:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2498:on 7 May 2011
2497:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2468:
2466:0-415-07580-7
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2426:1-59213-362-2
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2072:Gorlizki 2002
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:Gorlizki 2002
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:Gorlizki 2002
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:Gorlizki 2002
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:Gorlizki 2002
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:Gorlizki 2002
1970:
1963:
1962:Gorlizki 2002
1958:
1951:
1950:Gorlizki 2002
1946:
1944:
1936:
1935:Gorlizki 2002
1931:
1924:
1923:Gorlizki 2002
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1906:, p. 14.
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1835:Gorlizki 2002
1831:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:Joseph Stalin
1584:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Arkady Volsky
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1425:State Council
1422:
1421:Boris Yeltsin
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1151:Joseph Stalin
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1007:
998:
985:
971:
965:
964:Joseph Stalin
961:
957:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:Ukrainian SSR
872:
869:of 1922, the
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
821:newly elected
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
731:
729:
728:
722:
719:
718:
716:
706:
705:
694:
693:Soviet Empire
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
620:
617:
616:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
569:
568:War communism
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:
515:
514:
510:
509:
501:
500:
487:
486:
482:
481:
480:
479:
475:
473:
470:
465:
464:Khrushchevism
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
436:
431:
426:
425:
418:
415:
413:
410:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:Supreme Court
398:
396:
393:
392:
386:
385:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
350:
349:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
328:
325:
324:
320:
319:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
292:
291:
288:
287:
283:
282:
274:
273:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
213:
209:
208:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
180:
179:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
110:
109:
102:
99:
97:
96:State Council
94:
92:
89:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5459:Transnistria
5421:Vatican City
5098:
4870:Demographics
4860:Antisemitism
4713:Central Bank
4631:Forced labor
4579:Spetsnaz GRU
4399:organisation
4307:Human rights
4294:
4256:Constitution
4139:Subdivisions
4017:Russian SFSR
3973:Soviet Union
3829:Construction
3708:Shipbuilding
3668:Oil Industry
3508:Gas Industry
3373:Construction
3227:
3173:
3160:Soviet Union
3157:
3144:
3132:
3125:
3088:. Springer.
3085:
3062:
3059:Schapiro, L.
3043:. Springer.
3040:
3021:
2999:
2980:
2971:
2952:
2933:
2930:Gorlizki, Y.
2905:
2901:
2878:
2855:
2833:Bibliography
2821:
2802:
2796:
2784:
2774:
2706:, p. 4.
2687:, p. 3.
2680:
2672:
2659:
2651:
2638:
2630:
2617:
2609:
2596:
2588:
2575:
2567:
2554:
2546:
2533:
2525:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2486:
2475:
2452:
2446:
2435:
2407:
2400:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2163:
2151:
2146:, p. 4.
2131:, p. 3.
2091:
2079:
1969:
1957:
1930:
1885:, p. 7.
1864:, p. 6.
1849:, p. 2.
1842:
1813:
1808:, p. 1.
1731:
1725:Publications
1720:
1716:
1697:
1683:Organization
1677:
1668:
1637:
1615:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1509:
1482:
1466:
1459:
1450:Yuri Luzhkov
1438:Ivan Silayev
1400:
1394:
1371:
1364:
1349:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1283:
1251:
1228:
1216:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1139:World War II
1136:
1115:
1082:
1074:
1053:
1022:
953:
871:Russian SFSR
864:
842:or heads of
810:
784:(CPSU), as "
761:
759:
653:Human rights
643:Gulag system
618:
589:Demographics
576:
511:
483:
476:
351:
322:
321:
286:Constitution
284:
240:
210:
190:
143:
5497:Isle of Man
5432:recognition
5401:Switzerland
5336:Netherlands
4974:Phraseology
4919:Prohibition
4907:Linguistics
4892:Drug policy
4885:1989 census
4806:Cybernetics
4708:Agriculture
4621:Great Purge
4583:Soviet Navy
4575:Soviet Army
4447:(1989–1991)
4441:(1938–1991)
4435:(1922–1936)
4419:Secretariat
4290:Gun control
4197:Caspian Sea
4181:Closed city
4110:Dissolution
4095:Perestroika
4037:Great Purge
3713:State Farms
2742:Huskey 1992
2721:Huskey 1992
2704:Watson 2016
2685:Watson 2016
2673:Article 136
2652:Article 135
2631:Article 134
2610:Article 133
2589:Article 131
2568:Article 130
2547:Article 129
2526:Article 128
2393:Huskey 1992
2376:Huskey 1992
2353:Huskey 1992
2334:Huskey 1992
2317:Huskey 1992
2288:Huskey 1992
2246:Huskey 1992
2231:Huskey 1992
2214:Huskey 1992
2144:Kibita 2013
2129:Kibita 2013
2096:Kibita 2013
1904:Watson 2016
1883:Watson 2016
1862:Watson 2016
1847:Watson 2016
1818:Watson 2016
1806:Watson 2016
1649:agriculture
1360:resolutions
1306:Perestroika
854:was led by
638:Great Purge
604:Phraseology
523:Agriculture
478:Perestroika
353:Premiership
183:Legislature
161:Secretariat
5538:Categories
5371:San Marino
5331:Montenegro
5311:Luxembourg
5291:Kazakhstan
5194:Azerbaijan
5014:Opposition
5004:Television
4984:Propaganda
4957:Literature
4831:Naukograds
4826:Sharashkas
4760:(currency)
4738:Inventions
4681:Censorship
4611:Red Terror
4295:Government
4169:Autonomous
4152:Autonomous
4085:Stagnation
4048:Evacuation
3916:Statistics
3879:Metallurgy
3874:Publishing
3653:Metallurgy
3284:Ministries
2415:. p.
1707:Ministries
1688:Committees
1601:Leadership
1434:State Bank
1428:All-Union
1156:ministries
688:Red Terror
678:Propaganda
628:Censorship
619:Repression
333:Ministries
323:Government
277:Governance
63:Leadership
5487:Gibraltar
5306:Lithuania
5075:Republics
5063:Republics
5051:Republics
4902:Languages
4766:Transport
4648:Holodomor
4541:Militsiya
4479:President
4371:Stalinism
4273:Elections
4147:Republics
4130:Geography
4120:Nostalgia
4032:Stalinism
3859:Logistics
3438:Education
3235:All-Union
3123:Previous:
3115:1964–1991
2922:144039204
2457:Routledge
2268:6 October
2156:Nove 1987
1989:Rees 2003
1674:Presidium
1512:Presidium
1505:ministers
1260:when the
1119:despotism
1094:Presidium
1080:in 1991.
954:The name
950:Etymology
594:Education
563:Transport
459:Stalinism
389:Judiciary
232:Presidium
156:Politburo
74:President
5507:Svalbard
5492:Guernsey
5439:Abkhazia
5386:Slovenia
5381:Slovakia
5356:Portugal
5214:Bulgaria
5118:Category
4671:Religion
4558:Chairmen
4404:Congress
4366:Leninism
4346:Propiska
4241:Politics
4100:Glasnost
4060:Cold War
4000:February
3909:Chairmen
3698:Railways
3493:Forestry
3358:Commerce
3313:Armament
3274:Premiers
3177:for the
3061:(1977).
3020:(1987).
3018:Nove, A.
1749:See also
1733:Izvestia
1606:Chairman
1501:deputies
1487:and the
1460:de facto
1341:deputies
1269:and the
1092:and its
1031:and its
920:American
881:and the
609:Religion
485:Glasnost
454:Leninism
430:Ideology
343:Cabinets
125:Congress
5411:Ukraine
5361:Romania
5321:Moldova
5279:Ireland
5274:Iceland
5269:Hungary
5259:Germany
5254:Georgia
5244:Finland
5239:Estonia
5234:Denmark
5219:Croatia
5204:Belgium
5199:Belarus
5189:Austria
5184:Armenia
5179:Andorra
5174:Albania
5039:Symbols
4952:Fashion
4934:Culture
4848:Society
4793:Science
4758:Rouble
4700:Economy
4676:Science
4486:Premier
4467:Offices
4329:Leaders
4249:General
4217:Siberia
4190:Regions
4164:Oblasts
4005:October
3982:History
3834:Defense
3578:Justice
3518:Geology
3478:Finance
3433:Economy
3423:Defense
3418:Culture
3183:in the
3162:in the
2667:of the
2646:of the
2625:of the
2604:of the
2583:of the
2562:of the
2541:of the
2520:of the
2502:4 April
1703:(KGB).
1462:Premier
1356:decrees
1343:and an
974:History
815:of the
578:Culture
513:Economy
504:Society
254:Speaker
166:Orgburo
135:History
69:Leaders
5502:Jersey
5444:Kosovo
5406:Turkey
5396:Sweden
5376:Serbia
5366:Russia
5351:Poland
5346:Norway
5326:Monaco
5296:Latvia
5264:Greece
5249:France
5224:Cyprus
5058:Emblem
5046:Anthem
4994:Sports
4947:Cinema
4942:Ballet
4924:Racism
4897:Family
4387:Bodies
3975:topics
3869:Prices
3528:Health
3413:Cotton
3092:
3073:
3047:
3028:
3006:
2987:
2959:
2940:
2920:
2889:
2866:
2845:, and
2809:
2463:
2423:
1495:, his
1448:, and
1432:, the
1128:Stalin
877:, the
768:, the
599:Family
56:
5477:Åland
5391:Spain
5316:Malta
5286:Italy
4989:Radio
4967:Opera
4962:Music
4865:Crime
4636:Gulag
4514:Cheka
4159:Krais
3171:Next:
3142:Next:
2918:S2CID
2826:1924.
1791:Notes
1547:trade
5070:Flag
5028:List
4836:List
4748:OGAS
4641:List
4524:NKVD
4312:LGBT
4300:List
4266:1977
4261:1936
3289:list
3247:list
3113:and
3090:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3026:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2864:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2779:. ).
2504:2011
2461:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2270:2018
1632:and
1545:and
1395:The
1358:and
1194:and
1182:and
1083:The
1023:The
922:and
760:The
312:1977
307:1936
302:1924
79:list
4553:KGB
4548:MGB
4536:MVD
4519:GPU
4319:Law
2910:doi
2675:. .
2654:. .
2633:. .
2612:. .
2591:. .
2570:. .
2549:. .
2528:. .
2417:167
1651:in
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