1021:, "they went as far as the present Rancho del Chino, where they tied and whipped every man, woman and child in the lodge, and drove part of them back.... On the road they did the same with those of the lodge at San Jose. On arriving home the men were instructed to throw their bows and arrows at the feet of the priest, and make due submission. The infants were then baptized, as were also all children under eight years of age; the former were left with their mothers, but the latter kept apart from all communication with their parents. The consequence was, first, the women consented to the rite and received it, for the love they bore their children; and finally the males gave way for the purpose of enjoying once more the society of wife and family. Marriage was then performed, and so this contaminated race, in their own sight and that of their kindred, became followers of Christ.
1013:, a baptized Indian person was no longer free to move about the country, but had to labor and worship at the mission under the strict observance of the priests and overseers, who herded them to daily masses and labors. If an Indian did not report for their duties for a period of a few days, they were searched for, and if it was discovered that they had left without permission, they were considered runaways. Large-scale military expeditions were organized to round up the escaped neophytes. Sometimes, the Franciscans allowed neophytes to escape the missions, or they would allow them to visit their home village. However, the Franciscans would only allow this so that they could secretly follow the neophytes. Upon arriving to the village and capturing the runaways, they would take back Indians to the missions, sometimes as many as 200 to 300 Indians.
3025:
2512:
from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the
Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did not find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.
4195:
4385:
4233:
4061:
4080:
1659:. Each presidio was provided with land, el rancho del rey, which served as a pasture for the presidio livestock and as a source of food for the soldiers. Theoretically the soldiers were supposed to work on this land themselves but within a few years the neophytes were doing all the work on the presidio farm and, in addition, were serving domestics for the soldiers. While the fiction prevailed that neophytes were to receive wages for their work, no attempt was made to collect the wages for these services after 1790. It is recorded that the neophytes performed the work "under unmitigated compulsion."
4423:
1718:
4271:
716:
2260:
3873:
4214:
4309:
4347:
4175:
4252:
1648:. The labor organization of the missions resembled a slave plantation in many respects. Foreigners who visited the missions remarked at how the priests' control over the Indians appeared excessive, but necessary given the white men's isolation and numeric disadvantage. Subsequently, the Missions operated under strict and harsh conditions; A 'light' punishment would've been considered 25 lashings (azotes). Indians were not paid wages as they were not considered free laborers and, as a result, the missions were able to profit from the goods produced by the
2674:
735:
123:
1039:(or "nunnery") under the supervision of a trusted Indian matron who bore the responsibility for their welfare and education. Women only left the convent after they had been "won" by an Indian suitor and were deemed ready for marriage. Following Spanish custom, courtship took place on either side of a barred window. After the marriage ceremony the woman moved out of the mission compound and into one of the family huts. These "nunneries" were considered a necessity by the priests, who felt the women needed to be protected from the men, both Indian and
4328:
4404:
4042:
2378:(questionnaire) to all of the missions in Alta California regarding the customs, disposition, and condition of the Mission Indians. The replies varied greatly in the length, spirit, and even the value of the information provided. They were collected and prefaced by the Father-Presidente with a short general statement or abstract; the compilation was thereupon forwarded to the viceregal government. The contemporary nature of the responses, no matter how incomplete or biased some may be, are nonetheless of considerable value to modern
4366:
3686:
3956:
4118:
4099:
2692:, the last Mexican Governor of Alta California, found upon taking office that there were few funds available to carry on the affairs of the province. He prevailed upon the assembly to pass a decree authorizing the renting or the sale of all mission property, reserving only the church, a curate's house, and a building for a courthouse. The expenses of conducting the services of the church were to be provided from the proceeds, but there was no disposition made as to what should be done to secure the funds for that purpose.
2719:
2184:
833:, the development of an individual settlement was not simply a matter of "priestly whim." The founding of a mission followed longstanding rules and procedures; the paperwork involved required months, sometimes years of correspondence, and demanded the attention of virtually every level of the bureaucracy. Once empowered to erect a mission in a given area, the men assigned to it chose a specific site that featured a good water supply, plenty of wood for fires and building materials, and ample fields for grazing
4137:
4156:
428:
2386:
3800:
92:
991:
811:
1832:, which created the need for "...a class of horsemen scarcely surpassed anywhere." These animals multiplied beyond the settler's expectations, often overrunning pastures and extending well-beyond the domains of the missions. The giant herds of horses and cows took well to the climate and the extensive pastures of the Coastal California region, but at a heavy price for the California Native American people. The uncontrolled spread of these new herds, and associated
4290:
1695:(women's dormitory). He then had a monigote made and commanded that she "treat the doll as though it were a child and carry it in the presence of everyone for nine days." While the woman was beaten and her sexuality demeaned, the husband, who had been intimate with another woman, was ridiculed and humiliated. A set of cow horns was tied to his head with leather thongs, thereby converting him into a cuckold, and he was herded to daily Mass in cow horns and fetters.
1599:. The policy of the Franciscans was to keep them constantly occupied. Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells. The daily routine began with sunrise
1872:
902:
11960:
1625:
72:
4026:, into law. The measure provided $ 10 million over a five-year period to the California Missions Foundation for projects related to the physical preservation of the missions, including structural rehabilitation, stabilization, and conservation of mission art and artifacts. The California Missions Foundation, a volunteer, tax-exempt organization, was founded in 1998 by Richard Ameil, an eighth generation Californian. A change to the
9442:
315:
909:, November 4, 1775. The independence uprising was the first of a dozen similar incidents that took place in Alta California during the Mission Period; however, most rebellions tended to be localized and short-lived due to the Spaniards' superior weaponry (native resistance more often took the form of non-cooperation (in forced labor), return to their homelands (desertion of forced relocation), and raids on mission livestock).
1793:
2767:, Redick McKee and George W. Barbour, to study the California situation and "...negotiate treaties with the various Indian tribes of California." Treaty negotiations ensued during the period between March 19, 1851 and January 7, 1852, during which the Commission interacted with 402 Indian chiefs and headmen (representing approximately one-third to one-half of the California tribes) and entered into eighteen treaties.
4577:
virtually a national uprising, and owing to the distance from New Spain to and the extreme difficulty of maintaining communications a victory for the
Indians would have ended Spanish settlement in Alta California." As it turned out, "...the position of the Spaniards was strengthened by the San Diego outbreak, for the Indians felt from that time forth that it was impossible to throw out their conquerors." See also
2740:, estimates that pre-contact population was reduced by 33 percent during Spanish and Mexican rule, mostly through introduction of European diseases, but much more after the United States takeover in 1848. By 1870, the loss of indigenous lives had become catastrophic. Up to 80 percent died, leaving a population of about 30,000 in 1870. Orfalea claims that nearly half of the native deaths after 1848 were murder.
945:. Indians were congregated around the mission proper through forced resettlement, in which the Spanish "reduced" them from what they perceived to be a free "undisciplined'" state with the ambition of converting them into "civilized" members of colonial society. The civilized and disciplined culture of the natives, developed over 8,000 years, was not considered. A total of 146
2561:(commissioners) to oversee the emancipation of the Indians. The Mexican government passed legislation on December 20, 1827 that mandated the expulsion of all Spaniards younger than sixty years of age from Mexican territories; Governor EcheandĂa nevertheless intervened on behalf of some of the missionaries to prevent their deportation once the law took effect in California.
1741:, and wheat were among the most common crops grown. Cereal grains were dried and ground by stone into flour. Even today, California is well known for the abundance and many varieties of fruit trees that are cultivated throughout the state. The only fruits indigenous to the region, however, consisted of wild berries or grew on small bushes. Spanish
1621:, or 25 kg each) to the men engaged in building. The men worked a variety of jobs, having learned from the missionaries how to plow, sow, irrigate, cultivate, reap, thresh, and glean. They were taught to build adobe houses, tan leather hides, shear sheep, weave rugs and clothing from wool, make ropes, soap, paint, and other useful duties.
512:, disrupting their traditional way of life and negatively affecting as many as one thousand villages. European diseases spread in the close quarters of the missions, causing mass death. Abuse, malnourishment, and overworking were common. At least 87,787 baptisms and 63,789 deaths occurred. Indigenous peoples often resisted and rejected
983:, or new believer. This happened only after a brief period during which the initiates were instructed in the most basic aspects of the Catholic faith. But, while many natives were lured to join the missions out of curiosity and sincere desire to participate and engage in trade, many found themselves trapped once they were
3786:(the military governor of Alta California from 1770 to 1774, who regarded the Spanish installations in California as military institutions first and religious outposts second), the uneasy relationship persisted for more than sixty years. Dependent upon one another for their very survival, military leaders and mission
3697:) by a presidio strategically placed along the California coast to protect the missions and other Spanish settlements in Upper California. Each of these functioned as a base of military operations for a specific region. They were independent of one another and were organized from south to north as follows:
4610:, who accompanied the 1769 expedition, described the first encounter with the area's inhabitants: "They came unarmed and with a gentleness which has no name they brought their poor seeds to us as gifts...The locality itself and the docility of the Indians invited the establishment of a Mission for them."
5106:
Engelhardt: "Recruited from the scum of society in Mexico, frequently convicts and jailbirds, it is not surprising that the mission guards, leather-jacket soldiers, as they were called, should be guilty of...crimes at nearly all the
Missions...In truth, the guards counted among the worst obstacles to
5066:
Hittell: "Boscana himself and his brother missionaries were men of narrow range of thought, continually seeking among the superstitions of the natives for resemblances of the true faith and ever ready to catch at the slightest hints and magnify them into complicated dogmas corresponding afar of those
5000:
Chapman: "...the
Russians and the English were by no means the only foreign peoples who threatened Spain's domination of the Pacific coast. The Indians and the Chinese had their opportunity before Spain appeared upon the scene. The Japanese were at one time a potential concern, and the Portuguese and
3901:
began visiting each of the twenty-one mission sites, where he created a historically important portfolio of watercolors, oils, and etchings. His depictions of the missions were (in part) responsible for the revival of interest in the state's
Spanish heritage, and indirectly for the restoration of the
2695:
After secularization, Father-Presidente
Narciso DurĂĄn transferred the missions' headquarters to Santa BĂĄrbara, thereby making Mission Santa BĂĄrbara the repository of some 3,000 original documents that had been scattered through the California missions. The Mission archive is the oldest library in the
2576:
The lands of each mission joined those of other missions on either side, so that all were connected, or, in other words, the missionaries occupied all the land along the coast, except the presidios, the three pueblos and their lands, and a few ranchos which were held by virtue of grants from the King
2548:
who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become
Mexican citizens. Those who wished to remain under mission tutelage were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment. By 1830, even the neophyte populations themselves appeared confident in their own abilities to
1931:
and fashion iron into everything from basic tools and hardware (such as nails) to crosses, gates, hinges, even cannon for mission defense. Iron in particular was a commodity that the mission acquired solely through trade, as the missionaries had neither the know-how nor technology to mine and process
548:
The surviving mission buildings are the state of
California's oldest structures and most-visited historic monuments, many of which were restored after falling into near disrepair in the early 20th century. They have become a symbol of California, appearing in many movies and television shows, and are
4853:
Chapman, p. 383: "...there may have been about 133,000 in what is now the state as a whole, and 70,000 in or near the conquered area. The missions included only the
Indians of given localities, though it is true that they were situated on the best lands and in the most populous centres. Even in the
4765:
Chapman: "It is usually stated that the
Spanish court at Madrid received reports about Russian aggression in the Pacific northwest, and sent orders to meet them by the occupation of Alta California, wherefore the expeditions of 1769 were made. This view contains only a smattering of the truth. It is
3886:
Because virtually all of the artwork at the missions served either a devotional or didactic purpose, there was no underlying reason for the mission residents to record their surroundings graphically; visitors, however, found them to be objects of curiosity. During the 1850s a number of artists found
2886:
Between 1846 and 1870, California's Indian population plunged from perhaps 150,000 to 30,000. Diseases, dislocation, and starvation caused many of these deaths. However, abduction, unfree labor, mass death on reservations, individual homicides, battles, and massacres also took thousands of lives and
2851:
was a popular teaching tool used in California to teach school children about the Spanish missions, but became controversial. Its popularity began decreasing in the mid-2010s as educators questioned whether the assignment effectively teaches students about the Spanish missions' impact on indigenous
2556:
Accelerating immigration, both Mexican and foreign, increased pressure on the Alta California government to seize the mission properties and dispossess the natives in accordance with EcheandĂa's directive. Despite the fact that EcheandĂa's emancipation plan was met with little encouragement from the
1959:
and fountains, and emptied into waterways where the force of the water was used to turn grinding wheels and other simple machinery, or dispensed for use in cleaning. Water used for drinking and cooking was allowed to trickle through alternate layers of sand and charcoal to remove the impurities. One
1910:
Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries established manual training in European skills and methods; in agriculture, mechanical arts, and the raising and
1699:
Franciscan Priests would also forbid any form of native culture in the Mission system. This would include but not be limited to, songs, dances, and ceremonies. They objectified the destruction of any form of morality, ideology or personality that characterized the Native life. Women, in particular,
773:
on days of obligation but lacked a resident priest; as with the missions, these settlements were typically established in areas with high concentrations of potential native converts. The Spanish Californians had never strayed from the coast when establishing their settlements; Mission Nuestra Señora
4619:
Chapman: "Over the hills of the Coast Range, in the valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, north of San Francisco Bay, and in the Sierra Nevadas of the south there were untold thousands whom the mission system never reached...they were as if in a world apart from the narrow strip of coast which
2661:
According to one estimate, the native population in and around the missions proper was approximately 80,000 at the time of the confiscation; others claim that the statewide population had dwindled to approximately 100,000 by the early 1840s, due in no small part to the natives' exposure to European
1690:
Father Olbes at Mission Santa Cruz ordered an infertile couple to have sexual intercourse in his presence because he did not believe they could not have children. The couple refused, but Olbes forcibly inspected the man's penis to learn 'whether or not it was in good order' and tried to inspect the
1677:
The Franciscan arrival to Alta California came with a wave of torture, rape, and murder towards the native population of California. Native Californians, attracted to the Missions by the promise of food and gifts, were forcibly prevented from leaving. Any who attempted to escape was usually given a
1004:
in 1806. "The hair of these people is very coarse, thick, and stands erect; in some it is powdered with down feathers," Langsdorff noted. "Their bodies are fantastically painted with charcoal dust, red clay, and chalk. The foremost dancer is ornamented all over with down feathers, which gives him a
4576:
Chapman: "Latter-day historians have been altogether too prone to regard the hostility to the Spaniards on the part of the California Indians as a matter of small consequence, since no disaster in fact ever happened...On the other hand the San Diego plot involved untold thousands of Indians, being
2511:
in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima
4970:
Hittell: "...it was quite frequently known as the mission of Sonoma. From the beginning it was rather a military than a religious establishmentâa sort of outpost or barrier, first against the Russians and afterwards against the Americans; but still a large adobe church was built and Indians were
4751:
who visited San Diego with VizcaĂno's 1602 expedition, "surveyed the area and concluded that the land was fertile, the fish plentiful, and gold abundant." AscensiĂłn was convinced that California's potential wealth and strategic location merited colonization, and in 1620 recommended in a letter to
4680:
of the theocracy which was planted in California by Spain, under which its wild inhabitants were subjected, which stood as their guardians, civil and religious, and whose duty it was to elevate them and make them acceptable as citizens and Spanish subjects...it remained for the Spanish priests to
2606:
For instance, after Mexican independence, the Mexican government confiscated Franciscan lands and decommissioned them. This, however, did not see the end of Native plight since further dislocation and abuse occurred under Mexican control. Most of the confiscated Franciscan lands were given out as
1771:
Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel unknowingly witnessed the origin of the California citrus industry with the planting of the region's first significant orchard in 1804, though the commercial potential of citrus was not realized until 1841. Olives (first cultivated at Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ) were
1025:
A total of 20,355 natives were "attached" to the California missions in 1806 (the highest figure recorded during the Mission Period); under Mexican rule the number rose to 21,066 (in 1824, the record year during the entire era of the Franciscan missions). During the entire period of Mission rule,
1667:
The missionaries of California were by-and-large well-meaning, devoted men... attitudes toward the Indians ranged from genuine (if paternalistic) affection to wrathful disgust. They were ill-equippedânor did most truly desireâto understand complex and radically different Native American customs.
4629:
Bennett: "The system had singularly failed in its purposes. It was the design of the Spanish government to have the missions educate, elevate, civilize, the Indians into citizens. When this was done, citizenship should be extended them and the missions should be dissolved as having served their
2758:
lost whatever protection the mission system afforded them. While under the secularization laws the natives were to receive up to one-half of the mission properties, this never happened. The natives lost whatever stock and movable property they may have accumulated. When California became a U.S.
1685:
This trend of violence was due to the Franciscans' desire for a greater Hispanicized population in Alta California, both for protection against a foreign invasion and for a labor force to benefit the Spanish Empire. As a result a higher emphasis of Native reproduction was a duty taken on by the
892:
instruments at their disposal and simply measured off all dimensions by foot. Some fanciful accounts regarding the construction of the missions claimed that tunnels were incorporated in the design, to be used as a means of emergency egress in the event of attack; however, no historical evidence
5373:
Apart from a tiny minority who gave the clearest evidence of meaningful conversion... Overall, outright rejection and chronic resistance characterized the Indian response. The Franciscans admitted as much, recording repeatedly the difficulty of convincing adult Indians to accept any aspect of
4990:
Bennett 1897b, p. 154: "Up to 1817 the 'spiritual conquest' of California had been confined to the territory south of San Francisco Bay. And this, it might be said, was as far as possible under the mission system. There had been a few years prior to that time certain alarming incursions of the
4666:
Lippy: "A matter of debate in reflecting on the role of Spanish missions concerns the degree to which the Spanish colonial regimes regarded the work of the priests as a legitimate religious enterprise and the degree to which it was viewed as a 'frontier institution,' part of a colonial defense
2708:
Disestablishmentâa polite term for robberyâby Mexico (rather than by native Californians misrepresenting the Mexican government) in 1834, was the death blow of the mission system. The lands were confiscated; the buildings were sold for beggarly sums, and often for beggarly purposes. The Indian
2108:
to Christianity. They aimed to make converts and tax-paying citizens of those they conquered. To make them into Spanish citizens and productive inhabitants, the Spanish government and the Church required the indigenous people to learn Spanish language and vocational skills along with Christian
1844:
that the Indians depended on for their seed, foliage, and bulb harvests. The grazing-overgrazing problems were also recognized by the Spaniards, who periodically had extermination parties cull and kill thousands of excess livestock, when herd populations grew beyond their control or the land's
2103:
California represents the "high-water mark" of Spanish expansion in North America as the last and northernmost colony on the continent. The mission system arose in part from the need to control Spain's ever-expanding holdings in the New World. Realizing that the colonies required a literate
1662:
In recent years, much debate has arisen about the priests' treatment of the Indians during the Mission period, and many believe that the California mission system is directly responsible for the decline of the native cultures. From the perspective of the Spanish priest, their efforts were a
4843:
Kroeber: "In the matter of population, too, the effect of Caucasian contact cannot be wholly slighted, since all statistics date from a late period. The disintegration of Native numbers and Native culture have proceeded hand in hand, but in very different rations according to locality. The
4867:
Bennett: Due to the isolation of the Baja California missions, the decree for expulsion did not arrive in June 1767, as it did in the rest of New Spain, but was delayed until the new governor, PortolĂ , arrived with the news on November 30. Jesuits from the operating missions gathered in
602:
Prior to 1754, grants of mission lands were made directly by the Spanish Crown. But, given the remote locations and the inherent difficulties in communicating with the territorial governments, he delegated authority to make grants to the viceroys of New Spain. During the reign of King
1707:
One can interpret the whole history of the persecution of Indian women as witches ... as a struggle over competing ways of defining the body and of regulating procreation as the church endeavored to constrain the expression of desire within boundaries that clerics defined proper and
1772:
grown, cured, and pressed under large stone wheels to extract their oil, both for use at the mission and to trade for other goods. The Rev. Serra set aside a portion of the Mission Carmel gardens in 1774 for tobacco plants, a practice that soon spread throughout the mission system.
1911:
care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California. The
2789:
filed petitions for the return of all former mission lands in the state. Ownership of 1,051.44 acres (4.2550 km) (essentially exact area of land occupied by the original mission buildings, cemeteries, and gardens) was subsequently conveyed to the Church, along with the
6936:
Bancroft, vol. i, pp. 100â101: The motives behind the issuance of EcheandĂa's premature decree may have had more to do with his desire to appease "...some prominent Californians who had already had their eyes on the mission lands..." than with concern for the welfare of the
537:, yet did not send a governor to California until 1824. The missions maintained authority over indigenous peoples and land holdings until the 1830s. At the peak of their influence in 1832, the coastal mission system controlled approximately one-sixth of Alta California. The
4554:"By that time, it was found that the Russian colonies were not such undesirable neighbors as in 1817 it was thought they might become... the Russian scare, for the time being at least was over; and as for the old enthusiasm for new spiritual conquests, there was none left."
2018:
set out from Compostela, New Spain on February 23, 1540, at the head of a large expedition. Accompanied by 400 European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 to 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, several Indian and African slaves, and four Franciscan friars, he traveled from
778:
station was forced to be self-supporting, as existing means of supply were inadequate to maintain a colony of any size. California was months away from the nearest base in colonized Mexico, and the cargo ships of the day were too small to carry more than a few months'
4980:
Hittell: "By that time, it was found that the Russians were not such undesirable neighbors as in 1817 it was thought they might become...the Russian scare, for the time being at least was over; and as for the old enthusiasm for new spiritual conquests, there was none
4833:
Bennett: "Other pioneers have blazed the way for civilization by the torch and the bullet, and the red man has disappeared before them; but it remained for the Spanish priests to undertake to preserve the Indian and seek to make his existence compatible with a higher
2891:
The close relationship between church and government found in the original California mission system was a foundation for later forms of government. The early missions and their sub-missions formed the nuclei of what would later become the major metropolitan areas of
4844:
determination of population strength before the arrival of whites is, on the other hand, of considerable significance toward the understanding of Indian culture, on account of the close relations which are manifest between type of culture and density of population."
3931:
In ten years from nowâunless our intelligence shall awaken at onceâthere will remain of these noble piles nothing but a few indeterminable heaps of adobe. We shall deserve and shall have the contempt of all thoughtful people if we suffer our noble missions to
1681:
When Native Women attempted to abort their unborn children â which they had conceived as a byproduct of rape, the Friars would have them beaten, chained in iron, shaved, and stipulated to stand in-front of the altar each mass with a decorated wooden newborn.
966:), while the remainder returned to Europe due to illness, or upon completing their ten-year service commitment. As the rules of the Franciscan Order forbade friars to live alone, two missionaries were assigned to each settlement, sequestered in the mission's
673:
residents) being the most likely locations, the reasoning being that an offshore mission might have attracted potential people to convert who were not living on the mainland, and could have been an effective measure to restrict smuggling operations. Governor
2619:
soon thereafter abandoned most of the missions, taking with them almost everything of value, after which the locals typically plundered the mission buildings for construction materials. Former mission pasture lands were divided into large land grants called
2207:. Serra's plan was to extend the string of missions north from the Baja California peninsula, connected by an established road and spaced a day's travel apart. The first Alta California mission and presidio were founded at San Diego, the second at Monterey.
4956:
There is a great contrast between the legacy of Bouchard in Argentina versus his reputation in the United States. In Buenos Aires, Bouchard is honored as a brave patriot, while in California he is most often remembered as a pirate, and not a privateer. See
2392:, who lived at Mission San Luis Rey in the 1820s and 1830s, penned this drawing depicting two young men wearing skirts of twine and feathers with feather decorations on their heads, rattles in their hands, and (perhaps) painted decorations on their bodies.
3015:
until 1812. Then the position became known as the "Commissary Prefect" who was appointed by the Commissary General of the Indies, a Franciscan residing in Spain. Beginning in 1831, separate individuals were elected to oversee Upper and Lower California.
1617:, the able-bodied men and women were assigned their tasks for the day. The women were committed to dressmaking, knitting, weaving, embroidering, laundering, and cooking, while some of the stronger girls ground flour or carried adobe bricks (weighing 55
5018:(legislature) of New Spain issued a decree in 1813 for at least partial secularization that affected all missions in America and was to apply to all outposts that had operated for ten years or more; however, the decree was never enforced in California.
1745:
brought fruit seeds over from Europe, many of which had been introduced from Asia following earlier expeditions to the continent; orange, grape, apple, peach, pear, and fig seeds were among the most prolific of the imports. Grapes were also grown and
3774:(the "Commandante-General of the Northern Frontier of Alta California") as a part of Mexico's strategy to halt Russian incursions into the region. The Sonoma Presidio became the new headquarters of the Mexican Army in California, while the remaining
5116:
Morrison: That the buildings in the California mission chain are in large part intact is due in no small measure to their relatively recent construction; Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ was founded more than two centuries after the establishment of the
3902:
missions. The 1880s saw the appearance of a number of articles on the missions in national publications and the first books on the subject; as a result, a large number of artists did one or more mission paintings, though few attempted a series.
4946:
Kroeber: "Some of the missionaries evidently regarded compliance with the instructions of the questionnaire as an official requirement which was perfunctorily performed. In many cases no answers were given various questions at certain of the
1783:
of barley, or how many shirts or blankets the mission had to provide the garrisons on any given year. At times these requirements were hard to meet, especially during years of drought, or when the much anticipated shipments from the port of
7082:"Mexican California | Early California History: An Overview | Articles and Essays | California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849â1900 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
1059:
had performed a combined total of 87,787 baptisms and 24,529 marriages, and recorded 63,789 deaths. The death rate at the missions, particularly of children, was very high and the majority of children baptized did not survive childhood. At
1071:. Forcing native people into close quarters at the missions spread disease quickly. While being kept at the missions, native people were transitioned to a Spanish diet that left them more unable to ward off diseases, the most common being
3790:
nevertheless adopted conflicting stances regarding everything from land rights, the allocation of supplies, protection of the missions, the criminal propensities of the soldiers, and (in particular) the status of the native populations.
2499:, who would become the first bishop of the Diocese of Both Californias. These friars would bear the brunt of the changes brought on by secularization and the U.S. occupation, and many would be marked by allegations of corruption.
3102:
on horseback, or three days on foot. The entire trail eventually became a 600-mile (966-kilometer) long "California Mission Trail." Heavy freight movement was practical only via water. Tradition has it that the padres sprinkled
2610:
Mission San Juan Capistrano was the very first to feel the effects of secularization when, on August 9, 1834 Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation." Nine other settlements quickly followed, with six more in 1835;
2907:, the Spanish, Mexican, and later American settlers could take over the land without opposition. The early Spanish mission system established the basis for the cattle and agriculture economies that flourish in the state today.
1444:"The only mission whose population increased from 1810 to 1820. This was due to the fact that its numbers were recruited from the eastern tribes." "The appalling smell from the graveyard saturated the entire Mission building."
3887:
gainful employment as draftsmen attached to expeditions sent to map the Pacific coastline and the border between California and Mexico (as well as plot practical railroad routes); many of the drawings were reproduced as
2305:
and all the common mission lands distributed amongst the native population within ten years after its founding. This policy was based upon Spain's experience with the more advanced tribes in Mexico, Central America, and
4667:
program. That is, were Spanish motives based on a desire to promote conversion or on a desire to have religious missions serve as a buffer to protect the main colonial settlements and an aid in controlling the Indians?"
2214:
came across a Native settlement wherein two young girls were dying: one, a baby, said to be "dying at its mother's breast," the other a small girl suffering of burns. On July 22, GĂłmez baptized the baby, naming her
1788:
failed to arrive. The Spaniards kept meticulous records of mission activities, and each year reports submitted to the Father-Presidente summarizing both the material and spiritual status at each of the settlements.
9624:
2170:
in 1769. This plan, however, changed within a few months after GĂĄlvez received the following orders: "Occupy and fortify San Diego and Monterey for God and the King of Spain." The Church ordered the priests of the
240:
1804:
Livestock was raised, not only for the purpose of obtaining meat, but also for wool, leather, and tallow, and for cultivating the land. In 1832, at the height of their prosperity, the missions collectively owned:
872:; the exact alignment depended on the geographic features of the particular site. Once the spot for the church had been selected, its position was marked and the remainder of the mission complex was laid out. The
4017:
The missions have earned a prominent place in California's historic consciousness, and a steady stream of tourists from all over the world visit them. In recognition of that fact, on November 30, 2004 President
5036:
Settlers made numerous false claims to diminish the natives' abilities: "The Indians are by nature slovenly and indolent," stated one newcomer. "They have unfeelingly appropriated the region," claimed another.
4656:
Bennett: "It cannot be said that the mission system made the Indians more able to sustain themselves in civilization than it had found them...Upon the whole it may be said that this mission experiment was a
3923:, and other members of the "Landmarks Club of Southern California" to restore three of the southern missions in the early 20th century (San Juan Capistrano, San Diego de AlcalĂĄ, and San Fernando; the Pala
2602:
The Act also provided for the colonization of both Alta and Baja California, the expenses of this latter move to be borne by the proceeds gained from the sale of the mission property to private interests.
5001:
Dutch voyagers occasionally gave Spain concern. The French for many years were the most dangerous enemy of all, but with their disappearance from North America in 1763, as a result of their defeat in the
4766:
evident from GĂĄlvez's correspondence of 1768 that he and Croix had discussed the advisability of an immediate expedition to Monterey, long before any word came from Spain about the Russian activities."
2229:. The group continued northward but missed Monterey Harbor and returned to San Diego on January 24, 1770. Near the end of 1769 the PortolĂĄ expedition had reached its most northerly point at present-day
5142:
Thompson: In the words of Charles Lummis, the historic structures "...were falling to ruin with frightful rapidity, their roofs being breached or gone, the adobe walls melting under the winter rains."
970:. To these the governor assigned a guard of five or six soldiers under the command of a corporal, who generally acted as steward of the mission's temporal affairs, subject to the priests' direction.
686:) killing some 200 Tongva people coupled with a scarcity of land for agriculture and potable water left the success of such a venture in doubt, so no effort to found an island mission was ever made.
3972:
Today, the missions exist in varying degrees of architectural integrity and structural soundness. The most common extant features at the mission grounds include the church building and an ancillary
3992:, for example), the current buildings are replicas constructed on or near the original site. Other mission compounds remain relatively intact and true to their original, Mission Era construction.
1668:
Using European standards, they condemned the Indians for living in a "wilderness," for worshipping false gods or no God at all, and for having no written laws, standing armies, forts, or churches.
2696:
State of California that still remains in the hands of its founders, the Franciscans (it is the only mission where they have maintained an uninterrupted presence). Beginning with the writings of
1891:(carpentry shop) used crude methods to shape beams, lintels, and other structural elements; more skilled artisans carved doors, furniture, and wooden implements. For certain applications bricks (
2432:
settlement located on the coast. When they exterminated the sea otter and seal populations, they failed in the ambition to supply Russiaâs Alaskan settlements from California and left the area.
5458:
5707:
Duggan, M.C. "Beyond Slavery: Institutional Status of Mission Indians, in Burns and Johnson (eds.), Franciscans and American Indians in Pan-Borderlands Perspective. Oceanside, CA: AAFH, 2017.
4630:
purpose... the priests returned them projects of conversion, schemes of faith, which they never comprehended...He became a slave; the mission was a plantation; the friar was a taskmaster."
1026:
from 1769 to 1834, the Franciscans baptized 53,600 adult Indians and buried 37,000. Dr. Cook estimates that 15,250 or 45% of the population decrease was caused by disease. Two epidemics of
1005:
monkey-like appearance; the hindermost has had the whimsical idea of painting his body to imitate the uniform of a Spanish soldier, with his boots, stockings, breeches, and upper garments."
11615:
3936:
In acknowledgement of the magnitude of the restoration efforts required and the urgent need to have acted quickly to prevent further or even total degradation, Lummis went on to state,
343:
7693:
6955:
Forbes, p. 201: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control in all of Upper California stood at 18,683; garrison soldiers, free settlers, and "other classes" totaled 4,342.
803:
in the volume needed to support a fair-sized establishment. The scarcity of imported materials, together with a lack of skilled laborers, compelled the missionaries to employ simple
607:, they granted lands to allow establishing the Alta California missions. They were motivated in part by presence of Russian fur traders along the California coast in the mid 1700s.
2557:
novices who populated the southern missions, he was nonetheless determined to test the scheme on a large scale at Mission San Juan Capistrano. To that end, he appointed a number of
2363:
In 1800, native labor conprised the backbone of the colonial economy. Possibly "the worst epidemic of the Spanish Era in California" occurred between March and May of 1806 when a
4567:: "Most missions of early date possessed secret passages as a means of escape in case they were besieged. It is difficult to locate any of them now as they are well concealed."
1947:, sometimes spanning miles, brought fresh water from a nearby river or spring to the mission site. Open or covered lined ditches and/or baked clay pipes, joined together with
2844:
cite a cultural bias on the part of the missionaries that blinded them to the natives' plight and caused them to develop strong negative opinions of the California Indians.
4600:
Engelhardt: Not all of the native cultures responded with hostility to the Spaniards' presence; Engelhardt portrayed the natives at Mission San Juan Capistrano (dubbed the "
10855:
5499:
2112:
Estimates for the pre-contact indigenous population in California are based on a number of different sources and vary substantially, from as few as 133,000, to 225,000, to
1691:
woman's genitalia. She refused, fought with him, and tried to bite him. Olbes ordered that she be tied by the hands, and given fifty lashes, shackled, and locked up in the
642:
Work on the coastal mission chain was concluded in 1823, completed after Serra's death in 1784. Plans to build a twenty-second mission in Santa Rosa in 1827 were canceled.
1729:
1790s) of their kind in the State of California. The sign at the lower right-hand corner proclaims the site as being "...part of Orange County's first industrial complex."
4744:
1779:, with the necessary foodstuffs, and manufactured goods to sustain operations. It was a constant point of contention between missionaries and the soldiers as to how many
6311:
5695:
4690:
Bean: "Serra's decision to plant tobacco at the missions was prompted by the fact that from San Diego to Monterey the natives invariably begged him for Spanish tobacco."
1138:
From 1810â1820, "the death rate among the neophytes was 77% of baptisms and 35% of the population." Only 34 families remained after the mission was secularized in 1833.
10860:
9479:
2491:
in 1827 was aborted. In 1833, the final group of missionaries arrived in Alta California. These were Mexican-born (rather than Spaniards), and had been trained at the
2104:
population base that the mother country could not supply, the Spanish government (with the cooperation of the Church) established a network of missions to convert the
7081:
12094:
12052:
12154:
2879:
5435:
Duggan, MC (2016). "With and Without an Empire: Financing for California Missions Before and After 1810" in Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 23â71.
3952:, a three-hour pageant describing the California missions from their founding in 1769 through secularization in 1834, and ending with their "final ruin" in 1847.
12144:
12139:
3098:, California. To facilitate travel between them on horse and foot, the mission settlements were situated approximately 30 miles (48 kilometers) apart, about one
2468:(though ultimately ignored by the marauders) was ignominiously sacked and vandalized by local residents who were entrusted with securing the church's valuables.
1907:
roofing (densely packed reeds) they were placed in the kilns to harden them as well. Glazed ceramic pots, dishes, and canisters were also made in mission kilns.
545:, which emancipated indigenous peoples from the missions. Mission lands were largely given to settlers and soldiers, along with a minority of indigenous people.
336:
9512:
4213:
187:
12057:
4060:
1700:
would face a higher degree of punishment. Those who did not comply with the Missions demands would be labeled a witch, dehumanizing them for further violence.
5859:
History of the State of California and Biographical Record to Oakland and Environs: Also Containing Biographies of Well-known Citizens of the Past and Present
3849:
Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn, Mission San Francisco Solano, and the one remaining mission-era structure of Mission Santa Cruz are owned and operated by the
6128:
Bennett 1897b, p. 160: "The fathers claimed all the land in California in trust for the Indians, yet the Indians received no visible benefit from the trust."
6421:
2460:, and San Juan Capistrano, with limited success. Upon hearing of the attacks, many mission priests (along with a few government officials) sought refuge at
2163:
1030:, one in 1806 and the other in 1828, caused many deaths. The mortality rates were so high that the missions were constantly dependent upon new conversions.
13097:
12129:
7368:
Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. by Robert H. Jackson. 1996. University of NM Press.
949:, mostly Spaniards by birth, were ordained as priests and served in California between 1769 and 1845. Sixty-seven missionaries died at their posts (two as
5097:
Bennett: "...JunĂpero had in California insisted that the military should be subservient to the priests, that the conquest was spiritual, not temporal..."
4232:
11771:
9270:
4384:
973:
Indians were initially attracted into the mission compounds by gifts of food, colored beads, bits of bright cloth, and trinkets. Once a Native American "
414:
12164:
12149:
7154:
Bancroft, H. H. (1886). The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: History of California : vol. IV, 1840â1845, pp73-74. San Francisco Calif.: A.L. Bancroft
6873:
4174:
4079:
2743:
In 1837â38, a major smallpox epidemic devastated native tribes north of San Francisco Bay, in the jurisdiction of Mission San Francisco Solano. General
12159:
9110:
4194:
329:
12040:
12035:
11766:
9018:
3782:
An ongoing power struggle between church and state grew increasingly heated and lasted for decades. Originating as a feud between the Rev. Serra and
2317:
on the northern frontier in Alta California required a much longer period of acclimatization. None of the California missions ever attained complete
10476:
4010:, a Spanish artist and last Spanish diplomat to California. This structure was closed to the public from 2003 to 2009 due to severe damage from the
1652:
to the detriment of the other Spanish and Mexican settlers of the time who could not compete economically with the advantage of the mission system.
12124:
11607:
8883:
8792:
8702:
8650:
4346:
2128:
1764:, was first planted at Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1779; in 1783, the first wine produced in Alta California emerged from the mission's winery.
1223:"It was not strange that the fearful death rate both of children and adults at the missions sometimes frightened the neophytes into running away."
98:
12187:
6025:
4713:; in these two formal acts, Spain gave itself the exclusive right to colonize all of the Western Hemisphere (excluding Brazil), including all of
4422:
4270:
2284:
later described the scene: "...Rivera entered the chapel with drawn sword...con la espada desnuda en la mano." Rivera y Moncada was subsequently
1047:. So many died at times that many of the Indian residents of the missions urged the priests to raid new villages to supply them with more women.
8308:
4365:
3838:
Four of the missions (San Diego de AlcalĂĄ, San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, San Francisco de AsĂs, and San Juan Capistrano) have been designated
13102:
9472:
7235:
Gutfreund, Zevi (1 July 2010). "Standing Up to Sugar Cubes: The Contest over Ethnic Identity in California's Fourth-Grade Mission Curriculum".
4413:
4041:
3414:
868:). The majority of mission sanctuaries were oriented on a roughly eastâwest axis to take the best advantage of the sun's position for interior
17:
4884:
4136:
12483:
12030:
7682:
4465:
4327:
3850:
1067:
The high rate of death at the missions have been attributed to several factors, including disease, torture, overworking, malnourishment, and
6171:
12463:
12202:
11996:
7337:
5225:
3820:
California is home to the greatest number of well-preserved missions found in any U.S. state. The missions are collectively the best-known
2577:
of Spain.... The missionaries objected to any settlements in the country but the missions; the presidios they regarded as a necessary evil.
1043:("instructed men", i.e. Europeans). The cramped and unsanitary conditions the girls lived in contributed to the fast spread of disease and
6040:
Between 1770 and 1834 over 90,000 California Indians (a third of the pre-contact population) were enslaved within the Franciscan missions.
3940:
It is no exaggeration to say that human power could not have restored these four missions had there been a five-year delay in the attempt.
1828:
All these grazing animals were originally brought up from Mexico. A great many Indians were required to guard the herds and flocks on the
1678:
severe beating and put in shackles. Any form of Native rebellion was met with force due to numerical disadvantage facing the Franciscans.
516:. Some fled the missions while others formed rebellions. Missionaries recorded frustrations with getting indigenous people to internalize
13092:
12493:
9077:
7578:
Forbes, p. 202: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control stood at 5,433; garrison soldiers totaled 371; the population of
7556:
Forbes, p. 202: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control stood at 3,305; garrison soldiers totaled 708; the population of
7534:
Forbes, p. 202: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control stood at 3,292; garrison soldiers totaled 613; the population of
1733:
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important
4582:
4403:
4251:
533:
By 1810, Spain's king had been imprisoned by the French, and financing for military payroll and missions in California ceased. In 1821,
12318:
4714:
4578:
4475:
2113:
1686:
Spanish Fransicans. Tejana born feminist historian Antonia Castañeda wrote about the treatment that would occur in Mission Santa Cruz:
2420:. It had a barracks, agricultural buildings, fields of grain and vegetables, an orchard and a vineyard. Their primary location was at
1529:"An epidemic had broken out in the Mission Dolores and a number of the Indians were transferred to San Rafael to escape the plague."
937:
religion. It was a doctrine established in 1531, which based the Spanish state's right over the land and persons of the Indies on the
12498:
12478:
12378:
11781:
9465:
9251:
6452:
2700:, the library has served as a center for historical study of the missions for more than a century. In 1895, journalist and historian
2481:
2344:. The fund originated in 1697 and consisted of voluntary donations from individuals and religious bodies in Mexico to members of the
2225:
2087:
was stimulated to consider how to protect his claims to Alta California. Philip was spurred on when the territorial ambitions of the
769:("satellite" or "sub" missions, sometimes referred to as "contributing chapels") were small-scale missions that regularly conducted
12533:
12503:
12458:
12453:
12116:
11776:
9806:
4490:
4155:
4098:
3995:
A notable example of an intact complex is the now-threatened Mission San Miguel ArcĂĄngel: its chapel retains the original interior
2456:(as Bouchard was known to the locals) worked his way down the California coast, conducting raids on the installations at Monterey,
630:
established nine more mission sites, from 1786 through 1798; others established the last three compounds, along with at least five
9619:
2075:. However, Drake sailed back to England and England (and later Britain) never pressed for any sort of claim regarding the region.
235:
13077:
12726:
12701:
12488:
12468:
12448:
12398:
12328:
12323:
12308:
9396:
5496:
5005:, they were no longer a menace. The people of the United States were eventually to become the most powerful outstanding element."
4117:
2811:
2175:
to take charge of the Baja California missions so the Franciscans could concentrate on founding new missions in Alta California.
1267:"At such a rate it would not, even if mission rule had continued, have taken more than a dozen years to depopulate the mission."
710:
407:
373:
9203:
7270:
7223:
4308:
4066:
3455:
2461:
1390:
12946:
12558:
12518:
12418:
12393:
12348:
12343:
12235:
11010:
9517:
9434:
9137:
9103:
8924:
6307:
4930:
4449:
4223:
4142:
3481:
3081:
3028:
1860:
animal fat) in large vats located just outside the west wing. Also situated in this general area were vats for dyeing wool and
1414:
815:
460:
192:
7965:
Jones, Terry L.; Kathryn A. Klar (2005). "Linguistic Evidence for a Prehistoric Polynesia-Southern California Contact Event".
2607:
grants to white settlers or well connected Mexicans, while Native Californians continued to occupy the land as a labor force.
12671:
12563:
12548:
12288:
9890:
9282:
9026:
8930:
Digital Library, 2008, 169 records digitized and searchable by priest name or by the names of the couple requesting marriage.
8858:
8830:
8809:
8754:
8735:
8718:
8667:
8587:
8564:
8533:
8512:
8493:
8474:
8449:
8430:
8409:
8390:
8298:
8232:
8213:
8187:
8168:
8149:
8130:
8100:
8077:
8058:
8021:
8002:
7983:
7946:
7879:
7811:
7483:
7424:
6590:
6498:
6001:
5358:
5262:
5186:
4535:
4500:
4003:
2314:
788:
42:
9227:
5731:
5670:
5088:
transferred the headquarters of the Alta California Mission System to Mission Santa BĂĄrbara, where they remained until 1846.
4219:
3252:
1425:"At the rate of decrease under mission rule, a few more years would have produced... the extinction of the mission Indian."
1209:
13021:
12891:
12801:
12706:
12691:
12583:
12553:
12543:
12538:
12528:
12523:
12513:
12508:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12428:
12403:
12383:
12373:
12333:
12313:
12298:
12293:
12104:
11219:
10890:
10088:
9740:
9728:
9411:
6189:
6187:
4520:
4515:
3861:
2831:
2401:
2067:, Drake anchored in a harbor just north of present-day San Francisco, California, establishing friendly relations with the
1991:
383:
8354:
5057:
transferred the headquarters of the Alta California Mission System to Mission Santa BĂĄrbara, where it remained until 1846.
4606:" by the missionaries), where there was never any instance of unrest, as being "uncommonly friendly and docile." The Rev.
2572:
found the economics of land and commerce were controlled by the Spanish missions, presidios, pueblos, and a few ranchos.
1644:, supper, and social activities. About 90 days out of each year were designated as religious or civil holidays, free from
260:
13087:
12911:
12886:
12711:
12408:
12388:
12363:
12338:
12303:
12217:
11214:
10970:
9710:
9557:
9507:
8938:
Preview of Fogel, Daniel. ISM Press Books. Offers a critical perspective on the missions' impact on California's Indians.
8933:
6543:, "This was to be a cooperative effort, imperial in origin, protective in purpose, but primarily spiritual in execution."
3024:
2136:
2064:
2051:, an English privateer who raided Spanish treasure ships and colonial settlements, claimed the Alta California region as
561:. The oldest European settlements of California were formed around or near Spanish missions, including the four largest:
142:
65:
9063:
9059:
8971:
8331:
6796:
6184:
2818:
were assigned by executive proclamation in 1875. The commissioner of Indian affairs reported in 1879 that the number of
443:, or "bell wall" is the "Sacred Garden." The Mission has earned a reputation as the "Loveliest of the Franciscan Ruins."
13051:
13011:
12876:
12836:
12826:
12811:
12656:
12631:
12573:
12568:
12423:
12413:
12368:
12358:
12353:
12270:
12240:
12067:
11845:
11252:
11148:
10098:
8604:
6562:
4470:
2960:
2591:
2521:
1841:
941:
charge to evangelize them. It was employed wherever the indigenous populations were not already concentrated in native
542:
400:
10800:
7516:
Forbes, p. 202: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control stood at 6,465; garrison soldiers totaled 796.
4958:
2496:
13001:
12976:
12931:
12926:
12856:
12716:
12621:
12616:
12017:
11113:
10980:
9800:
9776:
9764:
9758:
9596:
9567:
9179:
9155:
9096:
6903:
5974:
5302:
5081:
5050:
4371:
3379:
3012:
2492:
1323:
658:
216:
152:
10875:
10820:
12991:
12966:
12951:
12916:
12871:
12861:
12821:
12791:
12781:
12776:
12741:
12736:
12721:
12646:
12641:
12245:
12212:
12089:
12025:
11989:
11365:
10955:
10093:
9842:
9488:
9367:
9276:
4913:
4014:. Many missions have preserved (or in some cases reconstructed) historic features in addition to chapel buildings.
3727:
1589:
554:
505:
479:
107:
10780:
9209:
9161:
4314:
4238:
3738:(the missions at San Luis Obispo, San Miguel, San Antonio, Soledad, San Carlos, and San Juan Bautista, along with
3607:
3582:
2276:
at Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ on March 26, 1776, when he forcibly removed a 'neophyte' in direct defiance of the
2015:
1519:
1498:
1001:
13041:
13006:
12986:
12961:
12936:
12846:
12841:
12786:
12766:
12746:
12696:
12651:
12601:
10850:
10725:
10060:
9522:
9324:
9233:
6413:
5107:
missionary progress. The wonder is, that the missionaries nevertheless succeeded so well in attracting converts."
4855:
4756:
that missions be established in the region, a venture that would involve military as well as religious personnel.
4390:
4356:
4289:
3212:
3177:
2946:
2835:
2682:
1146:
857:). It was these simple huts that ultimately gave way to the stone and adobe buildings that exist to the present.
719:
10103:
9149:
7902:
7359:
Urbanism and Empire in the Far West, 1840â1890. By Eugene P. Moehring. 2004. University of Nevada Press. Pg. 3.
4276:
3227:
2537:
1184:
1061:
761:
was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish sovereign to extend its borders and consolidate its
13056:
13046:
13026:
12941:
12881:
12866:
12831:
12816:
12806:
12771:
12756:
12731:
12686:
12676:
12661:
12636:
12626:
12280:
12192:
12174:
11053:
11005:
10810:
10313:
10083:
10045:
10040:
9670:
9579:
9293:
5126:
4924:
4454:
3865:
1887:
Each mission had to fabricate virtually all of its construction materials from local materials. Workers in the
1248:
estimated that there were about 250 people in 1840 remaining from the mission living in scattered communities.
675:
296:
182:
10905:
9752:
9245:
9221:
9173:
9131:
5080:
at all of the settlements north of Mission San Antonio de Padua with Mexican-born Franciscan priests from the
5049:
at all of the settlements north of Mission San Antonio de Padua with Mexican-born Franciscan priests from the
4730:
as applies to the mission chain founded by Serra refers specifically to the modern-day United States State of
4428:
4409:
4200:
4161:
3632:
3557:
3404:
3152:
3036:
2977:
1537:
1490:
Very sharp decline in the native population from 1827 to 1834. "The death rate at the mission was very high."
1476:
1344:
1124:
906:
694:
13036:
13031:
12996:
12971:
12956:
12921:
12901:
12851:
12796:
12761:
12751:
12681:
12666:
12611:
12227:
11761:
11753:
10995:
10805:
10022:
9925:
9746:
9574:
6870:
5027:
Catholic historian Zephyrin Engelhardt referred to EcheandĂa as "...an avowed enemy of the religious orders."
4495:
4337:
3962:
by Henry Chapman Ford, 1880. The work depicts the rear of the "Great Stone Church" and part of the mission's
3516:
2540:, the first native Mexican elected Governor of Alta California issued a "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or "
2336:
1087:
774:
de la Soledad was located farthest inland, being only some thirty miles (48 kilometers) from the shore. Each
650:
172:
10900:
7319:
McCormack, Brian T. "Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California."
2792:
2596:
13107:
13016:
12981:
12896:
12250:
11734:
11025:
9609:
9529:
9406:
9143:
8904:, 2006. Provides public access to all the information contained in California's historic mission registers.
4917:
4257:
4085:
3657:
3429:
1561:
1369:
550:
378:
230:
202:
9457:
2736:
Precise figures relating to the population decline of California indigenes are not available. One writer,
2167:
12906:
11982:
11153:
10990:
10985:
10965:
10584:
9562:
9552:
9542:
9416:
9167:
8989:
5118:
4869:
4375:
4352:
3693:
During the Mission Period Alta California was divided into four military districts. Each was garrisoned (
3389:
3202:
3111:
2670:
experienced a similar reduction in native population resulting from Spanish colonization efforts there).
2639:
2352:
1852:
prepared and served thousands of meals each day. Candles, soap, grease, and ointments were all made from
1166:
715:
611:
534:
432:
167:
162:
137:
10760:
10606:
7380:
3718:(the missions at San Fernando, San Buenaventura, Santa Barbara, Santa InĂ©s, and La PurĂsima, along with
2709:
converts were scattered and starved out; the noble buildings were pillaged for their tiles and adobes...
2480:
due to the costs involved in sustaining these remote outposts; the northernmost settlement therefore is
2355:
in 1810, support from the Pious Fund largely disappeared. Missions and converts were left on their own.
1201:
A missionary reported that three out of four children died at the mission before reaching the age of 2.
987:. On the other hand, Indians staffed the militias at each mission and had a role in mission governance.
701:
had been founded in 1818 as a "mother" mission. However, the plan's expansion never came to fruition.
11123:
11000:
10720:
10366:
9502:
9421:
9288:
4640:
4011:
3857:
2991:
2848:
2615:
and San Francisco de AsĂs were among the last to succumb, in June and December 1836, respectively. The
1987:
513:
177:
13112:
11896:
10910:
10880:
10845:
10790:
10785:
7822:
4776:
3754:(the missions at Santa Cruz, San José, Santa Clara, San Francisco, San Rafael, and Solano, along with
2754:
When the mission properties were secularized between 1834 and 1838, the approximately 15,000 resident
11906:
11188:
11108:
11015:
10915:
10126:
10118:
10078:
9872:
9854:
9584:
9373:
9361:
9215:
8161:
A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769â1910
4681:
undertake to preserve the Indian and seek to make his existence compatible with higher civilization."
4333:
4108:
3804:
3771:
3747:
3711:
3506:
3312:
2667:
2457:
2266:
2140:
2036:
1433:
881:
623:
578:
197:
38:
11078:
10461:
8711:
A Description of Distant Roads: Original Journals of the First Expedition into California, 1796â1770
8525:
American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest
2875:
13082:
12606:
12473:
10865:
10599:
10531:
10055:
10050:
9629:
4123:
3898:
3750:
founded on December 17, 1776 â responsible for the defense of all installations located within the
3277:
3257:
3031:, established in 1770, was the headquarters of the Californian mission system from 1797 until 1833.
2953:
2234:
1837:
1231:
646:
245:
11058:
10715:
10466:
10328:
9330:
8947:
6284:
2759:
state, California law stripped them of legal title to the land. In the Act of September 30, 1850,
880:, living quarters, storerooms, and other ancillary chambers were usually grouped in the form of a
499:
12182:
11193:
11103:
10835:
10795:
10770:
10491:
10471:
9782:
9703:
9634:
9299:
9064:
Finding Aid to the Documents relating to Missions of the Californias : typescript, 1768â1802
8316:
7296:
4804:
4280:
4165:
4027:
3920:
3916:
3719:
3567:
3237:
3072:
headquarters (until 1833, when all mission records were permanently relocated to Santa Barbara).
2904:
2802:
2701:
2188:
2032:
869:
698:
250:
11098:
9639:
5212:
3734:) founded on June 3, 1770 â responsible for the defense of all installations located within the
3714:
founded on April 12, 1782 â responsible for the defense of all installations located within the
3064:â The Rev. Payeras and the Rev. DurĂĄn remained at their resident missions during their terms as
2544:") on July 25, 1826. All Indians within the military districts of San Diego, Santa Barbara, and
1636:
The work day was six hours, interrupted by dinner (lunch) around 11:00 a.m. and a two-hour
265:
12591:
12084:
10925:
10920:
10521:
10506:
10361:
10318:
9998:
9960:
9794:
8985:
The California Frontier Project: Dedicated the early California, including the Spanish missions
8901:
7193:
6477:
Vol. XXII 1846â1848, p. 201, The History Company Publishers, San Francisco, 1882 (Google eBook)
5122:
4432:
4185:
3985:
3981:
3739:
3704:
founded on July 16, 1769 â responsible for the defense of all installations located within the
3642:
3542:
2807:
2775:
2760:
2508:
2488:
2416:. Chernyk, the farming community near Graton, was about 30 miles (48 km) from present-day
2368:
2249:
1944:
582:
538:
11178:
11048:
10641:
8785:
5292:
5252:
4991:
Russians, which distressed Spain, and it was ordered that missions be started across the bay."
3460:
3001:
2367:
epidemic and related complications killed one-quarter of the mission native population in the
1868:(warehouses) provided long-term storage for preserved foodstuffs and other treated materials.
1717:
12207:
12134:
12005:
11921:
11891:
11797:
11209:
11138:
10569:
10536:
10481:
10283:
10257:
10131:
9983:
9355:
9185:
9048:
8912:
7766:
Bennett, John E. (February 1897b). "Should the California Missions Be Preserved? â Part II".
7185:
as a supplement to the Official Report of 1883â1884. Patents for each mission were issued to
4710:
4394:
4204:
4104:
3945:
3701:
3358:
3302:
3187:
3162:
3091:
2633:
2421:
2259:
1256:
495:
11068:
10840:
10750:
9239:
4295:
3872:
3828:
Most of the missions are still owned and operated by some entity within the Catholic Church.
3327:
2915:
The "Father-Presidente" was the head of the Catholic missions in Alta and Baja California.
2196:
1275:
610:
The missions were to be interconnected by an overland route which later became known as the
12596:
12099:
11183:
10930:
10705:
10486:
10411:
10216:
9988:
9318:
9067:
8251:
7934:
7753:
Bennett, John E. (January 1897a). "Should the California Missions Be Preserved? â Part I".
7732:
7440:
Bennett, John E. (January 1897a). "Should the California Missions Be Preserved? â Part I".
7189:
7183:
Corrected Reports of Spanish and Mexican Grants in California Complete to February 25, 1886
6687:
5130:
3755:
2882:
had no immunity to these diseases. Miners and settlers contributed to the high death rate.
2797:
2786:
2697:
2643:
2565:
2120:
1969:
1734:
1245:
727:
604:
570:
11158:
11063:
10825:
10323:
9055:
National Register of Historic Places: Early History of the California Coast: List of Sites
6444:
6196:"Engendering the History of Alta California, 1769â1848: Gender, Sexuality, and the Family"
5692:
Franciscan Florida in Pan-Borderlands Perspective: Adaptation, Negotiation, and Resistance
3157:
2725:, an outspoken critic of the mission system and its effects on the native populations, at
2200:
2124:
520:
scripture and practice. Indigenous girls were taken away from their parents and housed at
498:. Civilian settlers and soldiers accompanied missionaries and formed settlements like the
8:
12079:
12045:
11309:
10755:
10293:
10108:
9993:
9950:
9940:
9788:
9336:
9191:
8112:
California the Wonderful: Her Romantic History, Her Picturesque People, Her Wild Shores..
7840:
7461:
California the Wonderful: Her Romantic History, Her Picturesque People, Her Wild Shores..
7086:
6992:
5002:
4530:
4318:
4299:
4127:
4070:
4047:
3989:
3766:, or "Sonoma Barracks" (a collection of guardhouses, storerooms, living quarters, and an
3637:
3592:
3466:
3409:
3352:
3337:
3287:
3232:
2647:
2612:
2585:(who took office in 1833) initially attempted to keep the mission system intact, but the
2477:
2147:
2060:
1747:
1299:
1095:
1086:
The death rate has been compared to that of other atrocities. American author and lawyer
557:
about the way the mission period in California is taught in educational institutions and
10451:
10431:
8255:
6869:
Bacich, Damian. "The Zacatecan Franciscans in Alta California: A Misunderstood Legacy."
3876:
The courtyard of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, with California's oldest pepper tree (
2673:
860:
The first priority when beginning a settlement was the location and construction of the
734:
122:
11963:
11941:
11802:
11688:
11168:
10870:
10745:
10710:
10516:
10288:
9945:
9935:
9696:
9446:
9197:
9054:
8927:
8877:
8773:
8696:
8644:
8576:
8379:
8275:
8202:
8180:
Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period
8089:
7252:
7044:
7010:
6488:
6368:
6360:
6218:
6111:
6084:"Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California"
5947:
5939:
5418:
4821:
4817:
4563:
Engelhardt: One such hypothesis was put forth by author by Prent Duel in his 1919 work
4261:
4181:
4146:
4051:
4030:
has also been proposed that would allow the use of State funds in restoration efforts.
3906:
3763:
3667:
3537:
3531:
3491:
3364:
3207:
3182:
3119:
3095:
2815:
2726:
2586:
2465:
2441:
2417:
2405:
2105:
1655:
The Franciscans began to send neophytes to work as servants of Spanish soldiers in the
1452:
1044:
586:
319:
11133:
10186:
10151:
9866:
9044:
5967:
Starving for Justice: Hunger Strikes, Spectacular Speech, and the Struggle for Dignity
2967:
2932:
2135:, who operated under the authority of the Pope and had established a chain of fifteen
963:
11486:
11446:
11229:
10765:
10636:
10551:
10541:
10526:
10308:
10262:
10070:
9968:
9930:
8953:
8898:
8854:
8826:
8820:
8805:
8750:
8731:
8725:
8714:
8684:
8663:
8583:
8560:
8529:
8523:
8508:
8489:
8470:
8464:
8445:
8426:
8420:
8405:
8386:
8294:
8288:
8267:
8228:
8209:
8183:
8164:
8145:
8126:
8096:
8073:
8054:
8048:
8031:
8017:
7998:
7979:
7942:
7875:
7807:
7797:
7479:
7420:
6899:
6892:
6558:
6494:
6372:
6103:
6007:
5997:
5970:
5951:
5439:"With and Without an Empire: Financing for California Missions Before and After 1810"
5410:
5364:
5354:
5308:
5298:
5268:
5258:
5192:
5182:
4525:
4089:
3767:
3612:
3440:
3384:
3123:
2654:
EcheandĂa's 1826 Proclamation that allowed for the partial conversion of missions to
2084:
1861:
1857:
1785:
1068:
914:
884:, inside which religious celebrations and other festive events often took place. The
861:
804:
662:
614:. The detailed planning and direction of the missions was to be carried out by Friar
527:
11936:
11128:
11020:
10895:
9537:
9401:
9088:
8279:
7894:
Franciscan Missionaries in Hispanic California, 1769â1848: A Biographical Dictionary
7801:
6115:
4927:
3955:
3685:
2925:
2223:. These were the first recorded baptisms in Alta California. Crespi dubbed the spot
2204:
2155:
845:
escort fashioned temporary shelters out of tree limbs or driven stakes, roofed with
615:
207:
12062:
11812:
11640:
11539:
11314:
11083:
11073:
10775:
10441:
10303:
10298:
10161:
10004:
9978:
9848:
9675:
9614:
9604:
9005:
8543:
8460:
8259:
8070:
California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions
7244:
7036:
6352:
6343:
Flint, R. (Winter 2005). "What They Never Told You about the Coronado Expedition".
6210:
6095:
5931:
5450:
5402:
5391:"Locating Absence: The Forgotten Presence of MonjerĂos in Alta California Missions"
4800:
4792:
4784:
3511:
3486:
3434:
3099:
2764:
2569:
2531:
2318:
2039:
and sailed up the coast of Baja California and into the region of Alta California.
1833:
1829:
1765:
1080:
1055:
As of December 31, 1832 (the peak of the mission system's development) the mission
930:
819:
654:
585:
were also formed near missions, and the historical imprint reached as far north as
468:
452:
301:
225:
157:
11143:
10815:
8713:, edited and translated by Alan K. Brown, San Diego State University Press, 2001,
8502:
8263:
6582:
5085:
5054:
4779:
discovery in 1542, which initially included notable expeditions led by Englishmen
4644:
2984:
2718:
2582:
2183:
11739:
11564:
11373:
11319:
10944:
10885:
10672:
10589:
10574:
10511:
10436:
10406:
10252:
10221:
10136:
9660:
9379:
8242:
Oakley, Kenneth P. (September 1963). "Relative Dating of Arlington Springs Man".
8197:
7384:
6877:
6176:
5899:
5857:
5727:
5674:
5667:
5503:
4934:
4920:) is in Los Christianitos ("The Little Christians") Canyon, and is designated as
3878:
3662:
3562:
3087:
2819:
2771:
2744:
2737:
2341:
2289:
2285:
2273:
2172:
1999:
1880:
1768:
also became an important mission industry as cattle and sheep herds were raised.
1760:
1649:
934:
742:
558:
491:
388:
286:
255:
114:
80:
8548:
A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World, Volume III
6195:
3708:(the missions at San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel);
1090:
argued that "the Franciscan padres eliminated Indians with the effectiveness of
11840:
11807:
11718:
11713:
11597:
11423:
11383:
11324:
11289:
11279:
11173:
11163:
11093:
11043:
10830:
10496:
10421:
10032:
9917:
9860:
9836:
8362:
8120:
7889:
7013:. North Carolina Historical Review (October 1937). (accessed August 14, 2014).
6540:
4019:
4007:
3839:
2527:
2321:, and required continued (albeit modest) financial support from mother Spain.
2302:
2270:
2263:
2088:
1608:
1600:
770:
483:
463:
or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of
11088:
9034:
8458:
6356:
6172:"JunĂpero Serra's brutal story in spotlight as pope prepares for canonisation"
5368:
5196:
4607:
2751:, was one of the few natives to be vaccinated, and one of the few to survive.
2385:
2211:
427:
13071:
11901:
11678:
11587:
11534:
11481:
11413:
10631:
10626:
10616:
10376:
9878:
8907:
8688:
8339:
6011:
5454:
5414:
5272:
4899:
4886:
4808:
4788:
4780:
4753:
4705:
4480:
4242:
3617:
3332:
3307:
3104:
2893:
2624:, greatly increasing the number of private land holdings in Alta California.
2230:
2162:
closed or consolidated several of the existing settlements, and also founded
2048:
2024:
1995:
1915:
at Mission San Juan Capistrano was the first to introduce the Indians to the
1722:
1645:
1064:, for instance, three of four children died before reaching the age of two.
670:
627:
574:
9824:
8994:
5312:
4854:
vicinity of the missions, there were some unconverted groups, however." See
3799:
979:
946:
905:
An illustration depicts the death of the Rev. LuĂs Jayme by angry locals at
526:. The missions' role in destroying Indigenous culture has been described as
11931:
11911:
11875:
11833:
11708:
11582:
11544:
11519:
11501:
11438:
11355:
11299:
11274:
11224:
11118:
10737:
9770:
9655:
9487:
9073:
8271:
8036:
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
6258:
6107:
5348:
5176:
4813:
3587:
2864:
2841:
2237:
sent a number of follow-up expeditions to explore more of Alta California.
2092:
1936:
990:
893:(written or physical) has ever been uncovered to support these assertions.
810:
281:
10171:
8999:
8965:
8290:
A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush
6099:
5991:
5935:
3721:
El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ăngeles del RĂo de PorciĂșncula
2763:
appropriated funds to allow the President to appoint three Commissioners,
2313:
In time, it became apparent to the Rev. Serra and his associates that the
1775:
It was also the missions' responsibility to provide the Spanish forts, or
994:
Georg von Langsdorff, an early visitor to California, sketched a group of
592:
522:
91:
12074:
11916:
11491:
10416:
10391:
10242:
10176:
9884:
9039:
7910:
7338:"Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans"
4647:
declared that the missions were 'entrenchments of monastic despotism'..."
3895:
3846:
due to their cultural, historic, architectural, and religious importance.
3783:
3282:
3262:
2938:
2897:
2413:
2409:
2253:
2151:
2072:
2052:
1986:), which consisted of the Caribbean, Mexico, and most of what is now the
1960:
of the best-preserved mission water systems is at Mission Santa Barbara.
1948:
838:
796:
762:
562:
517:
76:
11974:
11549:
10156:
9688:
8918:
8425:. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
7297:"Is the End Coming for a Problematic California Grade School Tradition?"
7256:
7048:
7024:
6364:
6222:
5422:
5390:
2689:
2440:
In November and December 1818, several of the missions were attacked by
1935:
No study of the missions is complete without mention of their extensive
1899:) to strengthen them and make them more resistant to the elements; when
1871:
1632:" ("The Dawn Already Comes"), typical of the hymns sung at the missions.
1035:
901:
829:
Although the missions were considered temporary ventures by the Spanish
726:
1910. This mission is architecturally distinctive because of the strong
11693:
11514:
11329:
10610:
10593:
10386:
10267:
10247:
10166:
9830:
9665:
9013:
7186:
6894:
Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535â1846
5943:
5919:
4796:
4748:
4731:
4700:
4505:
3888:
3835:
Order (Santa Barbara, San Miguel ArcĂĄngel, and San Luis Rey de Francia)
3832:
2783:
2779:
2662:
diseases, and from the Franciscan practice of cloistering women in the
2616:
2281:
2241:
2166:(the only Franciscan mission in all of Baja California) and the nearby
1920:
1742:
1624:
959:
850:
697:
as part of a plan to establish an entire chain of inland missions. The
509:
476:
472:
464:
291:
11524:
11403:
11393:
8676:
6083:
4602:
71:
11665:
11620:
11471:
10501:
10426:
10181:
10146:
9719:
9031:, by Eugene Leslie Smyth, Chicago: Alexander Belford & Co., 1899.
8984:
8678:
8122:
The Way We Lived: California Indian Stories, Songs & Remembrances
7248:
7040:
6214:
5406:
3115:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2810:, consisting of 4,157.02 acres (16.8229 km). As the result of a
2778:, whose purpose was to determine the validity of Spanish and Mexican
2722:
2553:, however, doubted the capabilities of their charges in this regard.
2449:
2445:
2429:
2389:
2379:
2056:
1982:
1751:
1072:
1018:
929:
with the purpose of totally assimilating indigenous populations into
926:
889:
830:
824:
A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World.
800:
693:" of the California missions, visited Cañada de Santa Ysabel east of
566:
487:
11388:
5687:
5438:
4643:
wrote that the slavery of the Indians at the missions was bestial...
2095:
expedition along the western coast on the North American continent.
1672:
1592:
were kept in well-guarded mission compounds throughout the state as
11926:
11645:
11630:
11577:
11461:
11398:
11378:
10656:
10456:
10401:
10191:
9441:
7378:
A Place in Time: The Story of the Mission de la Purisima ConceptiĂłn
3963:
3868:
for their historic, architectural, and archaeological significance.
3843:
3821:
3069:
2878:
of natives as a result of their contact with the Europeans, as the
2748:
2747:
estimated that 70,000 died from the disease. Vallejo's ally, chief
2545:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1656:
1618:
873:
842:
775:
626:
previously administered by the Jesuits). After Serra's death, Rev.
494:, expanding the empire into the most northern and western parts of
314:
5636:
Bennett 1897a, p. 20: Priests were paid an annual salary of $ 400.
2187:
The first recorded baptisms in Alta California were performed in "
1663:
well-meaning attempt to improve the lives of the heathen natives.
11865:
11855:
11850:
11683:
11673:
11655:
11650:
11592:
11529:
11476:
11350:
11294:
10651:
10578:
10446:
10396:
10237:
10206:
10141:
9023:, Souvenir Publishing Company, San Francisco, Los Angeles, 1890s.
4677:
4587:
4000:
3977:
2860:
2364:
2345:
2245:
2132:
2083:
However, it was not until 1741 that the Spanish monarchy of King
2014:
Only 48 years after Columbus discovered the Americas for Europe,
1956:
1952:
1912:
1800:
to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ.
1792:
1607:, followed by instruction of the natives in the teachings of the
1604:
1596:
1027:
984:
974:
877:
683:
435:. At left is the façade of the first adobe church with its added
8959:
8402:
The Golden Road: The Story of California's Spanish Mission Trail
8225:
For God & Tsar: A Brief History of Russian America 1741â1867
7476:
The Golden Road: The Story of California's Spanish Mission Trail
5297:. Barry Pritzker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 114.
4699:
The Spanish claim to the Pacific Northwest dated back to a 1493
2476:
By 1819, Spain decided to limit its "reach" in the New World to
2301:
The original intent was for each mission to be turned over to a
2248:
Catholics, including at least ten of the recently re-discovered
1725:
at Mission San Juan Capistrano, the oldest existing facilities (
11635:
11625:
11509:
11466:
11451:
11428:
11418:
11345:
11284:
11269:
10381:
10371:
10211:
10201:
10196:
8503:
Thompson, Anthony W.; Robert J. Church; Bruce H. Jones (2000).
5506:
Oakland Museum of California website, downloaded Sept. 10, 2016
5254:
Spanish Influence on the Old Southwest: A Collision of Cultures
3911:
2678:
2059:
in 1579, a full generation before the first English landing in
2028:
2020:
1853:
1849:
1797:
1641:
1091:
996:
951:
846:
780:
619:
597:
7973:
7271:"What happened to the California missions project in schools?"
6871:
BoletĂn: Journal of the California Mission Studies Association
5045:
Yenne: In 1833, Figueroa replaced the Spanish-born Franciscan
3831:
Three of the missions are still run under the auspices of the
2340:
to enable the missionaries to propagate the Catholic faith in
678:
approved the plan the following year; however, an outbreak of
637:
59:
18th to 19th-century Catholic religious outposts in California
11870:
11860:
11828:
11703:
11698:
11572:
11554:
11408:
11304:
10620:
7743:
7377:
5688:"Beyond Slavery: The Institutional Status of Mission Indians"
5560:
Chapman, p. 418: Chapman does not consider the sub-missions (
5294:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
4775:
Bennett: California had been visited a number of times since
3996:
3107:
seeds along the trail to mark it with bright yellow flowers.
2068:
1976:
sought to establish missions to convert indigenous people in
1973:
1896:
1754:
use and again, for trading. The specific variety, called the
1738:
1613:
1076:
938:
925:), were settlements founded by the Spanish colonizers of the
834:
8925:
Matrimonial Investigation records of the San Gabriel Mission
8749:. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, Portland, Oregon.
7976:
California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity
7781:
History of California from its Discovery to the Present Time
7224:
What happened to the California missions project in schools?
7025:"Thomas Oliver Larkin in 1831: A Letter from North Carolina"
4457:, not a full mission, but still serving the Pala reservation
2210:
En route to Monterey, the Rev. Francisco GĂłmez and the Rev.
888:
was rarely a perfect square because the missionaries had no
822:
depicts the grounds as they appeared in November 1792. From
486:. The missions were part of the expansion and settlement of
11456:
10646:
10546:
8483:
7958:
California from the Conquistadores to the Legends of Laguna
5996:. Paula Amen Schmitt. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. p. 22.
5862:(Digitized eBook). Historic Record Company. pp. 56â66.
5353:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 344â345.
3086:
There were 21 missions accompanied by military outposts in
2592:
An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California
2307:
8941:
8727:
California's Spanish Missions: Their Yesterdays and Todays
8662:. Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, Los Angeles, California.
8621:. University of California Press, Los Angeles, California.
7997:. Interdisciplinary Research, Inc., Altadena, California.
7181:
Robinson, pp. 31â32: The area shown is that stated in the
2158:, to take charge of those outposts on March 12, 1768. The
1419:
971 people in 1794, 758 in 1800, 513 in 1810, 381 in 1820
8853:. Hennessy & Ingalls, Inc., Los Angeles, California.
8844:. Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, Los Angeles, California.
8114:. Hearst's International Library Company, Inc., New York.
8016:. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, California.
7463:. Hearst's International Library Company, Inc., New York.
4565:
Mission Architecture as Exemplified in San Xavier Del Bac
3927:
was also restored by this effort). Lummis wrote in 1895,
3905:
The popularity of the missions also stemmed largely from
3778:
were essentially abandoned and, in time, fell into ruins.
3672:
3647:
3622:
3597:
3572:
3547:
3521:
3496:
3471:
3445:
3419:
3394:
3369:
3342:
3317:
3292:
3267:
3242:
3217:
3192:
3167:
2825:
2713:
2666:
and controlling sexuality during the child-bearing age. (
2549:
operate the mission ranches and farms independently; the
2464:, the mission chain's most isolated outpost. Ironically,
2116:
representating more than 100 separate tribes or nations.
841:. The padres blessed the site, and with the aid of their
8747:
The Golden Dream: California from Gold Rush to Statehood
7806:. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
6068:
6066:
2031:
between 1540 and 1542. Two years later on 27 June 1542,
745:, in contrast to the brown that is typically worn today.
9489:
Spanish missions of the Catholic Church in the Americas
9045:
California Missions: A Journey Along the El Camino Real
8935:
Junipero Serra, the Vatican, & Enslavement Theology
8872:. Lowman Publishing Company, Arroyo Grande, California.
7845:
The Missions and Missionaries of California, Volume One
7820:
6280:
6145:
6143:
1703:
University of Chicago Professor Ramon Guttiriez wrote:
807:
and methods in the construction of mission structures.
593:
Alta California mission planning, structure and culture
8744:
8680:
The missions of California : a legacy of genocide
8634:
8204:
The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California
8034:(1908). "A Mission Record of the California Indians".
7941:. Little, Brown, and Co. Inc., Boston, Massachusetts.
7929:. N.J. Stone & Company, San Francisco, California.
7387:. California Parks Service. Vimeo video presentation.
2199:
out from Loreto to explore lands to the north. Leader
896:
704:
10861:
Francisco HernĂĄndez de CĂłrdoba (founder of Nicaragua)
10856:
Francisco HernĂĄndez de CĂłrdoba (YucatĂĄn conquistador)
9118:
9014:
Tricia Anne Weber: The Spanish Missions of California
8867:
8559:. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego, California.
8227:. Alaska Natural History Association, Anchorage, AK.
8139:
7933:
7900:
7731:
7419:. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego, California.
6063:
5257:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 123.
1845:
capacity. Years with a severe drought did this also.
8486:
Romance of the Bells: The California Missions in Art
8222:
7964:
7924:
7860:
7856:. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco, California.
7851:
7847:. The James H. Barry Co., San Francisco, California.
7839:
6655:
6653:
6140:
5646:
5644:
5642:
4872:, whereupon they left for exile on February 3, 1768.
2509:
Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence
2219:, while CrespĂ baptized the older child, naming her
8573:
7872:
California: A History of Upper and Lower California
7821:Coronado, Michael; Heather Ignatin (June 5, 2006).
7803:
The Population of the California Indians, 1769â1970
7787:
6399:
6397:
5964:
5920:"Surviving Urbanization: The Gabrieleno, 1850â1928"
5904:(Digitized eBook). U.S. Government Printing Office.
5181:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 14.
5175:Hull, Kathleen L.; Douglass, John G., eds. (2018).
3680:
2800:comprising 35,499.73 acres (143.6623 km), and
741:Franciscans of the California missions donned gray
8842:Panorama: A Picture History of Southern California
8804:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.
8582:. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco, California.
8575:
8385:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.
8378:
8201:
8142:Race and Homicide in Nineteenth-Century California
8088:
8067:
8046:
7960:. Rockledge Enterprises, Laguna Hills, California.
7796:
6891:
5993:Napa : the transformation of an American town
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5211:
4676:Bennett: The missions in effect served as "...the
3794:
3054:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1827â1830)
3048:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1819â1824)
3042:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1771â1815)
2973:The Rev. JosĂ© Francisco de Paula Señan (1820â1823)
1903:(roof tiles) eventually replaced the conventional
1033:Young native women were required to reside in the
9060:California Mission Sketches by Henry Miller, 1856
8818:
8639:. Paisano Press, Inc., Balboa Island, California.
8550:. Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly, London.
8542:
8399:
8158:
8118:
8086:
7869:
7865:. Standard Printing Co., Los Angeles, California.
7739:. The History Company, San Francisco, California.
7473:
7350:Henderson, "Church and State: 1821â1910", p. 254.
7023:Parker, R. J.; Larkin, T. O. (1 September 1937).
6650:
6493:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
6281:"California Native Grasslands Association â Home"
5639:
2900:, as well as many other smaller municipalities.
2203:was accompanied by a group of Franciscans led by
1673:Franciscan violence against the native population
64:For the establishments in modern-day Mexico, see
13069:
8968:Faigin, Daniel P. California Highways, 1996â2004
8848:
8802:The Presidio: Bastion Of The Spanish Borderlands
8799:
8763:
8286:
8196:
7783:. John P. Jewett & Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
6394:
5125:in 1565 and 170 years following the founding of
1864:leather, and primitive looms for weaving. Large
1361:"The lowest death rate in any of the missions."
622:, had taken control over a group of missions in
9002:, California Department of Parks and Recreation
8677:Costo, Rupert. Costo, Jeannette Henry. (1987).
8625:
8444:. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, California.
8376:
8072:. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, Minnesota.
7974:Jones, Terry L.; Kathryn A. Klar, eds. (2007).
7955:
6847:
6845:
6166:
6164:
5969:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 58â59.
5653:
5564:) that make up the inland chain in this regard.
5178:Forging communities in colonial Alta California
2526:As the Mexican republic matured, calls for the
2487:An attempt to found a twenty-second mission in
2374:In 1811, the Spanish Viceroy in Mexico sent an
9006:Library of Congress: American Memory Project:
8839:
8521:
8418:
8177:
8109:
8011:
7746:Native Californians: A Theoretical Perspective
7458:
7067:
7065:
6889:
6583:"Hungry for Souls Was JunĂpero Serra a Saint?"
3824:element of the coastal regions of California:
689:In September 1821, the Rev. Mariano Payeras, "
649:proposed establishing a mission on one of the
618:, O.F.M. (who, in 1767, along with his fellow
553:. Concerns have been raised by historians and
11990:
9704:
9473:
9104:
8657:
8439:
7995:Mission San Juan Capistrano: A Pocket History
7896:. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
7744:Bean, Lowell John & Harry Lawton (1976).
6791:
6789:
6539:"Old Mission Santa Inés:" Clerical historian
4620:was all there was of the Spanish California."
4466:Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
3882:), planted in 1830, visible through the arch.
3851:California Department of Parks and Recreation
2650:continued for some time under a provision in
2178:
2164:Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatå
1050:
408:
337:
9020:Album of Views of the Missions of California
8882:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8768:. Lane Book Company, Menlo Park, California.
8701:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8649:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8144:. University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada.
8014:The California Missions: A Pictorial History
7823:"Plan would open Prop. 40 funds to missions"
7778:
7737:History of California, Volume II (1801â1894)
7022:
6842:
6161:
5901:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
5174:
2918:
2704:criticized the Act and its results, saying:
2627:
2009:
598:Coastal mission chain, planning and overview
13098:History of Catholicism in the United States
8554:
8484:Stern, Jean & Gerald J. Miller (1995).
8095:. Mercer University Press, Macon, Georgia.
7790:A History of California; The Spanish Period
7414:
7062:
7016:
6555:A History of California; The Spanish Period
4548:
638:Shelved plans for additional mission chains
23:
11997:
11983:
11616:Indigenous people during De Soto's travels
9711:
9697:
9480:
9466:
9111:
9097:
9084:. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
8899:Early California Population Project (ECPP)
8730:. Trans-Anglo Books, Del Mar, California.
8616:
7992:
7874:. Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, London.
6786:
6576:
6574:
5209:
4476:History of the west coast of North America
3728:El Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey
3045:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn*(1815â1819)
2493:Apostolic College of Our Lady of Guadalupe
783:in their holds. To sustain a mission, the
415:
401:
344:
330:
121:
24:
12004:
9718:
8949:The Old Franciscan Missions of California
8791:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8723:
8637:The Story of Mission San Antonio de Padua
8488:. The Irvine Museum, Irvine, California.
8469:. Houghton Mifflin, Boston and New York.
8381:Indians of California: The Changing Image
8163:. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California.
7939:The Old Franciscan Missions of California
7234:
7214:McKanna, p. 15; also, per Hittell, p. 753
6308:"Santa Barbara â Mission Historical Park"
6193:
6081:
5917:
5668:Southern California:An Island on the Land
3068:, therefore those settlements became the
2910:
1640:, and ended with evening prayers and the
9807:Spain and the American Revolutionary War
8892:
8466:The California Padres and Their Missions
7765:
7752:
7439:
6985:
6490:Bering: The Russian Discovery of America
5686:Duggan, Marie Christine (January 2017).
5290:
4881:Engelhardt: Today, the site (located at
4583:Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer
4491:Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
3954:
3871:
3798:
3684:
3023:
2717:
2672:
2384:
2329:Mission development was financed out of
2258:
2182:
2042:
1990:) to Catholicism. This would facilitate
1870:
1791:
1716:
1623:
989:
900:
809:
733:
714:
426:
70:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
9397:Architecture of the California missions
9347:
8660:Guidebook to the Missions of California
8619:Architecture of the California Missions
8507:. Signature Press, Wilton, California.
8030:
6898:. Santa Clara: Santa Clara University.
6890:Beebe, Rose; Senkewicz, Robert (2001).
6571:
6552:
6546:
6270:Krell, p. 316: As of December 31, 1832.
5989:
3815:
3118:through to the northernmost mission in
3019:
2822:in the state was down to around 3,000.
2444:, "California's only pirate." A French
2002:, including that region later known as
913:The Alta California missions, known as
739:The Missionaries as They Came and Went.
711:Architecture of the California missions
535:Mexico achieved independence from Spain
374:Architecture of the California missions
14:
13070:
11011:Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert
9072:
9008:Early California History, The Missions
8990:California Mission Studies Association
8952:James, George Wharton, 1913. eText at
8745:Drager, K. & Fracchia, C. (1997).
8313:California Mission Studies Association
8293:. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California.
8241:
8208:. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
8125:. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California.
8053:. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
7907:California Mission Studies Association
7888:
7683:"California Missions Preservation Act"
7294:
6993:"Larkin, Thomas Oliver | NCpedia"
6883:
6424:from the original on 24 September 2015
6385:
5913:
5911:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5725:
5685:
5436:
5388:
5213:"The Jesuit Republic of South America"
4511:On colonial Spanish American history:
4450:List of Spanish missions in California
4143:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
3482:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
3082:List of Spanish missions in California
3029:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
2826:Legacy and Native American controversy
2714:California statehood (1850 and beyond)
2396:
2078:
1968:Beginning in 1492 with the voyages of
1415:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
1374:4,348 baptisms total (2,587 children)
1328:2,608 baptisms total (1,331`children)
1236:3,805 baptisms total (1,909 children)
1189:7,854 baptisms total (2,459 children)
1171:4,317 baptisms total (2,628 children)
1151:5,401 baptisms total (1,862 children)
1110:Baptisms and/or Indigenous population
816:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
13103:Native American history of California
11978:
9891:Spanish American wars of independence
9692:
9461:
9092:
8628:The Franciscan Missions of California
8091:Bibliography of Religion in the South
8050:Handbook of the Indians of California
7978:. Altimira Press, Landham, Maryland.
7748:. Ballena Press, Banning, California.
7699:from the original on 26 February 2005
6593:from the original on 22 December 2015
6486:
6414:"Drake Claims California for England"
6390:. San Marino: The Huntington Library.
6342:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5855:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5497:Early California ... Russian Presence
5384:
5382:
5346:
5250:
4579:Mission Puerto de PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
4536:Native Americans in the United States
4501:List of the oldest churches in Mexico
4033:
2495:in Zacatecas. Among these friars was
2404:extended as far south as present-day
2071:and claiming the territory for Queen
1712:
11220:California mission clash of cultures
10891:Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
9741:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
9412:California mission clash of cultures
6797:"How the Russian River got its name"
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5170:
5168:
4521:California mission clash of cultures
4516:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4067:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
3862:National Register of Historic Places
3456:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
3075:
2832:California mission clash of cultures
2782:in California. On February 19, 1853
2774:'s Act of March 3, 1851 created the
2471:
2462:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
2428:), an agricultural, scientific, and
2402:Russian colonization of the Americas
2324:
2244:region with a number of African and
2098:
1391:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
1195:5,656 deaths total (2,916 children)
977:" was baptized, they were labeled a
508:were forced into settlements called
482:backed by the military force of the
384:California mission clash of cultures
10971:Spanish missions in Baja California
9558:List of missions in Spanish Florida
9271:Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles
8822:California: An Interpretive History
8574:Young, S. & Levick, M. (1988).
8332:"The Pious Fund of the Californias"
7321:Journal of the History OF Sexuality
6580:
6557:. New York: The MacMillan Company.
6487:Frost, Orcutt William, ed. (2003),
6088:Journal of the History of Sexuality
5965:Armbruster-Sandoval, Ralph (2017).
5908:
4709:) and rights contained in the 1494
4024:California Mission Preservation Act
3856:Seven mission sites are designated
2814:investigation in 1873, a number of
2358:
2331:El Fondo Piadoso de las Californias
2189:The Canyon of the Little Christians
1955:, gravity-fed the water into large
897:Franciscans and native conscription
705:Mission sites, selection and layout
467:. The missions were established by
66:Spanish missions in Baja California
56:
13093:Archaeological sites in California
8605:Bibliography of California history
8598:
7792:. The MacMillan Company, New York.
7192:based on his claim filed with the
6455:from the original on 25 March 2016
6442:
5958:
5918:Singleton, Heather Valdez (2004).
5866:
5764:
5379:
4471:History of California through 1899
4220:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
3757:El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
3253:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
3007:The Rev. Narciso DurĂĄn (1844â1846)
2997:The Rev. Narciso DurĂĄn (1831â1838)
2522:Mexican secularization act of 1833
2195:On July 14, 1769, GĂĄlvez sent the
2119:On January 29, 1767, Spain's King
2023:through parts of the southwestern
1483:927 people in 1790, 1,464 in 1827
1210:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
543:Mexican secularization act of 1833
541:secularized the missions with the
57:
13124:
12046:Genocide of indigenous population
10981:Spanish missions in the Carolinas
9040:California Mission Visitors Guide
8978:
8819:Rawls, J. & Bean, W. (1997).
5350:A history of Christian conversion
5333:
5319:
5279:
5239:
5228:from the original on Oct 24, 2020
5165:
5084:. In response, Father-Presidente
5082:College of Guadalupe de Zacatecas
5053:. In response, Father-Presidente
5051:College of Guadalupe de Zacatecas
4372:Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
3748:El Presidio Real de San Francisco
3712:El Presidio Real de Santa BĂĄrbara
3689:El Presidio Real de Santa BĂĄrbara
3380:Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
3060:Mission Santa Barbara (1833â1846)
3013:College of San Fernando de Mexico
2515:
2502:
2435:
2342:the area then known as California
1324:Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
589:in what became the wine country.
12090:Interim government of California
11959:
11958:
9843:Philippine revolts against Spain
9440:
8966:Trails and Roads: El Camino Real
8182:. Dover Publications, New York.
7903:"The San Bernardino Asistencias"
7711:
7675:
7666:
7657:
7648:
7639:
7630:
7621:
7612:
7603:
7594:
7585:
7572:
7563:
7550:
7541:
7528:
7519:
7510:
7501:
7492:
7467:
7452:
7433:
7408:
7399:
7390:
7371:
7362:
7353:
7344:
7330:
7313:
7288:
7263:
7228:
7217:
7208:
7199:
7175:
7166:
7157:
7148:
7139:
7130:
7121:
7112:
7103:
7094:
7074:
7003:
6976:
6973:Bancroft, vol. iii, pp. 322; 626
6967:
6958:
6949:
6940:
6930:
6921:
6912:
6880:, Vol. 28, Nos. 1&2, 2011â12
6863:
6854:
6833:
6824:
6815:
6777:
6768:
6759:
6750:
6741:
6732:
6723:
6714:
6705:
6680:
6553:Chapman, Charles E. PhD (1921).
6314:from the original on 2017-09-05.
6287:from the original on 2009-08-28.
5734:from the original on 25 May 2017
5136:
5110:
5100:
5091:
5070:
5060:
5039:
5030:
5021:
5008:
4994:
4984:
4974:
4964:
4950:
4940:
4914:Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
4875:
4421:
4402:
4383:
4364:
4345:
4326:
4307:
4288:
4269:
4250:
4231:
4212:
4193:
4173:
4154:
4135:
4116:
4097:
4078:
4059:
4040:
3681:Presidios and military districts
2595:on August 17, 1833 when liberal
2154:, under the leadership of Friar
1583:
1481:7,711 baptisms (3,177 children)
1312:407 people in remaining in 1834
555:Indigenous peoples of California
457:Misiones españolas en California
313:
90:
8635:Carillo, J. M., O.F.M. (1967).
8630:. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
8528:. Arcade Publishing, New York.
7927:History of California, Volume I
6671:
6662:
6641:
6632:
6623:
6614:
6605:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6480:
6467:
6436:
6406:
6379:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6300:
6291:
6273:
6264:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6152:
6131:
6122:
6075:
6054:
6045:
6018:
5983:
5755:
5746:
5719:
5710:
5698:from the original on 2018-04-27
5679:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5594:
5585:
5576:
5567:
5554:
5545:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5490:
5481:
5472:
5461:from the original on 2018-04-27
5210:O'Mara, Richard (Spring 1999).
4861:
4856:Population of Native California
4847:
4837:
4827:
4769:
4759:
4737:
4720:
4715:the west coast of North America
4693:
4684:
4670:
4660:
4650:
4633:
4623:
4613:
4594:
4570:
4557:
4486:On general missionary history:
4391:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
3866:California Historical Landmarks
3795:Present-day California missions
3178:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
2836:Population of Native California
2683:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
2497:Francisco GarcĂa Diego y Moreno
2296:
1550:Less than 500 people remaining
1147:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
720:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
634:(mission assistance outposts).
461:series of 21 religious outposts
13078:Spanish missions in California
11054:Toribio de Benavente Motolinia
11006:Spanish missions in New Mexico
10976:Spanish missions in California
10811:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
10314:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)
10046:Captaincy General of Guatemala
9319:San Francisco Xavier (Castaic)
9138:San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
8868:Wright, Ralph B., Ed. (1984).
8459:Saunders, Charles Francis and
8287:Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999).
8140:McKanna, Clare Vernon (2002).
7901:Harley, R. Bruce (1997â2003).
7295:Imbler, Sabrina (2019-09-12).
6194:Castañeda, Antonia I. (1997).
5898:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910).
5429:
5203:
5156:
5127:Mission San Gabriel del Yunque
5076:In 1833 Figueroa replaced the
5067:which they themselves taught."
4925:California Historical Landmark
4455:San Antonio de Pala Asistencia
4048:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
3915:and the subsequent efforts of
3353:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
2534:") of the missions increased.
2484:, founded in Sonoma in 1823.
1304:1,492 children baptized total
1300:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
449:Spanish missions in California
365:Spanish missions in California
18:Spanish missions of California
13:
1:
11149:José Francisco de Paula Señan
10996:Spanish missions in Louisiana
10781:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
10023:List of viceroys of New Spain
9777:Anglo-Spanish War (1654â1660)
9765:Anglo-Spanish War (1625â1630)
9759:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
9747:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
9035:California Historical Society
9000:The California Missions Trail
8995:California's Spanish Missions
8264:10.1126/science.141.3586.1172
8223:Nordlander, David J. (1994).
7925:Hittell, Theodore H. (1898).
7861:Engelhardt, Zephyrin (1922).
7852:Engelhardt, Zephyrin (1920).
7237:Southern California Quarterly
5395:Southern California Quarterly
5149:
4496:History of Christian Missions
4239:Mission San Francisco de AsĂs
3960:MisiĂłn San Juan de Capistrano
3860:, fourteen are listed in the
3770:) was established in 1836 by
3702:El Presidio Real de San Diego
3608:Mission San Francisco de AsĂs
2961:José Francisco de Paula Señan
2337:Pious Fund of the Californias
2065:circumnavigation of the world
2016:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
1834:invasive exotic plant species
1520:Mission San Francisco de AsĂs
1487:150 people remaining in 1834
1465:250 people remaining in 1834
1441:850 people remaining in 1834
1422:150 people remaining in 1834
1380:567 people remaining in 1834
1357:599 people remaining in 1834
1334:264 people remaining in 1834
1288:334 people remaining in 1834
1264:556 people remaining in 1834
1242:626 people remaining in 1834
1113:Deaths and/or remaining pop.
11735:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
11114:Carlos de SigĂŒenza y GĂłngora
11026:Spanish missions in Trinidad
11021:Spanish missions in Virginia
9818:peoples during colonial rule
9407:Mission Revival architecture
9204:Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
8972:Almanac: California Missions
8960:The San Diego Founders Trail
8851:California's Mission Revival
8012:Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979).
7788:Chapman, Charles E. (1921).
7323:16.3 (July, 2007): 391â415.
6082:McCormack, Brian T. (2007).
5856:Guinn, James Miller (1907).
5573:Engelhardt 1920, pp. 350â351
4277:Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
4258:Mission San Francisco Solano
4086:Mission San Antonio de Padua
3864:, and all are designated as
3658:Mission San Francisco Solano
3538:Exaltation of the Holy Cross
3430:Mission San Antonio de Padua
3258:St. Ferdinand, King of Spain
3228:Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
3057:Mission San JosĂ©*(1830â1833)
3051:Mission San JosĂ©*(1824â1827)
2542:PrevenciĂłnes de Emancipacion
2482:Mission San Francisco Solano
1796:Natives utilize a primitive
1611:faith. After a breakfast of
1562:Mission San Francisco Solano
1370:Mission San Antonio de Padua
1185:Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
551:Mission Revival architecture
379:Mission Revival architecture
7:
11439:Oasisamerica (Southwest US)
10991:Spanish missions in Georgia
10986:Spanish missions in Florida
10966:Spanish missions in Arizona
10906:José de Bustamante y Guerra
10472:Yerba Buena (San Francisco)
9753:Spanish conquest of YucatĂĄn
9078:"Art of the Missions (110)"
8068:Leffingwell, Randy (2005).
8047:Kroeber, Alfred L. (1925).
7967:Anthropological Linguistics
7863:San Juan Capistrano Mission
7654:Thompson, Mark, pp. 185â186
6946:Stern and Miller, pp. 51â52
6026:"Lorenzo Asisara (b. 1819)"
5389:Vaughn, Chelsea K. (2011).
4440:
4429:Mission San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
4410:Mission San Miguel ArcĂĄngel
4353:Mission San Juan Capistrano
4224:Mission Hills (Los Angeles)
4201:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
4162:Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
3891:in the expedition reports.
3858:National Historic Landmarks
3633:Mission San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
3558:Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
3405:Mission San Miguel ArcĂĄngel
3203:Mission San Juan Capistrano
3153:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
3037:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
2978:Vicente Francisco de SarrĂa
2880:California Native Americans
2876:killed a significant number
2353:Mexican War of Independence
1840:in the grasslands, and the
1574:About 550 people remaining
1538:Mission San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
1477:Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
1345:Mission San Miguel ArcĂĄngel
1167:Mission San Juan Capistrano
1125:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
907:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
695:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
433:Mission San Juan Capistrano
10:
13129:
13088:California Mission Indians
11215:Suppression of the Jesuits
11124:Francisco Javier Clavijero
11001:Spanish missions in Mexico
10901:Ignacio de Arteaga y BazĂĄn
10851:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
10801:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
10726:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
9973:also reigned after Louis I
9422:California mission project
9289:Santa Gertrudis Asistencia
9283:Santa Margarita de Cortona
9228:San Fernando Rey de España
9028:The Missions of California
8683:. Indian Historian Press.
8602:
8578:The Missions of California
8557:The Missions of California
8400:Riesenberg, Felix (1962).
8159:Milliken, Randall (1995).
8119:Margolin, Malcolm (1993).
8087:Lippy, Charles H. (1985).
7870:Forbes, Alexander (1839).
7827:The Orange County Register
7724:
7645:Stern and Neuerburg, p. 95
7474:Riesenberg, Felix (1962).
7417:The Missions of California
7011:A Yankee in North Carolina
6756:Milliken, pp. 172â173, 193
5728:"The Indian in the Closet"
4900:33.4282167°N 117.6097000°W
4803:in 1792. Spanish explorer
3980:) wing. In some cases (in
3461:Mary, Our Lady of Solitude
3079:
2947:FermĂn Francisco de LasuĂ©n
2829:
2631:
2519:
2448:sailing under the flag of
2233:. In following years, the
2179:Mission period (1769â1833)
1988:Southwestern United States
1963:
1051:Death rate at the missions
708:
628:FermĂn Francisco de LasuĂ©n
514:conversion to Christianity
63:
12582:
12279:
12263:
12226:
12173:
12115:
12016:
12012:
11954:
11907:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
11884:
11821:
11790:
11752:
11727:
11664:
11606:
11563:
11500:
11437:
11364:
11338:
11262:
11251:
11242:
11202:
11189:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
11109:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
11034:
11016:Spanish missions in Texas
10954:
10943:
10916:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
10876:Juan José Pérez Hernåndez
10821:Juan José Pérez Hernåndez
10734:
10696:
10685:
10665:
10560:
10354:
10341:
10276:
10230:
10117:
10069:
10031:
10015:
9959:
9916:
9903:
9816:Conflicts with indigenous
9815:
9736:
9727:
9648:
9595:
9495:
9430:
9389:
9346:
9309:
9261:
9156:San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
9127:
8849:Weitze, Karen J. (1984).
8825:. McGraw-Hill, New York.
8800:Moorhead, Max L. (1991).
8764:Johnson, P., ed. (1964).
8404:. McGraw-Hill, New York.
7618:Engelhardt 1922, pp. 8â10
7478:. McGraw-Hill, New York.
6801:Santa Rosa Press Democrat
6357:10.1179/kiv.2005.71.2.004
5650:Engelhardt 1908, pp. 3â18
5443:Pacific Historical Review
5162:Saunders and Chase, p. 65
5119:Mission of Nombre de Dios
4334:Mission San Juan Bautista
3805:Mission San Juan Bautista
3772:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
3507:Mission San Juan Bautista
3183:St. Louis, King of France
2919:System Father-Presidentes
2668:Baja California Territory
2628:Rancho period (1834â1849)
2267:Fernando Rivera y Moncada
2168:Visita de la PresentaciĂłn
2141:Baja California Peninsula
2123:ordered the new governor
2010:Early Spanish exploration
1526:880 deaths in 1806 alone
1434:Mission San Juan Bautista
1079:with unknown causes, and
1017:On one occasion," writes
676:JosĂ© JoaquĂn de Arrillaga
653:in the Pacific Ocean off
624:Baja California Peninsula
490:through the formation of
217:Missions in South America
130:Missions in North America
10806:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
10761:Bernal DĂaz del Castillo
10607:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
8626:Berger, John A. (1941).
8609:
8377:Rawls, James J. (1984).
7956:Jones, Roger W. (1997).
7536:El Pueblo de los Ăngeles
6521:Bennett 1897a, pp. 11â12
5990:Coodley, Lauren (2007).
5627:Leffingwell, pp. 19, 132
5455:10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.23
5347:Kling, David W. (2020).
5291:Pritzker, Barry (2000).
4905:33.4282167; -117.6097000
4541:
4445:On California Missions:
4124:Mission San Buenaventura
3853:as State Historic Parks;
3752:Fourth Military District
3716:Second Military District
3278:Mission San Buenaventura
3011:He was appointed by the
1927:(California's first) to
1875:Mission Santa Barbara's
1836:, quickly exhausted the
1737:of any mission. Barley,
1232:Mission San Buenaventura
1214:1,367 children baptized
820:Captain George Vancouver
75:The locations of the 21
39:latest accepted revision
12006:History of California
11897:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
10881:Dionisio AlcalĂĄ Galiano
10846:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
10791:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
10786:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
9783:Piracy in the Caribbean
9234:San Luis Rey de Francia
8944:Tom Simondi, 2001â2005.
8919:The California Missions
8840:Robinson, W.W. (1953).
8766:The California Missions
8522:Thompson, Mark (2001).
8419:Robinson, W.W. (1948).
8178:Morrison, Hugh (1987).
8110:Markham, Edwin (1914).
7672:Stern and Miller, p. 60
7636:Stern and Miller, p. 85
7498:Engelhardt 1920, p. 228
7459:Markham, Edwin (1914).
7145:Engelhardt 1922, p. 248
7100:Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
6659:Engelhardt 1922, p. 258
6388:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
6297:Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
4811:in 1602, and the famed
4745:Antonio de la AscensiĂłn
4461:On California history:
4088:, located northwest of
4050:, located northeast of
4028:California Constitution
4006:under the direction of
3921:William Randolph Hearst
3917:Charles Fletcher Lummis
3803:A view of the restored
3736:Third Military District
3706:First Military District
2855:European diseases like
2796:(or College Rancho) in
2702:Charles Fletcher Lummis
2538:JosĂ© MarĂa de EcheandĂa
2240:Spain also settled the
2033:Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
1895:) were fired in ovens (
1842:chaparral and woodlands
1809:151,180 head of cattle;
699:Santa Ysabel Asistencia
359:Part of a series on the
12085:Conquest of California
11772:Colonial Baroque style
11762:Spanish Colonial style
11608:Southeastern Woodlands
11079:Bartolomé de las Casas
10926:Alexander von Humboldt
10319:Treaty of Paris (1783)
9999:Ferdinand VII of Spain
9447:Catholicism portal
9325:San Bernardino de Sena
9192:La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
9121:missions in California
8974:GAzis-SAx, Joel, 1999.
8902:The Huntington Library
8658:Camphouse, M. (1974).
8440:Ruscin, Terry (1999).
8361:. 2007. Archived from
8359:Old Mission Santa Inés
8338:. 1911. Archived from
8315:. 2000. Archived from
7194:Public Land Commission
6982:Engelhard 1922, p. 223
6927:Engelhardt 1922, p. 80
6711:Engelhardt 1920, p. 76
6386:Kelsey, Harry (1986).
6244:Bean and Lawson, p. 37
6051:Engelhardt 1922, p. 30
5609:Engelhardt 1922, p. 12
5437:Duggan, M. C. (2016).
5251:Agnew, Jeremy (2016).
5123:St. Augustine, Florida
4787:1587, and later on by
4743:Leffingwell: The Rev.
3969:
3942:
3934:
3883:
3812:
3811:("bell wall") in 2004.
3690:
3208:St. John of Capistrano
3032:
2911:Mission administration
2889:
2887:hindered reproduction.
2808:San Luis Obispo County
2776:Public Land Commission
2733:
2711:
2686:
2579:
2393:
2369:San Francisco Bay Area
2351:With the onset of the
2293:
2192:
2091:were expressed in the
2047:Unknown to Spain, Sir
1884:
1883:neophytes around 1806.
1818:1,575 mules or burros;
1801:
1730:
1710:
1697:
1670:
1633:
1280:757 children baptized
1023:
1006:
910:
826:
746:
731:
539:First Mexican Republic
456:
444:
320:Catholicism portal
84:
12246:Santa Catalina Island
12218:Territorial evolution
11892:Juan Bautista de Anza
11210:Our Lady of Guadalupe
11059:Bernardino de SahagĂșn
10721:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
10716:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
10284:Treaty of Tordesillas
10258:Corregidor (position)
10016:Viceroys of New Spain
9855:SpanishâMoro conflict
9374:Fourth, San Francisco
9362:Second, Santa Barbara
9277:San Pedro y San Pablo
9162:San Francisco de AsĂs
9049:The California Museum
8913:Catholic Encyclopedia
8893:Articles and archives
8870:California's Missions
8505:Pacific Fruit Express
8355:"Pre-Mission History"
8336:Catholic Encyclopedia
7935:James, George Wharton
7779:Capron, E.S. (1854).
7733:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
7580:El Pueblo de San José
7196:on February 19, 1853.
6692:COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES
6475:History of California
6473:Bancroft, Hubert H.;
6333:Winship. pp. 32â4, 37
6100:10.1353/sex.2007.0070
6072:Bennett 1897b, p. 158
6060:Bennett 1897b, p. 156
5936:10.1353/wic.2004.0026
4822:California Gulf Coast
4711:Treaty of Tordesillas
4105:Mission Santa Barbara
4012:San Simeon earthquake
3958:
3946:John Steven McGroarty
3938:
3929:
3875:
3802:
3764:El Presidio de Sonoma
3688:
3638:The Archangel Raphael
3613:St. Francis of Assisi
3410:The Archangel Michael
3385:St. Louis of Toulouse
3359:Immaculate Conception
3303:Mission Santa Barbara
3233:The Archangel Gabriel
3158:St. Didacus of AlcalĂĄ
3126:, the missions were:
3027:
2992:José Bernardo Sånchez
2884:
2721:
2706:
2676:
2634:Ranchos of California
2597:ValentĂn GĂłmez FarĂas
2574:
2520:Further information:
2388:
2262:
2186:
2106:indigenous population
2043:Secret English claims
1874:
1848:Mission kitchens and
1795:
1720:
1705:
1688:
1665:
1627:
1566:1,315 baptisms total
1544:1,140 people in 1828
1542:1,873 baptisms total
1505:1,754 people in 1820
1503:6,737 baptisms total
1457:2,466 baptisms total
1438:1,248 people in 1823
1403:300 people remaining
1395:2,222 baptisms total
1376:1,296 people in 1805
1351:1,076 people in 1814
1349:2,588 baptisms total
1306:1,520 people in 1804
1261:1,792 people in 1803
1257:Mission Santa Barbara
1238:1,330 people in 1816
1216:1,080 people in 1819
1197:1,320 people in 1834
1191:1,701 people in 1817
1153:2,869 people in 1826
1129:6,638 baptisms total
1015:
993:
904:
813:
737:
718:
657:in 1784, with either
500:Pueblo de Los Ăngeles
496:Spanish North America
430:
74:
12068:MexicanâAmerican War
12053:Spanish colonization
11184:Manuel Abad y Queipo
11099:GerĂłnimo de Mendieta
11037:priests, and bishops
10706:Christopher Columbus
9252:San Francisco Solano
9150:San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
9144:San Antonio de Padua
9076:(December 8, 2000).
9068:The Bancroft Library
8555:Yenne, Bill (2004).
7841:Engelhardt, Zephyrin
7717:Coronado and Ignatin
7609:Bennett 1897a, p. 20
7415:Yenne, Bill (2004).
7327:. Web. 12 Feb. 2017.
6860:Chapman, pp. 254â255
6729:Bennett 1897a, p. 13
6638:Bennett 1897a, p. 16
6620:Kroeber 1925, p. vi.
6445:"The Queen's Pirate"
6180:. 23 September 2015.
6149:Bennett 1897a, p. 10
5600:Chapman, pp. 310â311
5131:Santa Fe, New Mexico
4799:(1778), and finally
4591:'massacres' of 1781.
4022:signed HR 1446, the
3816:Building restoration
3512:St. John the Baptist
3487:St. Charles Borromeo
3435:St. Anthony of Padua
3020:Mission headquarters
2798:Santa Barbara County
2787:Joseph Sadoc Alemany
2698:Hubert Howe Bancroft
2638:The Indian towns at
2566:Monterey, California
2063:in 1607. During his
1970:Christopher Columbus
1246:Hubert Howe Bancroft
921:) or congregations (
13108:California genocide
12271:San Fernando Valley
12241:San Fernando Valley
12080:California Republic
11179:Francisco MarroquĂn
11049:GerĂłnimo de Aguilar
10921:Antonio Gil Y'Barbo
10866:Gil GonzĂĄlez DĂĄvila
10642:New Kingdom of LeĂłn
10294:Peace of Westphalia
10109:Provincias Internas
10003:also reigned after
9795:War of Jenkins' Ear
9294:San Antonio de Pala
9246:San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
9222:San Miguel ArcĂĄngel
9174:Santa Clara de AsĂs
9168:San Juan Capistrano
9132:San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
9082:California Missions
8908:California Missions
8617:Baer, Kurt (1958).
8256:1963Sci...141.1172O
7993:Kelsey, H. (1993).
7591:Leffingwell, p. 170
7569:Leffingwell, p. 154
7547:Leffingwell, p. 119
7087:Library of Congress
6587:Commonweal magazine
6235:A. Thompson, p. 341
5726:McWilliams, Carey.
5524:Bancroft, pp. 33â34
4896: /
4531:California Genocide
4357:San Juan Capistrano
4184:chapel, located in
4145:, located south of
4069:, located south of
3807:and its three-bell
3663:St. Francis Solanus
3563:St. Clare of Assisi
3213:San Juan Capistrano
3002:José Joaquin Jimeno
2954:Pedro Estévan Tåpis
2903:By eliminating the
2816:Indian reservations
2793:Cañada de los Pinos
2770:California Senator
2640:San Juan Capistrano
2478:Northern California
2397:Russian settlements
2079:Russian exploration
1923:used the mission's
1879:was constructed by
1568:996 people in 1832
1509:5,109 deaths total
1463:2,034 deaths total
1459:644 people in 1798
1401:1,803 deaths total
1397:725 people in 1805
1355:2,038 deaths total
1330:852 people in 1803
1282:770 people in 1816
1174:3,153 deaths total
1135:4,428 deaths total
1096:concentration camps
1062:Mission San Gabriel
787:required converted
749:In addition to the
647:Pedro Estévan Tåpis
549:an inspiration for
29:Page version status
12095:United States rule
12041:Later explorations
12036:First explorations
12026:Native Californian
11942:Hasekura Tsunenaga
11822:People and classes
11803:Columbian exchange
11689:Peoples of Palawan
11194:JosĂ© MarĂa Morelos
11169:Francisco de Ayeta
11104:Juan de Torquemada
11069:Alonso de MontĂșfar
10911:JosĂ© MarĂa NarvĂĄez
10871:Francisco de Ulloa
10841:Andrés de Urdaneta
10836:Cristóbal de Oñate
10796:Ăngel de Villafañe
10771:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
10751:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
10711:Ferdinand Magellan
10289:Treaty of Zaragoza
10071:Captancies General
9348:Military districts
8962:2001â2008 website.
8928:Claremont Colleges
8784:has generic name (
8724:Crump, S. (1975).
8422:Land in California
8365:on August 26, 2007
8319:on August 13, 2007
8032:Kroeber, Alfred L.
7890:Geiger, Maynard J.
7798:Cook, Sherburne F.
7525:Leffingwell, p. 68
7507:Leffingwell, p. 22
7383:2016-06-29 at the
7205:Rawls, pp. 112â113
7029:California History
7009:Parker, Robert J.
6876:2015-02-22 at the
6677:Leffingwell, p. 25
6581:Orfalea, Gregory.
6449:The New York Times
6324:Leffingwell, p. 10
6203:California History
5954:– via JSTOR.
5673:2015-10-11 at the
5666:Carey McWilliams.
5502:2016-10-13 at the
4959:Hippolyte Bouchard
4933:2005-07-11 at the
4805:SebastiĂĄn VizcaĂno
4639:Bennett: "In 1825
4296:Mission Santa Inés
4182:Mission Santa Cruz
4034:Structures gallery
3970:
3907:Helen Hunt Jackson
3899:Henry Chapman Ford
3884:
3813:
3691:
3532:Mission Santa Cruz
3343:September 17, 1804
3328:Mission Santa Inés
3120:Sonoma, California
3110:Following the old
3033:
2734:
2727:Rancho Santa Anita
2687:
2677:Illuminated choir
2466:Mission Santa Cruz
2418:Sonoma, California
2394:
2294:
2252:, the founders of
2197:PortolĂĄ expedition
2193:
2114:as many as 705,000
1885:
1802:
1731:
1713:Mission industries
1634:
1590:Indigenous peoples
1453:Mission Santa Cruz
1310:902 children died
1286:519 children died
1276:Mission Santa Inés
1220:965 children died
1045:population decline
1007:
911:
827:
805:building materials
747:
732:
691:Comisario Prefecto
506:Indigenous peoples
480:indigenous peoples
445:
85:
35:
13065:
13064:
12259:
12258:
12140:Industrial growth
11972:
11971:
11950:
11949:
11791:Trade and economy
11748:
11747:
11238:
11237:
11230:Indian Reductions
11159:SebastiĂĄn Montero
11064:Juan de ZumĂĄrraga
10939:
10938:
10826:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
10766:Pedro de Alvarado
10681:
10680:
10637:Nueva Extremadura
10542:Antigua Guatemala
10337:
10336:
10329:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
10324:Treaty of CĂłrdoba
10309:Congress of Breda
9931:Joanna of Castile
9899:
9898:
9873:Tzeltal Rebellion
9686:
9685:
9455:
9454:
9216:San Juan Bautista
8954:Project Gutenberg
8860:978-0-912158-89-1
8832:978-0-07-052411-8
8811:978-0-8061-2317-2
8756:978-1-55868-312-9
8737:978-0-87046-028-9
8719:978-1-879691-64-3
8669:978-0-378-03792-1
8589:978-0-8118-1938-1
8566:978-1-59223-319-9
8544:Vancouver, George
8535:978-1-55970-550-9
8514:978-1-930013-03-2
8495:978-0-9635468-5-2
8476:978-0-910118-53-8
8451:978-0-932653-30-7
8432:978-0-520-03875-2
8411:978-0-07-052740-9
8392:978-0-8061-2020-1
8300:978-1-890771-13-3
8234:978-0-930931-15-5
8215:978-0-486-21740-6
8189:978-0-486-25492-0
8170:978-0-87919-132-0
8151:978-0-87417-515-8
8132:978-0-930588-55-7
8102:978-0-86554-161-0
8079:978-0-89658-492-1
8060:978-0-486-23368-0
8023:978-0-376-05172-1
8004:978-0-9785881-0-6
7985:978-0-7591-0872-1
7948:978-0-89341-321-7
7881:978-0-405-04972-9
7854:San Diego Mission
7813:978-0-520-02923-1
7558:Villa Branciforte
7485:978-0-07-052740-9
7426:978-1-59223-319-9
7109:Yenne, pp. 83, 93
6821:Nordlander, p. 10
6500:978-0-300-10059-4
6030:Annenberg Learner
6003:978-0-7385-2502-0
5360:978-0-19-006262-0
5264:978-0-7864-9740-9
5188:978-0-8165-3892-8
4807:made landfall in
4645:Governor Figueroa
4641:Governor ArgĂŒello
4526:Indian Reductions
4338:San Juan Bautista
4180:Scale replica of
3894:In 1875 American
3768:observation tower
3741:Villa Branciforte
3678:
3677:
3648:December 14, 1817
3517:San Juan Bautista
3395:September 1, 1772
3268:September 8, 1797
3243:September 8, 1771
3124:San Francisco Bay
3114:northwards, from
3076:Mission locations
3066:Father-Presidente
2905:native population
2690:PĂo de JesĂșs Pico
2564:Upon arriving in
2472:Expansion stopped
2442:HipĂłlito Bouchard
2325:Financial support
2201:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
2145:Visitador General
2125:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
2099:Spanish expansion
1581:
1580:
1572:651 deaths total
1548:698 deaths total
1131:(2,685 children)
1069:cultural genocide
753:(royal fort) and
528:cultural genocide
425:
424:
354:
353:
26:
16:(Redirected from
13120:
12727:Rancho Cucamonga
12702:Huntington Beach
12155:Legal revolution
12063:California Trail
12014:
12013:
11999:
11992:
11985:
11976:
11975:
11962:
11961:
11922:FermĂn de LasuĂ©n
11813:Triangular trade
11260:
11259:
11249:
11248:
11139:FermĂn de LasuĂ©n
11084:Alonso de Molina
11074:Vasco de Quiroga
11035:Friars, fathers,
10956:Spanish missions
10952:
10951:
10776:Hernando de Soto
10694:
10693:
10352:
10351:
10304:Peace of Utrecht
10299:Peace of Ryswick
10162:Santiago de Cuba
10007:
9974:
9914:
9913:
9849:Acaxee Rebellion
9801:Seven Years' War
9789:Queen Anne's War
9734:
9733:
9713:
9706:
9699:
9690:
9689:
9615:Circular Mission
9605:Jesuit reduction
9482:
9475:
9468:
9459:
9458:
9445:
9444:
9435:List of missions
9356:First, San Diego
9180:San Buenaventura
9113:
9106:
9099:
9090:
9089:
9085:
8887:
8881:
8873:
8864:
8845:
8836:
8815:
8796:
8789:
8783:
8779:
8777:
8769:
8760:
8741:
8706:
8700:
8692:
8673:
8654:
8648:
8640:
8631:
8622:
8593:
8581:
8570:
8551:
8539:
8518:
8499:
8480:
8461:J. Smeaton Chase
8455:
8436:
8415:
8396:
8384:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8342:on June 30, 2007
8327:
8325:
8324:
8309:"Past Campaigns"
8304:
8283:
8238:
8219:
8207:
8198:Newcomb, Rexford
8193:
8174:
8155:
8136:
8115:
8106:
8094:
8083:
8064:
8043:
8027:
8008:
7989:
7970:
7961:
7952:
7930:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7909:. Archived from
7897:
7885:
7866:
7857:
7848:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7817:
7793:
7784:
7775:
7768:Overland Monthly
7762:
7755:Overland Monthly
7749:
7740:
7718:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7698:
7687:
7679:
7673:
7670:
7664:
7663:"Past Campaigns"
7661:
7655:
7652:
7646:
7643:
7637:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7619:
7616:
7610:
7607:
7601:
7598:
7592:
7589:
7583:
7576:
7570:
7567:
7561:
7554:
7548:
7545:
7539:
7532:
7526:
7523:
7517:
7514:
7508:
7505:
7499:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7442:Overland Monthly
7437:
7431:
7430:
7412:
7406:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7388:
7375:
7369:
7366:
7360:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7334:
7328:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7249:10.2307/41172518
7232:
7226:
7221:
7215:
7212:
7206:
7203:
7197:
7179:
7173:
7172:Robinson, p. 100
7170:
7164:
7161:
7155:
7152:
7146:
7143:
7137:
7134:
7128:
7125:
7119:
7116:
7110:
7107:
7101:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7078:
7072:
7071:Yenne, pp. 18â19
7069:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7041:10.2307/25160727
7020:
7014:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6989:
6983:
6980:
6974:
6971:
6965:
6962:
6956:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6897:
6887:
6881:
6867:
6861:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6840:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6793:
6784:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6766:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6748:
6745:
6739:
6736:
6730:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6669:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6648:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6578:
6569:
6568:
6550:
6544:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6484:
6478:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6410:
6404:
6403:Morrison, p. 214
6401:
6392:
6391:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6262:
6257:is equal to 100
6251:
6245:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6215:10.2307/25161668
6209:(2/3): 230â259.
6200:
6191:
6182:
6181:
6168:
6159:
6158:Paddison, p. xiv
6156:
6150:
6147:
6138:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6061:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6036:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5924:WĂÄazo Ć a Review
5915:
5906:
5905:
5895:
5864:
5863:
5853:
5762:
5761:Newcomb, p. viii
5759:
5753:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5723:
5717:
5716:Paddison, p. 130
5714:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5683:
5677:
5664:
5651:
5648:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5619:
5618:Rawls, pp. 14â16
5616:
5610:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5407:10.2307/41172570
5386:
5377:
5376:
5344:
5331:
5328:
5317:
5316:
5288:
5277:
5276:
5248:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5215:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5172:
5163:
5160:
5143:
5140:
5134:
5114:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5089:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5006:
5003:Seven Years' War
4998:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4918:San Diego County
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4879:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4801:George Vancouver
4793:George Shelvocke
4785:Thomas Cavendish
4773:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4741:
4735:
4724:
4718:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4598:
4592:
4574:
4568:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4425:
4406:
4387:
4368:
4349:
4330:
4315:Mission San José
4311:
4292:
4273:
4254:
4235:
4216:
4197:
4177:
4158:
4139:
4120:
4101:
4082:
4063:
4044:
3950:The Mission Play
3674:
3649:
3624:
3599:
3583:Mission San José
3574:
3573:January 12, 1777
3549:
3523:
3498:
3473:
3447:
3421:
3396:
3371:
3370:December 8, 1787
3344:
3319:
3318:December 4, 1786
3294:
3269:
3244:
3219:
3218:November 1, 1776
3194:
3169:
3129:
3128:
2765:O. M. Wozencraft
2613:San Buenaventura
2587:Mexican Congress
2570:Thomas O. Larkin
2568:in April 1832,
2532:disestablishment
2359:Indigenous labor
2346:Society of Jesus
2319:self-sufficiency
2292:for his actions.
1998:to Spain by the
1974:Kingdom of Spain
1821:1,711 goats; and
1630:Ya Viene El Alba
1588:At least 90,000
1499:Mission San José
1101:
1100:
1088:Carey McWilliams
1081:venereal disease
1002:Mission San José
931:European culture
789:Native Americans
730:lines exhibited.
655:San Pedro Harbor
469:Catholic priests
417:
410:
403:
356:
355:
346:
339:
332:
318:
317:
261:Eastern Missions
125:
108:Spanish missions
94:
87:
86:
21:
13128:
13127:
13123:
13122:
13121:
13119:
13118:
13117:
13083:The Californias
13068:
13067:
13066:
13061:
12947:San Luis Obispo
12578:
12484:San Luis Obispo
12275:
12255:
12222:
12169:
12145:Postwar culture
12111:
12008:
12003:
11973:
11968:
11946:
11880:
11817:
11786:
11744:
11740:Chamorro people
11723:
11660:
11602:
11565:Southern Plains
11559:
11496:
11433:
11374:Mission Indians
11360:
11334:
11254:
11244:
11234:
11198:
11154:Mariano Payeras
11134:Francisco PalĂłu
11036:
11030:
10958:in the Americas
10957:
10947:
10945:Catholic Church
10935:
10886:Bruno de Heceta
10736:
10730:
10698:
10689:
10688:adventurers and
10687:
10677:
10673:Spanish Formosa
10661:
10600:Baja California
10590:Alta California
10585:Las Californias
10562:
10556:
10462:San Luis PotosĂ
10348:and territories
10347:
10345:
10343:
10333:
10272:
10253:Captain general
10226:
10217:MĂ©rida, YucatĂĄn
10187:San Luis PotosĂ
10137:State of Mexico
10113:
10065:
10027:
10011:
10002:
9972:
9955:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9895:
9867:TepehuĂĄn Revolt
9817:
9811:
9723:
9717:
9687:
9682:
9661:Mission Indians
9644:
9591:
9508:Baja California
9491:
9486:
9456:
9451:
9439:
9426:
9385:
9380:Sonoma Barracks
9368:Third, Monterey
9342:
9305:
9257:
9123:
9117:
8981:
8910:article at the
8895:
8890:
8875:
8874:
8861:
8833:
8812:
8790:
8781:
8780:
8771:
8770:
8757:
8738:
8694:
8693:
8670:
8642:
8641:
8612:
8607:
8601:
8599:Further reading
8596:
8590:
8567:
8536:
8515:
8496:
8477:
8452:
8442:Mission Memoirs
8433:
8412:
8393:
8368:
8366:
8353:
8345:
8343:
8330:
8322:
8320:
8307:
8301:
8235:
8216:
8190:
8171:
8152:
8133:
8103:
8080:
8061:
8024:
8005:
7986:
7949:
7916:
7914:
7882:
7831:
7829:
7814:
7774:(170): 150â161.
7727:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7702:
7700:
7696:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7671:
7667:
7662:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7635:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7617:
7613:
7608:
7604:
7600:Paddison, p. 23
7599:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7577:
7573:
7568:
7564:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7542:
7538:numbered 1,388.
7533:
7529:
7524:
7520:
7515:
7511:
7506:
7502:
7497:
7493:
7486:
7472:
7468:
7457:
7453:
7438:
7434:
7427:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7385:Wayback Machine
7376:
7372:
7367:
7363:
7358:
7354:
7349:
7345:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7318:
7314:
7305:
7303:
7293:
7289:
7280:
7278:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7233:
7229:
7222:
7218:
7213:
7209:
7204:
7200:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7167:
7163:Robinson, p. 14
7162:
7158:
7153:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7135:
7131:
7126:
7122:
7118:Robinson, p. 42
7117:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7099:
7095:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7070:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7021:
7017:
7008:
7004:
6997:www.ncpedia.org
6991:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6922:
6918:Robinson, p. 29
6917:
6913:
6906:
6888:
6884:
6878:Wayback Machine
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6851:Hittell, p. 499
6850:
6843:
6838:
6834:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6806:
6804:
6803:. 24 April 2017
6795:
6794:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6746:
6742:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:Robinson, p. 28
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6697:
6695:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6637:
6633:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6551:
6547:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6512:Chapman, p. 216
6511:
6507:
6501:
6485:
6481:
6472:
6468:
6458:
6456:
6443:Kelsey, Harry.
6441:
6437:
6427:
6425:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6395:
6384:
6380:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6265:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6198:
6192:
6185:
6177:TheGuardian.com
6170:
6169:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6080:
6076:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6034:
6032:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6004:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5963:
5959:
5916:
5909:
5896:
5867:
5854:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5752:Chapman, p. 383
5751:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5684:
5680:
5675:Wayback Machine
5665:
5654:
5649:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:Paddison, p. 48
5590:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5504:Wayback Machine
5495:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:Robinson, p. 25
5477:
5473:
5464:
5462:
5434:
5430:
5387:
5380:
5361:
5345:
5334:
5329:
5320:
5305:
5289:
5280:
5265:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5229:
5208:
5204:
5189:
5173:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5129:in present-day
5115:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4965:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4935:Wayback Machine
4904:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4828:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4760:
4742:
4738:
4728:Alta California
4725:
4721:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4614:
4599:
4595:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4443:
4436:
4426:
4417:
4407:
4398:
4388:
4379:
4376:San Luis Obispo
4369:
4360:
4350:
4341:
4331:
4322:
4312:
4303:
4293:
4284:
4274:
4265:
4255:
4246:
4236:
4227:
4217:
4208:
4198:
4189:
4178:
4169:
4159:
4150:
4140:
4131:
4121:
4112:
4102:
4093:
4083:
4074:
4064:
4055:
4045:
4036:
3944:In 1911 author
3840:minor basilicas
3818:
3797:
3683:
3623:October 9, 1776
3548:August 28, 1791
3472:October 9, 1791
3390:San Luis Obispo
3283:St. Bonaventure
3088:Alta California
3084:
3078:
3022:
2968:Mariano Payéras
2933:Francisco PalĂłu
2921:
2913:
2849:mission project
2842:anthropologists
2838:
2830:Main articles:
2828:
2820:Mission Indians
2812:U.S. government
2772:William M. Gwin
2745:Mariano Vallejo
2738:Gregory Orfalea
2716:
2636:
2630:
2599:was in office.
2524:
2518:
2505:
2474:
2438:
2399:
2361:
2327:
2299:
2290:Catholic Church
2217:Maria Magdalena
2181:
2173:Dominican Order
2101:
2081:
2045:
2037:Navidad, Mexico
2027:to present-day
2012:
2004:Alta California
2000:Catholic Church
1994:of these lands
1966:
1939:systems. Stone
1830:mission ranches
1715:
1675:
1650:Mission Indians
1586:
1053:
964:Andrés Quintana
899:
795:, to cultivate
713:
707:
651:Channel Islands
640:
600:
595:
492:Alta California
421:
389:Mission Indians
350:
312:
287:Mission Indians
143:Baja California
115:Catholic Church
112:
110:in the Americas
109:
95:
81:Alta California
69:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13126:
13116:
13115:
13113:JunĂpero Serra
13110:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13063:
13062:
13060:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12672:San Bernardino
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12588:
12586:
12580:
12579:
12577:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12464:San Bernardino
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12285:
12283:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12273:
12267:
12265:
12261:
12260:
12257:
12256:
12254:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12232:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12179:
12177:
12171:
12170:
12168:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12121:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12102:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12071:
12070:
12065:
12055:
12050:
12049:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12022:
12020:
12010:
12009:
12002:
12001:
11994:
11987:
11979:
11970:
11969:
11967:
11966:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11948:
11947:
11945:
11944:
11939:
11937:JunĂpero Serra
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11888:
11886:
11882:
11881:
11879:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11837:
11836:
11825:
11823:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11815:
11810:
11808:Manila galleon
11805:
11800:
11794:
11792:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11758:
11756:
11750:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11742:
11737:
11731:
11729:
11725:
11724:
11722:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11670:
11668:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11612:
11610:
11604:
11603:
11601:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11569:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11506:
11504:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11494:
11489:
11487:Tohono O'odham
11484:
11479:
11474:
11472:Pueblo peoples
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11447:Akimel O'odham
11443:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11370:
11368:
11362:
11361:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11342:
11340:
11336:
11335:
11333:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11266:
11264:
11257:
11246:
11240:
11239:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11206:
11204:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11174:Antonio Margil
11171:
11166:
11164:Marcos de Niza
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11129:JunĂpero Serra
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11094:Diego de Landa
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11044:Pedro de Gante
11040:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10962:
10960:
10949:
10941:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10896:Alonso de LeĂłn
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10831:Manuel Quimper
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10756:Nuño de Guzmån
10753:
10748:
10742:
10740:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10702:
10700:
10691:
10683:
10682:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10675:
10669:
10667:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10614:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10582:
10572:
10566:
10564:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10358:
10356:
10349:
10339:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10280:
10278:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10234:
10232:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10123:
10121:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10075:
10073:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10037:
10035:
10029:
10028:
10026:
10025:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10009:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9965:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9922:
9920:
9918:Habsburg Spain
9911:
9910:administration
9901:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9888:
9882:
9876:
9870:
9864:
9861:Acoma Massacre
9858:
9852:
9846:
9840:
9837:Chichimeca War
9834:
9828:
9821:
9819:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9809:
9804:
9798:
9792:
9786:
9780:
9774:
9768:
9762:
9756:
9750:
9744:
9737:
9731:
9725:
9724:
9716:
9715:
9708:
9701:
9693:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9678:
9673:
9663:
9658:
9652:
9650:
9649:Related topics
9646:
9645:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9601:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9571:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9534:United States
9532:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9520:
9518:Sonoran Desert
9515:
9510:
9499:
9497:
9493:
9492:
9485:
9484:
9477:
9470:
9462:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9449:
9437:
9431:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9424:
9419:
9417:El Camino Real
9414:
9409:
9404:
9402:JunĂpero Serra
9399:
9393:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9377:
9371:
9365:
9359:
9352:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9334:
9328:
9322:
9315:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9303:
9297:
9291:
9286:
9280:
9274:
9267:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9231:
9225:
9219:
9213:
9207:
9201:
9195:
9189:
9183:
9177:
9171:
9165:
9159:
9153:
9147:
9141:
9135:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9116:
9115:
9108:
9101:
9093:
9087:
9086:
9070:
9057:
9052:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9024:
9016:
9011:
9003:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8980:
8979:External links
8977:
8976:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8945:
8939:
8931:
8922:
8916:
8905:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8888:
8865:
8859:
8846:
8837:
8831:
8816:
8810:
8797:
8761:
8755:
8742:
8736:
8721:
8709:CrespĂ, Juan:
8707:
8674:
8668:
8655:
8632:
8623:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8603:Main article:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8588:
8571:
8565:
8552:
8540:
8534:
8519:
8513:
8500:
8494:
8481:
8475:
8456:
8450:
8437:
8431:
8416:
8410:
8397:
8391:
8374:
8351:
8328:
8305:
8299:
8284:
8250:(3586): 1172.
8239:
8233:
8220:
8214:
8194:
8188:
8175:
8169:
8156:
8150:
8137:
8131:
8116:
8107:
8101:
8084:
8078:
8065:
8059:
8044:
8028:
8022:
8009:
8003:
7990:
7984:
7971:
7969:(47): 369â400.
7962:
7953:
7947:
7931:
7922:
7898:
7886:
7880:
7867:
7858:
7849:
7837:
7818:
7812:
7794:
7785:
7776:
7763:
7750:
7741:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7710:
7674:
7665:
7656:
7647:
7638:
7629:
7620:
7611:
7602:
7593:
7584:
7571:
7562:
7549:
7540:
7527:
7518:
7509:
7500:
7491:
7484:
7466:
7451:
7432:
7425:
7407:
7398:
7396:Ruscin, p. 196
7389:
7370:
7361:
7352:
7343:
7329:
7312:
7287:
7262:
7243:(2): 161â197.
7227:
7216:
7207:
7198:
7174:
7165:
7156:
7147:
7138:
7129:
7120:
7111:
7102:
7093:
7073:
7061:
7035:(3): 263â270.
7015:
7002:
6984:
6975:
6966:
6957:
6948:
6939:
6929:
6920:
6911:
6904:
6882:
6862:
6853:
6841:
6832:
6823:
6814:
6785:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6749:
6740:
6731:
6722:
6713:
6704:
6679:
6670:
6661:
6649:
6640:
6631:
6629:Bennett, p. 15
6622:
6613:
6604:
6570:
6564:978-1148507927
6563:
6545:
6541:Maynard Geiger
6532:
6523:
6514:
6505:
6499:
6479:
6466:
6435:
6405:
6393:
6378:
6351:(2): 203â217.
6335:
6326:
6317:
6299:
6290:
6272:
6263:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6183:
6160:
6151:
6139:
6130:
6121:
6094:(3): 391â415.
6074:
6062:
6053:
6044:
6017:
6002:
5982:
5975:
5957:
5907:
5865:
5763:
5754:
5745:
5718:
5709:
5678:
5652:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5593:
5584:
5575:
5566:
5553:
5544:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5489:
5480:
5471:
5428:
5401:(2): 141â174.
5378:
5359:
5332:
5318:
5303:
5278:
5263:
5238:
5202:
5187:
5164:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5135:
5109:
5099:
5090:
5069:
5059:
5038:
5029:
5020:
5014:Robinson: The
5007:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4963:
4949:
4939:
4891:117°36âČ34.92âłW
4874:
4860:
4846:
4836:
4834:civilization."
4826:
4768:
4758:
4736:
4719:
4692:
4683:
4669:
4659:
4649:
4632:
4622:
4612:
4593:
4585:regarding the
4569:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4420:
4418:
4408:
4401:
4399:
4389:
4382:
4380:
4370:
4363:
4361:
4351:
4344:
4342:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4306:
4304:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4256:
4249:
4247:
4237:
4230:
4228:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4179:
4172:
4170:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4084:
4077:
4075:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4046:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4020:George W. Bush
4008:Esteban Munras
3909:'s 1884 novel
3870:
3869:
3854:
3847:
3836:
3829:
3817:
3814:
3796:
3793:
3780:
3779:
3761:
3745:
3725:
3709:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:March 31, 1782
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3080:Main article:
3077:
3074:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3021:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2929:
2926:JunĂpero Serra
2920:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2852:Californians.
2827:
2824:
2715:
2712:
2681:on display at
2632:Main article:
2629:
2626:
2528:secularization
2517:
2516:Secularization
2514:
2504:
2503:Chumash revolt
2501:
2473:
2470:
2437:
2436:Pirate attacks
2434:
2398:
2395:
2376:interrogatorio
2360:
2357:
2326:
2323:
2303:secular clergy
2298:
2295:
2286:excommunicated
2271:ecclesiastical
2250:Los Pobladores
2226:Los Cristianos
2205:JunĂpero Serra
2180:
2177:
2156:JunĂpero Serra
2148:José de Gålvez
2129:forcibly expel
2100:
2097:
2089:Russian Empire
2080:
2077:
2044:
2041:
2011:
2008:
1965:
1962:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:14,522 horses;
1813:
1812:137,969 sheep;
1810:
1750:into wine for
1723:Catalan forges
1721:A view of the
1714:
1711:
1674:
1671:
1609:Roman Catholic
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1052:
1049:
923:congregaciones
898:
895:
709:Main article:
706:
703:
659:Santa Catalina
639:
636:
616:JunĂpero Serra
599:
596:
594:
591:
484:Spanish Empire
423:
422:
420:
419:
412:
405:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
368:
367:
361:
360:
352:
351:
349:
348:
341:
334:
326:
323:
322:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
304:
299:
289:
284:
276:
275:
274:Related topics
271:
270:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
220:
219:
213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
193:Sonoran Desert
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
132:
131:
127:
126:
118:
117:
104:
103:
58:
47:27 August 2024
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13125:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13075:
13073:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13022:Crescent City
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12892:Santa Barbara
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12802:Thousand Oaks
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12707:Santa Clarita
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12692:Moreno Valley
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12607:San Francisco
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12585:
12581:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12494:Santa Barbara
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12474:San Francisco
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12286:
12284:
12282:
12278:
12272:
12269:
12268:
12266:
12262:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12229:
12225:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12178:
12176:
12172:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12122:
12120:
12118:
12114:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12097:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12060:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12007:
12000:
11995:
11993:
11988:
11986:
11981:
11980:
11977:
11965:
11957:
11956:
11953:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11902:Francis Drake
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11889:
11887:
11883:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11830:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11820:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11795:
11793:
11789:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11759:
11757:
11755:
11751:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11730:
11726:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11671:
11669:
11667:
11663:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11613:
11611:
11609:
11605:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11588:Plains Apache
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11562:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11499:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11444:
11442:
11440:
11436:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11367:
11363:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11337:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11250:
11247:
11241:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11207:
11205:
11201:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11144:Esteban TĂĄpis
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11041:
11039:
11033:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10959:
10953:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10816:Juan de Oñate
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10746:Hernån Cortés
10744:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10738:conquistadors
10735:Explorers and
10733:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10697:Pre-New Spain
10695:
10692:
10690:conquistadors
10684:
10674:
10671:
10670:
10668:
10664:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10632:Nueva Vizcaya
10630:
10628:
10627:Nueva Galicia
10625:
10622:
10618:
10615:
10612:
10608:
10605:
10601:
10598:
10595:
10591:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10583:
10580:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10565:
10561:Provinces and
10559:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10532:Santo Domingo
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10522:St. Augustine
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10353:
10350:
10340:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10275:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10243:Gobernaciones
10241:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10120:
10116:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10099:Santo Domingo
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10068:
10062:
10061:Santo Domingo
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10030:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10006:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9962:
9961:Bourbon Spain
9958:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9912:
9902:
9892:
9889:
9886:
9883:
9880:
9879:Pueblo Revolt
9877:
9874:
9871:
9868:
9865:
9862:
9859:
9856:
9853:
9850:
9847:
9844:
9841:
9838:
9835:
9832:
9829:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9814:
9808:
9805:
9802:
9799:
9796:
9793:
9790:
9787:
9784:
9781:
9778:
9775:
9772:
9769:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9745:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9726:
9721:
9714:
9709:
9707:
9702:
9700:
9695:
9694:
9691:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9647:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9597:South America
9594:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9496:North America
9494:
9490:
9483:
9478:
9476:
9471:
9469:
9464:
9463:
9460:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9432:
9429:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9381:
9378:
9375:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9360:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9338:
9335:
9332:
9329:
9326:
9323:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9308:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9253:
9250:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9186:Santa Barbara
9184:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9163:
9160:
9157:
9154:
9151:
9148:
9145:
9142:
9139:
9136:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9126:
9122:
9114:
9109:
9107:
9102:
9100:
9095:
9094:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9074:Howser, Huell
9071:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9050:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8906:
8903:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8885:
8879:
8871:
8866:
8862:
8856:
8852:
8847:
8843:
8838:
8834:
8828:
8824:
8823:
8817:
8813:
8807:
8803:
8798:
8794:
8787:
8782:|author=
8775:
8767:
8762:
8758:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8729:
8728:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8681:
8675:
8671:
8665:
8661:
8656:
8652:
8646:
8638:
8633:
8629:
8624:
8620:
8615:
8614:
8606:
8591:
8585:
8580:
8579:
8572:
8568:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8520:
8516:
8510:
8506:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8487:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8453:
8447:
8443:
8438:
8434:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8417:
8413:
8407:
8403:
8398:
8394:
8388:
8383:
8382:
8375:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8296:
8292:
8291:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8230:
8226:
8221:
8217:
8211:
8206:
8205:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8181:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8143:
8138:
8134:
8128:
8124:
8123:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8093:
8092:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8071:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8052:
8051:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8019:
8015:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7996:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7963:
7959:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7923:
7913:on 2006-06-13
7912:
7908:
7904:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7855:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7828:
7824:
7819:
7815:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7714:
7695:
7691:
7684:
7678:
7669:
7660:
7651:
7642:
7633:
7624:
7615:
7606:
7597:
7588:
7582:numbered 524.
7581:
7575:
7566:
7560:numbered 130.
7559:
7553:
7544:
7537:
7531:
7522:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7487:
7481:
7477:
7470:
7462:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7428:
7422:
7418:
7411:
7405:Yenne, p. 186
7402:
7393:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7374:
7365:
7356:
7347:
7339:
7333:
7326:
7325:Project MUSE
7322:
7316:
7302:
7301:Atlas Obscura
7298:
7291:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7231:
7225:
7220:
7211:
7202:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7169:
7160:
7151:
7142:
7136:James, p. 215
7133:
7124:
7115:
7106:
7097:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7068:
7066:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7012:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6979:
6970:
6964:Kelsey, p. 21
6961:
6952:
6943:
6933:
6924:
6915:
6907:
6905:1-890771-48-1
6901:
6896:
6895:
6886:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6839:Young, p. 102
6836:
6830:Jones, p. 170
6827:
6818:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6790:
6780:
6774:Kroeber, p. 2
6771:
6765:Kroeber, p. 1
6762:
6753:
6747:Rawls, p. 106
6744:
6738:Rawls, p. 106
6735:
6726:
6717:
6708:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6674:
6665:
6656:
6654:
6644:
6635:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6502:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6483:
6476:
6470:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6400:
6398:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6294:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6267:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6241:
6232:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6188:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6155:
6146:
6144:
6134:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6069:
6067:
6057:
6048:
6041:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5986:
5978:
5976:9780816532582
5972:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5912:
5903:
5902:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5758:
5749:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5713:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5606:
5597:
5588:
5582:Ruscin, p. 12
5579:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5551:Ruscin, p. 61
5548:
5539:
5533:Kelsey, p. 18
5530:
5521:
5512:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5493:
5484:
5475:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5383:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5330:Krell, p. 316
5327:
5325:
5323:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5304:0-19-513877-5
5300:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5171:
5169:
5159:
5155:
5139:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5103:
5094:
5087:
5086:Narciso DurĂĄn
5083:
5079:
5073:
5063:
5056:
5055:Narciso DurĂĄn
5052:
5048:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5017:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4943:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4922:La Christiana
4919:
4915:
4909:
4888:33°25âČ41.58âłN
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4840:
4830:
4823:
4820:explored the
4819:
4818:Hernån Cortés
4816:
4815:
4810:
4809:San Diego Bay
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4789:Woodes Rogers
4786:
4782:
4781:Francis Drake
4778:
4772:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4706:Inter caetera
4702:
4696:
4687:
4679:
4673:
4663:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4626:
4616:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4481:Mission Vieja
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4434:
4431:, located in
4430:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4412:, located in
4411:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4393:, located in
4392:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4374:, located in
4373:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4355:, located in
4354:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4336:, located in
4335:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4317:, located in
4316:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4298:, located in
4297:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4279:, located in
4278:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4260:, located in
4259:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4243:San Francisco
4241:, located in
4240:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4222:, located in
4221:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4203:, located in
4202:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4164:, located in
4163:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4126:, located in
4125:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4109:Santa Barbara
4107:, located in
4106:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3879:Schinus molle
3874:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3673:April 4, 1824
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3618:San Francisco
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3598:June 11, 1797
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:June 24, 1797
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:July 14, 1771
3444:
3442:
3439:Northwest of
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:July 25, 1797
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3363:Southeast of
3362:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3313:Santa Barbara
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:June 12, 1798
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3168:July 16, 1769
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:Date founded
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:day's journey
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3014:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:Narciso DurĂĄn
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2942:) (1784â1785)
2941:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:San Francisco
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2583:José Figueroa
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:Santa Barbara
2455:
2454:Pirata Buchar
2451:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:. Missionary
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2235:Spanish Crown
2232:
2231:San Francisco
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:Coastal Miwok
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:English Crown
2054:
2050:
2049:Francis Drake
2040:
2038:
2035:set out from
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:United States
2022:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:native plants
1835:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:Mission grape
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1584:Mission labor
1577:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1003:
999:
998:
992:
988:
986:
982:
981:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
958:
954:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
903:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
821:
817:
814:A drawing of
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
765:territories.
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
740:
736:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:Santa Barbara
576:
575:San Francisco
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
439:; behind the
438:
434:
429:
418:
413:
411:
406:
404:
399:
398:
396:
395:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
369:
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
327:
325:
324:
321:
316:
311:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
273:
272:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
218:
215:
214:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:The Carolinas
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
129:
128:
124:
120:
119:
116:
111:
106:
105:
101:
100:
93:
89:
88:
82:
78:
73:
67:
62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
12912:Redwood City
12887:Santa Monica
12712:Garden Grove
12319:Contra Costa
12197:
12058:Mexican rule
11932:Moctezuma II
11912:Eusebio Kino
11834:Peninsulares
11754:Architecture
11583:Lipan Apache
11520:Coahuiltecan
11502:Aridoamerica
11356:Guanahatabey
11263:Mesoamerican
11225:Cargo system
11203:Other events
11119:Eusebio Kino
10975:
10948:in New Spain
9984:Ferdinand VI
9771:Dutch Revolt
9656:Cargo system
9635:Nahuel Huapi
9547:
9513:Sierra Gorda
9310:
9300:Santa Ysabel
9262:
9120:
9081:
9047:(exhibit at
9027:
9019:
9007:
8948:
8934:
8911:
8869:
8850:
8841:
8821:
8801:
8765:
8746:
8726:
8710:
8679:
8659:
8636:
8627:
8618:
8577:
8556:
8547:
8524:
8504:
8485:
8465:
8441:
8421:
8401:
8380:
8367:. Retrieved
8363:the original
8358:
8344:. Retrieved
8340:the original
8335:
8321:. Retrieved
8317:the original
8312:
8289:
8247:
8243:
8224:
8203:
8179:
8160:
8141:
8121:
8111:
8090:
8069:
8049:
8039:
8035:
8013:
7994:
7975:
7966:
7957:
7938:
7926:
7915:. Retrieved
7911:the original
7906:
7893:
7871:
7862:
7853:
7844:
7830:. Retrieved
7826:
7802:
7789:
7780:
7771:
7767:
7761:(169): 9â24.
7758:
7754:
7745:
7736:
7713:
7701:. Retrieved
7689:
7677:
7668:
7659:
7650:
7641:
7632:
7627:Young, p. 18
7623:
7614:
7605:
7596:
7587:
7579:
7574:
7565:
7557:
7552:
7543:
7535:
7530:
7521:
7512:
7503:
7494:
7475:
7469:
7460:
7454:
7448:(169): 9â24.
7445:
7441:
7435:
7416:
7410:
7401:
7392:
7373:
7364:
7355:
7346:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7315:
7304:. Retrieved
7300:
7290:
7279:. Retrieved
7277:. 2022-07-11
7274:
7265:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7219:
7210:
7201:
7190:J.S. Alemany
7182:
7177:
7168:
7159:
7150:
7141:
7132:
7127:Cook, p. 200
7123:
7114:
7105:
7096:
7085:
7076:
7052:. Retrieved
7032:
7028:
7018:
7005:
6996:
6987:
6978:
6969:
6960:
6951:
6942:
6932:
6923:
6914:
6893:
6885:
6865:
6856:
6835:
6826:
6817:
6805:. Retrieved
6800:
6783:Kelsey, p. 4
6779:
6770:
6761:
6752:
6743:
6734:
6725:
6716:
6707:
6696:. Retrieved
6694:. 2016-12-02
6691:
6682:
6673:
6668:Yenne, p. 10
6664:
6647:James, p. 11
6643:
6634:
6625:
6616:
6607:
6595:. Retrieved
6586:
6554:
6548:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6508:
6489:
6482:
6474:
6469:
6457:. Retrieved
6448:
6438:
6426:. Retrieved
6417:
6408:
6387:
6381:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6329:
6320:
6302:
6293:
6275:
6266:
6254:
6249:
6240:
6231:
6206:
6202:
6175:
6154:
6137:Lippy, p. 47
6133:
6124:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6056:
6047:
6039:
6033:. Retrieved
6029:
6020:
5992:
5985:
5966:
5960:
5930:(2): 49â59.
5927:
5923:
5900:
5858:
5757:
5748:
5736:. Retrieved
5721:
5712:
5700:. Retrieved
5691:
5681:
5632:
5623:
5614:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5561:
5556:
5547:
5538:
5529:
5520:
5515:Young, p. 17
5511:
5492:
5487:Capron, p. 3
5483:
5474:
5463:. Retrieved
5449:(1): 23â71.
5446:
5442:
5431:
5398:
5394:
5374:Catholicism.
5372:
5349:
5293:
5253:
5230:. Retrieved
5221:
5217:
5205:
5177:
5158:
5138:
5112:
5102:
5093:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5046:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5015:
5010:
4996:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4952:
4942:
4921:
4877:
4863:
4849:
4839:
4829:
4814:conquistador
4812:
4783:in 1579 and
4771:
4761:
4739:
4727:
4722:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4672:
4662:
4652:
4635:
4625:
4615:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4550:
4510:
4485:
4460:
4444:
4023:
4016:
3994:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3910:
3904:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3819:
3808:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3756:
3751:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3720:
3715:
3705:
3695:comandancias
3694:
3692:
3497:June 3, 1770
3109:
3085:
3065:
3063:
3010:
2936:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2885:
2865:tuberculosis
2854:
2846:
2840:Some modern
2839:
2801:
2791:
2769:
2755:
2753:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2707:
2694:
2688:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2644:San Dieguito
2637:
2621:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2563:
2559:comisionados
2558:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2536:
2525:
2506:
2486:
2475:
2453:
2439:
2426:krepost' rus
2425:
2400:
2380:ethnologists
2375:
2373:
2362:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2312:
2300:
2297:Organization
2277:
2239:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2194:
2159:
2150:engaged the
2144:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2093:Vitus Bering
2082:
2046:
2013:
2003:
1992:colonization
1981:
1978:Nueva España
1977:
1967:
1940:
1937:water supply
1934:
1932:metal ores.
1909:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1876:
1865:
1847:
1827:
1824:1,164 swine.
1803:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1743:missionaries
1732:
1726:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1646:manual labor
1637:
1635:
1629:
1612:
1603:and morning
1593:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1549:
1543:
1504:
1482:
1464:
1458:
1402:
1396:
1375:
1356:
1350:
1329:
1311:
1305:
1287:
1281:
1237:
1215:
1196:
1190:
1152:
1130:
1085:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1010:
1008:
995:
978:
972:
967:
956:
950:
947:Friars Minor
942:
922:
918:
912:
885:
870:illumination
865:
859:
854:
837:and raising
828:
823:
818:prepared by
792:
784:
766:
758:
757:(town), the
754:
750:
748:
738:
723:
690:
688:
679:
666:
644:
641:
631:
609:
601:
559:memorialized
547:
532:
521:
504:
448:
446:
440:
436:
364:
282:Cargo system
251:Nahuel Huapi
147:
97:
79:missions in
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
13052:Nevada City
13012:Placerville
12877:Santa Maria
12837:Victorville
12827:Santa Clara
12812:Simi Valley
12657:Chula Vista
12632:Bakersfield
12592:Los Angeles
12499:Santa Clara
12479:San Joaquin
12379:Los Angeles
12165:Present day
12150:Development
12130:Engineering
12075:Californios
12018:Before 1900
11917:La Malinche
11290:P'urhépecha
11245:and culture
11089:Diego DurĂĄn
10931:Thomas Gage
10666:Other areas
10563:territories
10507:San Antonio
10492:Albuquerque
10467:Los Ăngeles
10417:Guadalajara
10362:Mexico City
10177:Guadalajara
10132:New Orleans
10094:Puerto Rico
10089:Philippines
10041:Guadalajara
9989:Charles III
9885:Pima Revolt
9722:(1521â1821)
9263:Asistencias
9119:Franciscan
8942:MissionTour
6611:Rawls, p. 6
6597:11 December
6530:Rawls, p. 3
6459:11 December
6428:11 December
6418:History.com
5562:asistencias
4903: /
4608:Juan CrespĂ
4281:San Gabriel
4166:Santa Clara
3999:created by
3965:campo santo
3896:illustrator
3889:lithographs
3784:Pedro Fages
3732:El Castillo
3568:Santa Clara
3308:St. Barbara
3263:Los Angeles
3238:San Gabriel
3122:, north of
3112:Camino Real
3039:(1769â1771)
3004:(1838â1844)
2994:(1827â1831)
2987:(1824â1827)
2980:(1823â1824)
2970:(1815â1820)
2963:(1812â1815)
2956:(1803â1812)
2949:(1785â1803)
2939:pro tempore
2937:presidente
2928:(1769â1784)
2898:Los Angeles
2780:land grants
2617:Franciscans
2430:fur trading
2414:Tomales Bay
2410:Point Arena
2254:Los Angeles
2212:Juan CrespĂ
2152:Franciscans
2121:Charles III
2109:teachings.
2073:Elizabeth I
2053:Nova Albion
1949:lime mortar
1889:carpinterĂa
1752:sacramental
1708:acceptable.
1000:dancers at
919:reducciones
886:cuadrĂĄngulo
767:Asistencias
632:asistencias
612:Camino Real
605:Charles III
563:Los Angeles
459:) formed a
13072:Categories
13002:Marysville
12977:Susanville
12932:San Rafael
12927:Santa Cruz
12857:Costa Mesa
12717:Santa Rosa
12622:Long Beach
12617:Sacramento
12534:Stanislaus
12504:Santa Cruz
12459:San Benito
12454:Sacramento
12135:Water wars
12117:Since 1900
12031:Precontact
11767:by country
11515:Chichimeca
11366:California
11253:Indigenous
10686:Explorers,
10611:New Mexico
10594:California
10575:La Florida
10437:Guanajuato
10387:Cuernavaca
10346:provinces,
10268:Encomienda
10248:Adelantado
10222:La Florida
10172:Valladolid
10167:Guanajuato
10119:Intendancy
10033:Audiencias
9994:Charles IV
9951:Charles II
9906:government
9831:Yaqui Wars
9825:MixtĂłn War
9666:Reductions
9580:New Mexico
9548:California
9337:Las Flores
9240:Santa Inés
9198:Santa Cruz
8369:2007-08-26
8346:2007-07-08
8323:2007-07-08
8042:(1): 1â27.
7917:2006-11-21
7832:2008-03-08
7306:2024-01-22
7281:2024-01-22
7187:Archbishop
6698:2020-10-12
6035:2023-01-09
5702:2018-03-05
5465:2018-03-05
5369:1143823194
5232:2020-07-10
5218:VQR Online
5197:1048786636
5150:References
4971:baptized."
4947:missions."
4797:James Cook
4777:Cabrillo's
4732:California
4701:papal bull
4506:Missionary
4433:San Rafael
4414:San Miguel
4186:Santa Cruz
3986:Santa Cruz
3982:San Rafael
3925:Asistencia
3833:Franciscan
3809:campanario
3643:San Rafael
3588:St. Joseph
3543:Santa Cruz
3415:San Miguel
3138:Named for
2784:Archbishop
2652:Gobernador
2648:Las Flores
2489:Santa Rosa
2282:Pedro Font
2242:California
1921:blacksmith
1877:lavanderĂa
1094:operating
960:Luis Jayme
915:reductions
882:quadrangle
665:(known as
663:Santa Cruz
583:Santa Cruz
510:reductions
477:evangelize
473:Franciscan
465:California
441:campanario
431:A view of
292:Reductions
183:New Mexico
148:California
77:Franciscan
12992:Red Bluff
12967:Hollister
12952:El Centro
12917:Yuba City
12872:Fairfield
12862:Inglewood
12822:Roseville
12792:Fullerton
12782:Sunnyvale
12777:Escondido
12742:Elk Grove
12737:Lancaster
12722:Oceanside
12647:Riverside
12642:Santa Ana
12597:San Diego
12489:San Mateo
12469:San Diego
12449:Riverside
12399:Mendocino
12329:El Dorado
12324:Del Norte
12309:Calaveras
12281:By county
12228:By region
12203:Railroads
12183:Etymology
12160:Tech boom
12105:Civil War
12100:Gold Rush
11666:Filipinos
11641:Pensacola
11621:Apalachee
11339:Caribbean
11315:Kaqchikel
10699:explorers
10570:Louisiana
10517:Pensacola
10502:Los Adaes
10482:San Diego
10452:Querétaro
10442:Zacatecas
10427:Monterrey
10182:Zacatecas
10152:Nicaragua
10147:Comayagua
10084:Guatemala
9946:Philip IV
9941:Philp III
9936:Philip II
9926:Charles I
9729:Conflicts
9720:New Spain
9640:RĂo Bueno
9610:Chiquitos
9575:Louisiana
9568:Carolinas
9331:Santa Ana
9311:Estancias
8878:cite book
8774:cite book
8697:cite book
8689:851338670
8645:cite book
6688:"History"
6373:129070895
6012:184842836
5952:161847670
5415:0038-3929
5273:917343410
4749:Carmelite
4726:The term
4657:failure."
4395:Oceanside
4205:San Diego
3776:presidios
3465:South of
3333:St. Agnes
3188:Oceanside
3163:San Diego
3141:Location
3116:San Diego
3092:San Diego
3000:The Rev.
2990:The Rev.
2983:The Rev.
2976:The Rev.
2966:The Rev.
2959:The Rev.
2952:The Rev.
2945:The Rev.
2931:The Rev.
2924:The Rev.
2873:dysentery
2869:gonorrhea
2857:influenza
2803:La Laguna
2756:neophytes
2723:Hugo Reid
2581:Governor
2450:Argentina
2446:privateer
2422:Fort Ross
2390:Pablo Tac
2288:from the
2269:violated
2256:in 1781.
2221:Margarita
2061:Jamestown
1983:New Spain
1945:aqueducts
1893:ladrillos
1777:presidios
1748:fermented
1657:presidios
1073:dysentery
1019:Hugo Reid
927:New World
890:surveying
874:workshops
831:hierarchy
801:livestock
799:and tend
793:neophytes
791:, called
680:sarampiĂłn
645:The Rev.
567:San Diego
523:monjerĂos
488:New Spain
475:order to
266:RĂo Bueno
231:Chiquitos
188:Querétaro
173:Louisiana
158:Chihuahua
13042:Lakeport
13007:Piedmont
12987:Oroville
12962:Martinez
12937:Woodland
12847:Berkeley
12842:El Monte
12787:Pasadena
12767:Torrance
12747:Palmdale
12697:Glendale
12652:Stockton
12602:San Jose
12559:Tuolumne
12519:Siskiyou
12419:Monterey
12394:Mariposa
12349:Imperial
12344:Humboldt
12251:Yosemite
12236:Bay Area
12198:Missions
12193:Maritime
12188:Highways
12175:By topic
11964:Category
11927:Limahong
11782:Missions
11646:Seminole
11631:Muscogee
11578:Comanche
11550:TepehuĂĄn
11540:La Junta
11462:Hualapai
11399:Kumeyaay
11379:Cahuilla
10657:Pampanga
10537:San Juan
10487:Santa Fe
10477:San José
10457:Saltillo
10407:Campeche
10402:Acapulco
10367:Veracruz
10277:Treaties
10231:Politics
10192:Veracruz
10157:CamagĂŒey
10005:Joseph I
9969:Philip V
9530:Trinidad
9210:San José
8546:(1801).
8463:(1915).
8280:11172568
8272:14043359
8200:(1973).
7937:(1913).
7892:(1969).
7843:(1908).
7800:(1976).
7735:(1886).
7703:27 April
7694:Archived
7381:Archived
7257:41172518
7049:25160727
6937:natives.
6874:Archived
6591:Archived
6453:Archived
6422:Archived
6365:30246725
6312:Archived
6285:Archived
6223:25161668
6116:36532399
6108:19256092
5732:Archived
5696:Archived
5671:Archived
5500:Archived
5459:Archived
5423:41172570
5313:42683042
5226:Archived
5133:in 1598.
4931:Archived
4824:in 1735.
4795:(1719),
4791:(1710),
4678:citadels
4441:See also
3974:convento
3844:Holy See
3822:historic
3070:de facto
2761:Congress
2749:Sem-Yeto
2685:in 1913.
2664:convento
2546:Monterey
2137:missions
2085:Philip V
2055:for the
1957:cisterns
1917:Iron Age
1858:rendered
1850:bakeries
1786:San Blas
1766:Ranching
1735:industry
1693:monjerĂo
1594:de facto
1041:de razĂłn
1036:monjerĂo
985:baptized
980:neophyte
968:convento
935:Catholic
933:and the
878:kitchens
843:military
776:frontier
763:colonial
751:presidio
571:San Jose
518:Catholic
437:espadaña
208:Virginia
203:Trinidad
99:a series
96:Part of
43:reviewed
13057:Alturas
13047:Jackson
13027:Willows
12942:Hanford
12882:Redding
12867:Ventura
12832:Vallejo
12817:Concord
12807:Visalia
12772:Hayward
12757:Salinas
12732:Ontario
12687:Fontana
12677:Modesto
12662:Fremont
12637:Anaheim
12627:Oakland
12584:By city
12564:Ventura
12549:Trinity
12289:Alameda
12264:Regions
12213:Slavery
12208:Ranchos
11861:Coyotes
11856:Castizo
11851:Mestizo
11841:Criollo
11719:Cebuano
11714:Tagalog
11684:Mangyan
11674:Negrito
11656:Yustaga
11651:Timucua
11598:Wichita
11593:Tonkawa
11530:Cocopah
11525:CochimĂ
11477:Quechan
11424:Serrano
11404:Luiseño
11394:Juaneño
11384:Chumash
11351:Ciboney
11325:Poqomam
11320:Zapotec
11310:Kʌicheʌ
11295:Totonac
11280:Huastec
11255:peoples
11243:Society
10652:Bulacan
10579:Florida
10497:El Paso
10447:Pachuca
10422:Durango
10397:Morelia
10344:cities,
10342:Notable
10263:Cabildo
10238:Viceroy
10207:Durango
10142:Chiapas
10104:YucatĂĄn
9979:Louis I
9904:Central
9620:CĂłrdoba
9563:Georgia
9553:Florida
9543:Arizona
9523:Yucatan
9390:Related
8921:, 2001.
8252:Bibcode
8244:Science
7725:Sources
7690:gpo.gov
7340:. UCLA.
5944:1409498
5738:7 March
4603:Juaneño
4319:Fremont
4300:Solvang
4128:Ventura
4071:Soledad
4004:Indians
4001:Salinan
3990:Soledad
3978:convent
3948:penned
3842:by the
3593:Fremont
3467:Soledad
3338:Solvang
3288:Ventura
3105:mustard
2861:measles
2679:missals
2656:pueblos
2622:ranchos
2589:passed
2365:measles
2315:natives
2264:Captain
2246:mulatto
2139:on the
2133:Jesuits
1996:awarded
1964:History
1953:bitumen
1913:foundry
1881:Chumash
1866:bodegas
1862:tanning
1781:fanegas
1756:Criolla
1605:prayers
1028:measles
1009:To the
997:Costeño
975:gentile
952:martyrs
943:pueblos
866:iglesia
781:rations
728:Moorish
684:measles
669:to the
620:priests
471:of the
453:Spanish
236:CĂłrdoba
168:Georgia
163:Florida
138:Arizona
113:of the
13037:Sonora
13032:Colusa
12997:Auburn
12972:Eureka
12957:Lompoc
12922:Madera
12902:Merced
12852:Downey
12797:Orange
12762:Pomona
12752:Corona
12682:Oxnard
12667:Irvine
12612:Fresno
12554:Tulare
12544:Tehama
12539:Sutter
12529:Sonoma
12524:Solano
12514:Sierra
12509:Shasta
12444:Plumas
12439:Placer
12434:Orange
12429:Nevada
12404:Merced
12384:Madera
12374:Lassen
12334:Fresno
12314:Colusa
12299:Amador
12294:Alpine
11885:People
11876:Negros
11866:Pardos
11846:Indios
11728:Others
11679:Igorot
11636:Jororo
11626:Calusa
11535:Kiliwa
11510:Acaxee
11482:Solano
11467:Navajo
11452:Apache
11429:Tongva
11419:Ohlone
11414:Mohave
11389:Cupeño
11346:Arawak
11285:Mixtec
11270:Aztecs
10552:Manila
10527:Havana
10512:Tucson
10412:MĂ©rida
10392:Oaxaca
10382:Toluca
10377:Puebla
10372:Xalapa
10355:Cities
10212:Sonora
10202:Oaxaca
10197:Puebla
10127:Havana
10056:Mexico
10051:Manila
9676:Jesuit
9625:ItapĂșa
9538:AjacĂĄn
9503:Mexico
9382:(1836)
9376:(1776)
9370:(1770)
9364:(1782)
9358:(1769)
9339:(1823)
9333:(1820)
9327:(1819)
9321:(1804)
9302:(1818)
9296:(1816)
9285:(1787)
9279:(1786)
9273:(1784)
9254:(1823)
9248:(1817)
9242:(1804)
9236:(1798)
9230:(1797)
9224:(1797)
9218:(1797)
9212:(1797)
9206:(1791)
9200:(1791)
9194:(1787)
9188:(1786)
9182:(1782)
9176:(1777)
9170:(1776)
9164:(1776)
9158:(1772)
9152:(1771)
9146:(1771)
9140:(1770)
9134:(1769)
8857:
8829:
8808:
8753:
8734:
8717:
8687:
8666:
8586:
8563:
8532:
8511:
8492:
8473:
8448:
8429:
8408:
8389:
8297:
8278:
8270:
8231:
8212:
8186:
8167:
8148:
8129:
8099:
8076:
8057:
8020:
8001:
7982:
7945:
7878:
7810:
7482:
7423:
7255:
7054:4 July
7047:
6902:
6807:4 July
6561:
6497:
6371:
6363:
6259:pounds
6255:fanega
6221:
6114:
6106:
6010:
6000:
5973:
5950:
5942:
5542:Harley
5421:
5413:
5367:
5357:
5311:
5301:
5271:
5261:
5195:
5185:
5078:padres
5047:padres
5016:cortes
4981:left."
4870:Loreto
4754:Madrid
4262:Sonoma
4147:Carmel
4052:Lompoc
3997:murals
3988:, and
3912:Ramona
3788:padres
3744:); and
3668:Sonoma
3492:Carmel
3365:Lompoc
3096:Sonoma
2871:, and
2646:, and
2551:padres
2412:, and
2406:Graton
2278:padres
2274:asylum
2160:padres
2029:Kansas
2021:Mexico
1972:, the
1941:zanjas
1925:forges
1919:. The
1854:tallow
1642:rosary
1638:siesta
1597:slaves
1116:Notes
1077:fevers
1057:padres
1011:padres
957:Padres
862:church
847:thatch
785:padres
759:misiĂłn
755:pueblo
743:habits
671:Tongva
587:Sonoma
581:, and
573:, and
302:Jesuit
256:Mainas
241:ItapĂșa
226:Chiloé
178:Mexico
13017:Yreka
12982:Ukiah
12897:Chico
12409:Modoc
12389:Marin
12364:Kings
12339:Glenn
12304:Butte
12125:Labor
11871:Zambo
11829:Casta
11777:Forts
11709:Bajau
11704:Lumad
11699:Panay
11573:Caddo
11555:Yaqui
11545:Opata
11409:Miwok
11305:Kowoj
11300:Pipil
10621:Texas
10617:Tejas
9671:Andes
9630:Moxos
9585:Texas
8610:Books
8276:S2CID
7697:(PDF)
7686:(PDF)
7253:JSTOR
7045:JSTOR
6369:S2CID
6361:JSTOR
6219:JSTOR
6199:(PDF)
6112:S2CID
5948:S2CID
5940:JSTOR
5419:JSTOR
5224:(2).
4542:Notes
4090:Jolon
3932:fall.
3441:Jolon
3135:Name
3090:from
2732:1850.
2730:circa
1929:smelt
1905:jacal
1901:tejas
1897:kilns
1739:maize
1727:circa
1614:atole
1107:Name
1098:."
1092:Nazis
939:Papal
855:cañas
851:reeds
839:crops
835:herds
797:crops
724:circa
297:Andes
246:Moxos
198:Texas
12907:Napa
12574:Yuba
12569:Yolo
12424:Napa
12414:Mono
12369:Lake
12359:Kern
12354:Inyo
11798:Real
11492:Zuni
11457:Hopi
11275:Maya
10647:Cebu
10547:Cebu
10432:LeĂłn
10079:Cuba
9062:and
8884:link
8855:ISBN
8827:ISBN
8806:ISBN
8793:link
8786:help
8751:ISBN
8732:ISBN
8715:ISBN
8703:link
8685:OCLC
8664:ISBN
8651:link
8584:ISBN
8561:ISBN
8530:ISBN
8509:ISBN
8490:ISBN
8471:ISBN
8446:ISBN
8427:ISBN
8406:ISBN
8387:ISBN
8295:ISBN
8268:PMID
8229:ISBN
8210:ISBN
8184:ISBN
8165:ISBN
8146:ISBN
8127:ISBN
8097:ISBN
8074:ISBN
8055:ISBN
8018:ISBN
7999:ISBN
7980:ISBN
7943:ISBN
7876:ISBN
7808:ISBN
7772:XXIX
7759:XXIX
7705:2018
7480:ISBN
7446:XXIX
7421:ISBN
7275:KTLA
7056:2023
6900:ISBN
6809:2023
6599:2015
6559:ISBN
6495:ISBN
6461:2015
6430:2015
6345:Kiva
6104:PMID
6008:OCLC
5998:ISBN
5971:ISBN
5740:2017
5411:ISSN
5365:OCLC
5355:ISBN
5309:OCLC
5299:ISBN
5269:OCLC
5259:ISBN
5193:OCLC
5183:ISBN
4928:#562
4747:, a
4588:Yuma
4581:and
3536:The
3357:The
3132:No.
2896:and
2847:The
2834:and
2507:The
2335:The
2308:Peru
2131:the
1798:plow
1601:Mass
1104:No.
962:and
771:Mass
667:LimĂș
447:The
11694:Ati
11330:Mam
9908:and
9066:at
8260:doi
8248:141
7245:doi
7037:doi
6353:doi
6211:doi
6096:doi
5932:doi
5451:doi
5403:doi
5121:in
4916:in
4912:on
3654:21
3629:20
3604:19
3579:18
3554:17
3528:16
3503:15
3478:14
3452:13
3426:12
3401:11
3376:10
3094:to
2806:in
2658:.
2371:.
2310:.
2127:to
1951:or
1758:or
1558:21
1534:20
1516:19
1495:18
1473:17
1449:16
1430:15
1411:14
1387:13
1366:12
1341:11
1320:10
1083:.
849:or
661:or
577:.
530:.
45:on
13074::
9080:.
8880:}}
8876:{{
8778::
8776:}}
8772:{{
8699:}}
8695:{{
8647:}}
8643:{{
8357:.
8334:.
8311:.
8274:.
8266:.
8258:.
8246:.
8038:.
7905:.
7825:.
7770:.
7757:.
7692:.
7688:.
7444:.
7299:.
7273:.
7251:.
7241:92
7239:.
7084:.
7064:^
7043:.
7033:16
7031:.
7027:.
6995:.
6844:^
6799:.
6788:^
6690:.
6652:^
6589:.
6585:.
6573:^
6451:.
6447:.
6420:.
6416:.
6396:^
6367:.
6359:.
6349:71
6347:.
6310:.
6283:.
6253:A
6217:.
6207:76
6205:.
6201:.
6186:^
6174:.
6163:^
6142:^
6110:.
6102:.
6092:16
6090:.
6086:.
6065:^
6038:.
6028:.
6006:.
5946:.
5938:.
5928:19
5926:.
5922:.
5910:^
5868:^
5766:^
5730:.
5694:.
5690:.
5655:^
5641:^
5457:.
5447:85
5445:.
5441:.
5417:.
5409:.
5399:93
5397:.
5393:.
5381:^
5371:.
5363:.
5335:^
5321:^
5307:.
5281:^
5267:.
5241:^
5222:75
5220:.
5216:.
5191:.
5167:^
3984:,
3919:,
3760:).
3724:);
3349:9
3324:8
3299:7
3274:6
3249:5
3224:4
3199:3
3174:2
3149:1
2867:,
2863:,
2859:,
2642:,
2530:("
2452:,
2408:,
2382:.
2348:.
2191:."
2143:.
2006:.
1619:lb
1296:9
1272:8
1253:7
1228:6
1206:5
1181:4
1163:3
1143:2
1121:1
1075:,
955::
876:,
722:,
569:,
565:,
502:.
455::
102:on
83:.
41:,
11998:e
11991:t
11984:v
10623:)
10619:(
10613:)
10609:(
10596:)
10592:(
10581:)
10577:(
10008:)
10001:(
9975:)
9971:(
9887:â
9881:â
9875:â
9869:â
9863:â
9857:â
9851:â
9845:â
9839:â
9833:â
9827:â
9803:â
9797:â
9791:â
9785:â
9779:â
9773:â
9767:â
9761:â
9755:â
9749:â
9743:â
9712:e
9705:t
9698:v
9481:e
9474:t
9467:v
9112:e
9105:t
9098:v
9051:)
8956:.
8886:)
8863:.
8835:.
8814:.
8795:)
8788:)
8759:.
8740:.
8705:)
8691:.
8672:.
8653:)
8592:.
8569:.
8538:.
8517:.
8498:.
8479:.
8454:.
8435:.
8414:.
8395:.
8372:.
8349:.
8326:.
8303:.
8282:.
8262::
8254::
8237:.
8218:.
8192:.
8173:.
8154:.
8135:.
8105:.
8082:.
8063:.
8040:8
8026:.
8007:.
7988:.
7951:.
7920:.
7884:.
7835:.
7816:.
7707:.
7488:.
7429:.
7309:.
7284:.
7259:.
7247::
7090:.
7058:.
7039::
6999:.
6908:.
6811:.
6701:.
6601:.
6567:.
6463:.
6432:.
6375:.
6355::
6261:.
6225:.
6213::
6118:.
6098::
6014:.
5979:.
5934::
5742:.
5705:.
5468:.
5453::
5425:.
5405::
5315:.
5275:.
5235:.
5199:.
4961:.
4937:.
4858:.
4734:.
4717:.
4703:(
4435:.
4416:.
4397:.
4378:.
4359:.
4340:.
4321:.
4302:.
4283:.
4264:.
4245:.
4226:.
4207:.
4188:.
4168:.
4149:.
4130:.
4111:.
4092:.
4073:.
4054:.
3976:(
3968:.
3730:(
2935:(
2424:(
2333:(
1980:(
1943:(
1856:(
1628:"
917:(
864:(
853:(
682:(
451:(
416:e
409:t
402:v
345:e
338:t
331:v
68:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
