126:
102:
356:
are also massively enlarged. These features are least extreme in the bamboo rats, which spend at least some of their time above ground, foraging for food. They are most highly developed in the blind mole-rats, whose eyes are completely covered by skin, and entirely lack external ears or tails.
383:
period between three and seven weeks, depending on the species. As with many other muroids, the young are born blind, hairless, and helpless. They may stay with the mother for several months before setting off to establish their own burrows, although some species disperse as soon as they are
435:
small to medium-sized, extensive neck musculature and prominent points of attachment on the occipitum, minimal reduction in M3 relative to M1 and M2, and a distinct orientation of the manubrium of the
1079:
Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular
Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
320:
way of life. These rodents were thought to have evolved adaptations to living underground independently until recent genetic studies demonstrated they form a
364:
chambers, and breeding nests. They are generally solitary animals, and do not share their tunnel complexes with other individuals. All the species are
2106:
1083:
2295:
988:
Norris, R.W.; et al. (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia)".
2334:
407:). These are "the reduction or absence of external eyes, reduced pinnae, stocky body, short tail (<50% head and body length), broad
2429:
1072:
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP
344:-sized rodents, adapted to burrowing and living underground. They have short limbs, wedge-shaped skulls, strong neck muscles, large
2269:
1596:
2434:
2308:
400:
listed several characteristics present in all members of this family which distinguish them from the rest of the muroids, (the
2326:
2313:
1902:
684:
1111:
972:
2339:
1086:
estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic
Biology, 53:533-553.
1025:"Genomic transfers help to decipher the ancient evolution of filoviruses and interactions with vertebrate hosts"
439:
bone." Spalacid genomes also share a derived filovirus-like nucleoprotein element with an open reading frame.
2391:
225:
1982:
1589:
774:
2321:
2217:
1926:
711:
2222:
2074:
2026:
1958:
1934:
899:
806:
765:
747:
720:
125:
2378:
2114:
1894:
864:
675:
2419:
2042:
925:
2424:
1950:
1918:
1886:
1582:
832:
738:
702:
666:
964:
957:
360:
All of the spalacid species dig extensive burrows, which may include storage chambers for food,
2365:
2157:
1910:
873:
855:
841:
693:
2360:
2300:
1974:
1966:
1942:
1748:
1104:
916:
756:
729:
547:
2352:
2243:
2204:
2195:
823:
814:
317:
8:
2414:
2141:
1488:
1435:
352:. In the zokors, which dig primarily with their feet, rather than their teeth, the front
1051:
1024:
1812:
1329:
601:
428:
412:
120:
1574:
2347:
2230:
1855:
1834:
1717:
1313:
1056:
1005:
968:
629:
517:
408:
313:
109:
1089:
2209:
2122:
2098:
1820:
1804:
1756:
1157:
1097:
1046:
1036:
997:
610:
592:
556:
432:
266:
202:
2235:
2090:
2034:
1366:
1183:
1041:
349:
1001:
2082:
2066:
1700:
1552:
1403:
642:
500:
424:
297:
285:
274:
2408:
2180:
1740:
1560:
1512:
1212:
652:
538:
470:
244:
59:
1869:
1544:
1260:
1167:
1060:
1009:
659:
321:
305:
2282:
2189:
2017:
1773:
1692:
1478:
1427:
886:
571:
491:
289:
248:
34:
2274:
1843:
1792:
1536:
1520:
1460:
1445:
1345:
1337:
1245:
1235:
1228:
849:
791:
578:
301:
240:
211:
79:
44:
2287:
2256:
1642:
1528:
1390:
1382:
1296:
1289:
1273:
479:
448:
404:
380:
365:
137:
84:
2151:
101:
2261:
2174:
1783:
1731:
1648:
1624:
1496:
1468:
1306:
1199:
1191:
1151:
1139:
1082:
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and
623:
586:
532:
277:
187:
157:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
312:. This family represents the oldest split (excluding perhaps the
2386:
1452:
1353:
456:
436:
416:
385:
361:
345:
325:
324:
group. Members of the
Spalacidae are often placed in the family
89:
64:
2248:
316:) in the muroid superfamily, and comprises animals adapted to a
2057:
1999:
1636:
1630:
1618:
1252:
1145:
1133:
1121:
800:
420:
293:
270:
219:
177:
167:
147:
1076:
2373:
1676:
1658:
1419:
452:
401:
373:
337:
309:
1504:
1073:
369:
353:
281:
1202:(Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs)
341:
427:
plate absent or much reduced, nasolacrimal canal inside
1604:
379:
They give birth to litters of up to six young after a
1119:
956:
1324:(Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats, blind mole rats)
2406:
1022:
954:
328:along with all other members of the Muroidea.
1590:
1105:
987:
955:Corbet, Gordon (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.).
1023:Taylor, Derek J.; Barnhart, Max H. (2024).
1597:
1583:
1112:
1098:
100:
1050:
1040:
2407:
1299:(Jerboas, jumping mice and birch mice)
447:The spalacids are classified in three
2156:
2155:
1578:
1263:(Kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice)
1093:
990:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
981:
2392:010314DD-1D58-4E2F-862B-5DD5E2213F72
2379:C32887CB-FFDA-BA29-FF3D-FF6FFE1BEB41
1903:Aberdare Mountains African mole-rat
963:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
391:
685:Aberdare Mountains African mole-rat
13:
948:
331:
14:
2446:
442:
2430:Extant Miocene first appearances
415:ovoid shape and does not extend
124:
32:
411:, triangular-shaped braincase,
2435:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1016:
1:
1340:(Malagasy rats and relatives)
941:
928:or Nehring's blind mole-rat,
280:. They are native to eastern
1929:(Tachyoryctes macrocephalus)
1927:Big-headed African mole-rat
1539:(Spiny rats, coypus, hutias)
1042:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011864
7:
2075:Middle East blind mole-rat
2027:Middle East blind mole-rat
1935:Navivasha African mole-rat
1563:(Chinchillas and viscachas)
1356:(House mouse and relatives)
1002:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.020
959:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
712:Big-headed African mole-rat
10:
2451:
2115:Kazakhstan blind mole-rat
2043:Anatolian blind mole-rat (
1983:Storey's African mole-rat
1895:Mianzini African mole-rat
1481:(New World hystricognaths)
900:Middle East blind mole-rat
766:Northeast African mole-rat
721:Navivasha African mole-rat
348:teeth, and small eyes and
2164:
2138:
2055:
2015:
1998:
1969:(Tachyoryctes spalacinus)
1867:
1832:
1781:
1772:
1729:
1674:
1657:
1613:
1605:Extant species of family
1402:
1365:
1272:
1211:
1166:
1128:
1120:Extant families in order
890:- small-bodied mole-rats
865:Kazakhstan blind mole-rat
775:Storey's African mole-rat
676:Mianzini African mole-rat
273:in the large and complex
238:
233:
217:
210:
121:Scientific classification
119:
108:
99:
23:
2029:(Nannospalax ehrenbergi)
1977:(Tachyoryctes splendens)
1959:Rudd's African mole-rat
1951:Rwanda African mole-rat
1937:(Tachyoryctes naivashae)
1919:Kenyan African mole-rat
1897:(Tachyoryctes annectens)
1887:Ankole African mole-rat
1348:(Hamsters and relatives)
926:Anatolian blind mole-rat
646:(Miocene to Pleistocene)
2101:(Spalax microphthalmus)
1911:Demon African mole-rat
1889:(Tachyoryctes ankoliae)
902:or Palestine mole-rat,
833:Bukovina blind mole-rat
807:Mehely's blind mole-rat
748:Rudd's African mole-rat
739:Rwanda African mole-rat
703:Kenyan African mole-rat
667:Ankole African mole-rat
2037:(Nannospalax leucodon)
1985:(Tachyoryctes storeyi)
1975:East African mole-rat
1967:Embi African mole-rat
1953:(Tachyoryctes ruandae)
1943:King African mole-rat
1921:(Tachyoryctes ibeanus)
1823:(Rhizomys sumatrensis)
1751:(Eospalax rothschildi)
1743:(Eospalax fontanierii)
1515:(Agoutis and acouchis)
1491:(New World porcupines)
1438:(Old World porcupines)
874:Podolsk blind mole-rat
856:Greater blind mole-rat
842:Oltenia blind mole-rat
725:Tachyoryctes naivashae
694:Demon African mole-rat
2361:Paleobiology Database
2045:Nannospalax xanthodon
1913:(Tachyoryctes daemon)
1703:(Myospalax myospalax)
1547:(Degus and relatives)
1332:(Mouse-like hamsters)
917:Lesser blind mole-rat
757:Embi African mole-rat
730:King African mole-rat
1961:(Tachyoryctes ruddi)
1905:(Tachyoryctes audax)
1807:(Rhizomys pruinosus)
1720:(Myospalax psilurus)
824:Giant blind mole-rat
815:Sandy blind mole-rat
663:- African mole-rats
30:Early Miocene–Recent
2077:(Spalax ehrenbergi)
1815:(Rhizomys sinensis)
1813:Chinese bamboo rat
1749:Rothschild's zokor
1695:(Myospalax aspalax)
486:Myospalax myospalax
419:to the roof of the
292:, and southeastern
2117:(Spalax uralensis)
2085:(Spalax giganteus)
2069:(Spalax arenarius)
1945:(Tachyoryctes rex)
1856:Lesser bamboo rat
1759:(Eospalax smithii)
1718:Transbaikal zokor
1430:(Laotian rock rat)
1410:("Porcupine-like")
1373:("Anomalure-like")
1316:(Oriental dormice)
1314:Platacanthomyidae
795:- blind mole-rats
602:Chinese bamboo rat
548:Rothschild's zokor
512:Myospalax psilurus
429:infraorbital canal
413:infraorbital canal
296:. It includes the
2402:
2401:
2348:Open Tree of Life
2158:Taxon identifiers
2149:
2148:
2134:
2133:
2123:Podolsk mole-rat
2099:Greater mole-rat
2009:
2006:(Blind mole-rats)
1994:
1993:
1880:
1858:(Cannomys badius)
1849:
1821:Large bamboo rat
1805:Hoary bamboo rat
1798:
1768:
1767:
1668:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1555:(Chinchilla rats)
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1413:
1394:
1386:
1376:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1300:
1283:
1264:
1256:
1239:
1222:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1186:(Mountain beaver)
1177:
1174:("Squirrel-like")
860:S. microphthalmus
630:Lesser bamboo rat
518:Transbaikal zokor
463:Family Spalacidae
433:incisive foramina
314:Platacanthomyidae
255:
254:
206:
110:Lesser bamboo rat
16:Family of rodents
2442:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2153:
2152:
2109:(Spalax munzuri)
2107:Munzur mole-rat
2093:(Spalax graecus)
2091:Balkan mole-rat
2035:Lesser mole-rat
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1420:Ctenodactylidae
1412:
1411:
1407:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1298:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1262:
1255:(Pocket gophers)
1254:
1237:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1158:Euarchontoglires
1114:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1020:
1014:
1013:
985:
979:
978:
962:
952:
716:T. macrocephalus
611:Large bamboo rat
593:Hoary bamboo rat
201:
129:
128:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2420:Rodent families
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2130:
2083:Giant mole-rat
2067:Sandy mole-rat
2051:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1990:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1828:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1764:
1725:
1701:Siberian zokor
1664:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1609:
1603:
1573:
1568:
1489:Erethizontidae
1409:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:Anomaluromorpha
1361:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1219:("Beaver-like")
1218:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1124:
1118:
1084:divergence date
1069:
1068:
1035:(9): e1011864.
1021:
1017:
986:
982:
975:
953:
949:
944:
445:
394:
392:Characteristics
334:
332:Characteristics
298:blind mole-rats
247:
243:
229:
223:
200:
123:
114:Cannomys badius
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:Muroid rodents
2422:
2417:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2186:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2125:(Spalax zemni)
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:Smith's zokor
1754:
1746:
1741:Chinese zokor
1737:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1682:
1680:
1669:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:Chinchillidae
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1513:Dasyproctidae
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1469:Thryonomyidae
1466:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1404:Hystricomorpha
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:("Mouse-like")
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1184:Aplodontiidae
1180:
1178:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1029:PLOS Pathogens
1015:
996:(3): 972–978.
980:
973:
946:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
932:
923:
908:
907:
906:
882:
881:
880:
871:
862:
853:
839:
830:
821:
812:
787:
786:
785:
784:
783:
782:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
682:
673:
649:
648:
647:
643:Brachyrhizomys
638:
637:
636:
619:
618:
617:
615:R. sumatrensis
608:
599:
581:- bamboo rats
567:
566:
565:
564:
563:
554:
552:E. rothschildi
545:
543:E. fontanierii
528:
527:
526:
525:
524:
514:species group
509:
508:
507:
501:Siberian zokor
498:
488:species group
444:
443:Classification
441:
393:
390:
336:Spalacids are
333:
330:
286:Horn of Africa
253:
252:
236:
235:
231:
230:
224:
215:
214:
208:
207:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
116:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2447:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1660:
1659:Myospalacinae
1656:
1650:
1647:Superfamily:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:Octodontidae
1543:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:Petromuridae
1459:
1457:
1453:Bathyergidae
1451:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1393:(Springhares)
1389:
1387:
1383:Anomaluridae
1381:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:Calomyscidae
1328:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1261:Heteromyidae
1259:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1213:Castorimorpha
1210:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
976:
974:0-87196-871-1
970:
966:
961:
960:
951:
947:
931:
927:
924:
922:
918:
915:
914:
913:
909:
905:
904:N. ehrenbergi
901:
898:
897:
896:
892:
891:
889:
888:
883:
879:
875:
872:
870:
866:
863:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
843:
840:
838:
834:
831:
829:
825:
822:
820:
816:
813:
811:
810:, S. antiquus
808:
805:
804:
803:
802:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
780:
776:
773:
771:
767:
764:
762:
761:T. spalacinus
758:
755:
753:
749:
746:
744:
740:
737:
735:
731:
728:
726:
722:
719:
717:
713:
710:
708:
704:
701:
699:
695:
692:
690:
686:
683:
681:
677:
674:
672:
668:
665:
664:
662:
661:
656:
655:
654:
653:Tachyoryctini
650:
645:
644:
639:
635:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:
620:
616:
612:
609:
607:
603:
600:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
583:
582:
580:
576:
575:
574:
573:
568:
562:
558:
557:Smith's zokor
555:
553:
549:
546:
544:
540:
539:Chinese zokor
537:
536:
535:
534:
529:
523:
519:
516:
515:
513:
510:
506:
502:
499:
497:
493:
490:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
475:
473:
472:
471:Myospalacinae
467:
466:
465:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
389:
387:
382:
377:
375:
372:, bulbs, and
371:
368:, feeding on
367:
363:
358:
355:
351:
350:external ears
347:
343:
339:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
251:
250:
246:
245:Myospalacinae
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
221:
216:
213:
209:
204:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
184:Superfamily:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2165:
2140:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2016:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1870:Tachyoryctes
1868:
1857:
1833:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1782:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1693:False zokor
1687:M. myospalax
1686:
1685:
1675:
1606:
1553:Abrocomidae
1531:(Tuco-tucos)
1529:Ctenomyidae
1505:Cuniculidae
1479:Caviomorpha
1463:(Dassie rat)
1436:Hystricidae
1428:Diatomyidae
1385:(Anomalures)
1321:
1168:Sciuromorpha
1156:Superorder:
1150:Infraclass:
1032:
1028:
1018:
993:
989:
983:
958:
950:
930:N. xanthodon
929:
920:
911:
903:
894:
885:
877:
869:S. uralensis
868:
859:
845:
836:
828:S. giganteus
827:
819:S. arenarius
818:
809:
799:
789:
778:
770:T. splendens
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
706:
697:
688:
680:T. annectens
679:
670:
660:Tachyoryctes
658:
641:
633:
622:
614:
605:
597:R. pruinosus
596:
585:
569:
560:
551:
542:
531:
521:
511:
505:M. myospalax
504:
495:
485:
478:
468:
462:
461:
446:
397:
395:
378:
359:
335:
322:monophyletic
318:subterranean
262:
258:
256:
239:
234:Subfamilies
218:
197:
113:
18:
2283:iNaturalist
2190:Wikispecies
2018:Nannospalax
1877:(Mole rats)
1844:Bamboo rats
1793:Bamboo rats
1774:Rhizomyinae
1712:M. psilurus
1537:Echimyidae
1521:Dinomyidae
1471:(Cane rats)
1346:Cricetidae
1338:Nesomyidae
1322:Spalacidae
1236:Castoridae
1229:Castoroidea
921:N. leucodon
895:Nannospalax
887:Nannospalax
846:S. istricus
671:T. ankoliae
606:R. sinensis
572:Rhizomyinae
522:M. psilurus
492:False zokor
449:subfamilies
302:bamboo rats
290:Middle East
275:superfamily
249:Rhizomyinae
226:Güldenstädt
2415:Spalacidae
2409:Categories
2210:Spalacidae
2196:Spalacidae
2166:Spalacidae
2000:Spalacinae
1641:Suborder:
1607:Spalacidae
1523:(Pacarana)
1455:(Blesmols)
1446:Phiomorpha
1391:Pedetidae
1297:Dipodidae
1290:Dipodoidea
1253:Geomyidae
1246:Geomyoidea
1200:Sciuridae
942:References
912:Mesospalax
848:(possibly
837:S. graecus
792:Spalacinae
790:Subfamily
779:T. storeyi
743:T. ruandae
707:T. ibeanus
579:Rhizomyini
570:Subfamily
561:E. smithii
496:M. aspalax
469:Subfamily
366:herbivores
259:Spalacidae
241:Spalacinae
212:Type genus
198:Spalacidae
24:Spalacidae
1677:Myospalax
1643:Myomorpha
1617:Kingdom:
1497:Caviidae
1274:Myomorpha
1238:(Beavers)
1194:(Dormice)
1192:Gliridae
1132:Kingdom:
910:Subgenus
893:Subgenus
698:T. daemon
634:C. badius
480:Myospalax
474:- zokors
455:, and 37
425:zygomatic
417:ventrally
405:Eumuroida
381:gestation
306:mole-rats
263:spalacids
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
2327:13000007
2175:Wikidata
2142:Category
1835:Cannomys
1784:Rhizomys
1732:Eospalax
1665:(Zokors)
1649:Muroidea
1637:Rodentia
1631:Mammalia
1625:Chordata
1623:Phylum:
1619:Animalia
1499:(Cavies)
1422:(Gundis)
1354:Muridae
1307:Muroidea
1152:Eutheria
1146:Mammalia
1140:Chordata
1138:Phylum:
1134:Animalia
1122:Rodentia
1061:39226335
1052:11398700
1010:15120394
878:S. zemni
752:T. ruddi
689:T. audax
624:Cannomys
587:Rhizomys
533:Eospalax
278:Muroidea
265:, are a
194:Family:
188:Muroidea
178:Rodentia
168:Mammalia
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
2387:ZooBank
2275:3240686
2249:2921945
2181:Q557935
1635:Order:
1629:Class:
1507:(Pacas)
1144:Class:
965:666–671
850:extinct
640:†Genus
457:species
437:malleus
409:rostrum
396:Norris
362:latrine
346:incisor
326:Muridae
271:rodents
174:Order:
164:Class:
2353:148559
2340:337664
2314:970144
2301:109984
2262:1SPAXF
2058:Spalax
1059:
1049:
1008:
971:
884:Genus
801:Spalax
798:Genus
734:T. rex
657:Genus
651:Tribe
621:Genus
584:Genus
577:Tribe
530:Genus
477:Genus
453:genera
451:, six
421:palate
398:et al.
386:weaned
374:tubers
310:zokors
308:, and
294:Europe
288:, the
284:, the
267:family
228:, 1770
220:Spalax
205:, 1821
2374:Plazi
2366:77298
2296:IRMNG
2288:71384
2223:73317
1714:group
1689:group
402:clade
370:roots
354:claws
340:- to
338:mouse
261:, or
2335:NCBI
2309:ITIS
2270:GBIF
2257:EPPO
2218:BOLD
1074:gene
1057:PMID
1006:PMID
969:ISBN
282:Asia
257:The
203:Gray
35:PreꞒ
2322:MSW
2244:EoL
2236:GF5
2231:CoL
2205:ADW
1047:PMC
1037:doi
998:doi
342:rat
269:of
2411::
2389::
2376::
2363::
2350::
2337::
2324::
2311::
2298::
2285::
2272::
2259::
2246::
2233::
2220::
2207::
2192::
2177::
1716::
1691::
1055:.
1045:.
1033:20
1031:.
1027:.
1004:.
994:31
992:.
967:.
919:,
876:,
867:,
858:,
844:,
835:,
826:,
817:,
777:,
768:,
759:,
750:,
741:,
732:,
723:,
714:,
705:,
696:,
687:,
678:,
669:,
632:,
613:,
604:,
595:,
559:,
550:,
541:,
520:,
503:,
494:,
459:.
431:,
423:,
388:.
376:.
304:,
300:,
112:,
85:Pg
2047:)
1846:)
1842:(
1795:)
1791:(
1598:e
1591:t
1584:v
1113:e
1106:t
1099:v
1063:.
1039::
1012:.
1000::
977:.
852:)
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
