40:
738:
368:
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250:
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616:) are up to 5.8 cm longâabout 20 times as long as the fly itself. Longer sperm cells are better than their shorter counterparts at displacing competitors from the female's seminal receptacle. The benefit to females is that only healthy males carry "good" genes that can produce long sperm in sufficient quantities to outcompete their competitors.
602:, a bifunctional alkylating agent frequently employed in chemotherapy, induces DNA lesions during meiosis that may persist in an unrepaired state as germ cells progress through DNA repair-competent phases of spermatogenic development. Such unrepaired DNA damages in sperm cells, after fertilization, can lead to offspring with various abnormalities.
589:
DNA damages present in sperm cells in the period after meiosis but before fertilization may be repaired in the fertilized egg, but if not repaired, can have serious deleterious effects on fertility and the developing embryo. Human sperm cells are particularly vulnerable to free radical attack and the
1021:
Most sperm cells have centrioles in the sperm neck. Sperm of many animals has two typical centrioles, known as the proximal centriole and distal centriole. Some animals (including humans and bovines) have a single typical centriole, the proximal centriole, as well as a second centriole with atypical
597:
The postmeiotic phase of mouse spermatogenesis is very sensitive to environmental genotoxic agents, because as male germ cells form mature sperm they progressively lose the ability to repair DNA damage. Irradiation of male mice during late spermatogenesis can induce damage that persists for at least
652:
has a well-developed system of human sperm export. This success mainly comes from the reputation of Danish sperm donors for being of high quality and, in contrast with the law in the other Nordic countries, gives donors the choice of being either anonymous or non-anonymous to the receiving couple.
801:
256:
254:
251:
255:
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Furthermore, Nordic sperm donors tend to be tall and highly educated and have altruistic motives for their donations, partly due to the relatively low monetary compensation in Nordic countries. More than 50 countries worldwide are importers of Danish sperm, including
1266:
Lee, William; Zamudio-Ochoa, Angelica; Buchel, Gina; Podlesniy, Petar; Marti
Gutierrez, Nuria; PuigrĂČs, Margalida; Calderon, Anna; Tang, Hsin-Yao; Li, Li; Mikhalchenko, Aleksei; Koski, Amy; Trullas, Ramon; Mitalipov, Shoukhrat; Temiakov, Dmitry (October 2023).
253:
1427:
Fishman, Emily L; Jo, Kyoung; Nguyen, Quynh P. H; Kong, Dong; Royfman, Rachel; Cekic, Anthony R; Khanal, Sushil; Miller, Ann L; Simerly, Calvin; Schatten, Gerald; Loncarek, Jadranka; Mennella, Vito; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer (2018).
177:. The spermatids then mature and, in animals, construct a tail, or flagellum, which gives rise to the mature, motile sperm cell. This whole process occurs constantly and takes around 3 months from start to finish.
815:
Motile sperm cells typically move via flagella and require a water medium in order to swim toward the egg for fertilization. In animals most of the energy for sperm motility is derived from the metabolism of
1695:
Singh NP, Muller CH, Berger RE. Effects of age on DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in human sperm. Fertil Steril. 2003 Dec;80(6):1420-30. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.04.002. PMID: 14667878
824:
located in the sperm's midpiece (at the base of the sperm head). These cells cannot swim backwards due to the nature of their propulsion. The uniflagellated sperm cells (with one flagellum) of
598:
7 days in the fertilizing sperm cells, and disruption of maternal DNA double-strand break repair pathways increases sperm cell-derived chromosomal aberrations. Treatment of male mice with
394:, is the longest part and capable of wave-like motion that propels sperm for swimming and aids in the penetration of the egg. The tail was formerly thought to move symmetrically in a
252:
582:
decreases with age suggesting that the increase in damaged DNA of sperm as men age occurs partly as a result of less efficient cell selection (apoptosis) operating during or after
992:, the nucleus of the generative cell in the pollen grain divides and gives rise to two sperm nuclei, which are then discharged through the tube into the ovule for fertilization.
681:. The prevalence of CreutzfeldtâJakob disease for donors is at most one in a million, and if the donor was a carrier, the infectious proteins would still have to cross the
976:, eliminating the need for water to bridge the gap between male and female. Each pollen grain contains a spermatogenous (generative) cell. Once the pollen lands on the
2045:
1705:
Gavriliouk D, Aitken RJ (2015). "Damage to Sperm DNA Mediated by
Reactive Oxygen Species: Its Impact on Human Reproduction and the Health Trajectory of Offspring".
286:
A widespread hypothesis states that sperm evolved rapidly, but there is no direct evidence that sperm evolved at a fast rate or before other male characteristics.
2188:
948:, spermatia are identical to microconidia as they can perform both functions of fertilization as well as giving rise to new organisms without fertilization.
1061:
2683:
1667:
497:. In the spermatid stage, the sperm develops the familiar tail. The next stage where it becomes fully mature takes around 60 days when it is called a
1007:
antheridium surrounding the egg cells. The sperm nuclei reach the eggs through fertilization tubes, similar to the pollen tube mechanism in plants.
2321:
2152:
Allery, J. P; Telmon, N; Mieusset, R; Blanc, A; Rougé, D (2001). "Cytological detection of spermatozoa: Comparison of three staining methods".
1569:
3238:
1383:
Lehti, M. S. and A. Sironen (2017). "Formation and function of sperm tail structures in association with sperm motility defects." Bi
3408:
3077:
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3418:
2448:"A Proximal Centriole-Like Structure Is Present in Drosophila Spermatids and Can Serve as a Model to Study Centriole Duplication"
1487:"A Proximal Centriole-Like Structure is Present in Drosophila Spermatids and Can Serve as a Model to Study Centriole Duplication"
505:. Human sperm cells can survive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5 days post coitus. Semen is produced in the
2676:
1857:"Meiotic interstrand DNA damage escapes paternal repair and causes chromosomal aberrations in the zygote by maternal misrepair"
558:
Sperm quantity and quality are the main parameters in semen quality, which is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish
2230:
1722:
1547:
1201:
1150:
2042:
1374:
Fawcett, D. W. (1981) Sperm
Flagellum. In: The Cell. D. W. Fawcett. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company. 14: pp. 604-640.
347:
is degraded while sperm cells are maturing, hence they typically do not contribute any genetic material to their offspring.
999:, fertilization also involves sperm nuclei, rather than cells, migrating toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube.
678:
610:
Related to sperm quality is sperm size, at least in some animals. For instance, the sperm of some species of fruit fly (
2064:
481:
division. The initial spermatozoon process takes around 70 days to complete. The process starts with the production of
721:, irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface. Sperm heads, e.g. from vaginal swabs, are still detected by
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2013:
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674:
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1219:"Repeated evidence that the accelerated evolution of sperm is associated with their fertilization function"
670:
2446:
Blachon, S.; Cai, X.; Roberts, K. A.; Yang, K.; Polyanovsky, A.; Church, A.; Avidor-Reiss, T. (May 2009).
3208:
2640:
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Neck: also called connecting piece contains one typical centriole and one atypical centriole such as the
2119:
Fiedler, Anja; Rehdorf, Jessica; Hilbers, Florian; Johrdan, Lena; Stribl, Carola; Benecke, Mark (2008).
3341:
3151:
2911:
2867:
2734:
2121:"Detection of Semen (Human and Boar) and Saliva on Fabrics by a Very High Powered UV-/VIS-Light Source"
903:, produce non-motile spermatia that are spread by water currents after their release. The spermatia of
591:
521:
17:
859:. The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life cycle of these plants. In many ferns and
283:
from isogamy, there is a strong emphasis on mathematical models to understand the evolution of sperm.
239:
3336:
3313:
3298:
3213:
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is the ancestor to sperm and eggs. Because there are no fossil records of the evolution of sperm and
1748:"DNA repair decline during mouse spermiogenesis results in the accumulation of heritable DNA damage"
1324:
Boitrelle, F; Guthauser, B; Alter, L; Bailly, M; Wainer, R; Vialard, F; Albert, M; Selva, J (2013).
893:
Because spermatia cannot swim, they depend on their environment to carry them to the egg cell. Some
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3161:
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153:. This process involves the production of several successive sperm cell precursors, starting with
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3013:
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with densely coiled chromatin fibers, surrounded anteriorly by a thin, flattened sac called the
2599:
1485:
Blachon, S; Cai, X; Roberts, K. A; Yang, K; Polyanovsky, A; Church, A; Avidor-Reiss, T (2009).
1041:
930:
Fungal spermatia (also called pycniospores, especially in the
Uredinales) may be confused with
725:
using the "Christmas Tree Stain" method, i.e., Kernechtrot-Picroindigocarmine (KPIC) staining.
410:
212:
31:
1140:
677:, although such a risk is insignificant, since artificial insemination is very different from
3218:
3176:
3171:
3099:
2569:
2315:
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are covered with a sticky substance. They are produced in flask-shaped structures containing
39:
2600:"Formation and function of sperm tail structures in association with sperm motility defects"
1635:
Cyranoski, David (2016). "Researchers claim to have made artificial mouse sperm in a dish".
1535:
749:
2942:
2508:
1929:
1868:
1809:
1441:
1071:
969:
682:
525:
8:
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3138:
2999:
2840:
2799:
571:
146:
79:
2512:
2081:
1933:
1872:
1813:
1445:
1301:
1268:
387:, which contains enzymes used for penetrating the female egg. It also contains vacuoles.
3393:
3308:
3228:
3045:
2972:
2918:
2899:
2751:
2746:
2624:
2529:
2496:
2472:
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1953:
1913:
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1797:
1778:
1648:
1511:
1486:
1462:
1429:
1352:
1325:
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1040:(aka flagella). In many animals the sperm tail is formed through the unique process of
920:
673:(FDA) of the US has banned import of any sperm, motivated by a risk of transmission of
1596:"Assessment of human sperm function after recovery from the female reproductive tract"
3223:
2992:
2923:
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2756:
2588:
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2534:
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1994:
1945:
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has a single centriole and an atypical centriole named the proximal centriole-like.
409:
has a central filamentous core with many mitochondria spiralled around it, used for
371:
Dimensions of the human sperm head measured from a 39-year-old healthy human subject
3320:
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1984:
1957:
1937:
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1798:"Disruption of maternal DNA repair increases sperm-derived chromosomal aberrations"
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1506:
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1406:
1347:
1337:
1296:
1280:
1238:
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863:, cycads and ginkgo they are multi-flagellated (carrying more than one flagellum).
506:
570:. The genetic quality of sperm, as well as its volume and motility, all typically
3196:
2987:
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2786:
2761:
2220:
2049:
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466:
130:
111:
2497:"Shared and Distinct Mechanisms of Compartmentalized and Cytosolic Ciliogenesis"
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1714:
1709:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 868. pp. 23â47.
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artificially. They injected these spermatids into mouse eggs and produced pups.
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2819:
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1802:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1540:
A color atlas for human assisted reproduction: laboratory and clinical insights
1453:
1284:
625:
514:
510:
67:
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structure. Mice and rats have no recognizable sperm centrioles. The fruit fly
3387:
3293:
3057:
3040:
3035:
3030:
2709:
2413:
2283:
1912:
LĂŒpold, Stefan; Manier, Mollie K; Puniamoorthy, Nalini; Schoff, Christopher;
1292:
904:
559:
551:
537:
490:
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438:
430:
360:
336:
185:
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Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited lifespan, but after fusion with
154:
2611:
1918:"How sexual selection can drive the evolution of costly sperm ornamentation"
1822:
634:
hold up to 170 litres (37 imp gal; 45 US gal) of sperm.
3250:
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2771:
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1998:
1949:
1898:
1841:
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1471:
1430:"A novel atypical sperm centriole is functional during human fertilization"
1410:
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1310:
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1234:
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498:
380:
321:
295:
162:
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2299:
2189:"The Presidents's DNA Initiative: Semen Stain Identification: Kernechtrot"
1621:
709:, which thought that each sperm contained a fully formed but small human.
3084:
3022:
2889:
2850:
2766:
1326:"The nature of human sperm head vacuoles: a systematic literature review"
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973:
957:
887:
829:
769:
638:
450:
318:
228:
95:
75:
1941:
737:
375:
The mammalian sperm cell can be divided in 2 parts connected by a neck:
367:
3288:
2862:
2218:
1217:
Fitzpatrick, John L.; Bridge, C. Daisy; Snook, Rhonda R. (2020-08-12).
1081:
961:
848:
777:
773:
722:
702:
698:
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claimed they had produced cells resembling mouse spermatids from mouse
446:
332:
310:
216:
204:
189:
123:
2165:
1916:; Luepold, Shannon H. Buckley; Belote, John M; Pitnick, Scott (2016).
1880:
309:
and fuse with it to deliver two sub-cellular structures: (i) the male
2814:
2700:
1269:"Molecular basis for maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA"
1049:
1004:
938:
that germinate independently of fertilization, whereas spermatia are
886:
lack flagella and therefore cannot swim. Spermatia are produced in a
860:
840:
666:
599:
579:
563:
494:
486:
391:
314:
174:
99:
91:
2286:, Roberts T, Stewart M, Oster G (2002). "How nematode sperm crawl".
1989:
1972:
1917:
3089:
2962:
2718:
1190:
Pitnick, Scott S.; Hosken, Dave J.; Birkhead, Tim R. (2008-11-21).
1000:
894:
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718:
654:
547:
501:. Sperm cells are carried out of the male body in a fluid known as
474:
384:
280:
181:
150:
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1533:
27:
Male reproductive cell in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction
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The Male Role in
Pregnancy Loss and Embryo Implantation Failure
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115:
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83:
71:
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1911:
800:
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Fawcett, D. W. (1981). "Sperm
Flagellum". In: D. W. Fawcett.
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Posted Aug 13, 08 7:37 AM CDT in World, Science & Health
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that are required for fertilization. In some fungi, such as
355:
86:
reproductive cell and a smaller, male one). Animals produce
844:
306:
63:
2394:
2360:
Maheshwari R (1999). "Microconidia of
Neurospora crassa".
980:
of a receptive flower, it germinates and starts growing a
445:; (3) the centriole, which is responsible for forming the
437:: (1) a signalling or activating factor, which causes the
331:, that is, they contribute only one copy of each paternal
2257:
Raven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert; Susan E. Eichhorn (2005).
2219:
Phatlane
William Mokwala; Phetole Mangena (6 June 2018).
2151:
1145:(Multicolor ed.). S. Chand Publishing. p. 261.
912:
567:
340:
207:
can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a
2395:
Avidor-Reiss, T; Khire, A; Fishman, EL; Jo, KH (2015).
1855:
Marchetti F, Bishop J, Gingerich J, Wyrobek AJ (2015).
1393:
Ishijima, Sumio; Oshio, Shigeru; Mohri, Hideo (1986). "
1223:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1216:
820:
carried in the seminal fluid. This takes place in the
679:
the route of transmission of CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
590:
generation of oxidative DNA damage, such as that from
2445:
1593:
1484:
1422:
1420:
1189:
441:
dormant oocyte to activate; (2) the haploid paternal
1796:
Marchetti F, Essers J, Kanaar R, Wyrobek AJ (2007).
2096:"Timeline: Assisted reproduction and birth control"
1426:
1062:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
874:and crawl, rather than swim, towards the egg cell.
2494:
2212:
2187:Illinois State Police/President's DNA Initiative.
1534:Hewitson, Laura & Schatten, Gerald P. (2003).
1417:
1392:
433:, the sperm provides three essential parts to the
188:, a new organism begins developing, starting as a
2261:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers.
3385:
2397:"Atypical centrioles during sexual reproduction"
1745:
1704:
1542:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.
705:(little animals), probably due to his belief in
489:precursors. These divide and differentiate into
313:that contains the genetic material and (ii) the
2011:
2495:Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Leroux, Michel R (2015).
1628:
1594:Gould, JE; Overstreet, JW; Hanson, FW (1984).
413:production for the journey through the female
2677:
2079:
2065:FDA Rules Block Import of Prized Danish Sperm
2043:Assisted Reproduction in the Nordic Countries
2014:"Come inside: the world's biggest sperm bank"
1538:. In Patrizio, Pasquale; et al. (eds.).
260:Video of human sperm cells under a microscope
129:Sperm cells form during the process known as
2691:
2598:Lehti, M. S. and A. Sironen (October 2017).
2548:
2359:
2320:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1848:
1789:
1739:
1698:
1691:
1689:
919:for fertilization in a mechanism similar to
1167:"Animal reproductive system - Male systems"
1044:, in which all or part of the sperm tail's
317:that are structures that help organize the
2684:
2670:
2353:
1193:Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective
641:, it is possible to extract sperm through
2528:
2471:
2422:
2412:
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2075:
2073:
2060:
2058:
1988:
1888:
1831:
1821:
1686:
1634:
1611:
1510:
1461:
1351:
1341:
1300:
1242:
877:
619:
339:in human sperm contain no or very little
106:produce non-motile sperm cells, known as
2568:. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1970:
1665:
1536:"The biology of fertilization in humans"
1036:The sperm tail is a specialized type of
799:
541:
366:
354:
305:The main sperm function is to reach the
248:
38:
2334:
2328:
2275:
1395:Flagellar movement of human spermatozoa
1031:
835:Motile sperm are also produced by many
14:
3386:
2070:
2055:
915:that transfer the spermatia to nearby
562:. Thus, in humans, it is a measure of
2665:
2239:
2031:
1138:
960:, including most gymnosperms and all
795:
693:Sperm were first observed in 1677 by
2225:. BoD â Books on Demand. p. 8.
768:Sperm cells in algal and many plant
732:
712:
118:, while some more basal plants like
2080:Steven Kotler (26 September 2007).
2012:Sarfraz Manzoor (2 November 2012).
1116:"Spermatium definition and meaning"
1010:
788:, sperm nuclei are produced inside
289:
82:(forms in which there is a larger,
51:
24:
1196:. Academic Press. pp. 43â44.
1052:or gets exposed to the cytoplasm.
728:
717:Ejaculated fluids are detected by
578:in sperm increase with age. Also
327:The nuclear DNA in sperm cells is
25:
3430:
2618:
2125:The Open Forensic Science Journal
1668:"Does Age Affect Male Fertility?"
972:, for example via wind or insect
832:, and are known to vary in size.
211:cell with 46 paired chromosomes.
165:. The spermatocytes then undergo
1746:Marchetti F, Wyrobek AJ (2008).
968:grains) are the primary mode of
736:
531:
493:, which undergo meiosis to form
271:Evolution of sexual reproduction
114:contain non-motile sperm inside
3409:Mammal male reproductive system
3078:Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum
3068:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
2439:
2388:
2180:
2145:
2112:
2088:
2005:
1964:
1905:
1666:Gurevich, Rachel (2008-06-10).
1587:
1562:
1527:
1478:
1386:
951:
685:to make transmission possible.
238:is derived from the Greek word
3419:Human male reproductive system
2625:Human Sperm Under a Microscope
2259:Biology of Plants, 7th Edition
1377:
1368:
1317:
1259:
1210:
1183:
1159:
1132:
1108:
988:. Before the tube reaches the
882:Non-motile sperm cells called
275:It is generally accepted that
13:
1:
1971:Gardiner, Jennifer R (2016).
701:. He described them as being
605:
90:sperm with a tail known as a
43:Diagram of a human sperm cell
2154:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1767:10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.12.011
1142:Botany for Degree Gymnosperm
1102:
671:Food and Drug Administration
264:
7:
3209:Internal urethral sphincter
2641:Stages of human development
2464:10.1534/genetics.109.101709
2362:Fungal Genetics and Biology
2339:. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd.
2138:10.2174/1874402800801010012
1715:10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_2
1670:. About.com. Archived from
1503:10.1534/genetics.109.101709
1055:
643:testicular sperm extraction
300:
10:
3435:
3342:Posterior scrotal arteries
1613:10.1095/biolreprod31.5.888
1454:10.1038/s41467-018-04678-8
1285:10.1038/s41588-023-01505-9
1120:Collins English Dictionary
1014:
688:
623:
535:
522:Nanjing Medical University
350:
293:
268:
29:
3337:Anterior scrotal arteries
3314:Internal spermatic fascia
3299:External spermatic fascia
3276:
3258:External urethral orifice
3239:External sphincter muscle
3214:Internal urethral orifice
3021:
3012:
2941:
2833:
2785:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2650:
2638:
2632:
2549:General and cited sources
2521:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.001
1645:10.1038/nature.2016.19453
1570:"Semen and sperm quality"
964:, the male gametophytes (
675:CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
456:
219:and released through the
215:, sperm is stored in the
3357:Posterior scrotal nerves
3162:Internal pudendal artery
2693:Male reproductive system
2414:10.3389/fcell.2015.00021
1973:"The bigger, the better"
839:and the gametophytes of
576:DNA double-strand breaks
173:by half, which produces
3369:Posterior scrotal veins
3352:Anterior scrotal nerves
3182:Internal pudendal veins
2846:Tubuli seminiferi recti
2335:Sumbali, Geeta (2005).
2288:Journal of Cell Science
1823:10.1073/pnas.0705257104
1600:Biology of Reproduction
1171:Encyclopedia Britannica
1025:Drosophila melanogaster
1017:Proximal Centriole-Like
1003:form sperm nuclei in a
695:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
592:8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine
520:In 2016, scientists at
403:proximal centriole-like
2374:10.1006/fgbi.1998.1103
1411:10.1002/mrd.1120130302
1343:10.1186/2051-4190-23-3
1235:10.1098/rspb.2020.1286
1042:cytosolic ciliogenesis
878:Non-motile sperm cells
870:, the sperm cells are
812:
804:Motile sperm cells of
648:On the global market,
620:Market for human sperm
555:
390:Tail: also called the
372:
364:
359:Sperm and egg fusing (
261:
44:
32:Sperm (disambiguation)
2612:10.1093/biolre/iox096
2575:registration required
2564:registration required
2300:10.1242/jcs.115.2.367
2222:Pollination in Plants
1434:Nature Communications
1077:Mendelian inheritance
803:
772:are produced in male
624:Further information:
545:
465:are produced through
370:
358:
294:Further information:
259:
145:) takes place in the
94:, which are known as
42:
3000:Bulbourethral glands
2841:Seminiferous tubules
2777:Bloodâtestis barrier
1139:Kumar, Anil (2006).
1072:Female sperm storage
1032:Sperm tail formation
683:blood-testis barrier
526:embryonic stem cells
147:seminiferous tubules
30:For other uses, see
3404:Reproductive system
3263:Lacunae of Morgagni
3051:Suspensory ligament
2924:Testicular arteries
2800:Spermatocytogenesis
2513:2015CBio...25R1143A
2401:Front Cell Dev Biol
1942:10.1038/nature18005
1934:2016Natur.533..535L
1873:2015NatSR...5E7689M
1814:2007PNAS..10417725M
1446:2018NatCo...9.2210F
828:are referred to as
461:The spermatozoa of
379:Head: contains the
126:have motile sperm.
80:sexual reproduction
3309:Cremasteric fascia
3046:Fundiform ligament
2973:Seminal colliculus
2919:Rectovesical pouch
2900:Pampiniform plexus
2878:Superior ligaments
2873:Inferior ligaments
2082:"The God of Sperm"
2048:2013-11-11 at the
1914:Starmer, William T
1861:Scientific Reports
1229:(1932): 20201286.
921:insect pollination
813:
796:Motile sperm cells
748:. You can help by
556:
373:
365:
262:
246:, meaning "seed".
45:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3073:Corpus spongiosum
3063:Corpora cavernosa
3008:
3007:
2978:Ejaculatory ducts
2937:
2936:
2810:Spermatidogenesis
2660:
2659:
2651:Succeeded by
2232:978-1-78923-236-3
2166:10.1520/JFS14970J
1881:10.1038/srep07689
1724:978-3-319-18880-5
1549:978-0-7817-3769-2
1330:Basic Clin Androl
1279:(10): 1632â1639.
1203:978-0-08-091987-4
1152:978-81-219-2618-8
1087:Sperm competition
1048:is formed in the
945:Neurospora crassa
766:
765:
719:ultraviolet light
713:Forensic analysis
572:decrease with age
257:
203:, so that its 23
171:chromosome number
169:, reducing their
16:(Redirected from
3426:
3147:Arteries of bulb
3134:Tunica albuginea
3019:
3018:
2951:Seminal vesicles
2943:Accessory glands
2929:Testicular veins
2740:Tunica vasculosa
2735:Tunica albuginea
2730:Tunica vaginalis
2715:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2633:Preceded by
2630:
2629:
2606:97(4): 522â536.
2578:
2570:pp. 604â640
2567:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2507:(23): R1143â50.
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2294:(Pt 2): 367â84.
2279:
2273:
2272:
2254:
2237:
2236:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2194:. Archived from
2193:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1572:. Archived from
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1112:
1011:Sperm centrioles
925:flowering plants
911:, which attract
786:flowering plants
761:
758:
740:
733:
507:seminal vesicles
469:inside the male
290:Sperm in animals
258:
112:Flowering plants
53:
21:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3373:
3272:
3268:Urethral glands
3246:Navicular fossa
3197:Pudendal nerves
3152:Dorsal arteries
3004:
2933:
2907:Vasa deferentia
2895:Spermatic cords
2829:
2787:Spermatogenesis
2781:
2695:
2690:
2656:
2644:
2636:
2621:
2572:
2561:
2551:
2546:
2501:Current Biology
2493:
2489:
2444:
2440:
2393:
2389:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2333:
2329:
2313:
2312:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2255:
2240:
2233:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2150:
2146:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2056:
2050:Wayback Machine
2041:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2010:
2006:
1990:10.1038/533476a
1969:
1965:
1928:(7604): 535â8.
1910:
1906:
1853:
1849:
1808:(45): 17725â9.
1794:
1790:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1725:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1633:
1629:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1532:
1528:
1483:
1479:
1425:
1418:
1399:Gamete Research
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1322:
1318:
1273:Nature Genetics
1264:
1260:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1092:Sperm granuloma
1058:
1034:
1019:
1013:
954:
880:
810:seedless plants
798:
762:
756:
753:
746:needs expansion
731:
729:Sperm in plants
715:
707:preformationism
691:
669:. However, the
637:In addition to
628:
622:
608:
584:spermatogenesis
540:
534:
515:urethral glands
467:spermatogenesis
459:
353:
303:
298:
292:
273:
267:
249:
131:spermatogenesis
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3362:Perineal nerve
3359:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3105:Septum glandis
3102:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Urethral crest
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:Excretory duct
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:Efferent ducts
2853:
2848:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2820:Spermiogenesis
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:Spermatogonium
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2619:External links
2617:
2616:
2615:
2596:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2487:
2438:
2387:
2352:
2345:
2327:
2274:
2267:
2238:
2231:
2211:
2179:
2144:
2111:
2087:
2069:
2054:
2030:
2004:
1963:
1904:
1847:
1788:
1738:
1723:
1697:
1685:
1658:
1627:
1606:(5): 888â894.
1586:
1561:
1548:
1526:
1477:
1416:
1405:(3): 185â197.
1385:
1376:
1367:
1316:
1258:
1209:
1202:
1182:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1033:
1030:
1012:
1009:
956:In almost all
953:
950:
934:. Conidia are
879:
876:
797:
794:
764:
763:
743:
741:
730:
727:
714:
711:
690:
687:
626:Sperm donation
621:
618:
607:
604:
536:Main article:
533:
530:
511:prostate gland
458:
455:
427:
426:
399:
388:
352:
349:
302:
299:
291:
288:
269:Main article:
266:
263:
199:sperm cell is
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3431:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Dartos fascia
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Pre-prostatic
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Dorsal nerves
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Deep arteries
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Paradidymides
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Sertoli cells
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Seminal tract
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:9780721635842
2582:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:(1): 133â44.
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2346:1-84265-153-6
2342:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2268:0-7167-1007-2
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2201:on 2016-12-26
2197:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:(2): 349â51.
2159:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1983:(7604): 476.
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:(4): 572â81.
1760:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1674:on 2015-09-28
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1576:on 2000-11-10
1575:
1571:
1565:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:(1): 133â44.
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:
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888:spermatangium
885:
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842:
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793:
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787:
784:division. In
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779:
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771:
760:
751:
747:
744:This section
742:
739:
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617:
615:
614:
603:
601:
595:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:fertilization
553:
552:semen quality
549:
544:
539:
538:Semen quality
532:Sperm quality
529:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:spermatocytes
488:
484:
483:spermatogonia
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:metabolically
436:
432:
431:fertilization
424:
420:
416:
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408:
404:
400:
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396:helical shape
393:
389:
386:
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378:
377:
376:
369:
362:
361:fertilisation
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194:
191:
187:
186:fertilization
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:spermatocytes
160:
159:differentiate
156:
155:spermatogonia
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:, while some
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:reproductive
65:
61:
57:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3251:Lacuna magna
3229:Intermediate
3177:Vein of bulb
3172:Dorsal veins
2863:Epididymides
2851:Retia testes
2825:Spermatozoon
2805:Spermatocyte
2767:Leydig cells
2639:
2603:
2556:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2336:
2330:
2316:cite journal
2291:
2287:
2277:
2258:
2221:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2182:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2021:. Retrieved
2018:The Guardian
2017:
2007:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1925:
1921:
1907:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1758:
1754:
1741:
1706:
1700:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1661:
1636:
1630:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1539:
1529:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1437:
1433:
1402:
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1379:
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1329:
1319:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1192:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1067:Female sperm
1035:
1023:
1020:
994:
984:through the
958:embryophytes
955:
952:Sperm nuclei
943:
929:
900:Polysiphonia
898:
892:
883:
881:
865:
834:
822:mitochondria
814:
770:gametophytes
767:
754:
750:adding to it
745:
716:
692:
647:
636:
629:
611:
609:
596:
588:
557:
546:Human sperm
519:
499:spermatozoan
460:
428:
406:
374:
337:Mitochondria
326:
322:cytoskeleton
304:
296:Spermatozoon
285:
274:
243:
235:
233:
179:
128:
107:
59:
55:
47:
46:
36:
3122:Superficial
2883:Stereocilia
2752:Mediastinum
2604:Biol Reprod
2368:(1): 1â18.
2282:Bottino D,
1678:14 February
1440:(1): 2210.
1097:Sperm theft
982:pollen tube
974:pollination
962:angiosperms
849:gymnosperms
830:spermatozoa
757:August 2021
703:animalcules
639:ejaculation
632:sperm banks
451:microtubule
319:microtubule
229:ejaculation
205:chromosomes
133:, which in
124:gymnosperms
96:spermatozoa
76:anisogamous
3399:Germ cells
3388:Categories
2284:Mogilner A
2205:2009-12-10
2105:2006-04-06
1755:DNA Repair
1580:2011-04-10
1555:2013-11-09
1176:2020-02-20
1125:2020-02-20
1082:Polyspermy
1015:See also:
1005:syncytical
905:rust fungi
897:, such as
861:lycophytes
841:bryophytes
778:antheridia
774:gametangia
723:microscopy
699:microscope
613:Drosophila
606:Sperm size
495:spermatids
447:centrosome
333:chromosome
315:centrioles
311:pronucleus
217:epididymis
213:In mammals
190:totipotent
175:spermatids
18:Sperm cell
3394:Fertility
3333:Arteries
3304:Cremaster
3224:Prostatic
3143:Arteries
2815:Spermatid
2719:Testicles
2593:993416586
2337:The Fungi
2131:: 12â15.
2052:ncbio.org
1293:1546-1718
1103:Citations
1050:cytoplasm
1001:Oomycetes
970:dispersal
895:red algae
884:spermatia
868:nematodes
847:and some
667:Hong Kong
600:melphalan
580:apoptosis
564:fertility
487:germ cell
475:testicles
392:flagellum
265:Evolution
234:The word
182:egg cells
151:testicles
122:and some
108:spermatia
100:red algae
92:flagellum
78:forms of
62:) is the
3321:Ligament
3095:Frenulum
3090:Foreskin
3014:External
2963:Prostate
2912:Ampullae
2868:Appendix
2747:Appendix
2701:Internal
2645:Sperm +
2559:, 2nd ed
2557:The Cell
2539:26654377
2482:19293139
2452:Genetics
2433:25883936
2382:10072316
2308:11839788
2174:11305439
2100:CBC News
2046:Archived
2023:4 August
1999:27225117
1950:27225128
1899:25567288
1867:: 7689.
1842:17978187
1775:18282746
1733:26178844
1653:87014225
1521:19293139
1491:Genetics
1472:29880810
1362:25780567
1311:37723262
1302:10763495
1253:32752988
1056:See also
997:protists
995:In some
872:amoeboid
851:such as
837:protists
818:fructose
697:using a
655:Paraguay
453:system.
423:oviducts
407:midpiece
385:acrosome
343:because
301:Function
157:, which
139:reptiles
135:amniotes
3348:Nerves
3285:Layers
3278:Scrotum
3204:Urethra
3188:Nerves
2993:Utricle
2757:Lobules
2726:Layers
2530:5857621
2509:Bibcode
2473:2674812
2424:4381714
1958:4407752
1930:Bibcode
1890:4286742
1869:Bibcode
1833:2077046
1810:Bibcode
1783:1316244
1622:6518230
1512:2674812
1463:5992222
1442:Bibcode
1353:4346294
1244:7575512
1046:axoneme
940:gametes
932:conidia
826:animals
782:mitotic
689:History
650:Denmark
554:testing
548:stained
479:meiotic
463:animals
429:During
381:nucleus
351:Anatomy
329:haploid
277:isogamy
227:during
209:diploid
201:haploid
184:during
167:meiosis
149:of the
143:mammals
3329:Septum
3234:Spongy
3168:Veins
3139:Septum
3117:Fascia
3100:Corona
2654:Zygote
2647:Oocyte
2591:
2583:
2537:
2527:
2480:
2470:
2431:
2421:
2407:: 21.
2380:
2343:
2306:
2265:
2229:
2172:
1997:
1977:Nature
1956:
1948:
1922:Nature
1897:
1887:
1840:
1830:
1781:
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1637:Nature
1620:
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1360:
1350:
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1299:
1291:
1251:
1241:
1200:
1149:
1038:cilium
986:carpel
978:stigma
966:pollen
936:spores
917:hyphae
909:nectar
857:ginkgo
853:cycads
790:pollen
780:) via
665:, and
659:Canada
477:) via
471:gonads
457:Origin
443:genome
435:oocyte
421:, and
419:uterus
415:cervix
405:. The
335:pair.
244:sperma
240:ÏÏÎÏΌα
195:. The
193:zygote
116:pollen
88:motile
84:female
72:gamete
60:sperms
3414:Semen
3325:Raphe
3112:Raphe
3085:Glans
3036:Crura
3023:Penis
2988:Ducts
2983:Sinus
2834:Other
2762:Septa
2199:(PDF)
2192:(PDF)
1954:S2CID
1779:S2CID
1751:(PDF)
1649:S2CID
1336:: 3.
990:ovule
913:flies
845:ferns
806:algae
663:Kenya
630:Some
566:in a
503:semen
485:from
345:mtDNA
236:sperm
225:semen
221:penis
197:human
161:into
120:ferns
104:fungi
74:, in
70:, or
56:sperm
48:Sperm
3289:Skin
3127:Deep
3058:Body
3041:Bulb
3031:Root
2635:None
2589:OCLC
2581:ISBN
2535:PMID
2478:PMID
2429:PMID
2378:PMID
2341:ISBN
2322:link
2304:PMID
2263:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2170:PMID
2025:2013
1995:PMID
1946:PMID
1895:PMID
1838:PMID
1771:PMID
1729:PMID
1719:ISBN
1680:2010
1618:PMID
1544:ISBN
1517:PMID
1468:PMID
1358:PMID
1307:PMID
1289:ISSN
1249:PMID
1198:ISBN
1147:ISBN
855:and
808:and
550:for
513:and
449:and
307:ovum
281:eggs
141:and
102:and
68:cell
64:male
2608:doi
2525:PMC
2517:doi
2468:PMC
2460:doi
2456:182
2419:PMC
2409:doi
2370:doi
2296:doi
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2162:doi
2133:doi
1985:doi
1981:533
1938:doi
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1885:PMC
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1763:doi
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1281:doi
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1231:doi
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568:man
411:ATP
341:DNA
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