41:
63:
729:
707:
up to almost 1.4 kg (3.1 lb), but they always weigh much less earlier in the year and other species are considerably smaller, mostly less than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) even in peak condition before hibernation. All have a fairly short tail that—depending on exact species—is around 10–45%
998:
Discovery and examination of one of the best preserved
Eurasian ground squirrel fossils yet recovered allowed the study of many previously unknown aspects of ground squirrel cranial anatomy, and prompted a critical reassessment of their phylogenetic position. As a result, three
1356:
Simonov, Evgeniy; Lopatina, Natalia V.; Titov, Sergey V.; Ivanova, Anastasiya D.; Brandler, Oleg V.; Surin, Vadim L.; Matrosova, Vera A.; Dvilis, Alisa E.; Oreshkova, Nataliya V.; Kapustina, Svetlana Yu.; Golenishchev, Fedor N.; Ermakov, Oleg A. (1 June 2024).
668:
during the summer or fall. The distributions of the various species are mostly separated, often by large rivers, although there are regions inhabited by as many as three species and rarely two species may even form mixed colonies. A few species are known to
684:
are overall yellowish, light orangish, light brownish or greyish. Although many are inconspicuously mottled or spotted, or have orange markings on the head, overall they lack strong patterns, except in
1429:"Redescription and phylogenetic relationships of Spermophilus citelloides (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Xerinae), a ground squirrel from the Middle Pleistocene – Holocene of Central Europe"
1515:"Evolutionary lineage of Spermophilus superciliosus – S. fulvus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in the quaternary of the Dnieper area: An ability of a biostratigraphical implication"
1088:
1476:"'Good fences make good neighbours': Concepts and records of range dynamics in ground squirrels and geographical barriers in the Pleistocene of the Circum-Black Sea area"
1068:
1056:
1043:
1474:
Popova, L. V.; Maul, L. C.; Zagorodniuk, I. V.; Veklych, Yu. M.; Shydlovskiy, P. S.; Pogodina, N. V.; Bondar, K. M.; Strukova, T. V.; Parfitt, S. A. (10 March 2019).
984:
1359:"Traditional multilocus phylogeny fails to fully resolve Palearctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus) relationships but reveals a new species endemic to West Siberia"
1033:
977:
1023:
4277:
3809:
3509:
2903:
3190:
4199:
3602:
2861:
4294:
4036:
3985:
3642:
3562:
3491:
4260:
4250:
4080:
4046:
3622:
3592:
3477:
3419:
1092:
is known from the Middle
Pleistocene to reportedly the early 20th century, with a vast range across much of Europe, from southern England to the
565:. As traditionally defined the genus was very species-rich, ranging through Europe, Asia and North America, but this arrangement was found to be
4240:
4154:
4090:
3793:
3582:
3552:
3484:
3373:
3206:
3199:
3147:
3117:
3077:
2977:
4682:
4431:
3440:
3405:
3359:
2997:
2950:
2940:
4400:
4070:
3632:
3447:
3433:
3382:
3167:
3097:
3087:
3037:
3017:
2987:
2889:
2838:
4761:
3157:
3137:
3127:
3027:
2896:
2882:
2868:
3954:
3802:
3612:
3470:
3007:
2917:
2910:
2875:
2854:
3525:
2960:
2847:
781:(in the strictest sense). According to a 2024 genetic study the genus can be divided into four major clades that diverged during the
4617:
1264:
Kryštufek, B.; B. Vohralík (2012). "Taxonomic revision of the
Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 1 (Eutamias and Spermophilus)".
691:, which commonly has brown upperparts with clear white spotting. Size varies with species and they have a head-and-body length of
4643:
1575:
2778:
1743:
4661:
1292:
1143:
4648:
1673:
646:
and mostly live in colonies, although some species also can occur singly. They are found in both lowlands to highlands,
2460:
887:
1060:
is known from the Middle
Pleistocene to early Holocene of Europe. It appears to be most closely related to the living
4746:
4596:
1129:
1514:
2361:
4687:
4609:
2652:
2625:
2589:
1871:
1725:
1691:
1135:
4669:
2661:
2336:
2297:
1700:
1664:
2731:
2598:
2580:
2405:
1734:
1475:
603:
4656:
4539:
2670:
2433:
2272:
1568:
924:
915:
585:
species of North
America have been moved to other genera, leaving the European and Asian species as true
62:
4741:
4544:
2771:
2678:
2525:
2370:
2306:
1861:
1553:
1052:
In addition to the recent species, three now-extinct species are known from the
Pleistocene of Europe:
868:
1358:
2607:
2469:
1768:
1428:
1080:
area, Ukraine. It appears to have been a highly specialised grazer and close relative of the living
4751:
2507:
2415:
2263:
1786:
1777:
1307:
1212:
850:
844:
834:
687:
168:
2722:
2616:
2424:
2396:
2133:
2019:
1852:
1682:
1318:
818:
809:
4756:
4713:
4517:
4479:
2713:
2704:
2643:
2516:
2497:
2488:
2478:
2451:
2442:
2232:
2079:
1561:
1400:(Rodentia: Sciuridae: Xerinae) and the affinities of the earliest Old World ground squirrels".
1073:
967:
961:
951:
942:
933:
896:
859:
703:
697:
4736:
4708:
2764:
2634:
2571:
2106:
2001:
733:
4700:
773:. The exact relations between the clades are slightly unclear. Among these, the exclusively
4565:
4526:
2142:
2070:
2061:
2052:
1962:
8:
2196:
2178:
2160:
2124:
1926:
1795:
1427:
Sinitsa, Maxim V.; Virág, Attila; Pazonyi, Piroska; Knitlová, Markéta (29 October 2019).
1395:
2746:
2223:
1935:
1456:
728:
642:
and semideserts, feed on the low plants, and use burrows as nests and refuge. They are
57:
49:
1482:. Bridging Europe and Asia: Quaternary stratigraphy and paleolithic human occupation.
4695:
4552:
4531:
4161:
2205:
2169:
2151:
1827:
1714:
1653:
1534:
1495:
1460:
1448:
1378:
1319:
Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russel; Helgen, Lauren E. & Wilson, Don E (2009).
1288:
1149:
1139:
766:
578:
357:
1396:
Maxim V. Sinitsa; Natalia V. Pogodina; Lyudmila Y. Кryuchkova (2019). "The skull of
4322:
4144:
2693:
2546:
2097:
1944:
1804:
1526:
1487:
1440:
1409:
1370:
1336:
1224:
1180:
670:
461:
220:
4557:
1521:. The Quaternary of the Urals: Global trends and Pan-European Quaternary records.
1444:
4438:
4230:
4097:
3899:
3461:
3233:
2286:
2214:
2043:
1980:
1585:
1530:
1491:
558:
338:
151:
134:
4674:
1413:
1374:
4604:
4591:
4111:
3653:
3518:
2241:
2115:
2088:
2010:
1097:
40:
610:. In some languages, a derivative of the name is in common usage, for example
4730:
4502:
4267:
4053:
3944:
3727:
3662:
2928:
2315:
2187:
1953:
1917:
1538:
1499:
1452:
1382:
1125:
1077:
791:
746:
742:
614:
in Polish. The scientific name of this genus means "seed-lovers" (gr. σπέρμα
418:
313:
1341:
1320:
1185:
1168:
1153:
4407:
4356:
4284:
4213:
4060:
3840:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3720:
3685:
3671:
3412:
3396:
3346:
3244:
2787:
2350:
2254:
1992:
1908:
1628:
782:
750:
566:
530:
238:
160:
1199:
536:
data (Helgen et al., 2009: fig. 2): Genera that were formerly included in
4630:
4511:
4349:
4333:
4315:
4013:
4006:
3961:
3906:
3766:
3314:
3273:
2560:
1899:
1757:
1229:
1005:
1000:
758:
717:
591:
570:
273:
1583:
4622:
4421:
4377:
4363:
4223:
3968:
3913:
3869:
3849:
3775:
3699:
3426:
3264:
3253:
3107:
3067:
3047:
2967:
1213:"Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals"
1039:
1029:
1019:
774:
720:), and have been destructive in tunneling underneath human habitation.
716:
Ground squirrels may carry fleas that transmit diseases to humans (see
643:
4635:
1169:"Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus"
4578:
4370:
4206:
4182:
4135:
3992:
3975:
3927:
3920:
3860:
3820:
3692:
3536:
3328:
2033:
1971:
1841:
796:
665:
647:
562:
526:
392:
74:
4473:
664:
months each year in some species) and in arid regions they may also
4583:
4496:
4342:
4175:
4024:
3999:
3706:
3678:
3572:
3321:
3297:
3226:
3217:
3178:
2817:
2805:
1818:
1635:
1607:
124:
94:
4414:
4189:
4168:
4126:
4104:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3755:
3713:
3307:
3287:
3280:
3057:
1642:
1131:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
695:
17–40 cm (6.7–15.7 in). Before hibernation the largest
443:
291:
177:
30:
4388:
4308:
3829:
2811:
2799:
2756:
1885:
1621:
1614:
1600:
762:
639:
574:
114:
104:
84:
4570:
737:, a species that commonly has clearly white-spotted upperparts
4445:
3934:
1093:
770:
554:
1473:
1426:
1355:
1321:"Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus
1263:
701:
may weigh up to 2 kg (4.4 lb) and the largest
741:
A generic revision was undertaken in 2007 by means of
4427:
4396:
4290:
4273:
4256:
4246:
4236:
4219:
4195:
4150:
4086:
4076:
4066:
4042:
4032:
3981:
3950:
3940:
3790:
3638:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3506:
3458:
3393:
3370:
3343:
3303:
3293:
3187:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2835:
1166:
1282:
4728:
1287:. Princeton University Press. pp. 193–196.
638:live in open habitats like grasslands, meadows,
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
2772:
1569:
1003:species previously considered members of the
1244:
1124:
602:(or sousliks). This name comes from Russian
711:
2779:
2765:
1576:
1562:
39:
1402:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1340:
1228:
1184:
1276:
1167:Helgen Kristofer M; et al. (2009).
727:
1744:Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel
1100:. It was similar in size to the recent
629:
4729:
1512:
1210:
993:
673:where their ranges come into contact.
4478:
4477:
2760:
1557:
1363:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4610:2675585c-425e-4347-b6a5-003b2a27404f
1072:is known from the late Pleistocene (
753:. This resulted in the splitting of
708:of the length of the head-and-body.
2461:Caucasian mountain ground squirrel
589:(the only exceptions are two Asian
581:. As a consequence, all the former
13:
1283:Smith, A.T.; Y. Xie, eds. (2008).
888:Caucasian Mountain ground squirrel
777:species are retained as the genus
757:into eight genera, which with the
598:Some species are sometimes called
14:
4773:
1719:(golden-mantled ground squirrels)
1674:Espíritu Santo antelope squirrel
1549:
1513:Popova, L. V. (28 October 2016).
2786:
650:during the colder months (up to
61:
2626:Southern Idaho ground squirrel
2590:Northern Idaho ground squirrel
1872:Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
1726:Golden-mantled ground squirrel
1692:White-tailed antelope squirrel
1506:
1467:
1420:
1389:
1285:A Guide to the Mammals of China
2298:Baja California rock squirrel
1701:San Joaquin antelope squirrel
1349:
1312:
1301:
1204:
1193:
1160:
1136:Johns Hopkins University Press
1128:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
1118:
1:
4762:Taxa named by Frédéric Cuvier
2732:Round-tailed ground squirrel
2653:Richardson's ground squirrel
1735:Sierra Madre ground squirrel
1445:10.1080/08912963.2019.1677640
1111:
1104:, and a probable ancestor of
692:
676:
651:
634:As typical ground squirrels,
2671:Long-tailed ground squirrel
2565:(Holarctic ground squirrels)
2528:(Spermophilus xanthoprymnus)
2434:Red-cheeked ground squirrel
2390:(Old World ground squirrels)
2273:Ring-tailed ground squirrel
1531:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.104
1492:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.03.023
7:
2679:Washington ground squirrel
2662:Townsend's ground squirrel
2526:Asia Minor ground squirrel
2362:Père David's rock squirrel
2337:Franklin's ground squirrel
2307:California ground squirrel
1862:Rio Grande ground squirrel
1665:Harris's antelope squirrel
1375:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108057
925:Red-cheeked ground squirrel
769:are each given as numbered
10:
4778:
2608:Columbian ground squirrel
2599:Merriam's ground squirrel
2581:Belding's ground squirrel
2470:Tian Shan ground squirrel
2406:Brandt’s ground squirrel (
1089:Spermophilus superciliosus
873:Spermophilus xanthoprymnus
869:Asia Minor ground squirrel
779:Spermophilus sensu stricto
723:
569:to the certainly distinct
4486:
4387:
4332:
4134:
4125:
4023:
3868:
3859:
3839:
3819:
3789:
3765:
3661:
3652:
3544:
3535:
3505:
3457:
3392:
3369:
3354:
3342:
3263:
3243:
3216:
3186:
3177:
2927:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2794:
2743:
2691:
2558:
2537:
2508:Speckled ground squirrel
2416:European ground squirrel
2382:
2348:
2327:
2284:
2264:Tropical ground squirrel
2252:
2163:(N. quadrimaculatus)
2031:
1883:
1846:(little ground squirrels)
1839:
1816:
1787:Black-tailed prairie dog
1778:White-tailed prairie dog
1755:
1712:
1651:
1595:
1414:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly092
1069:Spermophilus severskensis
956:Spermophilus pallidicauda
929:Spermophilus erythrogenys
830:Asia Minor/European clade
457:
440:
433:
414:
407:
388:
381:
353:
334:
327:
305:
288:
269:
262:
234:
217:
210:
203:
183:
176:
166:
159:
58:Scientific classification
56:
47:
38:
23:
4747:Mammals of North America
2723:Spotted ground squirrel
2698:(pygmy ground squirrels)
2617:Wyoming ground squirrel
2519:(Spermophilus taurensis)
2498:Relict ground squirrel (
2479:Pallid ground squirrel (
2425:Daurian ground squirrel
2397:Alashan ground squirrel
2371:Forrest's rock squirrel
2172:(N. quadrivittatus)
2134:Yellow-cheeked chipmunk
2022:(M. vancouverensis)
2020:Vancouver Island marmot
1853:Mexican ground squirrel
1683:Texas antelope squirrel
1584:Living species of tribe
1519:Quaternary International
1480:Quaternary International
1057:Spermophilus citelloides
1044:Spermophilus primigenius
916:Brandt's ground squirrel
851:Speckled ground squirrel
835:European ground squirrel
814:Spermophilus alashanicus
712:Relationship with humans
525:Relationships among the
2714:Perote ground squirrel
2705:Mohave ground squirrel
2644:Arctic ground squirrel
2517:Taurus ground squirrel
2510:(Spermophilus suslicus)
2489:Little ground squirrel
2452:Russet ground squirrel
2443:Yellow ground squirrel
2082:(N. cinereicollis)
2080:Gray-collared chipmunk
1972:Groundhog or woodchuck
1769:Gunnison's prairie dog
1342:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1
1308:Encyclopædia Britannica
1186:10.1644/07-mamm-a-309.1
985:Spermophilus vorontsovi
920:Spermophilus brevicauda
819:Daurian ground squirrel
810:Alashan ground squirrel
29:Temporal range: Middle
2734:(X. tereticaudus)
2655:(U. richardsonii)
2635:Piute ground squirrel
2572:Uinta ground squirrel
2436:(S. erythrogenys)
2355:(Asian rock squirrels)
2300:(O. atricapillus)
2154:(N. panamintinus)
2004:(M. flaviventris)
2002:Yellow-bellied marmot
1929:(M. camtschatica)
1034:Spermophilus polonicus
978:Spermophilus selevinus
968:Relict ground squirrel
952:Pallid ground squirrel
943:Russet ground squirrel
934:Yellow ground squirrel
897:Little ground squirrel
864:Spermophilus taurensis
860:Taurus ground squirrel
845:Spermophilus odessanus
738:
4709:Paleobiology Database
2681:(U. washingtoni)
2610:(U. columbianus)
2399:(S. alashanicus)
2071:Gray-footed chipmunk
2053:Yellow-pine chipmunk
1874:(I. tridecemlineatus)
1211:Palmer, T.S. (1904).
972:Spermophilus relictus
901:Spermophilus pygmaeus
855:Spermophilus suslicus
839:Spermophilus citellus
823:Spermophilus dauricus
734:Spermophilus suslicus
731:
618:, genitive σπέρματος
4605:Fauna Europaea (new)
2716:(X. perotensis)
2707:(X. mohavensis)
2664:(U. townsendii)
2472:(S. nilkaensis)
2364:(S. davidianus)
2339:(P. franklinii)
2318:(O. variegatus)
2235:(N. townsendii)
2233:Townsend's chipmunk
2181:(N. ruficaudus)
2179:Red-tailed chipmunk
2161:Long-eared chipmunk
2136:(N. ochrogenys)
2125:California chipmunk
1947:(M. himalayana)
1927:Black-capped marmot
1796:Mexican prairie dog
1658:(antelope squirrels)
1398:Spermophilus nogaici
1329:Journal of Mammalogy
1230:10.3996/nafa.23.0001
1217:North American Fauna
1173:Journal of Mammalogy
1024:Spermophilus nogaici
1009:genus were moved to
892:Spermophilus musicus
630:Habitat and behavior
2725:(X. spilosoma)
2673:(U. undulatus)
2628:(U. endemicus)
2275:(N. annulatus)
2226:(N. speciosus)
2224:Lodgepole chipmunk
2107:Merriam's chipmunk
2038:(western chipmunks)
1965:(M. menzbieri)
1936:Long-tailed marmot
1902:(M. baibacina)
1830:(E. sibiricus)
1798:(C. mexicanus)
1746:(C. saturatus)
1737:(C. madrensis)
1728:(C. lateralis)
1685:(A. interpres)
1676:(A. insularis)
1266:Lynx, N. S. (Praha)
1200:The Free Dictionary
994:Prehistoric species
938:Spermophilus fulvus
745:analyses using the
2592:(U. brunneus)
2583:(U. beldingi)
2549:(T. striatus)
2491:(S. pygmaeus)
2427:(S. dauricus)
2418:(S. citellus)
2373:(S. forresti)
2309:(O. beecheyi)
2266:(N. adocetus)
2244:(N. umbrinus)
2208:(N. siskiyou)
2206:Siskiyou chipmunk
2170:Colorado chipmunk
2152:Panamint chipmunk
2143:Palmer's chipmunk
2127:(N. obscurus)
2109:(N. merriami)
2100:(N. durangae)
2091:(N. dorsalis)
2062:Buller's chipmunk
1995:(M. caligata)
1983:(M. sibirica)
1963:Menzbier's marmot
1828:Siberian chipmunk
1780:(C. leucurus)
1694:(A. leucurus)
1667:(A. harrisii)
1588:(ground squirrels)
1433:Historical Biology
962:Spermophilus ralli
947:Spermophilus major
767:antelope squirrels
739:
626:– friend, lover).
579:antelope squirrels
50:Spermophilus major
4742:Rodents of Europe
4724:
4723:
4696:Open Tree of Life
4480:Taxon identifiers
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4278:Protospermophilus
4162:Callospermophilus
4121:
4120:
3810:Oligospermophilus
3785:
3784:
3510:Reithroparamyidae
3501:
3500:
3338:
3337:
2904:Plesispermophilus
2754:
2753:
2646:(U. parryii)
2619:(U. elegans)
2574:(U. armatus)
2547:Eastern chipmunk
2217:(N. sonomae)
2197:Allen's chipmunk
2145:(N. palmeri)
2118:(N. minimus)
2098:Durango chipmunk
2073:(N. canipes)
2064:(N. bulleri)
2055:(N. amoenus)
2046:(N. alpinus)
2013:(M. olympus)
1956:(M. marmota)
1945:Himalayan marmot
1938:(M. caudata)
1920:(M. broweri)
1805:Utah prairie dog
1789:(C. ludovicianus)
1715:Callospermophilus
1703:(A. nelsoni)
1589:
1294:978-0-691-09984-2
1145:978-0-8018-8221-0
544:
543:
519:
518:
510:
509:
501:
500:
492:
491:
483:
482:
474:
473:
370:
369:
358:Callospermophilus
251:
250:
190:
189:
155:
4769:
4717:
4716:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4675:NHMSYS0000376534
4665:
4664:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4638:
4626:
4625:
4613:
4612:
4600:
4599:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4573:
4561:
4560:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4534:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4475:
4474:
4429:
4398:
4323:Xerospermophilus
4292:
4275:
4258:
4248:
4238:
4221:
4197:
4152:
4145:Ammospermophilus
4132:
4131:
4088:
4078:
4068:
4044:
4034:
3983:
3952:
3942:
3866:
3865:
3792:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3508:
3460:
3395:
3372:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3305:
3295:
3191:Bransatoglirinae
3189:
3184:
3183:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2694:Xerospermophilus
2637:(U. mollis)
2445:(S. fulvus)
2291:(rock squirrels)
2215:Sonoma chipmunk
2044:Alpine chipmunk
1981:Tarbagan marmot
1654:Ammospermophilus
1587:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1542:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1134:(3rd ed.).
1122:
805:East Asian clade
799:ground squirrels
694:
663:
662:
658:
653:
559:ground squirrels
462:Xerospermophilus
436:
435:
410:
409:
384:
383:
330:
329:
265:
264:
221:Ammospermophilus
213:
212:
206:
205:
199:
198:
194:
193:
150:
66:
65:
43:
21:
20:
16:Genus of rodents
4777:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4752:Mammals of Asia
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4712:
4707:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4634:
4629:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4582:
4577:
4569:
4564:
4556:
4551:
4543:
4538:
4530:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4482:
4472:
4451:
4439:Spermophilopsis
4383:
4328:
4231:Otospermophilus
4200:Miospermophilus
4117:
4098:Rheithrosciurus
4019:
3900:Biswamoyopterus
3855:
3835:
3815:
3781:
3761:
3648:
3603:Prospermophilus
3531:
3497:
3462:Promylagaulinae
3453:
3388:
3365:
3334:
3259:
3239:
3212:
3173:
2923:
2862:Campestrallomys
2822:
2790:
2785:
2755:
2750:
2739:
2697:
2687:
2601:(U. canus)
2564:
2554:
2533:
2481:S. pallidicauda
2454:(S. major)
2389:
2378:
2354:
2344:
2323:
2290:
2287:Otospermophilus
2280:
2248:
2242:Uinta chipmunk
2199:(N. senex)
2190:(N. rufus)
2116:Least chipmunk
2089:Cliff chipmunk
2037:
2027:
2011:Olympic marmot
1986:
1974:(M. monax)
1911:(M. bobak)
1889:
1879:
1845:
1835:
1812:
1761:
1751:
1718:
1708:
1657:
1647:
1591:
1582:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1511:
1507:
1472:
1468:
1425:
1421:
1394:
1390:
1354:
1350:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1281:
1277:
1262:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1165:
1161:
1146:
1123:
1119:
1114:
996:
726:
714:
679:
660:
656:
655:
632:
563:squirrel family
546:
545:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
371:
339:Otospermophilus
252:
172:
149:
60:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4705:
4692:
4679:
4666:
4653:
4640:
4627:
4614:
4601:
4592:Fauna Europaea
4588:
4575:
4562:
4549:
4536:
4523:
4508:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4295:Spermophilinus
4288:
4281:
4271:
4264:
4254:
4244:
4234:
4227:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4112:Syntheosciurus
4108:
4101:
4094:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4040:
4037:Douglassciurus
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3986:Pliopetaurista
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3654:Callosciurinae
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3643:Vulcanisciurus
3636:
3626:
3616:
3606:
3596:
3586:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3519:Reithroparamys
3514:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3492:Trilaccogaulus
3488:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3193:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3061:
3051:
3041:
3031:
3021:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2495:
2486:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:Rock squirrel
2313:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2188:Hopi chipmunk
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1954:Alpine marmot
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1918:Alaska marmot
1915:
1893:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1859:
1855:(I. mexicanus)
1849:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1807:(C. parvidens)
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1771:(C. gunnisoni)
1765:
1763:
1762:(prairie dogs)
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1551:
1550:External links
1548:
1545:
1544:
1505:
1466:
1419:
1408:(3): 826–864.
1388:
1348:
1335:(2): 270–305.
1311:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1243:
1203:
1192:
1179:(2): 270–305.
1159:
1144:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1098:Ural Mountains
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1027:
995:
992:
991:
990:
989:
988:
981:
974:
965:
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
905:
904:
903:
894:
877:
876:
875:
866:
857:
848:
841:
827:
826:
825:
816:
801:
800:
725:
722:
713:
710:
678:
675:
631:
628:
622:– seed; φίλος
542:
541:
522:
521:
517:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
490:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
468:
467:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
439:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
413:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
387:
382:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
333:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
268:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
244:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
216:
211:
209:
204:
202:
197:
192:
191:
188:
187:
181:
180:
174:
173:
164:
163:
157:
156:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
35:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4774:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Rodent genera
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4268:Poliocitellus
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:Palaeosciurus
4255:
4253:
4252:
4251:Palaearctomys
4245:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4081:Plesiosciurus
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:Guerlinguetus
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:Freudenthalia
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:Miopetaurista
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:Prosciurillus
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3663:Callosciurini
3660:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:Similisciurus
3617:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:Plesiosciurus
3587:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3478:Promylagaulus
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:Hesperogaulus
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2929:Aplodontiidae
2926:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:S. brevicauda
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:sensu stricto
2386:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2329:Poliocitellus
2326:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:Hoary marmot
1990:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:Bobak marmot
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:(I. parvidens
1860:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:Wilson, D. E.
1121:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
987:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
973:
969:
966:
964:
963:
959:
957:
953:
950:
948:
944:
941:
939:
935:
932:
930:
926:
923:
921:
917:
914:
913:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:
865:
861:
858:
856:
852:
849:
847:
846:
842:
840:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
824:
820:
817:
815:
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
802:
798:
794:
793:
792:sensu stricto
790:Spermophilus
788:
787:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:mitochondrial
744:
736:
735:
730:
721:
719:
709:
706:
705:
700:
699:
690:
689:
683:
674:
672:
667:
649:
645:
641:
637:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
540:are in bold.
539:
535:
534:
529:according to
528:
524:
523:
515:
514:
506:
505:
497:
496:
488:
487:
479:
478:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
445:
438:
437:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
419:Poliocitellus
412:
411:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
386:
385:
379:
378:
375:
374:
366:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
332:
331:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:sensu stricto
311:
310:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
293:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
276:
275:
267:
266:
260:
259:
256:
255:
247:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
222:
215:
214:
208:
207:
201:
200:
196:
195:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
170:
165:
162:
158:
153:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
52:
51:
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4737:Spermophilus
4532:Spermophilus
4518:Spermophilus
4488:Spermophilus
4487:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4420:
4413:
4408:Atlantoxerus
4406:
4399:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4357:Heliosciurus
4355:
4348:
4341:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4302:Spermophilus
4301:
4300:
4293:
4285:Sciurotamias
4283:
4276:
4266:
4259:
4249:
4241:Paenamarmota
4239:
4229:
4222:
4214:Notocitellus
4212:
4205:
4198:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4155:Arctomyoides
4153:
4143:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4091:Protosciurus
4089:
4079:
4069:
4061:Microsciurus
4059:
4052:
4045:
4035:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3848:
3841:Sciurillinae
3828:
3808:
3801:
3794:Cedromurinae
3774:
3754:
3749:Sundasciurus
3747:
3742:Rubrisciurus
3740:
3735:Rhinosciurus
3733:
3726:
3721:Nannosciurus
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3686:Exilisciurus
3684:
3677:
3672:Callosciurus
3670:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3591:
3583:Oligosciurus
3581:
3571:
3561:
3553:Hesperopetes
3551:
3524:
3517:
3490:
3485:Simpligaulus
3483:
3476:
3469:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3413:Ceratogaulus
3411:
3404:
3397:Mylagaulinae
3381:
3374:Mesogaulinae
3358:
3347:Mylagaulidae
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3252:
3245:Graphiurinae
3232:
3225:
3207:Oligodyromys
3205:
3200:Bransatoglis
3198:
3166:
3156:
3148:Sewelleladon
3146:
3136:
3126:
3118:Pseudaplodon
3116:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3078:Paracitellus
3076:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2978:Dakotallomys
2976:
2966:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2788:Sciuromorpha
2745:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2692:
2680:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2559:
2548:
2538:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2471:
2463:(S. musicus)
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2407:
2398:
2385:Spermophilus
2384:
2383:
2372:
2363:
2351:Sciurotamias
2349:
2338:
2328:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2285:
2274:
2265:
2255:Notocitellus
2253:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2032:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1989:Petromarmota
1988:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1900:Gray marmot
1895:
1884:
1873:
1863:
1854:
1840:
1829:
1817:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1756:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1713:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1652:
1629:Sciuromorpha
1522:
1518:
1508:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1332:
1328:
1323:Spermophilus
1322:
1314:
1303:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1234:. Retrieved
1220:
1216:
1206:
1195:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1130:
1120:
1105:
1101:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1011:Spermophilus
1010:
1004:
997:
983:
976:
971:
960:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
908:
907:
900:
891:
880:
879:
872:
863:
854:
843:
838:
829:
822:
813:
804:
789:
783:Late Miocene
778:
759:prairie dogs
755:Spermophilus
754:
751:cytochrome b
743:phylogenetic
740:
732:
715:
702:
696:
686:
682:Spermophilus
681:
680:
636:Spermophilus
635:
633:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
597:
590:
587:Spermophilus
586:
583:Spermophilus
582:
571:prairie dogs
567:paraphyletic
550:Spermophilus
549:
548:
547:
538:Spermophilus
537:
532:
460:
459:
458:
442:
441:
417:
416:
415:
391:
390:
389:
356:
355:
354:
337:
336:
335:
312:
309:Spermophilus
308:
307:
306:
290:
289:
272:
271:
270:
239:Notocitellus
237:
236:
235:
219:
218:
184:
169:Mus citellus
167:
161:Type species
146:Spermophilus
145:
144:
48:
25:Spermophilus
24:
18:
4631:iNaturalist
4512:Wikispecies
4432:Heteroxerus
4350:Funisciurus
4334:Protoxerini
4316:Urocitellus
4014:Trogopterus
4007:Pteromyscus
3962:Petaurillus
3907:Eoglaucomys
3767:Funambulini
3441:Pterogaulus
3406:Alphagaulus
3360:Galbreathia
3315:Muscardinus
3274:Chaetocauda
2998:Ephemeromys
2951:Ameniscomys
2941:Altasciurus
2561:Urocitellus
2500:S. relictus
1641:Subfamily:
1525:: 319–328.
1486:: 103–120.
1082:S. pygmaeus
1074:Weichselian
1062:S. suslicus
1006:Urocitellus
1001:Pleistocene
718:Black Death
688:S. suslicus
592:Urocitellus
531:cytochrome
274:Urocitellus
4731:Categories
4422:Geosciurus
4401:Aragoxerus
4378:Protoxerus
4364:Myosciurus
4224:Nototamias
4071:Miosciurus
3969:Petaurista
3914:Eupetaurus
3870:Pteromyini
3850:Sciurillus
3776:Funambulus
3700:Hyosciurus
3633:Sinotamias
3448:Umbogaulus
3434:Notogaulus
3427:Mylagaulus
3383:Mesogaulus
3265:Leithiinae
3254:Graphiurus
3168:Trigonomys
3108:Prosciurus
3098:Proansomys
3088:Paransomys
3068:Oligopetes
3048:Niglarodon
3038:Meniscomys
3018:Leptoromys
2988:Disallomys
2968:Aplodontia
2890:Parallomys
2839:Allomyidae
1627:Suborder:
1586:Marmotini
1369:: 108057.
1236:9 February
1112:References
775:Palearctic
677:Appearance
185:See text.
4371:Paraxerus
4207:Neotamias
4183:Ictidomys
4136:Marmotini
3993:Priapomys
3976:Petinomys
3928:Hylopetes
3921:Glaucomys
3861:Sciurinae
3821:Ratufinae
3693:Glyphotes
3537:Sciuridae
3329:Selevinia
3158:Tardontia
3138:Selenomys
3128:Sciurodon
3028:Liodontia
2897:Pelycomys
2883:Oropyctis
2869:Downsimus
2798:Kingdom:
2034:Neotamias
1987:Subgenus
1894:Subgenus
1890:(marmots)
1842:Ictidomys
1636:Sciuridae
1599:Kingdom:
1539:1040-6182
1500:1040-6182
1461:208578857
1453:0891-2963
1439:: 19–39.
1383:1055-7903
1272:: 17–111.
1106:S. fulvus
1076:) of the
909:Colobotis
797:Old World
698:S. fulvus
671:hybridize
666:aestivate
648:hibernate
620:spermatos
527:Marmotini
393:Ictidomys
152:F. Cuvier
135:Marmotini
125:Sciuridae
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
4662:12400978
4497:Wikidata
4343:Epixerus
4176:Eutamias
4025:Sciurini
4000:Pteromys
3955:Neopetes
3803:Cedromus
3707:Lariscus
3679:Dremomys
3613:Sciurion
3573:Lagrivea
3471:Crucimys
3322:Myomimus
3298:Hypnomys
3227:Glirulus
3218:Glirinae
3179:Gliridae
3008:Haplomys
2918:Spurimus
2911:Rudiomys
2876:Haplomys
2855:Alwoodia
2818:Rodentia
2812:Mammalia
2806:Chordata
2804:Phylum:
2800:Animalia
2747:Category
1819:Eutamias
1634:Family:
1622:Rodentia
1615:Mammalia
1608:Chordata
1606:Phylum:
1601:Animalia
1154:62265494
1102:S. major
1096:and the
881:Pygmaeus
704:S. major
121:Family:
115:Rodentia
105:Mammalia
95:Chordata
91:Phylum:
85:Animalia
71:Domain:
33:- Recent
4623:2437289
4503:Q199251
4415:Euxerus
4190:Marmota
4169:Cynomys
4127:Xerinae
4105:Sciurus
3893:Belomys
3886:Aeromys
3879:Aeretes
3756:Tamiops
3714:Menetes
3526:Uriscus
3308:Leithia
3288:Eliomys
3281:Dryomys
3058:Ninamys
2961:Ansomys
2848:Allomys
2816:Order:
2810:Class:
1905:
1896:Marmota
1886:Marmota
1758:Cynomys
1643:Xerinae
1620:Order:
1613:Class:
1223:: 639.
763:marmots
724:Species
659:⁄
644:diurnal
600:susliks
575:marmots
561:in the
444:Cynomys
292:Marmota
178:Species
141:Genus:
131:Tribe:
111:Order:
101:Class:
31:Miocene
4701:631007
4649:180145
4636:179974
4597:305738
4584:1SPRMG
4389:Xerini
4309:Tamias
3830:Ratufa
3563:Kherem
2728:
2719:
2710:
2684:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2539:Tamias
2522:
2513:
2504:
2494:
2485:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2402:
2367:
2312:
2303:
2269:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2016:
2007:
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1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
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1624:
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1610:
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1537:
1498:
1459:
1451:
1381:
1291:
1152:
1142:
911:-clade
883:-clade
771:clades
765:, and
640:steppe
624:philos
616:sperma
608:suslik
604:суслик
577:, and
154:, 1825
4714:41528
4571:15104
4446:Xerus
3935:Iomys
1457:S2CID
1094:Volga
1078:Desna
749:gene
612:suseł
555:genus
553:is a
4688:9996
4683:NCBI
4644:ITIS
4618:GBIF
4579:EPPO
4558:7KBZ
4545:4740
4540:BOLD
3234:Glis
1535:ISSN
1496:ISSN
1449:ISSN
1379:ISSN
1289:ISBN
1238:2018
1150:OCLC
1140:ISBN
4670:NBN
4657:MSW
4566:EoL
4553:CoL
4527:ADW
1527:doi
1523:420
1488:doi
1484:509
1441:doi
1410:doi
1406:186
1371:doi
1367:195
1337:doi
1225:doi
1181:doi
595:).
557:of
4733::
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4672::
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1991::
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1533:.
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1494:.
1478:.
1455:.
1447:.
1437:33
1435:.
1431:.
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1377:.
1365:.
1361:.
1333:90
1331:.
1327:.
1270:43
1268:.
1246:^
1221:23
1219:.
1215:.
1177:90
1175:.
1171:.
1148:.
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1108:.
1084:.
1064:.
1013::
970:,
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936:,
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871:,
862:,
853:,
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812:,
795:,
785:.
761:,
693:c.
652:c.
606:,
573:,
4428:†
4397:†
4291:†
4274:†
4257:†
4247:†
4237:†
4220:†
4196:†
4151:†
4087:†
4077:†
4067:†
4043:†
4033:†
3982:†
3951:†
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3791:†
3639:†
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3609:†
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2780:e
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1040:†
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661:2
657:1
654:8
533:b
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