859:, and many others. It was first registered as a pesticide in the United States for use on crops in 1997. Its labeled use rate is set at 1 ppm (1 mg a.i./kg of grain) and its maximum residue limit (MRL) or tolerance is set at 1.5 ppm. Spinosad's widespread commercial launch was deferred, awaiting final MRL or tolerance approvals in a few remaining grain-importing countries. It is considered a natural product, thus is approved for use in organic agriculture by numerous nations. Two other uses for spinosad are for pets and humans. Spinosad has been used in oral preparations (as Comfortis) to treat
736:
713:
405:
269:
110:
118:
915:. In general, spinosyns possessing a methyl group at C6 (spinosyn D-related analogs) tend to be more active and less affected by changes in the rest of the molecule. Spinosyn A is slow to penetrate to the internal fluids of larvae; it is also poorly metabolized once it enters the insect. The apparent lack of spinosyn A metabolism may contribute to its high level of activity, and may compensate for the slow rate of penetration.
42:
29:
3325:
624:
823:(nAChRs) of the insect nervous system that are distinct from those at which other insecticides have their activity. Spinosoid binding leads to disruption of acetylcholine neurotransmission. Spinosad also has secondary effects as a Îł-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter agonist. It kills insects by hyperexcitation of the insect nervous system. Spinosad has proven not to cause
438:
D: InChI=1S/C42H67NO10/c1-11-26-13-12-14-35(53-37-16-15-34(43(6)7)24(4)49-37)23(3)38(45)33-20-31-29(32(33)21-36(44)51-26)17-22(2)28-18-27(19-30(28)31)52-42-41(48-10)40(47-9)39(46-8)25(5)50-42/h17,20,23-32,34-35,37,39-42H,11-16,18-19,21H2,1-10H3/t23-,24-,25+,26+,27-,28+,29-,30-,31-,32+,34+,35+,37+,39+,40-,41-,42+/m1/s1
428:
A: InChI=1S/C41H65NO10/c1-10-26-12-11-13-34(52-36-17-16-33(42(5)6)23(3)48-36)22(2)37(44)32-20-30-28(31(32)21-35(43)50-26)15-14-25-18-27(19-29(25)30)51-41-40(47-9)39(46-8)38(45-7)24(4)49-41/h14-15,20,22-31,33-34,36,38-41H,10-13,16-19,21H2,1-9H3/t22-,23-,24+,25-,26+,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,33+,34+,36+,38+,39-,40-,41+/m1/s1
818:
Spinosad is highly active, by both contact and ingestion, in numerous insect species. Its overall protective effect varies with insect species and life stage. It affects certain species only in the adult stage, but can affect other species at more than one life stage. The species subject to very high
819:
rates of mortality as larvae, but not as adults, may gradually be controlled through sustained larval mortality. The mode of action of spinosoid insecticides is by a neural mechanism. The spinosyns and spinosoids have a novel mode of action, primarily targeting binding sites on
1071:
Chronic exposure studies failed to induce tumor formation in rats and mice; mice given up to 51 mg/kg/day for 18 months resulted in no tumor formation. Similarly, administration of 25 mg/kg/day to rats for 24 months did not result in tumor formation.
810:. Spinosyns occur in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids) have been produced in the lab. Spinosad contains a mix of two spinosoids, spinosyn A, the major component, and spinosyn D (the minor component), in a roughly 17:3 ratio.
961:
Spinosad has high efficacy, a broad insect pest spectrum, low mammalian toxicity, and a good environmental profile, a unique feature of the insecticide compared to others currently used for the protection of grain products. It is regarded as
1882:
Reyes M, Franck P, Charmillot PJ, Ioriatti C, Olivares J, Pasqualini E, Sauphanor B (September 2007). "Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in
European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella".
1212:
Snyder DE, Meyer J, Zimmermann AG, Qiao M, Gissendanner SJ, Cruthers LR, et al. (December 2007). "Preliminary studies on the effectiveness of the novel pulicide, spinosad, for the treatment and control of fleas on dogs".
966:-based, and approved for use in organic agriculture by numerous national and international certifications. Spinosad residues are highly stable on grains stored in bins, with protection ranging from 6 months to 2 years.
1360:
Orr N, Shaffner AJ, Richey K, Crouse GD (30 April 2009). "Novel mode of action of spinosad: Receptor binding studies demonstrating lack of interaction with known insecticidal target sites".
1402:
Sparks TC, Crouse GD, Durst G (October 2001). "Natural products as insecticides: the biology, biochemistry and quantitative structure-activity relationships of spinosyns and spinosoids".
537:
3247:
1839:
Bielza P, Quinto V, Fernandez E, Grávalos C, Contreras J (June 2007). "Genetics of spinosad resistance in
Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)".
891:
Spinosyn A does not appear to interact directly with known insecticidal-relevant target sites, but rather acts via a novel mechanism. Spinosyn A resembles a
1939:
637:
1754:
Sayyed AH, Omar D, Wright DJ (August 2004). "Genetics of spinosad resistance in a multi-resistant field-selected population of
Plutella xylostella".
1711:
Biondi A, Mommaerts V, Smagghe G, Viñuela E, Zappalà L, Desneux N (December 2012). "The non-target impact of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods".
1248:
Crouse GD, Sparks TC, Schoonover J, Gifford J, Dripps J, Bruce T, et al. (February 2001). "Recent advances in the chemistry of spinosyns".
2667:
669:
3072:
2202:
771:, with bead-like chains of spores enclosed in a characteristic hairy sheath. This genus is defined as aerobic, Gram-positive, nonacid-fast
454:
3117:
1330:
Hertlein M, Thompson GD, Subramanyam B, Athanassiou CG (12 January 2011). "Spinosad: A new natural product for stored grain protection".
3011:
2797:
1286:
Watson G (31 May 2001). "Actions of
Insecticidal Spinosyns on Îł-Aminobutyric Acid Responses for Small-Diameter Cockroach Neurons".
1920:
1791:"Development of resistance to spinosad in oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in laboratory selection and cross-resistance"
1141:
1115:
1089:
2123:
2083:
1261:
787:
in the spinosyn family that has a generalized structure consisting of a unique tetracyclic ring system attached to an
806:
Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide derived from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of
419:
632:
3380:
3345:
2469:
820:
644:
577:
1659:
Liu N, Yue X (August 2000). "Insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae)".
2464:
1950:
1852:
2062:
Mayes MA, Thompson GD, Husband B, Miles MM (2003). "Spinosad toxicity to pollinators and associated risk".
1720:
1022:
731:
346:
264:
865:, the cat flea, in canines and felines; the optimal dose set for canines is reported to be 30 mg/kg.
174:
2617:
692:
383:
190:
182:
1541:
3370:
3315:
3111:
2424:
2116:
2018:"Spinosad insecticide: subchronic and chronic toxicity and lack of carcinogenicity in Fischer 344 rats"
943:
3296:
2544:
2439:
2255:
2187:
753:
3385:
3360:
3355:
1607:
708:
462:
A: O(1C2(3((4(C(=C3)C(=O)(C)(O5O(C)(N(C)C)CC5)CCC(CC)OC(=O)C4))(C=C2(C1)))))6(OC)(OC)(OC)(C)O6
400:
1633:
3289:
2300:
1586:
868:
Spinosad is sold under the brand names, Comfortis, Trifexis, and
Natroba. Trifexis also includes
558:
1977:"Spinosad insecticide: subchronic and chronic toxicity and lack of carcinogenicity in CD-1 mice"
835:
Spinosad has been used around the world for the control of a variety of insect pests, including
467:
D: CC1=C2((3(1(C(O4(OC)(OC)(OC)(C)O4)C3)))(C=C52(CC(=O)O(CC)CCC(O6O(C)(N(C)C)CC6)(C)C5=O)))
3350:
3268:
3228:
2280:
1006:
566:
210:
3365:
3282:
2109:
1790:
861:
1067: = 0.0025 mg/bee (highly toxic if directly sprayed on and of dried residues).
226:
218:
85:
77:
69:
3375:
2429:
1455:
1369:
1295:
1172:"Saccharopolyspora spinosa sp. nov. Isolated from soil Collected in a Sugar Mill Rum Still"
876:. Natroba is sold for treatment of human head lice. Spinosad is also commonly used to kill
371:
363:
355:
548:
8:
3261:
2991:
2587:
2449:
2444:
2260:
2245:
1594:
University of
California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. UCANR Publication.
937:
931:
905:
873:
735:
712:
404:
268:
59:
1459:
1373:
1299:
138:
3254:
3240:
3136:
2937:
2459:
2454:
2290:
2275:
2237:
1864:
1821:
1684:
984:
154:
146:
2792:
2757:
2717:
2265:
2089:
2079:
2039:
1998:
1900:
1856:
1825:
1813:
1771:
1736:
1676:
1419:
1265:
1230:
976:
784:
779:
was isolated from soil collected inside a nonoperational sugar mill rum still in the
759:
603:
591:
1868:
1688:
1596:(Report). Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals.
1488:
872:. Comfortis and Trifexis brands treat adult fleas on pets; the latter also prevents
2996:
2727:
2597:
2071:
2029:
1988:
1892:
1848:
1805:
1763:
1728:
1724:
1668:
1463:
1411:
1377:
1339:
1303:
1257:
1222:
1183:
869:
824:
482:
335:
327:
3329:
3275:
3194:
2577:
2562:
1563:
1514:
1467:
1381:
1226:
963:
949:
925:
892:
1672:
679:
3092:
2572:
2411:
1809:
1343:
1056:
803:-rhamnose). Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water.
780:
772:
615:
2034:
2017:
1993:
1976:
3339:
3176:
3057:
3001:
2973:
2880:
2870:
2702:
2682:
2348:
2313:
2101:
1188:
1171:
1037:
967:
724:
257:
2075:
3219:
3161:
3156:
3062:
3037:
2968:
2963:
2933:
2905:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2835:
2782:
2687:
2657:
2582:
2557:
2519:
2401:
2391:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2338:
2318:
2167:
2132:
2093:
2043:
2002:
1904:
1860:
1817:
1775:
1740:
1680:
1423:
1307:
1269:
1234:
844:
543:
1585:
Bethke JA, Dreistadt SH, Varela LG, Phillips PA, O'Donnell CA (May 2014).
3234:
3151:
3052:
3042:
2953:
2929:
2920:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2845:
2820:
2802:
2612:
2396:
2366:
2356:
2308:
2285:
2192:
2182:
2136:
1444:"Resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns- A review and analysis"
856:
836:
788:
748:
657:
246:
3186:
3166:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3047:
3027:
2958:
2948:
2915:
2910:
2890:
2875:
2865:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2812:
2762:
2732:
2672:
2652:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2607:
2529:
2504:
2494:
2386:
2381:
2333:
2323:
2250:
2197:
2177:
2162:
896:
852:
848:
519:
201:
2016:
Yano BL, Bond DM, Novilla MN, McFadden LG, Reasor MJ (February 2002).
1924:
1443:
1329:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3107:
3006:
2943:
2925:
2742:
2722:
2712:
2692:
2677:
2592:
2567:
2534:
2434:
2328:
2222:
2212:
2157:
2144:
764:
673:
1896:
1732:
614:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3204:
3199:
3171:
3102:
3082:
2787:
2772:
2662:
2647:
2602:
2552:
2489:
2270:
2227:
2207:
2172:
2152:
1767:
1415:
1262:
10.1002/1526-4998(200102)57:2<177::AID-PS281>3.0.CO;2-Z
570:
301:
293:
285:
237:
117:
109:
3140:
3032:
2983:
2777:
2767:
2747:
2737:
2697:
2622:
2514:
2484:
1442:
Sparks T, Dripps JE, Watson GB, Paroonagian D (6 November 2012).
840:
313:
41:
28:
2752:
2642:
2509:
2499:
2419:
2217:
899:
on insect neurons. Spinosyn A is highly active against neonate
877:
768:
165:
2707:
2524:
1975:
Stebbins KE, Bond DM, Novilla MN, Reasor MJ (February 2002).
1881:
1838:
1710:
1584:
1441:
1247:
900:
883:
Comfortis and
Trifexis were withdrawn in the European Union.
129:
98:
697:
388:
3209:
2479:
751:
based on chemical compounds found in the bacterial species
276:
1853:
10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[916:gosrif]2.0.co;2
2474:
2061:
1974:
1211:
2015:
1359:
3313:
2064:
1940:"Codling Moth and Leafroller Control Using Chemicals"
970:
parameters have been reported for spinosad, and are:
1096:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 28 April 2021
1401:
3337:
1753:
1176:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
1148:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 1 July 2021
1122:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 31 May 2023
909:, and is slightly more biologically active than
763:was discovered in 1985 in isolates from crushed
334:
326:
1542:"Safer Flea Control | Insects in the City"
84:
76:
68:
2131:
2117:
1949:. Washington State University. Archived from
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
767:. The bacteria produce yellowish-pink aerial
1918:
1875:
1832:
1782:
1747:
1652:
1051: = 30.0 mg/L (slightly toxic)
956:
547:
2124:
2110:
1695:
1544:. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
734:
711:
403:
267:
225:
217:
209:
2033:
1992:
1925:"Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database"
1187:
526:745.995 g·mol (D)
370:
362:
354:
1947:Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center
1437:
1435:
1433:
1169:
1921:Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
1788:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
707:
399:
245:
3338:
1919:Mota-Sanchez D, Wise JC, et al. (
1658:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1142:"Comfortis- spinosad tablet, chewable"
923:Spinosad resistance has been found in
795:-forosamine) and a neutral sugar (tri-
725:
258:
2105:
1448:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
1430:
1362:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
1355:
1353:
1288:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
1165:
1163:
775:with fragmenting substrate mycelium.
678:
597:
441:Key: RDECBWLKMPEKPM-PSCJHHPTSA-N
431:Key: SRJQTHAZUNRMPR-UYQKXTDMSA-N
189:
181:
173:
153:
145:
137:
1539:
1314:
1241:
1033: >5000 mg/kg (nontoxic)
1017: >2000 mg/kg (nontoxic)
1001: >2000 mg/kg (nontoxic)
990: >5000 mg/kg (nontoxic)
1937:
1388:
1276:
1196:
895:and is comparable to the effect of
316:
300:
292:
284:
13:
2054:
1350:
1160:
14:
3397:
1564:"Spinosad - brand name list from"
821:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
813:
3323:
1170:Mertz F, Yao RC (January 1990).
827:to any other known insecticide.
622:
40:
27:
2009:
1968:
1931:
1911:
1626:
1600:
1578:
1556:
1533:
1507:
1489:"Spinosad international brands"
1481:
618:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1841:Journal of Economic Entomology
1798:Journal of Economic Entomology
1661:Journal of Economic Entomology
1134:
1108:
1090:"Natroba- spinosad suspension"
1082:
586:
1:
1789:Hsu JC, Feng HT (June 2006).
1075:
918:
886:
1927:. Michigan State University.
1721:Society of Chemical Industry
1468:10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.11.004
1382:10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.04.009
1227:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.011
1023:Anas platyrhynchos domestica
7:
2618:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
1917:See for continued updates:
1673:10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1269
783:. Spinosad is a mixture of
524:731.968 g·mol (A)
10:
3402:
1810:10.1603/0022-0493-99.3.931
1344:10.1016/j.jspr.2011.01.004
944:Frankliniella occidentalis
3297:Purpureocillium lilacinum
3218:
3185:
3020:
2982:
2811:
2543:
2410:
2347:
2299:
2256:Chromated copper arsenate
2236:
2188:m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate
2143:
1638:European Medicines Agency
1612:European Medicines Agency
754:Saccharopolyspora spinosa
723:
691:
686:
668:
663:
612:
530:
475:
450:
415:
52:
39:
26:
2301:Insect growth regulators
1189:10.1099/00207713-40-1-34
957:Safety and ecotoxicology
903:of the tobacco budworm,
3381:Sustainable agriculture
3346:Biological pest control
3290:Paenibacillus popilliae
2076:10.1007/0-387-21731-2_2
2035:10.1093/toxsci/65.2.288
1994:10.1093/toxsci/65.2.276
1885:Pest Management Science
1756:Pest Management Science
1713:Pest Management Science
1404:Pest Management Science
1250:Pest Management Science
1215:Veterinary Parasitology
1029:), dietary toxicity: LC
830:
3269:Metarhizium anisopliae
3248:Beauveria brongniartii
3229:Bacillus thuringiensis
2281:Lead hydrogen arsenate
2022:Toxicological Sciences
1981:Toxicological Sciences
1308:10.1006/pest.2001.2559
1007:Callipepla californica
3283:Lecanicillium lecanii
1116:"Spinosad suspension"
1004:in California quail (
2430:Carbon tetrachloride
1515:"Spinosad US brands"
1013:), oral toxicity: LD
3262:Metarhizium acridum
2992:Chlorantraniliprole
2588:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
2261:Copper(II) arsenate
2246:Aluminium phosphide
2238:Inorganic compounds
1460:2012PBioP.102....1S
1374:2009PBioP..95....1O
1300:2001PBioP..71...20W
1042:Oncorhynchus mykiss
997:), acute dermal: LD
938:Bactrocera dorsalis
932:Plutella xylostella
906:Heliothis virescens
660:
23:
3255:Isaria fumosorosea
3241:Beauveria bassiana
3137:Piperonyl butoxide
2938:chrysanthemic acid
2276:Diatomaceous earth
981:(Bergenhout, 1769)
785:chemical compounds
656:
645:Infobox references
21:
3371:Organic gardening
3311:
3310:
3112:+milbemycin oxime
2793:Tetrachlorvinphos
2758:Pirimiphos-methyl
2718:Oxydemeton-methyl
2266:Copper(I) cyanide
2085:978-0-387-00620-8
1640:. 5 November 2020
977:Rattus norvegicus
874:heartworm disease
802:
794:
760:Saccharopolyspora
742:
741:
693:CompTox Dashboard
653:Chemical compound
651:
650:
601:
589:
384:CompTox Dashboard
119:Interactive image
111:Interactive image
3393:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3319:
2997:Cyantraniliprole
2728:Parathion-methyl
2598:Demeton-S-methyl
2545:Organophosphorus
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1956:on 3 August 2003
1955:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1708:
1693:
1692:
1667:(4): 1269–1275.
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1608:"Comfortis EPAR"
1604:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:. 3 January 2020
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1495:. 3 January 2020
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1062:
1061:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1046:
1028:
1027:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1012:
982:
914:
913:
870:milbemycin oxime
825:cross-resistance
800:
792:
738:
727:
716:
715:
701:
699:
682:
661:
659:
655:
635:
629:
626:
625:
599:
596:
588:
585:
551:
514: (D)
483:Chemical formula
408:
407:
392:
390:
374:
366:
358:
338:
330:
318:
304:
296:
288:
271:
260:
249:
229:
221:
213:
193:
185:
177:
157:
149:
141:
121:
113:
88:
80:
72:
44:
31:
24:
20:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3386:Withdrawn drugs
3361:Dog medications
3356:Cat medications
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3276:Nomuraea rileyi
3214:
3181:
3021:Other chemicals
3016:
2978:
2807:
2578:Chlorfenvinphos
2563:Azinphos-methyl
2539:
2412:Organochlorides
2406:
2343:
2295:
2291:Scheele's Green
2232:
2139:
2130:
2100:
2086:
2057:
2055:Further reading
2052:
2051:
2014:
2010:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1916:
1912:
1897:10.1002/ps.1421
1880:
1876:
1837:
1833:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1752:
1748:
1733:10.1002/ps.3396
1709:
1696:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1634:"Trifexis EPAR"
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1440:
1431:
1410:(10): 896–905.
1400:
1389:
1358:
1351:
1332:Stored Products
1328:
1315:
1284:
1277:
1246:
1242:
1210:
1197:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1045:(Walbaum, 1792)
1044:
1032:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1000:
988:
983:), acute oral:
980:
964:natural product
959:
950:Cydia pomonella
926:Musca domestica
921:
911:
910:
893:GABA antagonist
889:
833:
816:
719:
695:
654:
647:
642:
641:
640: ?)
631:
627:
623:
619:
608:
563:
560:
540:
525:
513:
509:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
485:
471:
468:
463:
458:
457:
446:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
411:
393:
386:
377:
341:
319:
307:
252:
232:
196:
160:
124:
102:
91:
62:
48:
45:
35:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3333:
3332:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Hydramethylnon
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Chlorethoxyfos
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2349:Neonicotinoids
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2028:(2): 288–298.
2008:
1987:(2): 276–287.
1967:
1930:
1910:
1891:(9): 890–902.
1874:
1847:(3): 916–920.
1831:
1804:(3): 931–936.
1781:
1768:10.1002/ps.869
1762:(8): 827–832.
1746:
1727:): 1523–1536.
1694:
1651:
1625:
1614:. 26 June 2023
1599:
1577:
1555:
1532:
1506:
1480:
1429:
1416:10.1002/ps.358
1387:
1349:
1338:(3): 131–146.
1313:
1275:
1256:(2): 177–185.
1240:
1221:(4): 345–351.
1195:
1159:
1133:
1107:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1057:Apis mellifera
1052:
1048:
1034:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1002:
998:
991:
986:
958:
955:
920:
917:
888:
885:
832:
829:
815:
814:Mode of action
812:
781:Virgin Islands
740:
739:
729:
721:
720:
718:
717:
704:
702:
689:
688:
684:
683:
676:
666:
665:
652:
649:
648:
643:
621:
620:
616:standard state
613:
610:
609:
607:
606:
594:
582:
580:
574:
573:
564:
561:administration
557:
554:
553:
541:
536:
533:
532:
528:
527:
522:
516:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
493:
489:
486:
481:
478:
477:
473:
472:
470:
469:
466:
464:
461:
453:
452:
451:
448:
447:
445:
444:
440:
437:
436:
434:
430:
427:
426:
418:
417:
416:
413:
412:
410:
409:
396:
394:
382:
379:
378:
376:
375:
367:
359:
351:
349:
343:
342:
340:
339:
331:
322:
320:
312:
309:
308:
306:
305:
297:
289:
281:
279:
273:
272:
262:
254:
253:
251:
250:
242:
240:
234:
233:
231:
230:
222:
214:
206:
204:
198:
197:
195:
194:
186:
178:
170:
168:
162:
161:
159:
158:
150:
142:
134:
132:
126:
125:
123:
122:
114:
105:
103:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
81:
73:
65:
63:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
37:
36:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3398:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Biopesticides
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3220:Biopesticides
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3177:Metaflumizone
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Chlordimeform
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Flubendiamide
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2974:Transfluthrin
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Fenpropathrin
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Esfenvalerate
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Monocrotophos
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Methamidophos
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
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2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
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2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
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2503:
2501:
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2491:
2488:
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2483:
2481:
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2471:
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2461:
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2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
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2403:
2400:
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2390:
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2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Diflubenzuron
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
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1705:
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1701:
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1690:
1686:
1682:
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1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1639:
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1629:
1613:
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1484:
1469:
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1457:
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1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1417:
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1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
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1356:
1354:
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1341:
1337:
1333:
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1267:
1263:
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1232:
1228:
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1208:
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1202:
1200:
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1091:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1059:
1058:
1054:in honeybee (
1053:
1043:
1039:
1038:rainbow trout
1035:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1003:
996:
995:R. norvegicus
992:
989:
979:
978:
973:
972:
971:
969:
968:Ecotoxicology
965:
954:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:
934:
933:
929:
927:
916:
908:
907:
902:
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884:
881:
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875:
871:
866:
864:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
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838:
828:
826:
822:
811:
809:
804:
798:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:actinomycetes
770:
766:
762:
761:
756:
755:
750:
746:
737:
733:
730:
728:
726:ECHA InfoCard
722:
714:
710:
709:DTXSID7032478
706:
705:
703:
694:
690:
685:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
664:Clinical data
662:
646:
639:
634:
617:
611:
605:
595:
593:
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583:
581:
579:
576:
575:
572:
568:
565:
562:
556:
555:
550:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:Pharmacology
529:
523:
521:
518:
517:
487:
484:
480:
479:
474:
465:
460:
459:
456:
449:
435:
425:
424:
421:
414:
406:
402:
401:DTXSID7032478
398:
397:
395:
385:
381:
380:
373:
368:
365:
360:
357:
353:
352:
350:
348:
345:
344:
337:
332:
329:
324:
323:
321:
315:
311:
310:
303:
298:
295:
290:
287:
283:
282:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
266:
263:
261:
259:ECHA InfoCard
256:
255:
248:
244:
243:
241:
239:
236:
235:
228:
223:
220:
215:
212:
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184:
179:
176:
175:ChEMBL4297065
172:
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74:
71:
67:
66:
64:
61:
57:
56:
51:
43:
38:
30:
25:
19:
3366:Insecticides
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3227:
3162:Tebufenpyrad
3157:Tebufenozide
3146:
3063:Chlorfenapyr
3038:Azadirachtin
2969:Tralomethrin
2964:Tetramethrin
2906:Metofluthrin
2861:Deltamethrin
2856:Cyphenothrin
2851:Cypermethrin
2836:Bioallethrin
2783:Tebupirimfos
2688:Methidathion
2658:Fenitrothion
2583:Chlorpyrifos
2558:Azamethiphos
2520:Methoxychlor
2402:Thiamethoxam
2392:Paichongding
2377:Imidaclothiz
2372:Imidacloprid
2362:Clothianidin
2339:Pyriproxyfen
2319:Flufenoxuron
2309:Benzoylureas
2168:Butocarboxim
2137:Insecticides
2133:Pest control
2067:
2063:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1946:
1938:Brunner JF.
1933:
1913:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1716:
1712:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1593:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1540:Merchant M.
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1451:
1447:
1407:
1403:
1365:
1361:
1335:
1331:
1294:(1): 20–28.
1291:
1287:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1182:(1): 34–39.
1179:
1175:
1150:. Retrieved
1145:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1070:
1055:
1041:
1021:
1011:(Shaw, 1798)
1005:
994:
975:
960:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
922:
904:
890:
882:
867:
860:
845:Thysanoptera
834:
817:
807:
805:
796:
776:
758:
757:. The genus
752:
744:
743:
578:Legal status
191:ChEMBL503450
183:ChEMBL501411
53:Identifiers
18:
3376:Rhamnosides
3235:Baculovirus
3187:Metabolites
3152:Sulfluramid
2954:Silafluofen
2921:Prallethrin
2901:Imiprothrin
2896:Fluvalinate
2886:Fenvalerate
2846:Cyhalothrin
2821:Acrinathrin
2813:Pyrethroids
2803:Trichlorfon
2668:Fosthiazate
2613:Dicrotophos
2397:Thiacloprid
2367:Dinotefuran
2357:Acetamiprid
2286:Paris Green
2193:Ethienocarb
2183:Carbosulfan
1566:. Drugs.com
1473:17 November
1454:(1): 1–10.
857:Hymenoptera
837:Lepidoptera
789:amino sugar
749:insecticide
732:100.103.254
687:Identifiers
538:ATCvet code
476:Properties
265:100.103.254
139:CHEBI:39211
86:131929-63-0
78:131929-60-7
70:168316-95-8
3340:Categories
3167:Veracevine
3098:Indoxacarb
3088:Fluralaner
3078:Fenoxycarb
3073:Fenazaquin
3068:Cyromazine
3048:Buprofezin
3028:Afoxolaner
2959:Tefluthrin
2949:Resmethrin
2916:Phenothrin
2911:Permethrin
2891:Flumethrin
2876:Etofenprox
2866:Empenthrin
2841:Cyfluthrin
2831:Bifenthrin
2826:Allethrins
2763:Quinalphos
2733:Phenthoate
2673:Isoxathion
2653:Fenamiphos
2638:Disulfoton
2633:Dioxathion
2628:Dimethoate
2608:Dichlorvos
2530:Tetradifon
2505:Heptachlor
2495:Endosulfan
2440:Cyclodiene
2387:Nithiazine
2382:Nitenpyram
2334:Methoprene
2324:Hydroprene
2251:Boric acid
2203:Isoprocarb
2198:Fenobucarb
2178:Carbofuran
2163:Bendiocarb
2145:Carbamates
1960:20 October
1570:20 October
1548:20 October
1525:30 January
1499:30 January
1368:(1): 1–5.
1076:References
919:Resistance
912:spinosyn D
897:avermectin
887:Spinosyn A
853:Orthoptera
849:Coleoptera
808:S. spinosa
777:S. spinosa
520:Molar mass
372:78G4631RTT
364:OY0L59V61N
356:XPA88EAP6V
202:ChemSpider
155:CHEBI:9232
147:CHEBI:9230
97:3D model (
60:CAS Number
47:Spinosyn D
34:Spinosyn A
22:Spinosyns
16:Medication
3133:Adjuvants
3128:Sarolaner
3123:Pyriprole
3118:Pyridaben
3108:Lotilaner
3043:Bensultap
3007:Ryanodine
2944:Pyrethrum
2926:Pyrethrin
2743:Phosalone
2723:Parathion
2713:Omethoate
2693:Mevinphos
2678:Malathion
2593:Coumaphos
2568:Bensulide
2535:Toxaphene
2435:Chlordane
2329:Lufenuron
2223:Promecarb
2213:Metolcarb
2158:Aminocarb
2070:: 37–71.
1826:182038998
1519:Drugs.com
1493:Drugs.com
1020:in duck (
765:sugarcane
680:Monograph
674:Drugs.com
559:Routes of
500: (A)
3330:Medicine
3303:Spinosad
3205:Paraoxon
3200:Malaoxon
3172:Xanthone
3147:Spinosad
3103:Limonene
3083:Fipronil
3012:Ryanodol
2984:Ryanoids
2798:Tribufos
2788:Terbufos
2773:Schradan
2663:Fenthion
2648:Ethoprop
2603:Diazinon
2553:Acephate
2490:Dieldrin
2425:Beta-HCH
2271:Cryolite
2228:Propoxur
2208:Methomyl
2173:Carbaryl
2153:Aldicarb
2094:15366583
2044:11812933
2003:11812932
1905:17665366
1869:25560262
1861:17598556
1818:16813333
1776:15307676
1741:23109262
1689:26611971
1681:10985042
1424:11695182
1270:11455648
1235:17980490
1146:DailyMed
1120:DailyMed
1094:DailyMed
993:in rat (
974:in rat (
862:C. felis
799:-methyl-
745:Spinosad
658:Spinosad
571:by mouth
552:)
544:QP53BX03
369:D:
361:A:
333:D:
325:A:
299:D:
291:A:
238:DrugBank
224:D:
216:A:
211:16736513
188:D:
180:A:
152:D:
144:A:
116:D:
108:A:
83:D:
75:A:
3141:Sesamex
3033:Amitraz
2778:Temefos
2768:R-16661
2748:Phosmet
2738:Phorate
2698:Mipafox
2623:Dimefox
2515:Lindane
2485:Dicofol
2460:1,2-DCE
2455:1,1-DCE
2450:1,4-DCB
2445:1,2-DCB
1587:Thripsm
1456:Bibcode
1370:Bibcode
1296:Bibcode
841:Diptera
638:what is
636: (
590::
567:Topical
546: (
314:PubChem
247:DB08823
3316:Portal
3053:Cartap
2753:Phoxim
2643:Ethion
2510:Kepone
2500:Endrin
2420:Aldrin
2218:Oxamyl
2092:
2082:
2042:
2001:
1903:
1867:
1859:
1824:
1816:
1774:
1739:
1719:(12).
1687:
1679:
1644:3 July
1618:3 July
1422:
1268:
1233:
1152:1 July
1126:1 July
1100:1 July
1049:50-96h
947:, and
901:larvae
878:thrips
855:, and
769:hyphae
747:is an
633:verify
630:
604:â„ž-only
602:
592:â„ž-only
455:SMILES
336:183094
328:443059
302:C11056
294:C11054
286:D09384
227:159214
219:391358
166:ChEMBL
2708:Naled
2525:Mirex
1954:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1865:S2CID
1822:S2CID
1794:(PDF)
1725:Wiley
1685:S2CID
1590:(PDF)
1063:), LD
1047:), LC
420:InChI
130:ChEBI
99:JSmol
3210:TCPy
3195:Oxon
2480:DFDT
2090:PMID
2080:ISBN
2040:PMID
1999:PMID
1962:2012
1901:PMID
1857:PMID
1814:PMID
1772:PMID
1737:PMID
1677:PMID
1646:2023
1620:2023
1572:2012
1550:2012
1527:2020
1501:2020
1475:2011
1420:PMID
1266:PMID
1231:PMID
1154:2023
1128:2023
1102:2023
831:Uses
670:AHFS
347:UNII
277:KEGG
2475:DDT
2470:DDE
2465:DDD
2072:doi
2068:179
2030:doi
1989:doi
1923:).
1893:doi
1849:doi
1845:100
1806:doi
1764:doi
1729:doi
1669:doi
1464:doi
1452:102
1412:doi
1378:doi
1340:doi
1304:doi
1258:doi
1223:doi
1219:150
1184:doi
1036:in
698:EPA
549:WHO
389:EPA
317:CID
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3139:,
2936:;
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