37:
292:
the plerocercoid larvae and migrate and encyst into the subcutaneous tissues and muscles. After this step in the life cycle, the second intermediate host can get eaten by a larger fish or animal, but the plerocercoid larvae will not develop to a further developmental stage and will just re-encysts into the subcutaneous tissues and muscles of this new host. If this additional second intermediate host does not get eaten by a
341:
infection in humans, a serodiagnosis ELISA can be used to target anti-sparganum IgG antibodies within the blood. This diagnostic method is useful around 10–12 days post infection and is almost 100% effective at detecting the anti-sparganum antibodies in the 14–22 days post infection. Serodiagnosis of
291:
larvae that live in the body cavity of the copepod until the life cycle can continue. The second intermediate hosts include fish, reptiles, or amphibians that consume the copepods while drinking water. The larvae penetrate the intestinal tract of the second intermediate host, where they develop into
286:
of the definitive host—a dog, cat, raccoon, or other mammal—for up to 9 years, where they produce many eggs. When the host defecates, the eggs leave the body in the feces and hatch when they reach fresh water. The eggs are then eaten by copepods, which are considered the first intermediate hosts. In
296:
host, then the second intermediate host will eventually get eaten by a definitive host predator, typically a cat, and the cycle begins again. Humans are accidental hosts in the cycle, becoming infected with the plerocercoid larvae by ingestion of the first or second intermediate hosts. The larvae
321:. Sparganosis usually appears as slowly growing migratory subcutaneous nodules in the tissues of infected intermediate and paratenic hosts. The parasite can be found anywhere in the body including central nervous system. Few humans have died from this kind of infection, called
346:
excretory-secretory proteins. This option proves to be the best choice for early diagnostic methods in regards to early antigen identification. Some imaging methods such as CT or MRI scans can be used to identify spargana larvae in other areas of the body, like the brain.
355:
because they have medial genital pores, but the actual genus of the worm could not be specifically identified from proglottids alone. The specificity of the worm genus or species would require differentiation based upon the uterus and egg morphology.
371:
species can be treated with praziquantel at 30-35 mg/kg, PO of SQ, for 2 consecutive days. Mebendazole at 11 mg/kg, PO, has also been successful. Taking an infected animal to a vet is the best option for ridding a pet of any developmental stage.
203:. The copepods are eaten by a second intermediate host to continue the life cycle. Humans can become infected if they accidentally eat frog legs or fish with the plerocercoid stage encysted in the muscle. In humans, an infection of
350:
When diagnosing an infection in animals, proglottids from the worm itself may have broken off and ended up in the feces along with eggs. The proglottids can be microscopically identified as being in the Order of
342:
sparganosis is a useful early detection method. Another method of diagnosing sparganosis is a biopsy of a subcutaneous sample. An early detection sera detects the cysteine protease of some species of
642:
Liu LN, Zhang X, Jiang P, Liu RD, Zhou J, He RZ, Cui J, Wang ZQ (February 2015). "Serodiagnosis of sparganosis by ELISA using recombinant cysteine protease of
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana".
309:
infection depends on the ending location of the migrating sparganum. The adult stage typically causes little to no pathology in the host. In paratenic hosts, plerocercoids migrate mainly to
234:, which is the main cause of infections in Europe and Asia, and rarely but sometimes in North and South America. The species that is the leading cause of infections in the Americas is
717:
685:
297:
migrate to the subcutaneous tissues in humans; however, no further development takes place and the human is not capable of transmitting the disease.
230:
from
Florida in 1908. Among this family of flatworms, there are a few species that show up most prominently in infections. One of these species is
537:
364:
The best way to treat this condition in humans is with surgery, as most drug treatments are unsuccessful at getting rid of the larval stages.
894:
568:
196:
481:
855:
881:
953:
886:
375:
Infection of humans may be prevented by avoiding eating under-cooked frog or fish, and avoiding drinking infected water.
834:
920:
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847:
325:. For more information about the symptoms and pathology associated with sparganosis, see the disease page of
693:
808:
803:
790:
36:
925:
576:
958:
600:"Immunoproteomic Analysis of the Excretory-Secretory Proteins from Spirometra mansoni Sparganum"
743:
227:
183:, but can also cause pathology in humans if infected. As an adult, this tapeworm lives in the
912:
781:
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8:
310:
948:
667:
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448:
98:
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31:
907:
816:
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621:
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821:
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795:
403:
283:
188:
184:
169:
842:
829:
766:
223:
655:
942:
663:
625:
460:
318:
868:
775:
482:"Spirometra species | American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists"
326:
322:
208:
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513:
452:
288:
873:
293:
48:
737:
444:
760:
68:
200:
180:
176:
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78:
266: has been identified in cats, dogs, and leopards. Finally,
262:
was also discovered when scientists fed dogs larvae from frogs.
58:
270:
was identified through an infection of an ocelot in
Trinidad.
431:
Read CP (February 1952). "Human sparganosis in South Texas".
314:
226:
from China in 1882, and the first human case was reported by
192:
165:
598:
Hu DD, Cui J, Wang L, Liu LN, Wei T, Wang ZQ (July 2013).
242:that have been diagnosed as causing infections are
195:. When the eggs reach water, the eggs hatch into
940:
641:
718:"Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats - Digestive System"
191:and produces eggs that pass with the animal's
514:"Spirometra - Details - Encyclopedia of Life"
597:
359:
615:
313:from the small intestine, causing pain,
254:was found in domestic cats, as well as
244:Spirometra felis, Spirometra decipiens,
941:
742:
741:
712:
710:
569:"Sparganosis: A Zoonotic Cestodiasis"
848:7d9cd747-a2f7-4b58-afc0-cbe65825446b
686:"Tropical Medicine Central Resource"
637:
635:
563:
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472:
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430:
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398:
396:
394:
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287:the copepods, the eggs develop into
222:infections were first described by
13:
707:
573:UGA College of Veterinary Medicine
14:
970:
632:
554:
503:
467:
421:
385:
35:
604:Iranian Journal of Parasitology
575:. July 31, 2013. Archived from
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591:
530:
1:
378:
273:
954:Parasitic animals of mammals
367:In animals, infections with
332:
300:
7:
433:The Journal of Parasitology
232:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
10:
975:
404:"CDC - DPDx - Sparganosis"
214:
750:
656:10.1007/s00436-014-4270-5
121:
116:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
360:Treatment and prevention
722:Merck Veterinary Manual
236:Spirometra mansonoides.
238:Some other species of
228:Charles Wardell Stiles
644:Parasitology Research
260:Spirometra decipiens)
256:Spirometra decipiens.
843:Fauna Europaea (new)
542:web.gideononline.com
518:Encyclopedia of Life
311:subcutaneous tissues
282:species live in the
264:Spirometra decipiens
258:This same species, (
690:www.isradiology.org
305:The pathology of a
199:which are eaten by
125:S. erinaceieuropaei
278:The adult worm of
248:Spirometra urichi.
175:that reproduce in
99:Diphyllobothriidae
89:Diphyllobothriidea
16:Genus of tapeworms
936:
935:
908:Open Tree of Life
744:Taxon identifiers
579:on April 24, 2018
268:Spirometra urichi
157:
156:
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692:. Archived from
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538:"GIDEON Sign In"
534:
528:
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510:
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488:. Archived from
478:
465:
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428:
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252:Spirometra felis
40:
39:
21:
20:
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445:10.2307/3274168
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353:Pseudophyllidea
335:
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284:small intestine
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217:
189:definitive host
185:small intestine
69:Platyhelminthes
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
972:
962:
961:
959:Cestoda genera
956:
951:
934:
933:
931:
930:
917:
904:
891:
878:
865:
852:
839:
830:Fauna Europaea
826:
813:
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787:
772:
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677:
631:
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466:
420:
383:
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361:
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337:To diagnose a
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331:
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275:
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224:Patrick Manson
216:
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155:
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147:
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130:S. mansonoides
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2:
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696:on 2017-03-02
695:
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627:
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613:
610:(3): 408–16.
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492:on 2018-04-24
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170:pseudophyllid
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751:
725:. Retrieved
721:
698:. Retrieved
694:the original
689:
680:
650:(2): 753–7.
647:
643:
607:
603:
593:
581:. Retrieved
577:the original
572:
545:. Retrieved
541:
532:
521:. Retrieved
517:
494:. Retrieved
490:the original
486:www.aavp.org
485:
439:(1): 29–31.
436:
432:
412:. Retrieved
410:. 2017-12-30
407:
374:
368:
366:
363:
352:
349:
343:
338:
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319:inflammation
306:
304:
279:
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267:
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250:The species
247:
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160:
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149:
144:
140:S. decipiens
139:
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129:
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109:
108:
24:
18:
869:iNaturalist
776:Wikispecies
408:www.cdc.gov
327:sparganosis
323:sparganosis
209:sparganosis
943:Categories
796:Spirometra
782:Spirometra
752:Spirometra
727:2018-04-24
700:2018-04-24
547:2018-04-24
523:2018-04-24
496:2018-04-24
414:2018-04-24
379:References
369:Spirometra
344:Spirometra
339:Spirometra
307:Spirometra
289:procercoid
280:Spirometra
274:Life cycle
240:Spirometra
220:Spirometra
207:is termed
205:Spirometra
161:Spirometra
150:S. ranarum
110:Spirometra
25:Spirometra
949:Eucestoda
583:April 24,
333:Diagnosis
301:Pathology
294:paratenic
197:coracidia
145:S. urichi
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
767:Q7578189
761:Wikidata
672:16815760
664:25532486
626:24454434
461:14928149
201:copepods
173:cestodes
135:S. felis
117:Species
95:Family:
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
926:1030498
887:1059466
861:4407605
617:3887242
453:3274168
215:History
187:of its
181:felines
177:canines
105:Genus:
85:Order:
79:Cestoda
75:Class:
913:490732
874:417449
835:412118
809:163712
670:
662:
624:
614:
459:
451:
317:, and
921:WoRMS
900:46580
822:7Q2LV
668:S2CID
449:JSTOR
315:edema
193:feces
166:genus
164:is a
895:NCBI
882:ITIS
856:GBIF
804:BOLD
660:PMID
622:PMID
585:2018
457:PMID
246:and
179:and
817:CoL
791:AFD
652:doi
648:114
612:PMC
441:doi
168:of
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923::
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634:^
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387:^
329:.
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608:8
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
