Mediumship - Knowledge

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license records and such, there is still a very powerful technique that will allow the psychic to convince people that the psychic knows all about them, their problems, and their deep personal secrets, fears, and desires. The technique is called cold reading and is probably as old as charlatanism itself... If John Edward (or any of the other self-proclaimed speakers with the dead) really could communicate with the dead, it would be a trivial matter to prove it. All that would be necessary would be for him to contact any of the thousands of missing persons who are presumed dead—famous (e.g., Jimmy Hoffa, Judge Crater) or otherwise—and correctly report where the body is. Of course, this is never done. All we get, instead, are platitudes to the effect that Aunt Millie, who liked green plates, is happy on the other side.

4470:. Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 110–12. A Mr. Merrifield was present at one of the sittings. Home's usual phenomena were messages, the moving of objects (presumably at a distance), and the playing of an accordion which he held with one hand under the shadow of the table. But from an early date in America he had been accustomed occasionally to "materialise" hands (as it was afterwards called). The sitters would, in the darkness, faintly see a ghostly hand and arm, or they might feel the touch of an icy limb. Mr. Merrifield and the other sitters saw a "spirit-hand" stretch across the faintly lit space of the window. But Mr. Merrifield says that Home sat, or crouched, low in a low chair, and that the "spirit-hand" was a false limb on the end of Home's arm. At other times, he says, he saw that Home was using his foot." 2821: 1985: 1656: 1416: 926: 2230: 2513: 7582: 9183: 2352: 2213: 6485:"A medium still riding high in England is Leslie Flint, famed as an exponent of direct voice. William Rauscher and Allen Spraggett, who attended a sitting Flint held in 1970 in New York, said that it was the most abysmal flop of any seance they had endured. All the spirit voices sounded exactly like the medium and displayed an incredible ignorance of nearly everything pertaining to the sitters. The "mediumship " was second-rate ventriloquism." 2703: 1088: 2951:, saying, "mediums are unethical and dangerous: they prey on the emotions of the grieving. As grief counselors know, death is best faced head-on as a part of life." Shermer wrote that the human urge to seek connections between events that may form patterns meaningful for survival is a function of natural evolution, and called the alleged ability of mediums to talk to the dead "a well-known illusion of a meaningful pattern." 1360:

readings, they are prevented from attributing meaning to their own reading, and therefore can't identify it from readings made for others. As a result, the type of highly successful hit rate that psychics enjoy on a daily basis comes crashing down and the truth emerges – their success depends on a fascinating application of psychology and not the existence of paranormal abilities.

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to achieve this ability, and that assistance from spiritual helpers is often necessary. Some clairvoyant mediums can see a spirit as though the spirit has a physical body. They see the bodily form as if it were physically present. Other mediums see the spirit in their mind's eye, or it appears as a movie or a television programme or a still picture like a photograph in their mind.

5990:"One medium of the 1920s, Mina Crandon, became famous for producing ectoplasm during her sittings. At the height of the séance, she was even able to produce a tiny ectoplasmic hand from her navel, which waved about in the darkness. Her career ended when Harvard biologists were able to examine the tiny hand and found it to be nothing more than a carved piece of animal liver." 4732:"The most famous of materialization mediums, Florence Cook – though she managed to convince a scientist, Sir William Crookes, that she was genuine – was repeatedly exposed in fraud. Florence had been trained in the arts of the séance by Frank Herne, a well-known physical medium whose materializations were grabbed on more than one occasion and found to be the medium himself." 2843:, was created primarily to test the hypothesis that the consciousness (or identity) of a person survives physical death. Schwartz claimed his experiments were indicative of survival, but do not yet provide conclusive proof. The experiments described by Schwartz have received criticism from the scientific community for being inadequately designed and using poor controls. 2850:

true". Hyman wrote "Even if the research program were not compromised by these defects, the claims being made would require replication by independent investigators." Hyman criticizes Schwartz's decision to publish his results without gathering "evidence for their hypothesis that would meet generally accepted scientific criteria... they have lost credibility."

695: 4003:"The spirits, controls, and guides of a medium are the products of the medium's own psychological dynamics. On the one hand, they personify the medium's hidden impulses and wish life. On the other, they are also shaped by the expectations of the medium's sitters, the medium's experience, the cultural background, and the spirit of the times." 2598:, Indiana, using infrared film, intending to procure scientific proof of spirit materializations. The medium was shown the camera beforehand, and was aware that she was being filmed. However, the film revealed obvious fraud on the part of the medium and her cabinet assistant. The exposé was published in the 10 July 1960 issue of the 968:. The medium mentally "hears" (clairaudience), "sees" (clairvoyance), and/or feels (clairsentience) messages from spirits. Directly or with the help of a spirit guide, the medium passes the information on to the message's recipient(s). When a medium is doing a "reading" for a particular person, that person is known as the "sitter". 4544:"The poet attended one of Home's seances where a face was materialized, which, Home's spirit guide announced, was that of Browning's dead son. Browning seized the supposed materialized head, and it turned out to be the bare foot of Home. The deception was not helped by the fact that Browning never had lost a son in infancy." 2883:

were related to the sitters. The research gather the numbers of the statements made and have the sitters rate the accuracy of the statements. The readings that were considered to be somewhat accurate by the sitters were very generalized, and the ones that were considered inaccurate were the ones that were very specific.

31: 1977:. Unlike the 1908 sittings, Feilding and Marriott detected her cheating, just as she had done in America. Her deceptions were obvious. Palladino evaded control and was caught moving objects with her foot, shaking the curtain with her hands, moving the cabinet table with her elbow and touching the séance sitters. 2451:"levitating" in mid air. He claimed that spirits had lifted him. Evans was later discovered to be a fraud as a cord leading from a device in his hand has indicated that it was himself who triggered the flash-photograph and that all he had done was jump from his chair into the air and pretend he had levitated. 2088:. In the confession he stated "I have deceived hundreds of people…. I have been guilty of fraud and deception in spiritualistic practices by pretending that I was controlled by a spirit guide…. I am frankly and whole-heartedly sorry that I have allowed myself to deceive people." Due to the exposure of 2078:"Her tricks were usually childish: long hairs attached to small objects in order to produce 'telekinetic movements'; the gradual substitution of one hand for two when being controlled by sitters; the production of 'phenomena' with a foot which had been surreptitiously removed from its shoe and so on." 2873:

Modern spiritualists and psychics keep detailed files on their victims. As might be expected, these files can be very valuable and are often passed on from one medium or psychic to another when one retires or dies. Even if a psychic doesn't use a private detective or have immediate access to driver's

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was exposed as a fraud in 1932. A magician and séance sitter who called himself M. Taylor presented a mail bag and Decker agreed to lock himself inside it. During the séance objects were moved around the room and it was claimed spirits had released Decker from the bag. It was later discovered to have

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was a fraud during tests at the British College of Psychic Science. Price wrote in his SPR report "William Hope has been found guilty of deliberately substituting his own plates for those of a sitter... It implies that the medium brings to the sitting a duplicate slide and faked plates for fraudulent

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attended a séance on 23, July 1855 in Ealing with the Rymers. During the séance a spirit face materialized which Home claimed was the son of Browning who had died in infancy. Browning seized the "materialization" and discovered it to be the bare foot of Home. To make the deception worse, Browning had

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or "clear seeing", is the ability to see anything that is not physically present, such as objects, animals or people. This sight occurs "in the mind's eye". Some mediums say that this is their normal vision state. Others say that they must train their minds with such practices as meditation in order

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Physical mediumship is defined as manipulation of energies and energy systems by spirits. This type of mediumship is said to involve perceptible manifestations, such as loud raps and noises, voices, materialized objects, apports, materialized spirit bodies, or body parts such as hands, legs and feet.

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Trance speakers believed that entering a trance gave them access to the spirits and, through them, to knowledge inaccessible in the waking world. Sometimes an assistant would write down the medium's words, such as in the early 20th century collaboration between the trance medium Mrs. Cecil M. Cook of

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places emphasis that "… one by one spiritual mediums were convicted of fraud, sometimes using the tricks borrowed from scenic "magicians" to convince their paranormal abilities". In the article it is also noted that "… the opening of the wide ranging fraud happening on spiritualistic sessions caused

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exposed the British materialization medium Christopher Chambers as a fraud in 1905. A false moustache was discovered in the séance room which he used to fabricate the spirit materializations. The British medium Charles Eldred was exposed as a fraud in 1906. Eldred would sit in a chair in a curtained

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and trickery. Ectoplasm, a supposed paranormal substance, was revealed to have been made from cheesecloth, butter, muslin, and cloth. Mediums would also stick cut-out faces from magazines and newspapers onto cloth or on other props and use plastic dolls in their séances to pretend to their audiences

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in 2005 suggests that under the controlled condition of the experiment, people who claimed to be professional mediums do not demonstrate the mediumistic ability. In the experiment, mediums were assigned to work the participants chosen to be "sitters." The mediums claimed to contact the deceased who

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was a trick. Close examination of photographs reveal Webber to be holding a telescopic reaching rod attached to the trumpet, and sitters in his séances only believed it to have levitated because the room was so dark they could not see the rod. Webber would cover the rod with crepe paper to disguise

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was exposed as a fraud in the séance room as it was discovered that he produced fraudulent "spirit" fingerprints in wax. The "spirit" thumbprint that Valiantine claimed belonged to Arthur Conan Doyle was revealed to be the print of his big toe on his right foot. It was also revealed that Valiantine

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mediums were discovered to be engaged in fraud, sometimes employing the techniques of stage magicians in their attempts to convince people of their clairvoyant powers." The article also notes that "the exposure of widespread fraud within the spiritualist movement severely damaged its reputation and

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or "clear hearing", is usually defined as the ability to hear the voices or thoughts of spirits. Some mediums hear as though they are listening to a person talking to them on the outside of their head, as though the Spirit is next to or near to the medium, and other mediums hear the voices in their

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Direct voice communication refers to the hypothesis that spirits speak independently of the medium, who facilitates the phenomenon rather than produces it. The role of the medium is to make the connection between the physical and spirit worlds. Trumpets are often utilised to amplify the signal, and

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In the 1860s and 1870s, trance mediums, also known as trance speakers, were very popular; this allowed female adherents, many who had strong interests in social justice, to speak in public in an era where doing so went against existing social norms. Many trance mediums delivered passionate speeches

3025:"Over the course of the reading, John comfortably laid down the specifics of Susanna Wilson’s life — he named “Andy” and amazingly knew him to be her twin. He knew that she and her brother grew up in Michigan and that his girlfriend was Maria. He knew about Susanna’s father-in-law and how he died." 2779:

and argued that she employed a secret accomplice that could enter the room by a fake door panel positioned near the séance cabinet. Wiseman discovered this trick was already mentioned in a book from 1851, he also visited a carpenter and skilled magician who constructed a door within an hour with a

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criticized the media for promoting mediums because this exposure convinces viewers that such powers are real, and so enable neighborhood mediums to prey on grieving families. Oliver said "...when psychic abilities are presented as authentic, it emboldens a vast underworld of unscrupulous vultures,

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In the late 1920s and early 1930s there were around one quarter of a million practising Spiritualists and some two thousand Spiritualist societies in the UK in addition to flourishing microcultures of platform mediumship and 'home circles'. Spiritualism continues to be practised, primarily through

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were convicted of fraud for a series of crimes spanning 20 years entailing between $ 20 and $ 45 million. They told vulnerable clients that to solve their problems they had to give the purported psychics money and valuables. Marks and family promised to return the cash and goods after "cleansing"

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discovered many methodological errors with Schwartz's research including; "Inappropriate control comparisons", "Failure to use double-blind procedures", "Creating non-falsifiable outcomes by reinterpreting failures as successes" and "Failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as

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wrote the Scole experiments fail in many ways. The séances were held in the basement of two of the mediums, only total darkness was allowed with no night vision apparatus as it might "frighten the spirits away". The box containing the film was not examined and could easily have been accessible to

2807:, Arthur Ellison and Montague Keen. This has produced photographs, audio recordings and physical objects which appeared in the dark séance room (known as apports). A criticism of the experiment was that it was flawed because it did not rule out the possibility of fraud. The skeptical investigator 2563:

in 1955. During the séance "spirit" materializations emerged from a cabinet and walked around the room. Cornell wrote that a stomach rumble, nicotine smelling breath and a pulse gave it away that all the spirit figures were in fact Harris and that he had dressed up as each one behind the cabinet.

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and then into a bath of water to materialize. Three other series of séances were held in Warsaw in Kluski's own apartment, these took place over a period of three years. Kluski was not searched in any of the séances. Photographs of the molds were obtained during the four series of experiments and

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when, in fact, it remained stationary. After the seance, approximately one third of the participants incorrectly reported that the table had moved. The results showed a greater percentage of believers reporting that the table had moved. In another experiment the believers had also reported that a

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Belief in psychic ability is widespread despite the absence of empirical evidence for its existence. Scientific researchers have attempted to ascertain the validity of claims of mediumship for more than one hundred years and have consistently failed to confirm them. As late as 2005, an experiment

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was investigated by psychical researchers and discovered to be a fraud. On November 3, 1876, during the séance a sitter demanded that Monck be searched. Monck ran from the room, locked himself in another room and escaped out of a window. A pair of stuffed gloves was found in his room, as well as

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Cold reading also explains why psychics have consistently failed scientific tests of their powers. By isolating them from their clients, psychics are unable to pick up information from the way those clients dress or behave. By presenting all of the volunteers involved in the test with all of the

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in advance of the reading, and Gerbic and Edward were not aware of the specific information in these accounts. This blinding was done in order to avoid John later being able to claim he obtained the false information by reading Gerbic and Edward's minds. In her report, Gerbic also revealed that

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for a series of séances and she claimed to have communicated with his son. Although Twigg denied formerly knowing anything about Pike and his son, the magician John Booth discovered that Twigg had already known information about the Pike family before the séances. Twigg had belonged to the same

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that he had lived in. Researchers later discovered fraud as the séances had taken place in 1922, not 1925. The magician and paranormal investigator Bob Couttie revealed that Davis was alive, Soal lived close to him and had altered the records of the sittings after checking out the house. Soal's

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also exposed the fraud mediumship of Husk. In a séance Goldston attended a pale face materialization appeared in the room. Goldston wrote "I saw at once that it was a gauze mask, and that the moustache attached to it was loose at one side through lack of gum. I pulled at the mask. It came away,

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powers. Fay later confessed to her fraud and revealed the tricks she had used. Frank Herne a British medium who formed a partnership with the medium Charles Williams was repeatedly exposed in fraudulent materialization séances. In 1875, he was caught pretending to be a spirit during a séance in

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A very large part is played by fraud in spiritualistic practices, both in the physical and psychical, or automatic, phenomena, but especially in the former. The frequency with which mediums have been convicted of fraud has, indeed, induced many people to abandon the study of psychical research,

3010:, and were "read" as a married couple Susanna and Mark Wilson by John. During the entire reading, John failed to determine the actual identities of Gerbic and Edward, or that they were being deceptive during his reading. All personal information he gave them matched what was on their falsified 936:

In old-line Spiritualism, a portion of the services, generally toward the end, is given over to demonstrations of mediumship through purported contact with the spirits of the dead. A typical example of this way of describing a mediumistic church service is found in the 1958 autobiography of C.

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for ignoring evidence of fraud in mediumship. According to Grossman " accuses sceptics of ignoring the evidence he believes is solid, but himself ignores evidence that does not suit him. If a medium was caught cheating on some occasions, he says, the rest of that medium's phenomena were still

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had claimed was genuine. Stead visited a photographer who had produced a photograph of him with deceased soldier known as "Piet Botha". Stead claimed that the photographer could not have come across any information about Piet Botha, however, Tuckett discovered that an article in 1899 had been

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as frauds. During a séance he employed a hidden mirror and caught them tampering with a letter in an envelope and writing a reply in it under the table which they would pretend a spirit had written. The British materialization medium Rosina Mary Showers was caught in many fraudulent séances

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claimed to have contacted the spirit of a 25-year-old man in the bathroom of his parents house and it is alleged he attempted to charge the family 3.5 million dollars for his mediumship services. Schwartz responded saying that the allegations were set up to destroy his science credibility.

3068:. Gerbic concluded that the riders were likely hired to ride with John, but were probably not acting when talking with him. She concluded that the details about their lives mentioned by John were easily found on social media sources, and likely fed to John, making the readings actually 1875:

who examined Piper's mediumship in detail wrote it could be explained by "muscle-reading, fishing, guessing, hints obtained in the sitting, knowledge surreptitiously obtained, knowledge acquired in the interval between sittings and lastly, facts already within Mrs. Piper's knowledge."

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handbell had moved when it had remained stationary and expressed their belief that the fake séances contained genuine paranormal phenomena. The experiments strongly supported the notion that in the séance room, believers are more suggestible than disbelievers for suggestions that are

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suspected in the séance that Stanislawa had freed her hand from control. Secret flashlight photographs that were taken revealed that her hand was free and she had moved objects on the séance table. It was claimed by spiritualists that during a series of séances in 1930 the medium

1031: 2939:). Group readings also improve hits by making general statements with conviction, which will fit at least one person in the audience. Shows are carefully edited before airing to show only what appears to be hits and removing anything that does not reflect well on the medium. 2347:

crash a few days before the séance. Researcher Melvin Harris who studied the case wrote that the information described in Garrett's séances were "either commonplace, easily absorbed bits and pieces, or plain gobblede-gook. The so-called secret information just doesn't exist."

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Several different variants of mediumship have been described; arguably the best-known forms involve a spirit purportedly taking control of a medium's voice and using it to relay a message, or where the medium simply "hears" the message and passes it on. Other forms involve

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various denominational Spiritualist churches in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, over 340 Spiritualist churches and centres open their doors to the public and free demonstrations of mediumship are regularly performed.

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the medium has the role of an intermediary between the world of the living and the world of spirit. Mediums say that they can listen to and relay messages from spirits, or that they can allow a spirit to control their body and speak through it directly or by using

2722:(1983) which exposed the fraud of the Victorian mediums. The book received positive reviews and has been influential to skeptics of spiritualism. The British apport medium Paul McElhoney was exposed as a fraud during a séance in Osset, Yorkshire in 1983. The 2073:

who was an expert at freeing her hands and feet from the control in the séance room. In the séance room Palladino would move curtains from a distance by releasing a jet of air from a rubber bulb that she had in her hand. According to the psychical researcher

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Claircognizance or "clear knowing", is the ability to know something without receiving it through normal or psychic senses. It is a feeling of "just knowing". Often, a medium will say that they have a feeling that a message or situation is "right" or

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God's World: A Treatise on Spiritualism Founded on Transcripts of Shorthand Notes Taken Down, Over a Period of Five Years, in the Seance-Room of the William T. Stead Memorial Center (a Religious Body Incorporated Under the Statutes of the State of

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and had her perform a number of test séances. She was suspected of swallowing cheesecloth which was then regurgitated as "ectoplasm". Price had proven through analysis of a sample of ectoplasm produced by Duncan, that it was made of cheesecloth.

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Universitetskomiteen, Mediet Einer Nielsen, kontrolundersøkelser av universitetskomiteen i Kristiania. (Kristiania 1922). "Rapport fra den av Norsk Selskab for Psykisk Forskning nedsatte Kontrolkomité", Norsk Tidsskrift for Psykisk Forskning 1

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Trance phenomena result from the behavior of intense focusing of attention, which is the key psychological mechanism of trance induction. Adaptive responses, including institutionalized forms of trance, are 'tuned' into neural networks in the

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In September 1878 the British medium Charles Williams and his fellow-medium at the time, A. Rita, were detected in trickery at Amsterdam. During the séance a materialized spirit was seized and found to be Rita and a bottle of phosphorus oil,

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died leaving specific instructions that all of his files should be burned. In 1971 after his death, psychical researchers discovered his files but instead of burning them they were examined and discovered to be filled with obituaries,

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off area in the room known as a "séance cabinet". Various spirit figures would emerge from the cabinet and move around the séance room, however, it was discovered that the chair had a secret compartment that contained beards, cloths,

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was fraudulent. The photograph was a trick as there were signs of chemical retouching under Mirabelli's feet. The retouching showed that Mirabelli was not levitating but was standing on a ladder which was erased from the photograph.

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directed voice mediums are sometimes known as "trumpet mediums". This form of mediumship also permits the medium to participate in the discourse during séances, since the medium's voice is not required by the spirit to communicate.

4714:"Florence Cook was caught cheating not only before her séances with Crookes but also afterward. Furthermore, she learned her trade from the mediums Frank Herne and Charles Williams, who were notorious for their cheating." Also see 2256:

a photograph taken on April 28, 1932, showed that Rudi had managed to free his arm to move a handkerchief from the table. According to Warren Jay Vinton, Schneider was an expert at freeing himself from control in the séance room.

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was exposed as a fraud when one of his séance sitters turned the lights on which revealed him to be holding a trumpet by means of a telescopic extension piece and using an angle piece to change the auditory effect of his voice.

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revealed there had been obvious signs of double exposure, the picture of Lady Crookes had been copied from a wedding anniversary photograph, however, Crookes was a convinced spiritualist and claimed it was genuine evidence for

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was exposed in 1992 when during a séance the lights were unexpectedly turned on and he was seen holding a spirit trumpet in the air, which the audience had been led to believe was being levitated by spiritual energy. In 1997,

2648:(1972) documented how every Victorian medium investigated had been exposed as using trickery, in the book he revealed how mediums would even use acrobatic techniques during séances to convince audiences of spirit presences. 1811:

were exposed as fraudulent. The fake ectoplasm of Carrière was made of cut-out paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. Cut out faces that she used included

2198:(1922) which exposed the tricks of mediumship and the fraudulent methods of producing "spirit hands". Originally all the copies of the book were bought up by spiritualists and deliberately destroyed. In 1923, the magician 1973:. In a report they claimed that genuine supernatural activity had occurred in the séances, this report became known as the Feilding report. In 1910, Feilding returned to Naples, but this time accompanied with the magician 1466:

has investigated mediumship phenomena. Critical SPR investigations into purported mediums and the exposure of fake mediums has led to a number of resignations by Spiritualist members. On the subject of fraud in mediumship

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was discovered to be a fraud in 1926. In a séance psychical researchers found that Melzer had small stones attached to the back of his ears by flesh coloured tape. Psychical researchers who investigated the mediumship of

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consider mediumship to be the result of fraud and psychological factors. Research from psychology for over a hundred years suggests that where there is not fraud, mediumship and Spiritualist practices can be explained by

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Most physical mediumship is presented in a darkened or dimly lit room. Most physical mediums make use of a traditional array of tools and appurtenances, including spirit trumpets, spirit cabinets, and levitation tables.

2160:. On July 22, 1921, in a séance he observed Goligher holding the table up with her foot. He also discovered that her ectoplasm was made of muslin. During a séance d'Albe observed white muslin between Goligher's feet. 2535:

discovered photographs depicting fraudulent ectoplasm taken by her companion Juliette Bisson. Various "materializations" were artificially attached to Eva's hair by wires. The discovery was never published by Geley.

1888:, police officers interrupted a séance of the German apport medium Frau Anna Rothe. Her hands were grabbed and she was wrestled to the ground. A female police assistant physically examined Rothe and discovered 157 2784:

and Gian Marco Rinaldi also analyzed the Feilding report but came to the conclusion no secret accomplice was needed as Palladino during the 1908 Naples séances could have produced the phenomena by using her foot.

1483:–individuals who claim to have special power and gifts but who are actually conjurers who have hoodwinked scientists and the public as well–that we have to be especially cautious about claims made on their behalf. 7053:"Psychic scam a $ 40 million Fort Lauderdale – family affair, feds allege – A Fort Lauderdale family spent the last 20 years raking in millions as fake psychics, prosecutors allege in a newly unsealed indictment" 2446:

and during the séance a dead snake appeared. Pap was searched and was found to be wearing a device under his robe, where he had hidden the snake. A photograph taken at a séance in 1937 in London shows the medium

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In the 1920s the British medium Charles Albert Beare duped the Spiritualist organization the Temple of Light into believing he had genuine mediumship powers. In 1931 Beare published a confession in the newspaper

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by means of a hidden thread. The Italian medium Lucia Sordi was exposed in 1911, she was bound to a chair by psychical researchers but would free herself during her séances. The tricks of another Italian medium

2973:) — people are predisposed to consider reliable that information which though is casual coincidence or a guess, however it seems to them personally important and significant and answers their personal belief. 1192:, for instance, may include seeing spirit and visions instilled by the spirit world. The Parapsychological Association defines "clairvoyance" as information derived directly from an external physical source. 1709:

and a false beard were found amongst the two mediums. In 1882 C. E. Wood was exposed in a séance in Peterborough. Her Indian spirit control "Pocka" was found to be the medium on her knees, covered in muslin.

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and other investigators accused Schwartz of being a fraud as he had overstepped his position as a university researcher by requesting over three million dollars from a bereaved father who had lost his son.

909:. They are very noisy and appear to have great power. The little guides, or doorkeepers, are usually Indian boys and girls as messengers who help to locate the spirit friends who wish to speak with you." 1285:

and Lewis Vaughn have noted that the spiritualist and ESP hypothesis of mediumship "has yielded no novel predictions, assumes unknown entities or forces, and conflicts with available scientific evidence."

874:, mediumship fell into disrepute. However, the religion and its beliefs continue in spite of this, with physical mediumship and seances falling out of practice and platform mediumship coming to the fore. 2489:. Birkeland turned on the lights during a séance, snatched her trumpets and discovered that the "spirit" noises were caused by chemical explosions induced by potassium and water and in other cases by 2035:

were revealed in the same year, she would release her hands and feet from control in her séances and use them. Gazzera would not permit anyone to search her before a séance sitting, as she concealed

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take place in darkness so the poor lighting conditions can become an easy opportunity for fraud. Physical mediumship that has been investigated by scientists has been discovered to be the result of

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and came to the conclusion that Leonard had known her séance sitters before she had held the séances, and could have easily obtained such information by natural means. The British psychiatrist

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produced two live birds in the séance room. Bailey was unaware that the dealer he had bought the birds from was present in the séance and he was exposed as a fraud. The psychical researcher

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wrote regarding the exposure "when one knows how a feat can be done and what to look for, only the most skillful performer can maintain the illusion in the face of such informed scrutiny."

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website. "Materialization: A phenomenon of physical mediumship in which living entities or inanimate objects are caused to take form, sometimes from ectoplasm." Retrieved January 24, 2006

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in the 1930s of ectoplasm reveal the substance to be made of tissue paper and magazine cut-outs of people. The famous photograph taken by Hamilton of the medium Mary Ann Marshall depicts

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room and the suggestive effect of the experimenters' social and scientific prestige could be used to explain why seemingly rational people vouchsafed occult phenomena." The psychologists

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accounts, rather than being about their actual lives, and John pretended he was getting this information from Gerbic and Edward's supposedly dead—but actually nonexistent—relatives.

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Preliminary report of the Commission appointed by the University of Pennsylvania to investigate modern spiritualism, in accordance with the request of the late Henry Seybert (1887).

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in 1898. The brothers utilized a fake hand made of lead, and with their hands free from control would play musical instruments and move objects in the séance room. The physiologist

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cheesecloth, reaching rods and other fraudulent devices in his luggage. After a trial Monck was convicted for his fraudulent mediumship and was sentenced to three months in prison.

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On the Other Side of the Footlights: An Expose of Routines, Apparatus and Deceptions Resorted to by Mediums, Clairvoyants, Fortune Tellers and Crystal Gazers in Deluding the Public

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No doubt a great importance in the paranormal field is the problem of fraud. The field of psychic research and spiritualism has been so notoriously full of charlatans, such as the

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Clairsentinence or "clear feeling" is a condition in which the medium takes on the ailments of a spirit, feeling the same physical problem which the spirit person had before death.

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during an after-show private event, John disclosed in a group setting that at least one of the people in the audience which he did a reading about was actually his own student.

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are avoiding the Victorian tradition of dark rooms, spirit handwriting and flying tambourines as these methods risk exposure. They instead use "mental mediumship" tactics like

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called "Red Cloud". Researcher Melvin Harris who examined some photographs of Red Cloud wrote the face was the same as Roberts and she had dressed up in a feathered war-bonnet.

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invented a niece called Bessie Beals and asked Piper's 'control' to get in touch with it. Bessie appeared, answered questions and accepted Hall as her uncle. The psychologist

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claimed to materialize a "spirit hand", but when examined by biologists the hand was discovered to be made from a piece of carved animal liver. The German apport medium

956:(SNU). Demonstration links to NSAC's Declaration of Principal #9. "We affirm that the precepts of Prophecy and Healing are Divine attributes proven through Mediumship." 787:

Attempts to communicate with the dead and other living human beings, aka spirits, have been documented back to early human history, such as the Biblical account of the

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The medium is used as a source of power for such spirit manifestations. By some accounts, this was achieved by using the energy or ectoplasm released by a medium, see

674:—and the practice began to lose credibility. Fraud is still rife in the medium or psychic industry, with cases of deception and trickery being discovered to this day. 8891: 2680:

detailed a multitude of common stage magic techniques utilized by mediums which are supposed to give an appearance of paranormal powers or supernatural involvement.

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known as Dr. Reynolds. When photographs taken of Reynolds were analyzed by researchers they discovered that Northage looked like Reynolds with a glued stage beard.

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Spiritualists believe that phenomena produced by mediums (both mental and physical mediumship) are the result of external spirit agencies. The psychical researcher

8901: 7531:. Arno Press. Reprint of 1891 edition by Charles F. Pidgeon. This rare, overlooked, and forgotten, book gives the "insider's knowledge" of 19th century deceptions. 8712: 1693:. Colley also pulled the beard off the materialization and it was revealed to be a fake, the same as another one found in the suitcase of Eglinton. In 1880 in a 1896:

and lemons hidden in her petticoat. She was arrested and charged with fraud. Another apport medium Hilda Lewis known as the "flower medium" confessed to fraud.

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Channeling can be seen as the modern form of the old mediumship, where the "channel" (or channeller) purportedly receives messages from "teaching-spirit", an "

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for deliberately ignoring evidence of fraud in mediumship. Couttie wrote Inglis had not familiarized himself with magician techniques. In 1990 the researcher

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In 1954, the psychical researcher Rudolf Lambert published a report revealing details about a case of fraud that was covered up by many early members of the

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was exposed as a fraud on October 12, 1894. During the séance a sitter seized the materialized spirit, and found it to be the Mellon on her knees with white

7440:. The Living Age. June 12. pp. 652–57. A skeptical look at SPR members who had supported Spiritualism, concludes they were duped by fraudulent mediums. 7257: 8668: 7683: 3191: 2383:

would also use a doll made of a painted papier-mâché mask draped in an old sheet which she pretended to her sitters was a spirit. The photographs taken by

1210:

Clairsentience or "clear sensing", is the ability to have an impression of what a spirit wants to communicate, or to feel sensations instilled by a spirit.

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from the medium and that there was no evidence for the spirit hypothesis. The idea of mediumship being explained by telepathy was later merged into the "

1515:, a private investigator who worked with Houdini during the 1920s, was among the most prominent debunkers of psychic fraud during the mid-20th century. 2812:

fraud. And finally, even though many years have passed, there has been no follow-up, no further research by any credible agency or published accounts.

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Clairalience or "clear smelling" is the ability to smell a spirit. For example, a medium may smell the pipe tobacco of a person who smoked during life.

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confessed that all of his spirit materializations were fraudulent in 1924. A séance sitter was also found to be working as a confederate for Lasslo.

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The VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the University of Arizona

8939: 8773: 3472:"Spiritism is not a religion but a science", as the famous French astronomer Camille Flammarion said in Allan Kardec's Eulogy on April 2, 1869, in 2780:

false panel. The accomplice was suspected to be her second husband, who insisted on bringing Palladino to the hotel where the séances took place.

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Thomas Colley seized a "spirit" materialization in his séance and cut off a portion of its cloak. It was discovered that the cut piece matched a

3332: 8879: 8844: 8816: 3668:, Mrs. Cecil M. Cook, Medium and Pastor. Compiled and Written by Lloyd Kenyon Jones. Chicago, Ill.: The William T. Stead Memorial Center, 1919. 2699:. He claimed she would dress up as the spirits in her séances and would play music during them which provided cover for her to change clothes. 4975:

Investigating the unexplained : psychic detectives, the Amityville horror-mongers, Jack the Ripper, and other mysteries of the paranormal

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earned over £50,000 from his séance sitters. He confessed to fraud in 1958 revealing the microphone and trick-apparatus that he had used. The

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Connor, Steven (1999). "9. The Machine in the Ghost: Spiritualism, Technology and the 'Direct Voice'". In Buse, Peter; Stott, Andrew (eds.).

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for anyone who could demonstrate psychic ability under controlled conditions. Most prominent psychics and mediums did not take up his offer.

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confessed to fraud in 1888. Margaret Fox revealed that she and her sister had produced the "spirit" rappings by cracking their toe joints.

6997: 3492: 1947:. between 1908 and 1914 the Italian medium Francesco Carancini was investigated by psychical researchers and they discovered that he used 7212: 3041:

The same week that the Thomas John sting revelation was made in The New York Times, John's claimed mediumship abilities portrayed in the

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genuine." Grossman came to the conclusion that Braude did not do proper research on the subject and should study "the art of conjuring."

2551:

The fraudulent medium Ronald Edwin confessed he had duped his séance sitters and revealed the fraudulent methods he had used in his book

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and came to the conclusion she was a fraud as he discovered Thompson had access to documents and information about her séance sitters.

2062:

had been duped into believing mediumship by trickery and his spiritualist views were based on assumptions and not scientific evidence.

1855:

in the late 19th and early 20th century. In an experiment to test if Piper's "spirit" controls were purely fictitious the psychologist

1306:. Trance mediumship, which according to Spiritualists is caused by discarnate spirits speaking through the medium, can be explained by 8212: 2796:

and Luigi Garlaschelli produced wax-moulds directly from one's hand which were exactly the same copies as Gustav Geley obtained from

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Liverpool and was found "clothed in about two yards of stiffened muslin, wound round his head and hanging down as far as his thigh."

619:

and living human beings. Practitioners are known as "mediums" or "spirit mediums". There are different types of mediumship or spirit

2726:

that McElhoney took to his séances was investigated and a black tape was discovered bound around the battery compartment and inside

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who was present in the audience was duped by the trick and claimed that Devant had used psychic powers. In 1936 Devant in his book

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A series of mediumistic séances known as the Scole Experiment took place between 1993 and 1998 in the presence of the researchers

2548:

all knew about the fraudulent photographs but were firm believers in mediumship phenomena so demanded the scandal be kept secret.

2265:

who tested Schneider concluded that in their tests there was "no good evidence that Rudi Schneider possesses supernormal powers."

1344:

on sitter's conversations or searching telephone directories, the internet and newspapers before the sittings. A technique called

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and found that all the "spirit" voices in his séance sounded exactly like himself and attributed his mediumship to "second-rate

1863:

wrote that Piper pretended to be controlled by spirits and fell into simple and logical traps from her comments. Science writer

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The VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the

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after the rise of Spiritualism as a religious movement. Modern Spiritualism is said to date from practices and lectures of the

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coined the term Spiritism around 1860. Kardec wrote that conversations with spirits by selected mediums were the basis of his

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with a cut out of Arthur Conan Doyle's head from a newspaper. Skeptics have suspected that Hamilton may have been behind the

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in July 1855, a sitter Frederick Merrifield observed that a "spirit-hand" was a false limb attached on the end of the medium

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relatives. Gerbic investigated and revealed that John's passengers are actually actors, several of which are documented in

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documented the history of fraud in mediumship and spiritualistic practices as well as the psychology of psychic deception.

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Memorial Center in Chicago (a religious body incorporated under the statutes of the State of Illinois) and the journalist

8796: 8597: 7669: 7009: 2904: 2092:

and other fraudulent spiritualists, Arthur Conan Doyle in the 1920s led a mass resignation of eighty-four members of the

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Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853–1931

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From its earliest beginnings to contemporary times, mediumship practices have had many instances of fraud and trickery.

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act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used under the title of

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Spiritualism and the New Psychology, an Explanation of Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Modern Knowledge

945:: "Services are held each afternoon, consisting of hymns, a lecture on philosophy, and demonstrations of mediumship." 8418: 6703: 6539: 6519: 3522: 3450: 3350: 1318: 1171: 978: 3370: 2107:

in Paris. A bowl of hot paraffin was placed in the room and according to Kluski spirits dipped their limbs into the

1744:

was caught leaning over a table pretending to be a spirit by covering his face with phosphor material. The magician

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The exposures of fraudulent activity led to a rapid decline in ectoplasm and materialization séances. Investigator

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more than happy to make money by offering an open line to the afterlife, as well as many other bullshit services."

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serious damage to reputation of the movement of a Spiritualism and in the USA pushed it on the public periphery".

1807:

before, during, and after the séance to produce spirit forms. The ectoplasm materializations of the French medium

1644:

before the "spirit" message was supposed to be written, and found the writing already there. Slade also played an

1131: 7261: 6784: 2691:. Wilson stated that Mrs Stokes planted specific people in her audience and did prior research into her sitters. 350: 4452: 2470:

he performed a fake "clairvoyant" act where he would read a message sealed inside an envelope. The spiritualist

2958:, a skeptic who has debunked many claims of psychic ability and uncovered fraudulent practices, mediums who do 2093: 1463: 1307: 1109: 7284: 9115: 7841: 3409: 2879: 2579:

were analyzed by psychical researchers in the 1960s and they revealed that she worked as a cataloguer at the

2423:

use, and had acted as the medium's confederate by pretending to be M. Taylor, a magician. The British medium

2419:

been a trick as Martin Sunshine, a magic dealer admitted that he sold Decker a trick mail bag, such as stage

1725:

was a group of faculty at the University of Pennsylvania who in 1884–1887 exposed fraudulent mediums such as

729:

Mental mediums purportedly "tune in" to the spirit world by listening, sensing, or seeing spirits or symbols.

656: 1317:

have staged fake séances in which the sitters have claimed to have observed genuine supernatural phenomena.

1138: 8955: 8780: 8473: 8197: 7735: 7357: 2583:

and took information from various books that would appear in her automatic writings about ancient history.

2467: 679: 6116: 2179:. Guzyk would use his elbows and legs to move objects around the room and touch the sitters. According to 840: 9013: 7775: 7526: 7493: 7447: 7425: 7416: 7385: 5764: 2827:, a notable skeptic of mediumship. According to Nickell, modern mediums use mentalist techniques such as 2580: 2541: 2384: 1629:

had been "trained in the arts of the séance" by Herne and was repeatedly exposed as a fraudulent medium.

1487:

Magicians have a long history of exposing the fraudulent methods of mediumship. Early debunkers included

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revealed how fake spirit hands could be made by using a rubber glove, paraffin and a jar of cold water.

831:

Some scientists of the period who investigated Spiritualism also became converts. They included chemist

8707: 8423: 8383: 8273: 6153: 3854: 2120: 1559: 1120: 8348: 5801: 2199: 1188:

fields. A medium is said to have psychic abilities but not all psychics function as mediums. The term

948:

Today "demonstration of mediumship" is part of the church service at all churches affiliated with the

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Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined

6301:

Is Spiritualism based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given by Sir A.C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined

5480:

The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism. Chapter Mrs. Leonard and Others

5464:

Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined

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Is Spiritualism based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given by Sir A.C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined

4558:

Is Spiritualism based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given by Sir A.C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined

3474:

Death and Its Mystery – After Death. Manifestations and Apparitions of the Dead; The Soul After Death

1348:

can also be used to obtain information from the sitter's behavior, clothing, posture, and jewellery.

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Gary Schwartz's Subjective Evaluation of Mediums: Veritas or Wishful Thinking by Robert Todd Carroll

4124: 1573:, December 5, 1902, referred to the incident "Home was detected in a vulgar fraud." The researchers 9168: 8587: 7615: 7100: 4879: 2340: 2245: 1714: 807: 584: 233: 3537:, translated by Lilananda Dasa and Joseph Cudnik, Paris, Flammarion, 1995, pp. 65, 66, 68, 247–48. 2820: 2248:

and Karl Przibram. They caught Rudi freeing his arm in a series of séances. Rudi claimed he could

2171:

in Norway, 1922 and discovered in a séance that his ectoplasm was fake. In 1923 the Polish medium

1531:

article on spiritualism notes in reference to a case in the 19th century that "...one by one, the

1337:(1989) wrote that spirits controls are the "products of the medium's own psychological dynamics." 659:

reaffirmed that test subjects who self-identified as mediums demonstrated no mediumistic ability.

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co-workers knew that he had fiddled the results but were kept quiet with threats of libel suits.

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as "one of the most extraordinary fake mediums and mystery swindlers the world has ever known".

1585:" of Home as nothing more than his moving across a connecting ledge between two iron balconies. 852: 9217: 8768: 8637: 8582: 8413: 8222: 8061: 8026: 7906: 7861: 7725: 7005: 6775: 5491: 4119: 2638:

articles and other information, which enabled Ford to research his séance sitters backgrounds.

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The key role in mediumship of this sort is played by "effect of subjective confirmation" (see

1697:

a spirit named "Yohlande" materialized, a sitter grabbed it and was revealed to be the medium

1325:

sitters. According to (Wolffram, 2012) " argued that the hypnotic atmosphere of the darkened

836: 814:

were among the most celebrated lecturers and authors on the subject in the mid-19th century.

725:

Spiritualists classify types of mediumship into two main categories: "mental" and "physical":

666:

were used as a source of entertainment. Investigations during this period revealed widespread

9222: 9092: 8373: 8278: 8056: 8051: 7966: 7936: 7886: 7760: 7720: 6273: 6162: 6072:. (Bulletin I of the National Laboratory of Psychical Research, 120pp with 44 illustrations.) 5942: 5447: 5357: 4529: 4479: 3307: 3042: 2836: 2727: 2630: 2455: 2415: 2015:

tricks. The most detailed account at exposing his tricks (with diagrams) was by the magician

1978: 1792: 1750: 1589: 942: 897:

In 1958, American Spiritualist C. Dorreen Phillips wrote of her experiences with a medium at

832: 811: 478: 410: 390: 208: 193: 8141: 3547: 2116:

replicated the Kluski materialization moulds by using his hands and a bowl of hot paraffin.

2023: 1988: 8539: 8388: 8288: 8121: 8106: 7921: 5907: 5285: 2985: 2568: 2448: 2269: 1840: 1730: 1633: 1456: 1219:

Clairgustance or "clear tasting" is the ability to receive taste impressions from a spirit.

929: 648: 620: 493: 488: 435: 173: 6025:. (1991). Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale Research Company. p. 1522. 1368:. 2003) paranormal believers and disbelievers were suggested by an actor that a table was 1246: 8: 9207: 9146: 9060: 8463: 8253: 8248: 8187: 7991: 7986: 7710: 7696: 7123:"Deconstructing the Dead, "Crossing over" to expose the tricks of popular spirit mediums" 7036: 6645:

Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation. The University Press of Kentucky

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Spook crooks! Exposing the secrets of the prophet-eers who conduct our wickedest industry

3057: 2947: 2688: 1936: 1800: 1698: 1548: 1049: 986: 982: 733: 706: 640: 577: 543: 385: 46: 5980:

Ghosts, Apparitions and Poltergeists: An Exploration of the Supernatural through History

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to produce "spirit lights" and with a freed hand would move objects in the séance room.

1817: 1145: 9065: 9044: 8503: 8338: 8131: 8081: 8046: 7891: 7765: 6880: 6148: 5194: 5131: 3969: 3942: 3721: 3289:

The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

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of the Institute Metapsychique International attended fourteen séances with the medium

1944: 1929: 1872: 1836: 1832: 1804: 1788: 1765: 1722: 1670: 1598: 1551:'s arm. Merrifield also claimed to have observed Home use his foot in the séance room. 1238: 1044: 1002: 867: 856: 253: 203: 7586: 4058:

Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit

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in Kent and she had known information about him and his deceased son from newspapers.

1844:

published on Pietrus Botha in a weekly magazine with a portrait and personal details.

736:

of objects, and other effects such as knocking, rapping, bell-ringing, etc. by using "

9070: 8990: 8906: 8627: 8508: 8438: 8408: 8298: 8151: 8071: 8041: 7951: 7946: 7876: 7831: 7770: 7755: 7715: 7564: 7509: 7480: 7463: 7455: 7393: 7084: 6970: 6948: 6940: 6907: 6756: 6722: 6699: 6663: 6648: 6625: 6605: 6582: 6559: 6535: 6515: 6478: 6473: 6453: 6420: 6397: 6389: 6374: 6338: 6281: 6258: 6219: 6214: 6194: 6034: 6007: 5999: 5983: 5950: 5925: 5811: 5786: 5778: 5741: 5668: 5648: 5625: 5602: 5582: 5562: 5541:, chapter XI: The Mechanics of Spiritualism, F&W Media International, Ltd, 2012. 5431: 5400: 5365: 5331: 5293: 5238: 5215: 5100: 5021: 4978: 4929: 4909: 4725: 4720: 4707: 4684: 4664: 4656: 4625: 4605: 4585: 4537: 4513: 4487: 4338: 4289: 4266: 4250: 4230: 4145: 4137: 4084: 4061: 4041: 4017: 3996: 3974: 3909: 3886: 3862: 3839: 3816: 3792: 3729: 3518: 3446: 3388:

Thirty Years of Psychical Research by Charles Richet p. 38 The Macmillan Company 1923

3346: 3315: 3292: 3262: 3254: 3144: 3110: 3085: 2962:"fish, suggest possibilities, make educated guesses and give options." Randi offered 2776: 2764: 2754: 2746: 2695:

a physical medium during the 1980s was accused of fraud, by the psychical researcher

2672: 2663: 2595: 2576: 2572: 2516: 2407: 2399: 2336: 2153: 2070: 2016: 1991:(left) and the magician William Marriott (right) who duplicated by natural means her 1970: 1773: 1717:

published a book revealing how mediums would use secret codes as the trick for their

1480: 1382: 1374: 938: 898: 848: 715: 548: 258: 123: 78: 68: 7144: 3633:

Ghost Hunters, William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death

3192:"Why do a quarter of people across the world believe humans have psychic abilities?" 3060:

driver who surprises “unsuspecting” passengers when he delivers messages from their

1636:

was caught in fraud many times throughout his career. In a séance in 1876 in London

694: 8453: 8403: 8308: 8192: 8086: 7916: 7598: 7501: 7403: 7076: 7057: 6932: 6822: 6748: 6714: 6312: 6026: 5915: 5640: 5392: 5374: 4640: 4602:

Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age

4406: 4386: 4222: 4129: 3964: 3954: 3338: 3246: 2928: 2887: 2854: 2793: 2781: 2587: 2512: 2501: 2026:'s levitation of a glass beaker was exposed and replicated in 1910 by the magician 1966: 1904: 1678: 1500: 1496: 1299: 998: 863: 803: 671: 612: 608: 483: 380: 370: 6086:

Phantasmagoria: Spirit Visions, Metaphors, and Media into the Twenty-first Century

5185:"How Mrs. Piper Bamboozled William James". W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 252–62. 3476:

Translated by Latrobe Carroll (London: Adelphi Terrace, 1923), archive version at

2323: 2276:

had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote that the Zancigs performed

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A History of Ghosts: the True Story of Seances, Mediums, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters

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The New Paranatural Paradigm: Claims of Communicating with the Dead by Paul Kurtz

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https://imaginespirit.com/differences-between-mental-physical-and-trance-mediums/

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O'Keeffe, Ciaran (May 2005). "Testing Alleged Mediumship: Methods and Results".

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Preliminary Report of the Commission Appointed by the University of Pennsylvania

3789:

Ghostly Paradoxes: Modern Spiritualism and Russian Culture in the Age of Realism

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Imagine Spirit (2019). 'Differences between Mental-Physical-Trance Mediumship'.

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O'Keeffe, Ciaran (May 2005). "Testing Alleged Mediumship: Methods and Results".

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by Gary E. Schwartz, Ph. D., with William L. Simon, Hampton Books, 2005, p. 119

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The Famous Schneider Mediumship: A Critical Study of Alleged Supernormal Events

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powder. The British medium Isa Northage claimed to materialize the spirit of a

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documented various methods (with diagrams) how the medium would manipulate the

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A spirit who uses a medium to manipulate psychic "energy" or "energy systems."

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Photos of Ghosts: The Burden of Believing the Unbelievable by Massimo Polidoro

5199:

The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical Study Made with "Uncommon Sense"

5136:

The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical Study Made with "Uncommon Sense"

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Radical Spirits, Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth Century America

3218:"Believing the impossible: No evidence for existence of psychic ability found" 2537: 2331: 2219:

with her "spirit hand" which was discovered to be made from a piece of carved

2212: 1939:

exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums such as those used in slate-writing,

1648:

with one hand under the table and claimed spirits would play it. The magician

1527:. While advocates of mediumship claim that their experiences are genuine, the 1415: 1184:

Senses used by mental mediums are sometimes defined differently from in other

1005:. The latter was a non-medium Spiritualist who transcribed Cook's messages in 9201: 9136: 9027: 8662: 8602: 8448: 8398: 8363: 8358: 8303: 8263: 8116: 8076: 8066: 8021: 7901: 7856: 7846: 7821: 7780: 7730: 7661: 7646: 7522: 7489: 7443: 7433: 7196: 6944: 6899: 6674: 6296: 6081: 5929: 5756: 5683: 5617: 5459: 5415: 5013: 4997: 4944: 4884:

Second Sight Explained: A Complete Exposition of Clairvoyance or Second Sight

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revealed that she used her feet and toes to move objects in the séance room.

2316: 2187: 2164: 2140: 2113: 2104: 2084: 2032: 2004: 1940: 1848: 1824: 1796: 1781: 1761: 1745: 1637: 1593: 1574: 1504: 1399: 1341: 1330: 1203: 1035: 990: 871: 772: 683: 624: 538: 450: 293: 238: 218: 168: 118: 7603: 7595:

Houdini v. The Blond Witch of Lime Street: A Historical Lesson in Skepticism

6936: 6178: 3250: 1871:

that would "fish" for information from her séance sitters. The physiologist

925: 8617: 8493: 8318: 8283: 8268: 8258: 8166: 8126: 8101: 8031: 8016: 7931: 7896: 7866: 7826: 7801: 7750: 7477:

The Darkened Room: Women, Power, and Spiritualism in Late Victorian England

7381: 7345: 7253: 6952: 6574: 6366: 6234: 6049: 6022: 5733: 5475: 5092: 4773: 4622:

The Darkened Room: Women, Power, and Spiritualism in Late Victorian England

4304: 4149: 3978: 3878: 3748: 3488: 3284: 3266: 3045: 2996: 2959: 2932: 2828: 2738: 2734: 2715: 2696: 2684: 2622: 2556: 2528: 2471: 2459: 2435: 2428: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2355: 2307: 2258: 2229: 2216: 2108: 2100: 2059: 2043: 1924: 1868: 1852: 1718: 1617: 1436: 1419: 1345: 1340:

A fraudulent medium may obtain information about their sitters by secretly

1196: 1071: 1054: 892: 844: 815: 563: 553: 533: 528: 468: 345: 278: 213: 93: 30: 4681:

The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914

4568:

in F. B. Smith. (1986). Victorian Studies. Volume. 29, No. 4. pp. 613–14.

4335:

The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914

3943:"'Trick', 'Manipulation' and 'Farce': Albert Moll's Critique of Occultism" 3681:. Anthropology of Consciousness. Volume 6, Issue 1, pp. 17–34, March 1995. 3566:

Conan Doyle and the Spirits: The Spiritualist Career of Arthur Conan Doyle

3342: 794:

Mediumship became quite popular in the 19th-century United States and the

756:, varying from light to deep, that permit spirits to control their minds. 9077: 8685: 8622: 8607: 8468: 8458: 8433: 8161: 8156: 7971: 7926: 7911: 7811: 7637: 7619: 7534: 7518: 6863: 6737: 6640: 6412: 6250: 6065: 5861: 5760: 5550: 5534: 5230: 5044: 5036: 4577: 4438: 4422: 3924: 3069: 3003: 2989: 2955: 2936: 2916: 2912: 2908:

them. Prosecutors established they had no intent to return the property.

2824: 2560: 2505: 2486: 2367: 2359: 2292: 2253: 2191: 2183:

the trick of Guzyk was to use his "foot for psychic touches and sounds".

2180: 2136: 2075: 1734: 1508: 1476: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1314: 993:

as one of the most famous trance mediums in the history of Spiritualism.

937:

Dorreen Phillips. She writes of the worship services at the Spiritualist

799: 776: 732:

Physical mediums are believed to produce the materialization of spirits,

663: 558: 283: 7581: 7539:

Sixty Years Of Psychical Research: Houdini And I Among The Spiritualists

5381:

Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. Volume 15. pp. 20–32.

4453:

Spiritualism (religion) :: History – Britannica Online Encyclopedia

4427:

Sixty Years Of Psychical Research: Houdini And I Among The Spiritualists

3959: 8612: 8524: 8498: 8353: 8091: 8006: 7956: 6985: 6804: 5164: 4699: 4394: 4359: 4281: 4165:"John Oliver on psychics: 'A vast underworld of unscrupulous vultures'" 3644: 3586: 2692: 2621:

In 1970 two psychical researchers investigated the direct-voice medium

2606: 2490: 2420: 2351: 2008: 1948: 1741: 1468: 1303: 1254: 1185: 1112: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 518: 338: 273: 128: 83: 54: 7229:

Robert T. Carroll. Subjective validation. // The Skeptic's Dictionary.

7034:

Musgrave, Jane (2013-09-27). "Psychic convicted on all fraud counts".

5379:

Report on Further Series of Sittings with Eusapia Palladino at Naples.

5212:

A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern

3769:"Clairsentience | Psychic Sensing | Psychic Abilities | Development |" 2609:

committed suicide. After his death, Pike contacted the British medium

932:, who claimed spirits lifted him into the air, was exposed as a fraud. 9082: 8559: 8146: 7961: 7941: 7472: 6779: 5920: 5895: 3007: 3000: 2846: 2788: 2702: 2635: 2615: 2610: 2439: 2281: 2277: 2172: 1645: 1569: 1452: 1431: 1295: 1258: 1006: 965: 288: 113: 73: 9032: 7745: 7387:

The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism

6031:

Final Seance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle

5645:

Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle

3105: 2299:

who contacted the spirit of a soldier Gordon Davis and revealed the

1694: 1540: 1448:

judging the whole bulk of the phenomena to be fraudulently produced.

1427: 1326: 1322: 1087: 745: 698: 7460:

Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement

6394:

Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement

5783:

Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement

5524:

Fakebusters II: Scientific Detection of Fakery in Art and Philately

4661:

Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement

3758:, Parapsychological Association website, Retrieved January 29, 2007 3030: 3011: 2733:

In 1988, the magician Bob Couttie criticized the paranormal author

2194:

re-published an anonymous work written by a former medium entitled

1912:, and wigs that Eldred would dress up in to pretend to be spirits. 1690: 1602: 523: 430: 355: 158: 148: 8751: 8741: 6496:

Promethean Love: Paul Kurtz and the Humanistic Perspective on Love

5836: 2730:

flowers were found as well as a key-ring torch and other objects.

2295:

claimed to have taken part in a series of séances with the medium

1943:, trumpet mediumship, materializations, sealed-letter reading and 9087: 7624: 7285:"Inside the Secret Sting Operations to Expose Celebrity Psychics" 5169:. The American Journal of Psychology. Vol. 22, No. 1. pp. 122–24. 4852:

The Spiritualists: The Story of Florence Cook and William Crookes

4247:

From Shaman to Scientist: Essays on Humanity's Search for Spirits

2710:

and the lady standing outside of the curtain were in on the hoax.

2667: 2656: 2494: 2466:

ability who did not realize that his feats were magic tricks. At

2463: 2462:

managed to fool a number of people into believing he had genuine

1621: 964:"Mental mediumship" is communication of spirits with a medium by 902: 644: 503: 298: 223: 183: 7192:"James Randi, Famed Magician and Paranormal Skeptic, Dead at 92" 5290:

William Crookes (1832–1919) and the Commercialization of Science

3836:

How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age

1749:

revealing the face of Husk." The British materialization medium

1279:

How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age

1265:" hypothesis of mediumship which is currently advocated by some 1253:(1911) wrote that all kinds of mediumship could be explained by 1074:

was one of the best known exponents of this form of mediumship.

662:

Mediumship gained popularity during the nineteenth century when

9019: 8862: 8758: 7785: 6877:"How Not to Test Mediums: Critiquing the Afterlife Experiments" 2800:, which are kept at the Institute Metapsychique International. 2443: 2339:

channeled secret information from the spirit of the Lieutenant

2220: 2036: 1958: 1889: 1885: 1780:

and fraud in London in 1901. She was described by the magician

1754: 1706: 1609: 1544: 1010: 753: 628: 420: 188: 88: 3337:. Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. 3160:

Gilmore, Mernie (October 31, 2005). "A spiritual connection".

1030: 847:

took a very serious scientific interest in the work of medium

9158: 8852: 8555: 3061: 2327: 2300: 2223: 2176: 2175:

was exposed as a fraud in a series of séances in Sorbonne in

1951: 1686: 1524: 851:. Other prominent adherents included journalist and pacifist 768: 667: 632: 616: 198: 38:

photographed in 1912 with a light appearing between her hands

4560:. London: Watts & Co. pp. 48–50. Also see the review of 4105:"Belief in the paranormal and suggestion in the seance room" 3577:

Sutcliffe, Steven J. (2002). Children of the New Age. p. 35.

2706:

The spirit guide Silver Belle was made from cardboard. Both

2096:, as they believed the Society was opposed to spiritualism. 1601:

a sitter looked into the cabinet and seized the spirit, the

1047:. The last physical medium to be tested by a committee from 9163: 6239:

The Haunted Mind: A Psychoanalyst Looks at the Supernatural

4645:

Anna Eva Fay: The Mentalist Who Baffled Sir William Crookes

3065: 2392: 2344: 1909: 1777: 1536:

pushed it to the fringes of society in the United States."

1523:

Many 19th century mediums were discovered to be engaged in

360: 7040:. Vol. 105, no. 171 (First ed.). p. 1. 3175:

Brandreth, Gyles (November 3, 2002). "Is Anybody There?".

1999:

In 1910 at a séance in Grenoble, France the apport medium

1740:

In 1891 at a public séance with twenty sitters the medium

1364:

In a series of experiments holding fake séances, (Wiseman

7101:"Investigative Files: John Edward: Hustling the Bereaved" 6157:. New York: Canaveral. p. 247. Robert Goldenson. (1973). 5982:. Llewellyn Publications. Llewellyn Publications. p. 52. 5043:. The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 260–61. Also see 3749:"Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology" 3398:"Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology" 2398:

Psychologists and researchers who studied Pearl Curran's

764: 7506:

Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims

6753:

Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims

6719:

Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims

4505:. (2011 reprint edition). Originally published in 1924. 4227:

Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims

3883:

Anomalistic Psychology (Palgrave Insights in Psychology)

3033:

accounts for the pair which were prepared by a group of

2590:

and Tom O'Neill, publisher of the Spiritualist magazine

2540:(the director of the institute) and members Jean Meyer, 611:

practice of purportedly mediating communication between

6255:

Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation

5049:

Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation

3072:. One rider, Wendy Westmoreland, played a character on 2280:. In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their 1776:

was convicted of fraud several times and was tried for

1620:

managed to fool Crookes into believing she had genuine

771:, but essentially through the filter of his own waking 7604:

How to Have a Séance: Tricks of the Fraudulent Mediums

7561:

Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics

6998:"Jury Convicts Defendant in $ 25 Million Fraud Scheme" 6542:(Republication of 1976 edition by St. Martin's Press.) 5274:

Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics

5258:

Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics

5138:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. pp. 52–53 4383:

Hours With the Ghosts Or Nineteenth Century Witchcraft

670:—with some practitioners employing techniques used by 7438:

Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis

3052:

were challenged by Gerbic in an article published by

2988:

was targeted in a sting operation and caught doing a

2915:

has written that modern self-proclaimed mediums like

7114: 6696:

Deception and Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics

4195:"Psychics: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)" 4099: 3439:

Pulliam, June Michele; Fonseca (26 September 2016).

1787:

In the late 19th century, the fraudulent methods of

1597:

throughout her career. In 1874 during a séance with

7316:"Of Course Psychics Are Reading Your Facebook Page" 6145:

Wish and Wisdom: Episodes in the Vagaries of Belief

5883:

Psyche: An Annual General and Linguistic Psychology

3993:

Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking

3877:Nicola Holt, Christine Simmonds-Moore, David Luke, 1923:with a fake spirit photograph of his wife in 1906. 1543:in the house of the solicitor John Snaith Rymer in 1335:

Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking

905:: "In Rev. James Laughton's séances there are many 7657:Psychics: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) 7430:. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co. 7213:"The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi" 6329: 6327: 6325: 6159:Mysteries of the Mind: The Drama of Human Behavior 4534:After Lives: A Guide to Heaven, Hell and Purgatory 3190: 3006:. The unmarried couple attended John's show using 2614:denomination of Bishop Pike, he had preached at a 5083:. Chapter Séance-Room Phenomena. Duckworth. p. 49 2935:or gleaning information from sitters beforehand ( 2687:was accused of fraud, by author and investigator 2670:, confessed to defrauding the public in his book 701:conducted by John Beattie, Bristol, England, 1872 9199: 6257:. The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 177–78. 4584:. The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 267–68. 1386:featuring prominent purported mediums including 1013:them for publication in book and pamphlet form. 7158: 6990: 6322: 5041:Real-Life X-Files: Investigating the Paranormal 5004:Brooklyn, N.Y., Press of T. J. Dyson & Son. 4582:Real-Life X-Files: Investigating the Paranormal 4187: 3718:Ghosts: deconstruction, psychoanalysis, history 3432: 2011:in New York and claimed to have discovered his 1816:, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president 920: 7691: 7044: 7027: 6337:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 144–45. 6054:Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology 5827:. Prentice-Hall International, Inc. pp. 178–79 5738:Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology 5599:The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult 5214:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 165. 4778:Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology 4604:. State University of New York Press. p. 100. 3622:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. 3438: 3367:Imagine Spirit Universal Psychic Arts Training 1851:was investigated by psychical researchers and 682:of the spirit or the presence of a voice, and 8540: 8203:National Spiritualist Association of Churches 7677: 7652:Psychic Methods Exposed - Cold Reading Tricks 4906:The Oxford Companion to United States History 4443:, The Seybert Commission, 1887. 1 April 2004. 4218: 4216: 3101:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 2485:exposed the fraud of the direct voice medium 2406:was a fictitious creation of Curran. In 1931 2046:analyzed the mediumship of the trance medium 950:National Spiritualist Association of Churches 585: 7238:Spiritualism (religion). www.britannica.com. 7210: 6922: 6770: 6768: 6514:The History Press Ltd; New Ed edition, 2004 6512:Table-rappers: The Victorians and the Occult 5896:"Further Tests of the Medium Rudi Schneider" 5807:Spirit Hands, "ectoplasm," and Rubber Gloves 5622:Mind and Motion: The Riddle of Psychokinesis 3280: 3278: 3276: 3236: 2646:Table-rappers: The Victorians and the Occult 2362:to be made of cheesecloth and a rubber glove 2326:was tested at the Institut Metapsychique in 1652:revealed how Slade had performed the trick. 1563:never lost a son in infancy. Browning's son 862:After the exposure of the fraudulent use of 752:During seances, mediums are said to go into 6622:Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox 6494:Tim Madigan, David Goicoechea, Paul Kurtz. 6099:An Illustrated History of the Haunted World 5967:Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox 5885:. 1920–1952 Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1995. 5693: 4562:The Enigma of Daniel Home: Medium or Fraud? 4156: 3691:"Ectoplasm" def. Merriam Webster dictionary 3604:by C. Doreen Phillips, Vantage Press, 1958. 3597: 3595: 2992:. The sting was planned and implemented by 2244:was investigated in 1924 by the physicists 8547: 8533: 7684: 7670: 7550:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena 7204: 6965:Aykroyd, Peter. and Nart, Angela. (2009). 6429: 6147:. D. Appleton-Century Company. pp. 78–92. 5450:. June 1910. C. Arthur Pearson Ltd. p. 615 5120:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena 5051:. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 151 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4762:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena 4624:. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 70–71. 4473: 4375:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena 4213: 4081:Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There 3330: 1588:The psychologist and psychical researcher 592: 578: 8213:Spiritualist Association of Great Britain 7248: 7246: 7244: 6765: 6439:, (New York: New American Library, 1967). 5919: 5688:Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847 5611: 4836:Spiritualism: A Popular History From 1847 4746:Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847 4468:Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847 4263:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 4123: 4103:; Greening, Emma; Smith, Matthew (2003). 4038:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 3968: 3958: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3273: 3174: 2372:National Laboratory of Psychical Research 2268:The spiritualists Arthur Conan Doyle and 2167:was investigated by a committee from the 1605:fell off and was revealed to be Showers. 1172:Learn how and when to remove this message 8554: 7307: 7184: 7167:"An Encounter With a Television Psychic" 7033: 5183:Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries? 5067:. Herbert B. Turner & Co. pp. 206–23 3991:Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones. (1989). 3940: 3592: 2819: 2701: 2683:After her death in the 1980s the medium 2511: 2504:revealed that the levitating trumpet of 2411:made some of the prints with his elbow. 2350: 2228: 2211: 2099:Between 8 November and 31 December 1920 1983: 1799:were revealed by psychical researchers. 1654: 1451: 1414: 1272: 1029: 924: 693: 29: 7338: 7276: 7211:Higginbotham, Adam (November 7, 2014). 7164: 7120: 7081:The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena 7050: 6774: 6419:. Oxford University Press. pp. 105–06. 6110: 6070:Regurgitation and the Duncan Mediumship 5769:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. 5710:Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe. (1922). 5397:The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena 4954: 4486:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 157–58. 3159: 3132: 3130: 3076:, a TV show also produced by Lifetime. 2478:revealed the trick method he had used. 1499:. Later magicians to reveal fraud were 839:(1832–1919) and evolutionary biologist 14: 9200: 7427:The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism 7344: 7295:from the original on February 26, 2019 7252: 7241: 6986:Geraldo at Large show, October 6, 2007 6692:The Feilding Report: A Reconsideration 6602:The New Age: Notes of a Fringe Watcher 5514:. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 101–27 5422:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 31–32. 5314:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism 5201:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 321–95 5065:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism 4969: 4704:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology 4286:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology 4162: 3791:. University of Toronto Press. p. 25. 3715: 3607: 3029:These details were from the falsified 1422:(age 30) in a séance with dolls (1928) 1025: 8528: 8228:International Spiritualist Federation 7665: 7326:from the original on 28 February 2019 7313: 6874: 6780:"Skeptoid #179: The Scole Experiment" 6193:. pp. 263–395. Kessinger Publishing. 6179:Patience Worth by Robert Todd Carroll 5166:Studies in Spiritism by Amy E. Tanner 5020:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. 5002:The Secrets of Mahatma Land Explained 4683:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 4512:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. 3647:. (1994, originally published 1910). 3602:The Autobiography of a Fortune Teller 3504:. New Scientist. 16 June. pp. 783–86. 2976:The article about this phenomenon in 2525:Institute Metapsychique International 1770:The Secrets of Mahatma Land Explained 1713:In 1880 the American stage mentalist 855:(1849–1912) and physician and author 822:and later, his five-book collection, 376:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal 7282: 6581:. Helix Press New York. pp. 347–52. 6373:. Helix Press New York. pp. 327–38. 6113:"Touching the Dead: Spooky Winnipeg" 5667:. pp. 238–39. Kessinger Publishing. 5624:. Taplinger Publishing. pp. 245–46. 5498:. London: Mental Culture Enterprise. 5328:Psychics, Sensitives And Somnambules 4951:. G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd. p. 4 4926:Psychics, Sensitives and Somnambules 4748:. Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 160–61 4163:Horton, Adrian (February 25, 2019). 3931:. New York: Truth Seeker. pp. 200–05 3442:Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend 3127: 2905:Rose Marks and members of her family 2402:in the 1930s came to the conclusion 1232: 1110:adding citations to reliable sources 1081: 971: 959: 8183:List of Spiritualist organizations 7258:"Operation Pizza Roll- Thomas John" 6006:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 35–39. 4908:. Oxford University Press. p. 738. 4484:Robert Browning: A Life Within Life 4201:. LastWeekTonight. 25 February 2019 4014:The full facts book of cold reading 3679:Culture, Trance, and the Mind-Brain 3466: 2438:tested the Hungarian apport medium 2147:had proven the spirit photographer 24: 7616:John Edward: Hustling the Bereaved 7375: 6498:. Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 293 5881:. No. 4 April 1927 in C. K. Ogden 5466:. London Watts & Co. pp. 33–34 5330:. McFarland & Company. p. 26. 5097:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal 4928:. McFarland & Company. p. 90. 4791:The Rise of Victorian Spiritualism 4432: 4322:The Founders of Psychical Research 4036:. pp. 220–26. In Michael Shermer. 3334:The Epistemology of Spirit Beliefs 3331:Van Eyghen, Hans (14 April 2023). 2594:, arranged to film two seances at 2519:with fake ectoplasm made of muslin 2434:In 1936, the psychical researcher 2156:was investigated by the physicist 2128:held six sittings with the medium 1969:attended a series of séances with 912: 806:State in 1848. The trance mediums 635:. The practice is associated with 366:James Randi Educational Foundation 25: 9239: 7634:The 'Medium' Is Not the Messenger 7574: 7314:Garza, Frida (27 February 2019). 7165:Woliver, Robbie (July 16, 2000). 6417:Missing Persons: An Autobiography 6088:. Oxford University Press. p. 299 5601:. Yale University Press. p. 268. 5559:Fifty Years of Psychical Research 5539:Fifty Years of Psychical Research 5496:Spiritualism and Sir Oliver Lodge 5235:Fifty Years of Psychical Research 4868:The Strange Case of Edmund Gurney 4413:. New York, D. Kemp and Company. 3929:Sixty Years of Psychical Research 3813:An Introduction to Parapsychology 2555:(1955). The psychical researcher 2427:claimed to materialize an Indian 2358:with fake ectoplasm, analysed by 2112:were published by Geley in 1924. 2056:Spiritualism and Sir Oliver Lodge 1077: 9182: 9181: 7580: 7412:. New York, D. Kemp and Company. 7283:Hitt, Jack (February 26, 2019). 7232: 7223: 7137: 7121:Shermer, Michael (August 2001). 7093: 7070: 6979: 6959: 6916: 6904:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 6893: 6868: 6857: 6853:Book Review by Robert T. Carroll 6846: 6834: 6816: 6798: 6755:. Prometheus Books. pp. 168–76. 6742: 6731: 6708: 6681: 6657: 6634: 6614: 6591: 6568: 6545: 6524: 6501: 6488: 6462: 6442: 6406: 6383: 6360: 6347: 6306: 6303:. London: Watts & CO. p. 126 6290: 6267: 6244: 6228: 6203: 6183: 6172: 6130: 6104: 6091: 6075: 6059: 6043: 6016: 5993: 5972: 5959: 5936: 5888: 5871: 5855: 5842: 5830: 5817: 5795: 5772: 5750: 5740:. Kessinger publishing. p. 399. 5727: 5717: 5704: 5690:. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 192 5677: 5657: 5634: 5591: 5571: 5544: 5528: 5517: 5501: 5485: 5469: 5453: 5441: 5425: 5409: 5386: 5351: 5340: 5320: 5302: 5279: 5263: 5247: 5224: 5122:. Munn & Company. pp. 101–04 4809:. London: Watts & Co. p. 115 4780:. Gale Research Company. p. 1106 4764:. Munn & Company. pp. 105–06 4060:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 141–241. 3838:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 3515:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 3141:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 2867:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal 2775:analyzed the Feilding report of 2763:criticized the parapsychologist 2119:The British direct-voice medium 1681:was exposed as a fraud when the 1380:In a 2019 television segment on 1086: 866:by physical mediums such as the 7479:. University Of Chicago Press. 7063: – via NewsBank 7051:Vasquez, Michael (2011-08-16). 6906:. Prometheus Books. pp. 56–64. 6721:. Prometheus Books. pp. 65–95. 6280:. Prometheus Books. pp. 15–16. 6169:. New York: Crowell. pp. 128–29 6101:. New Holland Publishers. p. 79 5969:. Lutterworth Press. pp. 104–05 5647:. Prometheus Books. pp. 71–73. 5204: 5188: 5172: 5154: 5141: 5125: 5109: 5086: 5070: 5054: 5030: 5007: 4991: 4938: 4918: 4898: 4889: 4873: 4857: 4841: 4825: 4812: 4796: 4783: 4767: 4751: 4735: 4693: 4673: 4650: 4647:. Skeptical Inquirer 24: 36–38. 4634: 4614: 4594: 4571: 4547: 4523: 4496: 4457: 4446: 4400: 4364: 4347: 4327: 4314: 4298: 4275: 4239: 4093: 4070: 4050: 4026: 4016:. London, England: Ian Roland. 4006: 3985: 3934: 3918: 3895: 3871: 3848: 3825: 3801: 3781: 3761: 3742: 3709: 3696: 3684: 3671: 3658: 3638: 3625: 3580: 3571: 3558: 3540: 3527: 3507: 3482: 3391: 3382: 3359: 3199:from the original on 2022-05-12 2878:An experiment conducted by the 2559:investigated the mediumship of 2527:(IMI). Lambert who had studied 2039:and other objects in her hair. 1333:and Warren Jones in their book 1227: 1097:needs additional citations for 1064: 886: 351:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 7528:Revelations of a Spirit Medium 7398:Spiritualism: The Inside Truth 7350:"Buckle Up - Seatbelt Psychic" 6678:. Vol. 130. Issue 1768, p. 53. 6558:. William Morrow and Company. 6319:. Harper & Brothers. p. 94 6056:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 880 5852:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 228 5766:Revelations of a Spirit Medium 5438:. Dover Publications. pp. 7–11 5151:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 248 4421:. Cambridge University Press. 4337:. Cambridge University Press. 3494:Scientists and the Supernormal 3324: 3301: 3230: 3210: 3183: 3168: 3153: 2853:In 2003, skeptic investigator 2839:, run by the parapsychologist 2586:In 1960, psychic investigator 2374:) had investigated the medium 2330:. French psychical researcher 2196:Revelations of a Spirit Medium 2094:Society for Psychical Research 1662:with cardboard cut out figure 1640:and Bryan Donkin snatched his 1608:In a series of experiments in 1464:Society for Psychical Research 1435:spirits were contacting them. 1308:dissociative identity disorder 881: 13: 1: 9116:Hammersmith Ghost murder case 8208:Spiritualists' National Union 7585:The dictionary definition of 6925:British Journal of Psychology 5906:(3399): 965–966. 1934-12-01. 5866:Confessions of a Ghost-Hunter 5555:The Mechanics of Spiritualism 5317:. Herbert B. Turner & Co. 4600:Sherrie Lynne Lyons. (2010). 4309:An Encyclopaedia of Occultism 4112:British Journal of Psychology 3859:The Psychology of the Psychic 3548:"W.T. Stead and Spiritualism" 3410:Parapsychological Association 3239:British Journal of Psychology 3121: 2880:British Psychological Society 2158:Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe 1827:was revealed by the magician 1616:in February 1875, the medium 1441:An Encyclopaedia of Occultism 1038:with a doll as fake ectoplasm 954:Spiritualists' National Union 744:of their bodies and those of 657:British Psychological Society 305:Reportedly haunted locations: 8198:London Spiritualist Alliance 7083:. Visible Ink Press. p. 96. 7012:. 2013-09-26. Archived from 7002:Southern District of Florida 6624:. Lutterworth Press. p. 24. 6604:. Prometheus Books. p. 175. 6579:Investigating the Paranormal 6452:. Prometheus Books. p. 148. 6371:Investigating the Paranormal 6218:. Prometheus Books. p. 123. 6141:Patience Worth: An Alter Ego 6033:. Prometheus Books. p. 103. 5512:The Psychology of Conviction 5399:. Visible Ink Press. p. 12. 5377:, William Marriott. (1910). 5099:. Prometheus Books. p. 520. 5018:A Magician Among the Spirits 4419:A Magician Among the Spirits 3995:. Psychology Press. p. 221. 1961:, the psychical researchers 1820:and the actress Mona Delza. 1375:consistent with their belief 1243:The Law of Psychic Phenomena 921:Demonstrations of mediumship 843:(1823–1913). Nobel laureate 7: 9014:Electronic voice phenomenon 8807:locations in United Kingdom 7421:. Berlin, WI: Heaney Magic. 7409:Inside the Medium's Cabinet 7147:. Randi.org. April 21, 2006 6875:Hyman, Ray (Jan–Feb 2003). 6477:. Prometheus Books. p 122. 6111:Jokinen, Tom (2012-10-25). 4724:. Prometheus Books. p. 64. 4706:. Prometheus Books. p. 29. 4411:Inside the Medium's Cabinet 4249:. Scarecrow Press. p. 177. 3693:, Retrieved 18 January 2007 3517:. Prometheus Books. p. 52. 3079: 2581:National Library of Ireland 2542:Albert von Schrenck-Notzing 2385:Thomas Glendenning Hamilton 1757:on her head and shoulders. 1034:A photograph of the medium 144:Electronic voice phenomenon 10: 9244: 6556:The After Death Experience 6333:Sofie Lachapelle. (2011). 6154:Spirits, Stars, and Spells 6004:The Riddle of Spiritualism 5949:. Prometheus Books. p. 8. 4886:. Edinburgh: John Menzies. 4507:Magician Among the Spirits 4324:. Routledge & K. Paul. 4134:10.1348/000712603767876235 3651:. With an introduction by 2454:According to the magician 2322:In 1930 the Polish medium 2272:were duped into believing 2186:The psychical researchers 2121:Frederick Tansley Munnings 2069:wrote about the tricks of 1965:, Hereward Carrington and 1899:The psychical researchers 1764:exposed the tricks of the 1664:King Ferdinand of Bulgaria 1321:studied the psychology of 1207:minds as a verbal thought. 989:. Scholars have described 890: 782: 689: 9177: 9124: 9101: 9053: 8999: 8973: 8948: 8932: 8837: 8789: 8678: 8655: 8646: 8575: 8566: 8236: 8218:Spiritual church movement 8175: 7794: 7703: 7498:. Henry Holt and Company. 7452:. London: Watts & Co. 7390:. Grant Richards, London. 6669:Dismissal is not disproof 6189:Julian Franklyn. (2003). 5848:Julian Franklyn. (2003). 5663:Julian Franklyn. (2003). 5597:Clément Chéroux. (2005). 5362:ESP, Seers & Psychics 5326:Rodger Anderson. (2006). 5276:. Prometheus Books. p. 12 5260:. Prometheus Books. p. 23 5210:Corinna Treitel. (2004). 5147:Julian Franklyn. (1935). 4924:Rodger Anderson. (2006). 4838:. T. F. Unwin Ltd. p. 167 4679:Janet Oppenheim. (1985). 4333:Janet Oppenheim. (1988). 3815:. McFarland. pp. 138–44. 3655:. Prometheus Press. p. 18 3564:Jones, Kelvin I. (1989). 3056:. In the show, John is a 3017:As Jack Hitt reported in 2815: 2745:photograph of the medium 2468:St. George's Hall, London 2252:objects but according to 1377:in paranormal phenomena. 8986:Ancient Egyptian culture 7415:Willis Dutcher. (1922). 7010:US Department of Justice 6241:. Helix Press. p. 100-22 6161:. Doubleday. pp. 44–53. 5850:Dictionary of the Occult 5579:Spiritualism and Society 5561:. Kessinger Publishing. 5364:. Crowell. pp. 188–204. 5237:. Kessinger Publishing. 5081:Psychical Research Today 4880:Washington Irving Bishop 4385:. Kessinger Publishing. 4265:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 220–26. 4056:Jonathan Smith. (2009). 3834:; Lewis Vaughn. (2013). 3677:Richard Castillo (1995) 3513:Hines, Terence. (2003). 2341:Herbert Carmichael Irwin 1915:The spirit photographer 1879: 1823:The séance trick of the 1715:Washington Irving Bishop 1518: 1410: 1251:Spiritism and Psychology 1016:Castillo (1995) states, 808:Paschal Beverly Randolph 416:Apparitional experiences 9009:Apparitional experience 8484:C. E. Bechhofer Roberts 8349:Carlos María de Heredia 7065:(subscription required) 6937:10.1348/000712605X36361 6738:Colin Fry an Evaluation 6167:ESP, Seers and Psychics 5802:Carlos María de Heredia 3787:Ilya Vinitsky. (2009). 3552:attackingthedevil.co.uk 3251:10.1348/000712605X36361 2978:Encyclopædia Britannica 2890:show, October 6, 2007, 2859:Secrets of the Psychics 2714:The British journalist 2531:'s files on the medium 2509:its real construction. 2288:in a London Newspaper. 2274:Julius and Agnes Zancig 2200:Carlos María de Heredia 1995:trick of a glass beaker 1529:Encyclopædia Britannica 474:Argument from ignorance 441:Out-of-body experiences 154:Extrasensory perception 8638:Procession of the dead 8414:Charles Arthur Mercier 8223:Arthur Findlay College 8062:William Stainton Moses 8027:Gladys Osborne Leonard 7643:Tricks of Fake Mediums 7495:The Newer Spiritualism 6841:The Truth about Medium 6353:Ronald Edwin. (1955). 6191:A Survey of the Occult 5714:. J. M. Watkins. p. 37 5665:A Survey of the Occult 5577:G. K. Nelson. (2013). 5492:Charles Arthur Mercier 5436:Practical Mental Magic 5149:A Survey of the Occult 4822:. Danbury Press. p. 62 4377:. Munn & Company. 4245:James Houran. (2004). 3885:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3631:Deborah Blum. (2006). 3027: 2984:In March 2017, medium 2964:$ 1 million US dollars 2945:criticized mediums in 2876: 2832: 2711: 2520: 2363: 2237: 2226: 2152:purposes." The medium 2052:Charles Arthur Mercier 2048:Gladys Osborne Leonard 1996: 1957:In 1908 at a hotel in 1867:concluded Piper was a 1727:Pierre L. O. A. Keeler 1666: 1485: 1459: 1450: 1423: 1362: 1313:Illusionists, such as 1291:anomalistic psychology 1039: 1023: 933: 825:Spiritist Codification 702: 499:Communal reinforcement 39: 9093:Paranormal television 8802:locations in Scotland 8374:Stanley LeFevre Krebs 8279:Milbourne Christopher 8188:Spiritualist churches 8057:Lorin Morgan-Richards 8052:William Usborne Moore 7721:Cross-Correspondences 7553:. Munn & Company. 7424:Walter Mann. (1919). 7348:(February 21, 2019). 7256:(February 21, 2019). 7145:"James Randi's Swift" 7125:. Scientific American 6620:Bob Couttie. (1988). 6530:Keene, Lamar (1997). 6396:. Doubleday. p. 250. 6163:Milbourne Christopher 5978:Brian Righi. (2008). 5965:Bob Couttie. (1988). 5823:Paul Tabori. (1961). 5785:. Doubleday. p. 158. 5581:. Routledge. p. 159. 5420:How to Go to a Medium 5358:Milbourne Christopher 4949:Tricks Of The Masters 4818:Roy Stemman. (1976). 4789:Adin Ballou. (2001). 4663:. Doubleday. p. 113. 4480:Donald Serrell Thomas 4012:Ian Rowland. (1998). 3941:Wolffram, H. (2012). 3415:"Medium – Definition" 3343:10.4324/9781003281139 3308:Milbourne Christopher 3023: 2871: 2837:University of Arizona 2823: 2705: 2515: 2354: 2232: 2215: 2205:The Hungarian medium 2169:Kristiania University 1987: 1979:Milbourne Christopher 1751:Annie Fairlamb Mellon 1658: 1590:Stanley LeFevre Krebs 1473: 1455: 1445: 1418: 1357: 1289:Scientists who study 1273:Scientific skepticism 1033: 1018: 943:Chesterfield, Indiana 928: 841:Alfred Russel Wallace 812:Emma Hardinge Britten 697: 647:practice is known as 479:Argumentum ad populum 411:Anomalous experiences 391:Scientific skepticism 209:Paranormal television 33: 9078:Stories about ghosts 8902:District of Columbia 8389:John Nevil Maskelyne 8289:Edmund Smith Conklin 7629:Skeptic's Dictionary 7563:. Prometheus Books. 7508:. Prometheus Books. 7360:on February 24, 2019 7264:on February 24, 2019 7006:US Attorney's Office 6698:. Prometheus Press. 6690:. (1997). Chapter 3 6534:. Prometheus Books. 6448:John Booth. (1986). 6413:Eric Robertson Dodds 6317:The Dead Do Not Talk 6149:Lyon Sprague de Camp 6097:Jason Karl. (2007). 5837:"Fraudulent Mediums" 5286:William Hodson Brock 4977:. Prometheus Books. 4854:. Helix Press. p. 10 4355:The Problem of Fraud 4320:Alan Gauld. (1968). 4288:. Prometheus Books. 4229:. Prometheus Books. 4175:on February 25, 2019 4083:. Macmillan. p. 38. 3861:. Prometheus Books. 3649:Studies in Spiritism 3635:. The Penguin Press. 3177:The Sunday Telegraph 3143:. Prometheus Books. 2869:(2003) has written: 2741:discovered that the 2575:of the Irish medium 2458:the stage mentalist 2343:who had died in the 2240:The Austrian medium 2139:with James Seymour, 2135:On 4 February 1922, 2007:observed the medium 1789:spirit photographers 1689:found in Eglinton's 1683:psychical researcher 1106:improve this article 494:Cognitive dissonance 489:Begging the question 436:Ideomotor phenomenon 9147:Kardecist spiritism 8991:Classical antiquity 8464:Julien J. Proskauer 8254:George Miller Beard 8249:John Henry Anderson 7987:Daniel Dunglas Home 7704:History and beliefs 7200:. October 22, 2020. 7103:. CSI. Nov–Dec 2001 7037:The Palm Beach Post 6355:Clock Without Hands 5912:1934Natur.134S.965. 5877:Warren Jay Vinton. 5712:The Goligher Circle 5309:Hereward Carrington 5292:. Ashgate. p. 474. 5061:Hereward Carrington 4620:Alex Owen. (2004). 4032:Brad Clark (2002). 3960:10.1017/mdh.2011.37 3704:Here, Mr. Splitfoot 3702:Somerlott, Robert, 3478:Allan Kardec eulogy 3312:Search for the Soul 3291:. Alfred E. Knopf. 3074:Stalked by a Doctor 2948:Scientific American 2886:On Fox News on the 2718:published the book 2605:In 1966 the son of 2567:The British medium 2553:Clock Without Hands 2476:Secrets of My Magic 2145:William S. Marriott 2028:William S. Marriott 1975:William S. Marriott 1937:Hereward Carrington 1835:examined a case of 1801:Hereward Carrington 1772:(1895). The medium 1669:The British medium 1549:Daniel Dunglas Home 1050:Scientific American 1026:Physical mediumship 740:" created from the 617:spirits of the dead 544:Scientific evidence 386:Scientific literacy 9061:Films about ghosts 9045:Spirit photography 8504:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett 8339:William A. Hammond 8142:Stanisława Tomczyk 8132:Emanuel Swedenborg 8082:Ethel Post-Parrish 8047:Francis Ward Monck 7892:Arthur Conan Doyle 7766:Spirit photography 7609:2012-06-23 at the 7354:Center for Inquiry 7217:The New York Times 7171:The New York Times 6969:. Rodale. p. 216. 6881:Skeptical Inquirer 6828:2009-08-21 at the 6810:2007-02-12 at the 5553:. (1939). Chapter 5448:Pearson's Magazine 5195:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett 5132:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett 4870:. Duckworth. p. 47 4793:. Routledge. p. 16 4536:. Oxford. p. 373. 3908:. Kennelly Press. 3879:Christopher French 3754:2010-11-20 at the 3722:Palgrave Macmillan 3500:2023-07-17 at the 3404:2010-12-24 at the 3376:2019-04-22 at the 3096:List of channelers 3054:Skeptical Inquirer 3019:The New York Times 2994:skeptical activist 2833: 2712: 2708:Ethel Post-Parrish 2573:automatic writings 2521: 2483:Kristian Birkeland 2400:automatic writings 2364: 2263:Theodore Besterman 2238: 2227: 2163:The Danish medium 2054:wrote in his book 2024:Stanisława Tomczyk 2022:The Polish medium 1997: 1989:Stanisława Tomczyk 1945:spirit photography 1930:spirit photography 1873:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett 1847:The trance medium 1837:spirit photography 1833:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett 1766:Davenport brothers 1723:Seybert Commission 1671:Francis Ward Monck 1667: 1599:Edward William Cox 1460: 1424: 1239:Thomson Jay Hudson 1045:spirit photography 1040: 1003:Lloyd Kenyon Jones 934: 868:Davenport Brothers 864:stage magic tricks 857:Arthur Conan Doyle 703: 655:undertaken by the 254:Spirit photography 204:Paranormal fiction 124:Demonic possession 40: 27:Spiritual practice 9195: 9194: 8969: 8968: 8628:Residual haunting 8593:Haunted locations 8583:Ancestral spirits 8522: 8521: 8509:Lyttelton Winslow 8474:Donovan Rawcliffe 8439:E. Clephan Palmer 8409:Georgess McHargue 8299:Stuart Cumberland 8274:William Carpenter 8193:Spiritist centres 8152:George Valiantine 8072:Eusapia Palladino 8042:Carmine Mirabelli 8002:Swami Laura Horos 7952:Kathleen Goligher 7877:Geraldine Cummins 7832:Stephen E. Braude 7771:Spirit possession 7756:Spiritual healing 7716:Automatic writing 7569:978-1-57392-121-3 7514:978-1-59102-086-8 7485:978-0-226-64205-5 7468:978-0-385-05305-1 7456:Georgess McHargue 7400:. London: Odhams. 7394:Stuart Cumberland 7089:978-1-57859-209-8 7000:(Press release). 6975:978-1-60529-875-7 6912:978-1-57392-979-0 6761:978-1-59102-086-8 6727:978-1-59102-086-8 6653:978-0-8131-9124-9 6630:978-0-7188-2686-4 6610:978-0-87975-432-7 6587:978-0-912328-98-0 6564:978-0-688-08000-6 6532:The Psychic Mafia 6483:978-1-57392-161-9 6474:The Psychic Mafia 6458:978-0-87975-358-0 6450:Psychic Paradoxes 6435:Allen Spraggett, 6425:978-0-19-812086-5 6402:978-0-385-05305-1 6390:Georgess McHargue 6379:978-0-912328-98-0 6343:978-1-4214-0013-6 6286:978-0-87975-358-0 6278:Psychic Paradoxes 6263:978-0-8131-9124-9 6224:978-1-57392-161-9 6215:The Psychic Mafia 6199:978-0-7661-3007-4 6039:978-1-57392-896-0 6012:978-0-7661-7931-8 6000:E. Clephan Palmer 5988:978-0-7387-1363-2 5955:978-0-87975-358-0 5947:Psychic Paradoxes 5839:. Lyceum Library. 5812:Popular Mechanics 5791:978-0-385-05305-1 5779:Georgess McHargue 5746:978-0-7661-2815-6 5673:978-0-7661-3007-4 5653:978-1-57392-896-0 5630:978-0-8008-2455-6 5607:978-0-300-11136-1 5587:978-0-415-71462-4 5567:978-0-7661-4242-8 5432:Theodore Annemann 5405:978-1-57859-209-8 5370:978-0-690-26815-7 5336:978-0-7864-2770-3 5298:978-0-7546-6322-5 5243:978-0-7661-4242-8 5220:978-0-8018-7812-1 5105:978-1-57392-021-6 5026:978-1-108-02748-9 4984:978-1-59102-108-7 4934:978-0-7864-2770-3 4914:978-0-19-508209-8 4730:978-1-57392-161-9 4721:The Psychic Mafia 4712:978-0-87975-300-9 4689:978-0-521-26505-8 4669:978-0-385-05305-1 4657:Georgess McHargue 4630:978-0-226-64205-5 4610:978-1-4384-2798-0 4590:978-0-8131-2210-6 4542:978-0-19-997503-7 4518:978-1-108-02748-9 4492:978-0-297-79639-8 4343:978-0-521-34767-9 4294:978-0-87975-300-9 4271:978-1-57607-653-8 4255:978-0-8108-5054-5 4235:978-1-59102-086-8 4223:Polidoro, Massimo 4089:978-0-230-75298-6 4066:978-1-4051-8122-8 4046:978-1-57607-653-8 4022:978-0-9558476-0-8 4001:978-0-8058-0508-6 3914:978-1-4460-5651-6 3891:978-0-230-30150-4 3867:978-1-57392-798-7 3844:978-0-07-752631-3 3821:978-0-7864-3059-8 3807:Harvey J. Irwin, 3797:978-0-8020-9935-8 3735:978-0-312-21739-6 3568:. Aquarian Press. 3320:978-0-690-01760-1 3314:. T. Y. Crowell. 3297:978-0-394-52740-6 3149:978-1-57392-979-0 3111:Spirit possession 3086:Automatic writing 2777:Eusapia Palladino 2765:Stephen E. Braude 2747:Carmine Mirabelli 2720:The Spiritualists 2673:The Psychic Mafia 2664:Camp Chesterfield 2596:Camp Chesterfield 2577:Geraldine Cummins 2517:Kathleen Goligher 2408:George Valiantine 2370:(director of the 2337:Eileen J. Garrett 2154:Kathleen Goligher 2071:Eusapia Palladino 2017:Theodore Annemann 1971:Eusapia Palladino 1884:In March 1902 in 1774:Swami Laura Horos 1481:Eusapia Palladino 1383:Last Week Tonight 1351:The psychologist 1267:parapsychologists 1247:Théodore Flournoy 1233:Paranormal belief 1182: 1181: 1174: 1156: 972:Trance mediumship 960:Mental mediumship 939:Camp Chesterfield 899:Camp Chesterfield 849:Eusapia Palladino 820:The Spirits' Book 716:automatic writing 602: 601: 549:Scientific method 259:Spirit possession 69:Astral projection 16:(Redirected from 9235: 9185: 9184: 8653: 8652: 8598:Haunted highways 8549: 8542: 8535: 8526: 8525: 8454:Massimo Polidoro 8404:Henry C. McComas 8309:Joseph Dunninger 8087:James Van Praagh 7977:Gordon Higginson 7917:William Eglinton 7761:Spirit obsession 7686: 7679: 7672: 7663: 7662: 7599:Massimo Polidoro 7584: 7502:Massimo Polidoro 7404:Joseph Dunninger 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7356:. Archived from 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7260:. Archived from 7250: 7239: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7097: 7091: 7077:J. Gordon Melton 7074: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7058:The Miami Herald 7048: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 6994: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6920: 6914: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6872: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6820: 6814: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6772: 6763: 6749:Massimo Polidoro 6746: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6715:Massimo Polidoro 6712: 6706: 6685: 6679: 6661: 6655: 6638: 6632: 6618: 6612: 6595: 6589: 6572: 6566: 6549: 6543: 6528: 6522: 6505: 6499: 6492: 6486: 6466: 6460: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6410: 6404: 6387: 6381: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6345: 6331: 6320: 6313:Julien Proskauer 6310: 6304: 6294: 6288: 6271: 6265: 6248: 6242: 6232: 6226: 6207: 6201: 6187: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6115:. Archived from 6108: 6102: 6095: 6089: 6079: 6073: 6063: 6057: 6047: 6041: 6027:Massimo Polidoro 6020: 6014: 5997: 5991: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5923: 5921:10.1038/134965c0 5892: 5886: 5875: 5869: 5868:. Putnam. p. 232 5859: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5825:The Art of Folly 5821: 5815: 5799: 5793: 5776: 5770: 5754: 5748: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5681: 5675: 5661: 5655: 5641:Massimo Polidoro 5638: 5632: 5615: 5609: 5595: 5589: 5575: 5569: 5548: 5542: 5532: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5489: 5483: 5473: 5467: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5429: 5423: 5413: 5407: 5393:J. Gordon Melton 5390: 5384: 5375:Everard Feilding 5355: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5324: 5318: 5306: 5300: 5283: 5277: 5267: 5261: 5251: 5245: 5228: 5222: 5208: 5202: 5192: 5186: 5176: 5170: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5129: 5123: 5113: 5107: 5090: 5084: 5074: 5068: 5058: 5052: 5034: 5028: 5011: 5005: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4967: 4952: 4942: 4936: 4922: 4916: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4877: 4871: 4861: 4855: 4845: 4839: 4829: 4823: 4820:The Supernatural 4816: 4810: 4800: 4794: 4787: 4781: 4771: 4765: 4755: 4749: 4739: 4733: 4697: 4691: 4677: 4671: 4654: 4648: 4641:Massimo Polidoro 4638: 4632: 4618: 4612: 4598: 4592: 4575: 4569: 4551: 4545: 4527: 4521: 4500: 4494: 4477: 4471: 4461: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4430: 4407:Joseph Dunninger 4404: 4398: 4387:Julien Proskauer 4368: 4362: 4351: 4345: 4331: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4311:. Dover. p. 172. 4302: 4296: 4279: 4273: 4243: 4237: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4171:. Archived from 4160: 4154: 4153: 4127: 4109: 4101:Wiseman, Richard 4097: 4091: 4074: 4068: 4054: 4048: 4030: 4024: 4010: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3962: 3938: 3932: 3922: 3916: 3899: 3893: 3875: 3869: 3852: 3846: 3829: 3823: 3805: 3799: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3759: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3713: 3707: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3511: 3505: 3486: 3480: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3328: 3322: 3305: 3299: 3282: 3271: 3270: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3151: 3134: 3050:Seatbelt Psychic 2929:James Van Praagh 2888:Geraldo at Large 2855:Massimo Polidoro 2794:Massimo Polidoro 2782:Massimo Polidoro 2600:Psychic Observer 2592:Psychic Observer 2588:Andrija Puharich 2502:Julien Proskauer 1967:Everard Feilding 1905:Everard Feilding 1818:Raymond Poincaré 1699:Mme. d'Esperance 1679:William Eglinton 1612:at the house of 1592:had exposed the 1501:Joseph Dunninger 1497:Julien Proskauer 1462:In Britain, the 1300:magical thinking 1177: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1114: 1090: 1082: 999:William T. Stead 987:women's suffrage 853:William T. Stead 680:materializations 613:familiar spirits 609:pseudoscientific 594: 587: 580: 484:Bandwagon effect 381:Pseudoskepticism 371:Magical thinking 42: 41: 21: 18:Spiritual medium 9243: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9173: 9120: 9110:Booty v Barnaby 9097: 9054:Popular culture 9049: 8995: 8965: 8944: 8928: 8885:Day of the Dead 8833: 8824:Slavic religion 8785: 8674: 8648: 8642: 8571: 8562: 8553: 8523: 8518: 8514:Richard Wiseman 8444:Ronald Pearsall 8424:John Mulholland 8379:Rose Mackenberg 8344:C. E. M. Hansel 8329:G. Stanley Hall 8232: 8171: 8137:Rosina Thompson 8097:Estelle Roberts 8037:Heinrich Melzer 8012:James H. Hyslop 7982:Richard Hodgson 7872:William Crookes 7790: 7736:Materialization 7699: 7690: 7611:Wayback Machine 7577: 7557:Richard Wiseman 7541:. Truth Seeker. 7378: 7376:Further reading 7373: 7363: 7361: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7296: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7251: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7209: 7205: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7175: 7173: 7163: 7159: 7150: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7126: 7119: 7115: 7106: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7049: 7045: 7032: 7028: 7019: 7017: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6980: 6964: 6960: 6921: 6917: 6898: 6894: 6885: 6883: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6830:Wayback Machine 6821: 6817: 6812:Wayback Machine 6803: 6799: 6790: 6788: 6773: 6766: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6732: 6713: 6709: 6688:Richard Wiseman 6686: 6682: 6664:Grossman, Wendy 6662: 6658: 6639: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6596: 6592: 6573: 6569: 6550: 6546: 6529: 6525: 6508:Ronald Pearsall 6506: 6502: 6493: 6489: 6467: 6463: 6447: 6443: 6437:The Unexplained 6434: 6430: 6411: 6407: 6388: 6384: 6365: 6361: 6352: 6348: 6332: 6323: 6311: 6307: 6295: 6291: 6272: 6268: 6249: 6245: 6233: 6229: 6208: 6204: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6135: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6109: 6105: 6096: 6092: 6080: 6076: 6064: 6060: 6048: 6044: 6021: 6017: 5998: 5994: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5960: 5941: 5937: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5876: 5872: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5818: 5800: 5796: 5777: 5773: 5755: 5751: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5694: 5682: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5639: 5635: 5616: 5612: 5596: 5592: 5576: 5572: 5549: 5545: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5518: 5506: 5502: 5490: 5486: 5474: 5470: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5430: 5426: 5414: 5410: 5391: 5387: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5307: 5303: 5284: 5280: 5270:Richard Wiseman 5268: 5264: 5254:Richard Wiseman 5252: 5248: 5229: 5225: 5209: 5205: 5193: 5189: 5177: 5173: 5159: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5130: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5091: 5087: 5075: 5071: 5059: 5055: 5035: 5031: 5012: 5008: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4968: 4955: 4943: 4939: 4923: 4919: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4878: 4874: 4862: 4858: 4846: 4842: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4813: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4772: 4768: 4756: 4752: 4740: 4736: 4698: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4576: 4572: 4552: 4548: 4528: 4524: 4501: 4497: 4478: 4474: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4433: 4429:. Truth Seeker. 4405: 4401: 4369: 4365: 4352: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4303: 4299: 4280: 4276: 4259:Michael Shermer 4244: 4240: 4221: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4125:10.1.1.528.2693 4107: 4098: 4094: 4077:Richard Wiseman 4075: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4031: 4027: 4011: 4007: 3990: 3986: 3947:Medical History 3939: 3935: 3923: 3919: 3900: 3896: 3876: 3872: 3853: 3849: 3832:Theodore Schick 3830: 3826: 3806: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3756:Wayback Machine 3747: 3743: 3736: 3714: 3710: 3706:. Viking, 1971. 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3653:G. Stanley Hall 3643: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3559: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3502:Wayback Machine 3487: 3483: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3406:Wayback Machine 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378:Wayback Machine 3364: 3360: 3353: 3329: 3325: 3306: 3302: 3283: 3274: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3173: 3169: 3158: 3154: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3082: 3046:reality TV show 2943:Michael Shermer 2818: 2773:Richard Wiseman 2642:Ronald Pearsall 2425:Estelle Roberts 2312:Heinrich Melzer 2207:Ladislas Lasslo 2130:Rosina Thompson 2126:Richard Hodgson 1921:William Crookes 1882: 1857:G. Stanley Hall 1614:William Crookes 1567:in a letter to 1556:Robert Browning 1521: 1513:Rose Mackenberg 1413: 1353:Richard Wiseman 1283:Theodore Schick 1275: 1235: 1230: 1178: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1115: 1113: 1103: 1091: 1080: 1067: 1028: 974: 962: 952:(NSAC) and the 923: 915: 913:Spirit operator 895: 889: 884: 837:William Crookes 785: 761:Ascended master 692: 672:stage magicians 598: 569: 568: 464: 456: 455: 426:False awakening 406: 396: 395: 341: 331: 330: 229:Psychic reading 164:Fortune-telling 99:Close encounter 64: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9241: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9213:Parapsychology 9210: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9154:The Ghost Club 9151: 9150: 9149: 9139: 9134: 9132:Fear of ghosts 9128: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9011: 9005: 9003: 9001:Parapsychology 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8868:Ghost sickness 8865: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8847: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8749: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8722: 8720:Ghost Festival 8717: 8716: 8715: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8688: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8667:South Africa ( 8665: 8659: 8657: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8633:Vengeful ghost 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8608:Haunted trains 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8579: 8577: 8576:Manifestations 8573: 8572: 8569:List of ghosts 8567: 8564: 8563: 8552: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8529: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8489:Chung Ling Soo 8486: 8481: 8479:Joseph F. Rinn 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8429:Fulton Oursler 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8394:Henry Maudsley 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8369:Joseph Jastrow 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8334:Trevor H. Hall 8331: 8326: 8324:Martin Gardner 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8294:Millais Culpin 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8264:Lionel Branson 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8112:Rudi Schneider 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7992:Elizabeth Hope 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7947:Eileen Garrett 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7842:Rosemary Brown 7839: 7837:William Breeze 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7817:Charles Bailey 7814: 7809: 7807:Rosemary Altea 7804: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7689: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7640: 7631: 7622: 7613: 7601: 7592: 7576: 7575:External links 7573: 7572: 7571: 7554: 7545:Chung Ling Soo 7542: 7532: 7516: 7499: 7487: 7470: 7453: 7441: 7431: 7422: 7413: 7401: 7391: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7337: 7306: 7289:New York Times 7275: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7203: 7183: 7157: 7136: 7113: 7092: 7069: 7043: 7026: 6989: 6978: 6958: 6931:(2): 165–179. 6915: 6892: 6867: 6856: 6845: 6833: 6815: 6797: 6778:(2009-11-10). 6776:Dunning, Brian 6764: 6741: 6730: 6707: 6680: 6656: 6633: 6613: 6598:Martin Gardner 6590: 6567: 6544: 6523: 6500: 6487: 6469:M. Lamar Keene 6461: 6441: 6428: 6405: 6382: 6359: 6346: 6321: 6305: 6289: 6266: 6243: 6227: 6210:M. Lamar Keene 6202: 6182: 6171: 6137:Joseph Jastrow 6129: 6103: 6090: 6074: 6058: 6042: 6015: 5992: 5971: 5958: 5935: 5887: 5870: 5854: 5841: 5829: 5816: 5794: 5771: 5749: 5726: 5716: 5703: 5692: 5676: 5656: 5633: 5610: 5590: 5570: 5543: 5527: 5516: 5508:Joseph Jastrow 5500: 5484: 5468: 5452: 5440: 5424: 5408: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5350: 5339: 5319: 5301: 5278: 5262: 5246: 5223: 5203: 5187: 5179:Martin Gardner 5171: 5161:Joseph Jastrow 5153: 5140: 5124: 5116:Chung Ling Soo 5108: 5085: 5069: 5053: 5029: 5006: 4990: 4983: 4971:Harris, Melvin 4953: 4937: 4917: 4897: 4888: 4872: 4864:Trevor H. Hall 4856: 4848:Trevor H. Hall 4840: 4824: 4811: 4795: 4782: 4766: 4758:Chung Ling Soo 4750: 4734: 4716:M. Lamar Keene 4692: 4672: 4649: 4633: 4613: 4593: 4570: 4566:Trevor H. Hall 4546: 4522: 4495: 4472: 4456: 4445: 4431: 4399: 4371:Chung Ling Soo 4363: 4346: 4326: 4313: 4297: 4274: 4238: 4212: 4186: 4155: 4118:(3): 285–297. 4092: 4069: 4049: 4025: 4005: 3984: 3953:(2): 277–295. 3933: 3917: 3902:Millais Culpin 3894: 3870: 3847: 3824: 3800: 3780: 3760: 3741: 3734: 3708: 3695: 3683: 3670: 3657: 3637: 3624: 3618:Braude, Anne, 3606: 3591: 3579: 3570: 3557: 3539: 3526: 3506: 3481: 3465: 3451: 3431: 3419:Dictionary.com 3390: 3381: 3358: 3351: 3323: 3300: 3272: 3245:(2): 165–179. 3229: 3209: 3195:. 2019-02-27. 3182: 3167: 3152: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3078: 2925:Rosemary Altea 2892:Geraldo Rivera 2817: 2814: 2755:Wendy Grossman 2655:, a medium in 2653:M. Lamar Keene 2629:". The medium 2546:Charles Richet 2481:The physicist 2404:Patience Worth 2297:Blanche Cooper 2242:Rudi Schneider 2236:with ectoplasm 2067:Joseph Jastrow 2013:billet reading 2001:Charles Bailey 1963:W. W. Baggally 1901:W. W. Baggally 1881: 1878: 1865:Martin Gardner 1861:Joseph Jastrow 1829:Chung Ling Soo 1814:Woodrow Wilson 1721:readings. The 1650:Chung Ling Soo 1579:Trevor H. Hall 1520: 1517: 1489:Chung Ling Soo 1443:(1960) wrote: 1412: 1409: 1388:Theresa Caputo 1277:In their book 1274: 1271: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1201: 1180: 1179: 1094: 1092: 1085: 1079: 1078:Psychic senses 1076: 1066: 1063: 1027: 1024: 973: 970: 961: 958: 922: 919: 914: 911: 891:Main article: 888: 885: 883: 880: 796:United Kingdom 789:Witch of Endor 784: 781: 769:angelic entity 750: 749: 730: 691: 688: 600: 599: 597: 596: 589: 582: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 514:Fringe science 511: 509:Falsifiability 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 446:Parapsychology 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 407: 404:Parapsychology 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 337: 336: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 318: 316:United Kingdom 313: 302: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 249:Retrocognition 246: 244:Remote viewing 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 109:Crystal gazing 106: 101: 96: 91: 89:Breatharianism 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 62: 61: 58: 57: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9240: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9218:Pseudoscience 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9188: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Spectrophilia 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9028:Ghost hunting 9026: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933:South America 8931: 8923: 8922:San Francisco 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8892:United States 8890: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8838:North America 8836: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8666: 8664: 8663:Madam Koi Koi 8661: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8613:Haunted ships 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8603:Haunted house 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8550: 8545: 8543: 8538: 8536: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8449:Frank Podmore 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8399:Joseph McCabe 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364:Harry Houdini 8362: 8360: 8359:Terence Hines 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8304:Eric Dingwall 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176:Organizations 8174: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8117:Maria Silbert 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8077:Leonora Piper 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8067:Einer Nielsen 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8022:Franek Kluski 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7907:Harry Edwards 7905: 7903: 7902:Eddy Brothers 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7862:Florence Cook 7860: 7858: 7857:Doris Collins 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7847:Sylvia Browne 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7822:Bangs Sisters 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795:Spiritualists 7793: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Table-turning 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7751:Spirit guides 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7731:Faith healing 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7675: 7673: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7647:Harry Houdini 7644: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7591:at Wiktionary 7590: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7523:Eric Dingwall 7520: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7490:Frank Podmore 7488: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7462:. Doubleday. 7461: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7444:Joseph McCabe 7442: 7439: 7435: 7434:Joseph McCabe 7432: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7346:Gerbic, Susan 7341: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7254:Gerbic, Susan 7249: 7247: 7245: 7235: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7199: 7198: 7197:Rolling Stone 7193: 7187: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7146: 7140: 7124: 7117: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7038: 7030: 7016:on 2013-10-14 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6900:Terence Hines 6896: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6865: 6860: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6819: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6801: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6704:1-57392-121-1 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6676: 6675:New Scientist 6671: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6541: 6540:1-57392-161-0 6537: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6520:0-7509-3684-3 6517: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6497: 6491: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6297:Joseph McCabe 6293: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6119:on 2013-12-03 6118: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6094: 6087: 6083: 6082:Marina Warner 6078: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5757:Eric Dingwall 5753: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5720: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5685: 5684:Joseph McCabe 5680: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5618:D. Scott Rogo 5614: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5460:Joseph McCabe 5456: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5417: 5416:Eric Dingwall 5412: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014:Harry Houdini 5010: 5003: 4999: 4998:Samri Baldwin 4994: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4945:Will Goldston 4941: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4833: 4832:Joseph McCabe 4828: 4821: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4803:Joseph McCabe 4799: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4743: 4742:Joseph McCabe 4738: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4554:Joseph McCabe 4550: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4503:Harry Houdini 4499: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4464:Joseph McCabe 4460: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415:Harry Houdini 4412: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4306: 4305:Spence, Lewis 4301: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809:Caroline Watt 3804: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3536: 3533:Anna Hurwic, 3530: 3524: 3523:1-57392-979-4 3520: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3489:Brandon, Ruth 3485: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3454: 3452:9781440834912 3448: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369:Accessed at: 3368: 3362: 3354: 3352:9781003281139 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3219: 3213: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3171: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3137:Terence Hines 3133: 3131: 3126: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3091:Faith healing 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2971:Barnum effect 2967: 2965: 2961: 2960:cold readings 2957: 2954:According to 2952: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921:Sylvia Browne 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2863:Terence Hines 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2841:Gary Schwartz 2838: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2810: 2809:Brian Dunning 2806: 2805:David Fontana 2801: 2799: 2798:Franek Kluski 2795: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2760:New Scientist 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2724:tape recorder 2721: 2717: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2627:ventriloquism 2624: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2500:The magician 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:escapologists 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2366:In the 1930s 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:Stanisława P. 2320: 2318: 2317:Maria Silbert 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2286:Our Secrets!! 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2234:Stanisława P. 2231: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:Eric Dingwall 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165:Einer Nielsen 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Eric Dingwall 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2114:Harry Houdini 2110: 2106: 2105:Franek Kluski 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2085:Daily Express 2079: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2033:Linda Gazzera 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:Eric Dingwall 2002: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1941:table-turning 1938: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:psychologists 1850: 1849:Leonora Piper 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:Eddy Brothers 1821: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797:Edward Wyllie 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1782:Harry Houdini 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Samri Baldwin 1760:The magician 1758: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1746:Will Goldston 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Ray Lankester 1635: 1630: 1628: 1627:Florence Cook 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1594:Bangs Sisters 1591: 1586: 1584: 1581:exposed the " 1580: 1576: 1575:Joseph McCabe 1572: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1558:and his wife 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505:Harry Houdini 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400:Sylvia Browne 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1356: 1355:has written: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1342:eavesdropping 1338: 1336: 1332: 1331:Leonard Zusne 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204:Clairaudience 1202: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1176: 1173: 1165: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1123: – 1122: 1118: 1117:Find sources: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1095:This section 1093: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1037: 1036:Linda Gazzera 1032: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 992: 991:Leonora Piper 988: 984: 980: 969: 967: 957: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 931: 927: 918: 910: 908: 904: 900: 894: 879: 875: 873: 872:Bangs Sisters 869: 865: 860: 859:(1859–1930). 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 826: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 780: 778: 774: 773:consciousness 770: 767:, or from an 766: 762: 757: 755: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 728: 727: 726: 723: 721: 717: 712: 708: 700: 696: 687: 685: 681: 675: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 625:séance tables 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 595: 590: 588: 583: 581: 576: 575: 573: 572: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 539:Pseudoscience 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 460: 459: 452: 451:Synchronicity 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 405: 400: 399: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 340: 335: 334: 327: 324: 322: 321:United States 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 307: 306: 300: 297: 295: 294:Table-turning 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 239:Reincarnation 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 219:Preternatural 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 169:Ghost hunting 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 119:Cryptozoology 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 63:Main articles 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 37: 32: 19: 9223:Spiritualism 9142:Spiritualism 9108: 9037: 9018: 8981:Mesopotamian 8917:Pennsylvania 8647:By continent 8618:Hungry ghost 8588:Ghost lights 8494:Gordon Stein 8319:Chris French 8284:Edward Clodd 8269:Derren Brown 8259:Ruth Brandon 8244:David Abbott 8167:Chico Xavier 8127:Doris Stokes 8102:Jane Roberts 8032:Oliver Lodge 8017:Allan Kardec 7997:William Hope 7932:Leslie Flint 7897:Helen Duncan 7887:Frank Decker 7882:Pearl Curran 7867:Mina Crandon 7852:Eva Carrière 7827:Ada Besinnet 7802:Derek Acorah 7776:Spirit world 7740: 7693:Spiritualism 7587: 7560: 7549: 7538: 7527: 7505: 7494: 7476: 7459: 7448: 7437: 7426: 7417: 7408: 7397: 7386: 7382:Edward Clodd 7364:February 23, 7362:. 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