346:
Song et al. found that 12 patients (48%) had eaten raw or uncooked frog or snake that was infected with sparganum, 5 patients (20%) had applied an animal's flesh as a poultice to an open wound, 4 patients had drunk contaminated water, and the cause of infection was not known for 4 patients. As a result of these findings, Song et al. conclude that health education about sparganosis and the importance of food sanitation should be implemented in all rural endemic areas. It has been recommended that water consumed in endemic areas should be boiled or treated to prevent ingestion of
Cyclops or Spirometra larvae. Especially in areas where ponds or ditches provide potential habitats for infected copepods, public health strategies should include education campaigns about how to identify drinking water that could potentially be infected. Strategies should warn people against ingesting the raw flesh of the intermediate hosts, such as snakes and frogs, and against using them as poultices.
337:
cerebral sparganosis without performing an excision or tissue biopsy. The most characteristic finding was the "tunnel sign" on MRI images, showing the migrating track of the worm, while the most common finding was multiple conglomerated ring-shaped enhancements, seen as bead-shaped, usually with 3 to 6 rings. These findings led Song et al. to suggest that clinical history, ELISA, and either MRI or CT scans could be sufficient to make a sparganosis diagnosis. These lesions, however, are sometimes mistaken for tuberculosis lesions. In one case cerebral sparganosis was not diagnosed for four years, during which scans showed a cluster of rings moving from the right to the left side of the brain; ultimately the worm was found on biopsy.
42:
315:
The second intermediate host is eventually eaten by a definitive host predator, such as a dog, and the cycle begins again. Humans are accidental hosts in the cycle, becoming infected with the plerocercoid larvae by contact with or ingestion of the first or second intermediate hosts. The larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissues in humans; however, no development takes place and the human is not capable of transmitting the disease. In
132:, but the spargana typically cause a painful inflammatory reaction in the tissues surrounding the subcutaneous site as they grow. Discrete subcutaneous nodules develop that may appear and disappear over a period of time. The nodules usually itch, swell, turn red, and migrate, and are often accompanied by painful edema. Seizures, hemiparesis, and headaches are also common symptoms of sparganosis, especially cerebral sparganosis, and
314:
larvae that live in the body cavity. The second intermediate hosts include fish, reptiles, or amphibians that consume the copepods. The larvae penetrate the intestinal tract of the second intermediate host, where they become plerocercoid larvae and proliferate to the subcutaneous tissues and muscles.
193:
of the second intermediate hosts on open wounds, lesions, or the eyes for medicinal or ritualistic reasons. If the poultice is infected with plerocercoid larvae, the human may become infected. According to Zunt et al., human infection most often occurs following ingestion of infected raw snake, frog,
188:
larvae. Second, humans may acquire the infection by consuming the raw flesh of one of the second intermediate hosts, such as frogs or snakes. For example, humans consume raw snakes or tadpoles for medicinal purposes in some Asian cultures; if the snakes or tadpoles are infected, the larvae may be
336:
CT and MRI scans are especially useful for diagnosis of cerebral sparganosis, as they reveal lesions in the brain. Through a retrospective analysis of 25 cases of cerebral sparganosis from 2000 to 2006, Song et al. found a number of characteristic signs that could be used in the future to diagnose
118:
is the drug of choice, although its efficacy is unknown and surgical removal of the sparganum is generally the best treatment. Public health interventions should focus on water and dietary sanitation, as well as education about the disease in rural areas and discouragement of the use of poultices.
345:
Because sparganosis is a rare infection, public health strategies have not made its prevention a priority. Public health strategies focusing on providing basic access to clean water may help to reduce future sparganosis infections. In their retrospective study of 25 cases of cerebral sparganosis,
113:
location, where they typically develop into a painful nodule. Migration to the brain results in cerebral sparganosis, while migration to the eyes results in ocular sparganosis. Sparganosis is most prevalent in
Eastern Asia, although cases have been described in countries throughout the world. In
374:
Sparganosis is endemic or potentially endemic in 48 countries, and although rare, cases have been described in Asia, Africa, Australia, South
America, and the United States. The majority of cases occur in Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa. Ocular sparganosis is especially prevalent in China and
154:
sparganosis a particularly well-described type of sparganosis. Early signs of the ocular form include eye pain, epiphora (excessive watering of the eye), and/or ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). Other signs include periorbital edema and/or edematous swelling that resembles Romana's sign in
127:
Clinical presentation of sparganosis most often occurs after the larvae have migrated to a subcutaneous location. The destination of the larvae is often a tissue or muscle in the chest, abdominal wall, extremities, or scrotum, although other sites include the eyes, brain, urinary tract, pleura,
332:
test may be used. In theory, a pre-operative diagnosis could be made by identification of exposure history and a painful, migratory, subcutaneous nodule. Sparganosis usually presents as a single nodule, while other cestode infections such as cysticercosis typically present as multiple nodules.
327:
Sparganosis is typically diagnosed following surgical removal of the worms, although the infection may also be diagnosed by identification of eosinophilia or identification of the parasite in a tissue specimen. If such biopsy and excision procedures are not feasible, the antisparganum
206:
include dogs, cats, birds, and wild carnivores, while humans are accidental hosts. First intermediate hosts include copepods and other fresh-water crustaceans, while second intermediate hosts include birds, reptiles, and amphibians. The intermediate hosts are also the reservoirs of
303:
of the definitive host—a dog, cat, raccoon, or other mammal—for up to 9 years, where they produce many eggs. When the host defecates, the unembryonated eggs leave the body in the feces and hatch when they reach fresh water. The eggs are eaten by copepods (crustaceans of the genus
354:
One treatment for sparganosis is praziquantel, administered at a dose of 120 to 150 mg/kg body weight over 2 days; however, praziquantel has had limited success. In general, infestation by one or a few sparganum larvae is often best treated by surgical removal.
194:
or pig, although contact with infected flesh of an intermediate host can also cause infection. The high prevalence in Korea may be explained by the ingestion of dog meat. In the
Western hemisphere, the most common cause of infection is drinking contaminated water.
159:, lacrimation, orbital cellulitis, exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), and/or an exposed cornea ulcer. The most common sign at presentation is a mass lesion in the eye. If untreated, ocular sparganosis can lead to blindness.
235:
The sparganum larvae are white, wrinkled, and ribbon-shaped. They range from a few millimeters in length to several centimeters. The anterior end can invaginate and bears suggestions of the sucking grooves that are present in the
1113:
1098:
1083:
365:
information to identify and characterise each parasite; treatments for the more common tapeworms can be cross-checked to see whether they are also likely to be effective against the species in question.
391:
in China in 1882, while making the post-mortem examination of a man in Amoy, China. The first case of sparganosis in the United States was reported by Stiles in 1908; this was a case of infection by
172:(MRI) scans showed a cluster of rings, initially in the right medial temporal lobe, but moving over time to the other side of the brain. The cause was not determined for four years; ultimately a
2268:
114:
total, approximately 300 cases have been described in the literature up to 2003. Diagnosis is typically not made until the sparganum larva has been surgically removed.
932:
184:
The parasite is transmitted to humans in three different ways. First, humans may acquire the infection by drinking water that is contaminated with copepods housing
1471:
148:
from location in the brain. In genital sparganosis, subcutaneous nodules are present in the groin, labia, or scrotum and may appear tumor-like.
375:
Vietnam. The highest numbers of cases occur in Korea and Japan. As of 2003, only seven cases of sparganosis had ever been described in Europe.
604:
Manson, P., Manson-Bahr, P., and
Wilcocks, C. Manson's Tropical Diseases: A Manual of the Diseases. New York: William Wood and Company, 1921.
662:
958:
Rengarajan, S; Nanjegowda, N; Bhat, D; Mahadevan, A; Sampath, S; Krishna, S (2008). "Cerebral sparganosis: a diagnostic challenge".
1178:
35:
841:
745:
Pampliglione S.; Fioravanti M.L.; Rivasi F. (2003). "Human sparganosis in Italy. Case report and review of the
European cases".
1054:
Fantahm, H.B., and
Stephens, J.W.W., and Theobald, F.V. The Animal Parasites of Man. New York: William Wood and Company, 1916.
106:(freshwater crustaceans) are the first intermediate hosts, and various amphibians and reptiles are second intermediate hosts.
856:
Iwatani K.; Kubota I.; Hirotsu Y.; et al. (2006). "Sparganum mansoni parasitic infection in the lung showing a nodule".
936:
94:
from
Florida in 1908. The infection is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water, ingestion of a second intermediate
252:. The worm's body is also characterized by a stromal network of smooth muscle. In general, plerocercoids in the East (
477:
136:
is a common sign. Clinical symptoms also vary according to the location of the sparganum; possible symptoms include
436:
John, D.T. and Petri, W.A. Markell and Voge's
Medical Parasitology. 9th edition. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2006.
102:. Humans are the accidental hosts in the life cycle, while dogs, cats, and other mammals are definitive hosts.
904:
Mueller J.F.; Coulston F. "Experimental human infection with the sparganum larva of
Spirometra mansonoides".
842:
The Guardian newspaper: Man's headaches due to tapeworm living in his brain for four years, 21 November 2014
559:
Hughes A.J., Biggs B.A. (2001). "Parasitic worms of the central nervous system: an Australian perspective".
1637:
176:
was performed and a 1 cm-long tapeworm was found and removed. The patient continued to have symptoms.
1974:
1623:
1530:
1171:
164:
169:
2228:
2151:
2122:
2234:
1315:
1259:
1128:
41:
1004:
Song, T.; Wang, W.-S.; Zhou, B.-R.; Mai, W.-W.; Li, Z.-Z.; Guo, H.-C.; Zhou, F. (1 October 2007).
319:, many larvae, rather than just a few, proliferate throughout the subcutaneous tissues of humans.
2171:
1952:
1941:
1525:
1465:
1451:
1274:
1253:
2273:
2069:
1850:
1703:
1393:
1388:
1379:
1355:
1164:
91:
1936:
1479:
1360:
1241:
628:
Garcia, L., and Bruckner, D.A. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. Herndon, VA: ASM Press, 2007.
1156:
1092:
98:
such as a frog or snake, or contact between a second intermediate host and an open wound or
2202:
2029:
1855:
1829:
1811:
1581:
8:
2241:
2216:
2143:
1796:
1745:
1320:
1301:
1247:
1236:
1117:
110:
168:, a man sought treatment for headaches, seizures, memory flashbacks and strange smells.
2102:
2088:
2008:
1980:
1960:
1930:
1790:
1765:
1665:
1615:
1506:
1437:
1340:
1032:
1005:
983:
881:
814:
789:
770:
758:
719:
694:
584:
528:
488:
469:
1122:
1335:
1280:
1187:
1139:
1037:
975:
873:
869:
819:
762:
724:
576:
572:
536:
493:
473:
30:
987:
885:
774:
588:
2135:
2128:
1994:
1608:
1576:
1027:
1017:
967:
922:
Ash, L.R. and Orihel, T.C.. Atlas of Human Parasitology. Chicago: ASCP Press, 1990.
865:
809:
801:
754:
714:
706:
568:
520:
483:
465:
310:), which are the first intermediate hosts. In the copepods, the eggs develop into
2002:
1948:
1862:
1600:
1550:
1545:
1443:
1428:
1367:
1266:
1133:
305:
300:
99:
2094:
2057:
1988:
1803:
1782:
1751:
1709:
1588:
1537:
1516:
1485:
1457:
1400:
1327:
1144:
384:
279:
eggs measure 57-66 μm by 33-37 μm, which is smaller than the eggs of
156:
128:
pericardium, and spinal canal. The early stages of disease in humans are often
95:
87:
1107:
971:
189:
transmitted to humans. Third, humans may acquire the infection by placing raw
2262:
2081:
2062:
1822:
1817:
1568:
1556:
1307:
1191:
805:
145:
2221:
2177:
2073:
1966:
1841:
1412:
1041:
979:
877:
823:
766:
728:
580:
540:
497:
133:
129:
115:
710:
2208:
2193:
2049:
1916:
1897:
1888:
1876:
1730:
1694:
1676:
1421:
1347:
1292:
1227:
141:
446:
2113:
2035:
2020:
1776:
1735:
1022:
744:
532:
311:
137:
70:
64:
1075:
1721:
1564:
1217:
1212:
151:
524:
256:) are described as larger and more delicate than those in the West.
109:
Once a human becomes infected, the plerocercoid larvae migrate to a
2162:
2043:
1921:
1870:
1685:
1199:
464:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 114. pp. 335–345.
263:
provide an example of the general morphological characteristics of
190:
103:
55:
1759:
1501:
957:
695:"Neuroparasitic Infections: Cestodes, Trematodes, and Protozoans"
1102:
1087:
362:
240:
of the mature worm. The absence of a scolex or protoscolex in
237:
173:
287:
are also ellipsoidal and have a conical, prominent operculum.
1186:
855:
383:
Diesing first named the Sparganum genus of cestodes in 1854.
329:
59:
511:
Read, Clark P. (1952). "Human Sparganosis in South Texas".
787:
460:
Lescano, Andres G; Zunt, Joseph (2013). "Other cestodes".
358:
558:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
361:
analysis of rare worms removed surgically can provide
2269:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
906:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1065:
663:
GIDEON, "Sparganosis." Date viewed February 26, 2009
1006:"CT and MR Characteristics of Cerebral Sparganosis"
903:
409:
90:in 1882, and the first human case was reported by
933:"CDC: Sparganosis, Date viewed February 25, 2009"
692:
197:
144:from location in the intestinal perforation, and
2260:
1003:
244:is a key difference in differentiating between
1172:
837:
835:
833:
459:
387:first reported sparganosis and the species
1675:
1179:
1165:
899:
897:
895:
851:
849:
333:Preoperative diagnosis, however, is rare.
40:
1031:
1021:
813:
718:
658:
656:
654:
487:
830:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
600:
598:
554:
552:
550:
462:Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology
999:
997:
892:
846:
788:Yang J.W.; Lee J.H.; Kang M.S. (2007).
378:
2261:
740:
738:
1160:
667:
631:
607:
595:
547:
140:from location in the lymph channels,
994:
510:
218:
162:In one case of brain infestation by
735:
13:
1010:American Journal of Neuroradiology
759:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110208.x
470:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00027-3
275:, with some specific differences.
14:
2285:
1061:
870:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.02028.x
573:10.1046/j.1445-5994.2002.00265.x
1048:
960:British Journal of Neurosurgery
951:
925:
916:
794:Korean Journal of Ophthalmology
781:
369:
179:
790:"A Case of Ocular Sparganosis"
504:
453:
439:
399:in the United States in 1935.
198:Hosts, reservoirs, and vectors
1:
402:
349:
340:
290:
230:
1638:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
322:
86:. It was first described by
7:
1975:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1624:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
513:The Journal of Parasitology
165:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
122:
58:caused by the plerocercoid
10:
2290:
693:Walker M.D., Zunt (2005).
447:"CDC - DPDX - Sparganosis"
395:. Mueller first described
271:eggs resemble the eggs of
211:. There are no vectors of
170:Magnetic resonance imaging
2229:Capillaria philippinensis
2192:
2161:
2152:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2123:Strongyloides stercoralis
2112:
2019:
1915:
1887:
1840:
1729:
1720:
1693:
1684:
1662:
1599:
1515:
1500:
1411:
1378:
1291:
1226:
1211:
1198:
1069:
972:10.1080/02688690802088073
561:Internal Medicine Journal
223:The incubation period of
29:
24:
2235:Intestinal capillariasis
1316:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
806:10.3341/kjo.2007.21.1.48
2222:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2172:Enterobius vermicularis
1953:Cutaneous larva migrans
1526:Echinococcus granulosus
1466:Heterophyes heterophyes
1452:Gastrodiscoides hominis
1275:Trichobilharzia regenti
858:Pathology International
227:is 20 days to 3 years.
2070:Visceral larva migrans
1851:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1704:Dracunculus medinensis
1610:Diphyllobothrium latum
1389:Paragonimus westermani
1356:Opisthorchis viverrini
397:Spirometra mansonoides
92:Charles Wardell Stiles
1937:Ancylostoma duodenale
1480:Metagonimus yokogawai
711:10.1055/s-2005-917663
699:Seminars in Neurology
393:Spirometra proliferum
2203:Trichinella spiralis
2030:Ascaris lumbricoides
1830:Lymphatic filariasis
1812:Wuchereria bancrofti
379:History of discovery
202:Definitive hosts of
2217:Trichuris trichiura
2144:Trichostrongyliasis
1746:Onchocerca volvulus
1302:Clonorchis sinensis
1237:Schistosoma mansoni
1218:Trematode infection
56:parasitic infection
36:Infectious diseases
16:Parasitic infection
2103:Parascaris equorum
2089:Dioctophyme renale
2009:Oesophagostomiasis
1981:Angiostrongyliasis
1961:Necator americanus
1931:Hookworm infection
1791:Dirofilaria repens
1616:Diphyllobothriasis
1507:Tapeworm infection
1438:Fasciolopsis buski
1023:10.3174/ajnr.A0659
449:. 22 January 2019.
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2188:
2187:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1532:E. multilocularis
1496:
1495:
1336:Fasciola hepatica
1188:Parasitic disease
1154:
1153:
389:Sparganum mansoni
219:Incubation period
49:
48:
19:Medical condition
2281:
2137:Trichostrongylus
2129:Strongyloidiasis
1995:Metastrongylosis
1727:
1726:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1577:Hymenolepis nana
1513:
1512:
1413:Intestinal fluke
1224:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1016:(9): 1700–1705.
1001:
992:
991:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
939:on March 5, 2013
935:. Archived from
929:
923:
920:
914:
913:
901:
890:
889:
853:
844:
839:
828:
827:
817:
785:
779:
778:
742:
733:
732:
722:
690:
665:
660:
629:
626:
605:
602:
593:
592:
556:
545:
544:
508:
502:
501:
491:
457:
451:
450:
443:
437:
434:
45:
44:
22:
21:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2184:
2157:
2108:
2015:
2003:Oesophagostomum
1949:Ancylostomiasis
1919:
1903:
1883:
1863:Gnathostomiasis
1836:
1733:
1716:
1667:
1664:
1650:
1601:Pseudophyllidea
1595:
1546:Taenia saginata
1504:
1492:
1444:Fasciolopsiasis
1429:Echinostomiasis
1407:
1374:
1368:Opisthorchiasis
1287:
1267:Schistosomiasis
1261:S. intercalatum
1215:
1213:Fluke/trematode
1204:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1078:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1002:
995:
956:
952:
942:
940:
931:
930:
926:
921:
917:
902:
893:
854:
847:
840:
831:
786:
782:
743:
736:
691:
668:
661:
632:
627:
608:
603:
596:
567:(11): 541–543.
557:
548:
525:10.2307/3274168
509:
505:
480:
458:
454:
445:
444:
440:
435:
410:
405:
381:
372:
352:
343:
325:
301:small intestine
293:
233:
221:
200:
182:
146:brain abscesses
125:
100:mucous membrane
39:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2095:Dioctophymosis
2085:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2058:Toxocara canis
2054:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1989:Metastrongylus
1985:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1943:A. braziliense
1933:
1927:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1804:Dirofilariasis
1794:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1783:Mansonelliasis
1773:
1772:
1771:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:Onchocerciasis
1741:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1710:Dracunculiasis
1699:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:Hymenolepiasis
1573:
1572:
1571:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1538:Echinococcosis
1521:
1519:
1517:Cyclophyllidea
1510:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:Metagonimiasis
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:Heterophyiasis
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:Amphistomiasis
1448:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1401:Paragonimiasis
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:Dicrocoeliasis
1312:
1311:
1310:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:Swimmer's itch
1271:
1270:
1269:
1255:S. haematobium
1232:
1230:
1221:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1125:
1110:
1095:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:Classification
1063:
1062:External links
1060:
1057:
1056:
1047:
993:
966:(6): 784–786.
950:
924:
915:
891:
845:
829:
780:
734:
705:(3): 262–277.
666:
630:
606:
594:
546:
503:
478:
452:
438:
407:
406:
404:
401:
385:Patrick Manson
380:
377:
371:
368:
351:
348:
342:
339:
324:
321:
292:
289:
285:S. mansonoides
283:. The eggs of
277:S. mansonoides
269:S. mansonoides
261:S. mansonoides
232:
229:
220:
217:
199:
196:
181:
178:
157:Chagas disease
124:
121:
88:Patrick Manson
80:S. mansonoides
47:
46:
33:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2286:
2275:
2274:Helminthiases
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:Baylisascaris
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:Brugia malayi
1814:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:Cysticercosis
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:P. kellicotti
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:Clonorchiasis
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:platyhelminth
1197:
1193:
1192:helminthiases
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
938:
934:
928:
919:
911:
907:
900:
898:
896:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
864:(11): 674–7.
863:
859:
852:
850:
843:
838:
836:
834:
825:
821:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:(2): 349–54.
752:
748:
741:
739:
730:
726:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
664:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
601:
599:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
553:
551:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
499:
495:
490:
485:
481:
479:9780444534903
475:
471:
467:
463:
456:
448:
442:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
408:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
376:
367:
364:
360:
356:
347:
338:
334:
331:
320:
318:
317:S. proliferum
313:
309:
308:
302:
298:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
246:Taenia solium
243:
239:
228:
226:
216:
214:
210:
205:
195:
192:
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
166:
160:
158:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
138:elephantiasis
135:
131:
120:
117:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:
67:
66:
62:of the genus
61:
57:
53:
43:
37:
34:
32:
28:
23:
2242:
2227:
2215:
2201:
2178:Enterobiasis
2170:
2150:
2136:
2121:
2101:
2087:
2080:
2074:Toxocariasis
2063:
2056:
2042:
2028:
2001:
1987:
1973:
1967:Necatoriasis
1959:
1942:
1935:
1896:
1869:
1856:
1849:
1842:Thelazioidea
1823:
1816:
1810:
1797:
1789:
1775:
1766:
1758:
1744:
1702:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1609:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1531:
1524:
1478:
1464:
1450:
1436:
1427:
1420:
1394:
1387:
1361:
1354:
1342:F. gigantica
1341:
1334:
1321:
1314:
1300:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1243:S. japonicum
1242:
1235:
1138:
1127:
1112:
1097:
1082:
1050:
1013:
1009:
963:
959:
953:
943:February 27,
941:. Retrieved
937:the original
927:
918:
909:
905:
861:
857:
800:(1): 48–50.
797:
793:
783:
750:
746:
702:
698:
564:
560:
519:(1): 29–31.
516:
512:
506:
461:
455:
441:
396:
392:
388:
382:
373:
370:Epidemiology
357:
353:
344:
335:
326:
316:
306:
299:live in the
296:
294:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:The eggs of
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
234:
224:
222:
212:
208:
203:
201:
185:
183:
180:Transmission
163:
161:
150:
134:eosinophilia
130:asymptomatic
126:
116:Praziquantel
111:subcutaneous
108:
83:
79:
75:
69:
63:
51:
50:
2243:C. hepatica
2209:Trichinosis
2194:Adenophorea
2050:Anisakiasis
1917:Strongylida
1898:Gongylonema
1889:Spiruroidea
1877:Thelaziasis
1857:G. hispidum
1731:Filarioidea
1695:Camallanida
1677:Secernentea
1644:Sparganosis
1630:Sparganosis
1583:H. diminuta
1552:T. asiatica
1422:Echinostoma
1362:O. felineus
1348:Fasciolosis
1293:Liver fluke
1228:Blood fluke
142:peritonitis
84:S. erinacei
52:Sparganosis
25:Sparganosis
2263:Categories
2114:Rhabditida
2036:Ascariasis
2021:Ascaridida
1798:D. immitis
1777:Mansonella
1769:filariasis
1736:Filariasis
1663:Roundworm/
1380:Lung fluke
1249:S. mekongi
1190:caused by
1140:DiseasesDB
403:References
350:Management
341:Prevention
312:procercoid
297:Spirometra
295:The adult
291:Life cycle
265:Spirometra
254:S. mansoni
250:Spirometra
242:Spirometra
231:Morphology
225:Spirometra
213:Spirometra
209:Spirometra
204:Spirometra
186:Spirometra
76:S. ranarum
71:S. mansoni
68:including
65:Spirometra
1824:B. timori
1722:Spirurida
1668:infection
1565:Taeniasis
1558:T. solium
1322:D. hospes
1205:infection
1200:Flatworm/
912:(3): 399.
323:Diagnosis
191:poultices
31:Specialty
2163:Oxyurida
2044:Anisakis
1922:hookworm
1871:Thelazia
1686:Spiruria
1666:Nematode
1042:17885230
988:43485356
980:18661311
886:38237947
878:17040290
824:17460433
775:35038609
767:12716392
729:16170739
589:45715716
581:12412938
541:14928149
498:23829923
281:D. latum
273:D. latum
123:Symptoms
104:Copepods
2064:T. cati
1767:Loa loa
1760:Loa loa
1502:Cestoda
1134:D013031
1033:8134205
815:2629689
720:2683840
533:3274168
489:4080899
307:Cyclops
1560:(pork)
1040:
1030:
986:
978:
884:
876:
822:
812:
773:
765:
727:
717:
587:
579:
539:
531:
496:
486:
476:
363:genome
267:eggs.
238:scolex
174:biopsy
152:Ocular
60:larvae
38:
1145:32210
1123:123.5
1108:B70.1
984:S2CID
882:S2CID
771:S2CID
747:APMIS
585:S2CID
529:JSTOR
330:ELISA
54:is a
2139:spp.
1129:MeSH
1118:9-CM
1093:1F75
1038:PMID
976:PMID
945:2009
874:PMID
820:PMID
763:PMID
725:PMID
577:PMID
537:PMID
494:PMID
474:ISBN
248:and
96:host
82:and
1114:ICD
1099:ICD
1084:ICD
1028:PMC
1018:doi
968:doi
866:doi
810:PMC
802:doi
755:doi
751:111
715:PMC
707:doi
569:doi
521:doi
484:PMC
466:doi
359:DNA
2265::
2072:/
2061:/
1951:/
1940:/
1854:/
1821:/
1815:/
1580:/
1567:/
1555:/
1549:/
1529:/
1392:/
1359:/
1339:/
1319:/
1258:/
1252:/
1246:/
1240:/
1143::
1132::
1121::
1106::
1103:10
1091::
1088:11
1036:.
1026:.
1014:28
1012:.
1008:.
996:^
982:.
974:.
964:22
962:.
910:21
908:.
894:^
880:.
872:.
862:56
860:.
848:^
832:^
818:.
808:.
798:21
796:.
792:.
769:.
761:.
749:.
737:^
723:.
713:.
703:25
701:.
697:.
669:^
633:^
609:^
597:^
583:.
575:.
565:32
563:.
549:^
535:.
527:.
517:38
515:.
492:.
482:.
472:.
411:^
215:.
78:,
74:,
2224:)
2220:(
1924:)
1920:(
1738:)
1734:(
1509:)
1505:(
1220:)
1216:(
1180:e
1173:t
1166:v
1116:-
1101:-
1086:-
1076:D
1044:.
1020::
990:.
970::
947:.
888:.
868::
826:.
804::
777:.
757::
731:.
709::
591:.
571::
543:.
523::
500:.
468::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
