Sredna Gora - Knowledge

637: 693:

areas in the east, the rivers are almost exclusively with rain feed. Most of these rivers have temporary flow and in places with deforested or eroded watersheds, at times, they also have a pronounced brief torrential flow. In the highest parts of Sredna Gora the river flow is 15 L/s per km, due to the relatively small amount of precipitation, lower snow retention and stronger evaporation. At lower elevation, particularly in the east, this amount is reduced to 1 L/s per km, due to the small precipitation, the significant evaporation, the negligible slopes and the permeable ground. The average river flow for the whole mountain range is 4.7 L/s per km. The water resources in Sredna Gora are more limited compared to other mountain ranges in Bulgaria, due to lower average altitude, higher temperature and lower snow retention.

1624: 844: 42: 628:

the south it gradually descents to the Upper Thracian Plain. There are three sections — Bratanski, Kortenski and Chirpanski. The former is the highest in elevation, spans from the Stryama in the west to the Zmeyovski Pass (430 m) in the east and is dominated by the summit of Bratan (1,236 m). Kortenski section is located eastwards of the Zmeyovski Pass and reaches the easternmost point of the mountain range at Zaychi Vrah; its highest peak in Moruley (895 m). The third section is formed by the Chirpan Heights located south of Bratanski Section, which reaches a maximum heights of 651 m at Kitka.

587: 350: 1392: 1865: 1071: 1709: 1635: 339: 552: 1286: 648:. Yet, the uneven altitude, the significant segmentation and the varied exposure of the relief of Sredna Gora, together with the climate-forming impact of the transformative air masses from the neighbouring territories, determine the marked differentiation of the climatic conditions in the mountain range. The continental climate is prevails in the mountain zone up to 1,000 m along the northern slopes and up to 1,500 m along the southern slopes. Above this elevation the climate is 601:

by the Upper Thracian Plain. It is subdivided in two sections — Bunaysko–Bogdanski and Panagyursko–Strelchanski. The former is the highest past of the mountain range and is located to the north. From west to east it includes the summits of Bratia (1,519 m), Bunaya (1,572 m) and Golyan Bogdan (1,604 m). In its middle is located the high altitude Koprivshtitsa Valley (1,000 m). The elevation lowers to the south into the valleys of the towns of

669:

maximum and a winter minimum. The average annual precipitation in the territory with temperate continental climate varies between 600–800 mm, while in the Alpine zone it reaches 800–1,000 mm. There, together with the increase of altitude and precipitation also increases the amount of solid precipitation, with snow cover reaching an average of four to five months. In the mountain regions in the transitional climatic zone, where the influence of the

1851: 1694: 1381: 682: 1093: 1336:, laying the foundations of the parliamentary democracy in Bulgaria. More than 30 settlements in the region rebelled and part of the decisive battles took place in Sredna Gora, at Eledzhik and Panagyuriste. When the Ottomans crushed the uprising, thousands were massacred and many settlements were pillaged and burned, including Panayurishte. The European-wide public outcry following the rebellion led to the 1082: 875:

on the northern slopes of the hilly and low-mountain terrain. In the higher zones, the brown forest soils support beech forest vegetation; in some areas of Sashtinska Sredna Gora there are old-growth beech forests. On the flat ridges of Sashtinska Sredna Gora, on the mountain-meadow soils, grass formations is widely developed, represented by extensive meadows and pastures.

1879: 452:. Its easternmost point is the elevation of Zaychi Vrah (256 m) along the southwestern limits of the Sliven Valley just southwest of the bend of the river Tundzha. Along its northern borders, Sredna Gora is linked to the Balkan Mountains through five north-south ridges — Negushevski Rid, Oporski Rid, Galabets, Koznitsa and Strazhata. 1756:

seven mineral springs with a discharge of 15 L/sec and temperature of 19 °С to 61 °С. The resort receives 30 thousand visitors annually. Starozagorski bani, located 15 km northwest of the region's largest city Stara Zagora, contains springs with a total discharge of 18 L/sec and temperature of 51.5 °С.

1750:

The rich natural, cultural, historical and architectural heritage of the mountain range is favourable for tourism and hospitality industry. The abundant mineral springs have been used for millennia and are now the backbone of the region's spa and health tourism. Nine of the nation's 19 spa resorts of

1689:

and manufacture a wide range of military and civilian products, such as optical sights; thermal imaging devices; night vision goggles, scopes and systems; surveillance cameras; infrared lenses, etc. Other sectors are machine building and metalworking (Stara Zagora, Ihtiman, Kostenets, Koprivshtitsa),

1614:

began the modernisation of railway line No. 1 along the whole Sredna Gora section that includes the construction of entirely new route with 13 tunnels with a total length of over 20 km, the longest being 6.7 km, as well as 24 bridges and viaducts. The planned investment is 665 million euro.

874:

and a significant part of the lands of the cinnamon forest soils are arable land covered with farms and pastures, where the range of natural vegetation is significantly reduced. In the places with no arable land on the cinnamon forest soils, the vegetation is represented by oaks, while hornbeams grow

857:

The vegetation of Sredna Gora is influenced not only by the geographical distribution of the soil types, but also by the nature of the climatic conditions, as well as by some features of the relief and human economic activity. The alluvial soils along the river valleys are accompanied by hydrophilous

627:

is the lowest in the range, with most hilly terrain, spanning to the Stryama in the west to the Tundzha in the east. It has an area of 2,280 km and an average elevation of 416 m. It is limited to the north by the southern reaches of the valleys of Karlovo, Kazanlak, Tvarditsa and Sliven; in

569:

is limited to the west by the valley of the Iskar, to the north by the valleys of Sofia, Saranska, Kamarska and Zlatitsa–Pirdop, to the east by the Topolnitsa, to the south by the Rila mountain range. It covers an area of 1,370 km with an average elevation of 750 m, thus being the smallest

692:

In most of Sredna Gora, the rivers originating from the mountain range have predominantly rain-snow feed and high water in early spring, due to the less pronounces snow retention and the predominantly pluvial element in the river flow, compared to the higher Bulgarian mountain ranges. In its lowest

600:

spans from the valley of the Topolnitsa in the west to the river Stryama in the east. It spans a territory of 2,300 km and has an average elevation of 656 m. Sashtinska Sredna Gora is limited to the north by the southern reaches of the Zlatitsa–Pirdop and Karlovo valleys, and to the south

1119:

copper mines from Sredna Gora in the hamlet of Mechi Kladenets at 8 km northwest of Stara Zagora were the largest mining center in Europe in the 5th millennium BC. According to researchers' calculations it was possible to produce 1,000 tons of metal, a huge amount for that period. Copper

578:

in the west and the Topolnitsa in the east and links with Rila and Konstenets–Dolna Banya Valley in the south. It includes the ridges of Shipochanski Rid (1,312 m), Shumnatitsa (1,392 m), Septemvriyski (1,275 m) and Eledzhik (1,186 m). Between these two sections is situated the

1755:

since 1882 and is used for treatment and recreation. It has 22 springs with a total discharge of 70 L/sec and temperature of 47.8 °С. There are over 2,340 beds in hotels and sanatoria in the town; in 2019 it was visited by almost 140 thousand overnight tourists. In Pavel Banya there are

668:

The significant climatic variation of the mountain range is also manifested by the uneven quantitative distribution of the average annual precipitation and its different regime. In those parts of Sredna Gora with temperate continental and Alpine climate the precipitation has a well-defined summer

1128:

river. The Thracians inhabited the whole mountain range and archaeological remains of their presence have been discovered throughout Sredna Gora and the surrounding valleys. Only in the limited area of the valleys of Panagyurishte and Strelcha there are about 600 Thracian mounds. An important

377:

in the east. The main orographic ridge extends from west to east, where the mountain range reaches a total length of 285 km; its maximum width from north to south is 50 km. The total area of Sredna Gora is 5,950 km. Its highest point is the summit of

3057: 574:(1,190 m) which is the westernmost point of the whole mountain range, Vakarelska (1,090 m) and Belitsa (1,221 m). The river Gabra forms a small valley between Lozen and Vakarelska. Shipochansko–Eledzhiski section is located between the 3032: 1787:

complex north of Starosel. Important Roman heritage is preserved in Hisarya and Stara Zagora, the former containing 2.3 km long well-preserved defensive walls. The remains of medieval fortresses are scattered along the mountain range, including

1438:

Due to its strategic location in the center of Bulgaria, Sredna Gora is crossed by several transportation arteries of national and international importance. Its settlements are served by numerous roads. In the west, a 79 km stretch of the

570:

in territory and the highest in average altitude of the three divisions. Ihtimanska Sredna Gora is subdivided in three sections — Vakarelsko–Belishki, Shipochansko–Eledzhiski and Ihitmanski. The first section includes the mountains of

256:

to the east. Compared to most other mountain ranges in Bulgaria, Sredna Gora has lower average altitude, which determines higher temperatures and lower precipitation. There is an abundance of mineral springs all over Sredna Gora with many

1427:(pop. 136,144 as of 2022), situated on the southernmost slopes of Sarnena Sredna Gora and the Upper Thracian Plain. Other towns from west to east include Dolna Banya (4,730), Ihtiman (13,617), Momin Prohod (1,422), Kostenets (5,954), 1656:

in the Zlatitsa–Pirdop Valley just north of the mountain range. It is the largest employer in the whole of Pazardzhik Province. Other copper deposits mined in the second half of the 20th century or in the early 2000s were at Medet,

292:

Sredna Gora has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years. In the 5th millennium BC it was largest mining center in Europe, extracting significant amounts of copper. The mountain range was among the centers of the ancient

656:. Due to the uneven altitude, the average January temperature in the lowest parts fluctuates in the range from 0 °C to −4 °C, lowering significantly in the range between −5 °C and −8 °C at higher altitudes. 3303:История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство. Част І. (History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume I. History of the First Bulgarian Empire. Part I.) 660:

regularly occur in the well-enclosed valleys in Sredna Gora during winter and have contributed for the absolute minimum temperature at the towns of Panagyurishte (−32.4 °C), Koprivshtitsa (−32.0 °C). and

1751:

national importance are located in Sredna Gora, almost half of them. The most developed resorts include Hisarya, Pavel Banya and Starozagorski bani among others. The former is the oldest regulated

1107:

dating back to the 6th millennium BC have been discovered near Stara Zagora on the southeastern foothills of the mountain range. The eastern parts of Sredna Gora were the center of the Neolithic

636: 1690:

electronics (Stara Zagora), pulp and paper (Kostenets, Belovo), plastics (Panagyurishte), food processing (Stara Zagora, Panagyuriste, Kostenets), textiles (Panagyurishte, Kostenets), etc.

1493:. Through the Zmeyovski Pass in Sarnena Sredna Gora in direction north-south between the village of Yagoda and the city of Stara Zagora there is a 14.1 km section of the first class 1172:

crossed the western section of Sredna Gora, where several road stations and forts were located. With the division of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD, the region became part of the

2228: 1602:

along the Zmeyovski Pass in direction north-south. Crossing through the ridges connecting Sredna Gora to the Balkan Mountains along line No. 3 are the two longest tunnels in Bulgaria,

1652:

based in Panagyurishte, which annually extracts and processes over 13 million tons of copper ore and produces 200 thousand tons of copper concentrate sold worldwide, including to the

908:). On the southern slopes of the lowest easternmost parts of Sredna Gora there are sparse xerothermic forests, dominated by the largest woods of the Mediterranean turpentine tree ( 1719:

Agriculture is important in the valleys and the lower hilly areas of Sredna Gora. Along the southern slopes of Sashtinska and Sarnena Sredna Gora there are significant areas with

1610:(3,034 m). In addition, there are sections of two secondary railway lines in Sashtinska Sredna Gora, No. 81 Plovdiv–Panagyurishte and No. 82 Plovdiv–Karlovo. In 2021 the 1807:. It contains two churches, schools and numerous houses, many of the converted to museums, belonging to important revolutionaries and cultural cultural figures, such as 1594:

following the northern foothills of Sredna Gora or the Sub-Balkan Valleys along most of their length in direction west-east, as well as part of railway line No. 4 Ruse–

563:

and Stryama, both left tributaries of the Maritsa — Ihtimanska Sredna Gora to the west, Sashtinska Sredna Gora in the middle and Sarnena Sredna Gora to the east.

1141:, was situated in Kazanlak Valley on the northern foothills of the mountain range. Evidence of the wealth and power of the Thracian civilization in the region is the 1775:

near Starosel, the former is the largest excavated Thracian tumulus, while the latter is the only Thracian tomb with columns. Other important Thracian sites include

1772: 3242:Мичев (Michev), Николай (Nikolay); Михайлов (Mihaylov), Цветко (Tsvetko); Вапцаров (Vaptsarov), Иван (Ivan); Кираджиев (Kiradzhiev), Светлин (Svetlin) (1980). 1780: 652:. In the lower parts of Sarnena Sredna Gora, and especially along its southernmost slopes is the transitional zone between the temperate continental and the 1768: 1403:

There are numerous settlements in Sredna Gora and on its foothills, including 13 towns and many villages. Administratively, it falls in the provinces of

1130: 1231:. In the 13th century Sredna Gora along with several of the Sub-Balkan valleys to the north were the center of an important feudal domain ruled by the 1133:

tumulus near Starosel on the southern slopes of Sredna Gora, which includes the largest underground temple in the Balkans. The capital of the Thracian

1153:

by the 1st century BC, many earlier Thracian settlements saw further expansion as Roman cities, such as Beroe/Augusta Traiana (modern Stara Zagora),

437: 3583: 433: 1312:

known only from Sashtinska Sredna Gora from the 18th and 19th centuries. By the late 18th and early 19th century many towns in the area, such as

1827:. The town of Panagyurishte was burned down by the Ottomans in 1876 and contains only a few surviving historical edifices, such as the house of 673:

is stronger, the precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year and is also the lowest, reaching 550–600 mm annually.

2895: 1784: 1776: 1586:

crossing Ihtimanska Sredna Gora in direction northwest-southeast, a significant section of railway line No. 3 Iliyantsi (Sofia)–Karlovo–Sliven–

2828: 935:

In terms of fauna, Sredna Gora is mainly inhabited by Central European species. Of the large herbivore mammals typical representatives are

81: 3320:

Plan for Integral Development of Hisarya Municipality for the Period 2021–2027 (План за интегрирано развитие на Община Хисаря 2021–2027)

1727:. In the region around Strelcha and Breznik and in some of the valleys north of the mountain range there are favourable conditions for 321:. Although many settlements in the region were destroyed in the aftermath of the rebellion, it had a decisive role for the subsequent 3348: 1623: 277:. The economy is well developed. The region is an important national hub of copper extraction and processing industry, as well as of 2440: 3812: 3631: 1243: 1682: 1611: 1324:, with many revolutionary, cultural and spiritual leaders based in the region. In 1876 western Sredna Gora was the center of the 902:) at more stony areas. At lower elevation, mostly on the northern slopes, there are forests of common hornbeam and sessile oak ( 3257:Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България (Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria) 3590: 2411: 1196: 3664: 3451: 1836: 1470:

along their whole route. Along the northern periphery of the mountain range in direction west-east between the villages of

1447:

and Kalugerovo. Almost parallel to the motorway between Hovi Han and Belovo is a 74.2 km section of the first class

1348:, the Ottomans burned down the city Stara Zagora, one of Bulgaria's largest at the time, and subjected its population to 1055: 1512:. There are also a number of second and third class roads, including the entire 86.3 km length of the second class 3659: 1832: 1653: 475:. From Belovo begins its border with the Upper Thracian Plain, which roughly follows a line through the settlements of 1803:

With its conserved national revival architecture, Koprivshtitsa is an architectural-historical reserve and one of the

1771:. A number of Thracian burial and cult sites have been preserved in the mountain range, such as Chetinyova Mogila and 1669:

is situated the Chukurovo mine — the oldest coal mine in Bulgaria, active since the mid 19th century, extracting

3287: 3264: 3215: 2450: 2262: 1337: 1223:

of Sredna Gora. With the fall of the First Empire in 1018, the region was included in the Byzantine Empire until the

3409: 2338: 960: 464: 843: 3571: 3456: 1191:

in 681 north of the Balkan Mountains, Zagore was the first territory annexed by Bulgaria under the reign of khan

480: 3414: 1831:. The Panagyurishte Museum of History exhibits at times the original Panagyurshte gold treasure along with the 996: 217:, which extends longitudinally across the most country from west to east, between the Balkan Mountains and the 3318: 2870: 1673:. Manufacturing industry in centred in Stara Zagora and Panagyurishte. The latter is the hub of the Bulgarian 3532: 3341: 3234: 1902: 1804: 1752: 1216: 496: 258: 209:

to the east. Sredna Gora is 285 km long, reaching 50 km at its greatest width. Its highest peak is

1644:

The economy is based on industry, services, agriculture and tourism. Sredna Gora contains major reserves of

1372:. The unification had a decisive impulse for the subsequent political and economic development of Bulgaria. 914:) in Bulgaria. In the lowest slopes, especially in the east, there are xerothermic forests of Austrian oak ( 3688: 3578: 3496: 2932: 1560: 1333: 992: 512: 74: 3802: 3559: 3461: 1528: 1428: 1267: 1259: 712:

basin. The rivers that originate from the mountain range include the right tributaries of the Iskar, the

476: 1242:

ruled as emperor of Bulgaria. After his death the lands in Sredna Gora were divided between his brother

3600: 3481: 1760: 1698: 1536: 1321: 1263: 1224: 1104: 959:

are rare, the later being vagrant from the neighbouring Balkan Mountains. Common small mammals include

788: 504: 429: 314: 306: 41: 3446: 3120: 1572: 1432: 1154: 1145:

dated from the 4th to 3rd century BC, consisting of nine vessels weighing over 6 kg of 24-karat

976: 760:, the Tukiyska reka and the Gyurlya. In the narrowest section of the Topolnitsa gorge is located the 536: 385:

It is part of the Srednogorie mountain system that from west to east includes the mountain ranges of

1763:

in Stara Zagora preserves some Europe's earliest and best conserved building remains from the early

3760: 3725: 3542: 3522: 3399: 3334: 1579: 1361: 968: 832: 586: 508: 2540: 3654: 3626: 3547: 3389: 2703: 1228: 1200: 816: 780: 657: 343: 409:(1,338 m) and Sredna Gora, as well as the heights of Bakadzhitsite and Hisar further east. 3750: 3566: 3537: 3384: 1823:, etc. Another historical settlement with preserved traditional architecture is the village of 1638: 1353: 1341: 1325: 1290: 1188: 1142: 828: 459:

separate Sredna Gora from Plana and the ridges Shipochanski Rid and Shumnatitsa link it to the

322: 318: 302: 298: 297:, with numerous burial and cult remains being preserved from that period. The renown Thracian 3715: 3705: 3674: 3595: 3527: 3466: 3424: 2404:

The Grand National Assembly of Oborishte – Beginning of the Bulgarian Parliamentary Democracy

1892: 1666: 1564: 1556: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1520: 1513: 1416: 1365: 1349: 1024: 704:

basin, with the exception of the westernmost and northwesternmost areas, which belong to the

653: 449: 3145: 2335:"Bulgarian Archaeologists Uncover Story of Ancient Thracians' War with Philip II of Macedon" 1328:

against the Ottoman Empire. The beginning of the uprising was decided at an assembly in the

349: 3866: 3792: 3732: 3641: 3510: 1266:

in the 14th century was met with stiff resistance in Sredna Gora. In 1355 the crown prince

910: 761: 686: 362: 230: 1391: 301:

has been discovered in Sredna Gora. In the Middle Ages the mountain range was part of the

8: 3831: 3742: 3669: 3614: 3404: 3366: 1494: 1479: 1448: 1408: 1369: 1239: 1032: 1028: 898: 878:

In terms of vegetation zones, at highest elevation predominate forest of European beech (

645: 1736: 1627: 1443:

crosses Ihtimanska Sredna Gora in direction northwest-southeast between the villages of

1070: 764:. The Topolnitsa river basin has the highest average river flow at 8.2 L/s per km. 3787: 3755: 3710: 3636: 3379: 1747:. The extensive pastures support livestock, the most important being sheep and cattle. 1713: 1708: 1467: 1329: 1208: 1192: 808: 717: 560: 266: 185: 177: 162: 29: 2442:

Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern Question: A Study in Diplomacy and Party Politics

2200: 3840: 3807: 3797: 3777: 3765: 3700: 3486: 3307: 3283: 3260: 3211: 2446: 2407: 2281: 2258: 1907: 1797: 1634: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1271: 1086: 1000: 928: 922: 849: 804: 670: 413: 386: 338: 262: 218: 3782: 3436: 3394: 3374: 3306:(in Bulgarian) (2nd ed.). София (Sofia): Наука и изкуство (Nauka i izkustvo). 2871:

Plan for Integral Development of Hisarya Municipality for the Period 2021–2027 2020

1897: 1884: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1463: 1412: 1297: 1173: 1134: 1108: 1020: 1012: 886: 824: 812: 749: 551: 532: 472: 456: 441: 406: 394: 390: 358: 310: 305:

since the early 8th century until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks during the

237: 194: 3255:Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004). 2982: 2334: 2306: 3845: 3554: 3297: 3082: 2506: 1856: 1828: 1591: 1440: 1420: 1368:, which was formally announced a few days later and successfully defended in the 1357: 1232: 1184: 1044: 904: 880: 800: 772: 520: 425: 421: 398: 2593:"Modernisation of the Railway Line Sofia–Plovdiv, section Elin Pelin–Kostenents" 1111:

that flourished between the 6th and the 4th millenium BC and has influenced the

3770: 3279: 2360: 1793: 1685:. These companies operate production facilities in Panagyurishte, Strelcha and 1678: 1501: 1497: 1404: 1279: 1275: 1255: 1247: 1220: 1169: 1097: 1062:. None of the national or nature parks in the country extends to Sredna Gora. 1059: 980: 916: 768: 745: 741: 729: 713: 649: 614: 580: 575: 571: 214: 3301: 1285: 775:. On its southern slopes from west to east are located the mineral springs at 3860: 3646: 2829:"List of Resorts in the Republic of Bulgaria and Definition of their Borders" 2253:

Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (2003).

1870: 1732: 1702: 1568: 1396: 1364:. On 2 September 1885 protests in Panagyurishte sparked the beginning of the 1317: 1313: 1165: 1121: 705: 602: 445: 379: 366: 282: 210: 198: 96: 83: 57: 3311: 3274:Андреев (Andreev), Йордан (Jordan); Лалков (Lalkov), Милчо (Milcho) (1996). 1820: 1767:. There are many sanctuaries and megaliths from the Neolithic, such as the 1728: 1649: 1471: 1424: 1384: 1150: 1116: 1004: 964: 528: 417: 286: 2511:

Official Site of the Civil Registration and Administrative Services (GRAO)

2507:"Tables of Persons Registered by Permanent Address and by Current Address" 1431:(2,888), Panagyurishte (16,424), Strelcha (4,069), Koprivshtitsa (2,032), 357:

Sredna Gora is situated in central Bulgaria, south of and parallel to the

1578:

There are several important railways in the mountain range served by the

1548: 1345: 1180: 1162: 1138: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1016: 820: 776: 448:. The valleys of Karlovo and Kazanlak are also collectively known as the 270: 2851: 2849: 2811: 2809: 2752: 2750: 2748: 1051:

is very rare, found only in the vicinity of the summit of Malak Bogdan.

3720: 3250:] (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura). 2957: 2776: 2027: 2025: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1583: 984: 972: 956: 892: 733: 701: 618: 1344:

in July 1877, when the Russian–Bulgarian forces had to retreat to the

1211:(r. 997–1014) dealt a crushing defeat to the Byzantines under emperor 1137:

that thrived between the early 5th century BC and the 1st century BC,

3233:] (in Bulgarian). и колектив. София (Sofia): Издателство на БАН ( 2846: 2806: 2745: 2678: 1912: 1764: 1740: 1720: 1662: 1552: 1482: 1320:, achieved some economic prosperity and actively participated in the 1274:

against the invading Ottomans. The region was firmly included in the

1112: 988: 952: 944: 784: 725: 709: 681: 610: 484: 294: 3326: 2022: 2005: 1976: 1924: 1693: 1103:

Sredna Gora has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years.

3357: 3007: 2617: 2592: 2311: 2307:"Bulgarian Archaeologists Make Breakthrough in Ancient Thrace Tomb" 1686: 1658: 1587: 1524: 1451: 1444: 1399:, an important economic, cultural and historical town in the region 1380: 1212: 1075: 940: 936: 871: 796: 792: 753: 606: 492: 488: 222: 190: 150: 1092: 463:. From there, its southern limits follow the northern edge of the 3441: 3241: 2919: 2882: 2855: 2815: 2800: 2756: 2739: 2727: 2665: 2641: 2576: 2564: 2043: 2031: 2016: 1999: 1987: 1949: 1824: 1670: 1516: 1505: 1486: 1475: 1459: 1308: 1251: 948: 867: 757: 721: 697: 662: 591: 524: 500: 468: 402: 370: 241: 202: 3170: 2252: 1783:

deep in the mountain between Koprivshtitsa and Strelcha and the

1360:, outside the borders of the reestablished Bulgarian state, the 507:. From there it continues further east close to the villages of 1789: 1744: 1674: 1645: 1509: 1490: 1435:(930), Hisarya (6,642), Banya (3,083) and Pavel Banya (2,639). 1302: 1158: 863: 737: 540: 374: 278: 274: 273:, etc. Sredna Gora is rich in mineral resources and especially 213:

at 1,604 m (5,262 ft). It is part of the Srednogorie

206: 64: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 1332:

near Panagyurishte, which is considered as a precursor of the

3471: 3322:(in Bulgarian). Хисаря (Hisarya): Hisarya Municipality. 2020. 3207: 2464: 2462: 2205:

Official Site of the Executive Environment Agency of Bulgaria

2201:"Register of the Protected Territories and Zones in Bulgaria" 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2103: 2101: 1724: 1519:–Kostenets–Sofia, a 55.4 km stretch of the second class 1455: 1236: 1125: 1008: 859: 516: 2597:

Official Site of the National Railway Infrastructure Company

2286:

Official Site of the Stara Zagora Regional Museum of History

2233:

Official Site of the Stara Zagora Regional Museum of History

2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 1124:

artifacts but has been discovered as far away as the middle

716:

and Shipochanitsa, the left tributaries of the Maritsa, the

3476: 2365:

Thracian Art in Bulgaria; Translated by Marguerite Alexieva

1204: 1146: 460: 226: 2459: 2257:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 115. 2113: 1081: 313:

Sredna Gora was an important center of resistance and the

3276:Българските ханове и царе (The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars) 2078: 1183:

the eastern areas of Sredna Gora were part of the region

412:

To the north, Sredna Gora extends to eight of the eleven

3197: 1356:

in 1878 left Sredna Gora in the autonomous province of

236:

The mountain is divided into three parts by the rivers

3224: 3106: 2468: 2426: 2187: 2158: 2107: 1582:, including railway line No. 1 Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv– 382:

at 1,604 m; the average elevation is 608 m.

1129:

Thracian burial and cult complex was situated in the

539:, reaching the elevation of Zaychi Vrah northwest of 527:

and then the mountain range continues eastwards near

3175:

Official Site of the Panagyurishte Museum of History

1846: 1306:

based in Sredna Gora, with the names of at least 80

559:

Sredna Gora is divided in three parts by the rivers

815:. On the northern slopes in the same direction are 771:all over the mountain range, situated mainly along 289:, one of the biggest economic centers of Bulgaria. 2541:"A Map of the Republican Road Network of Bulgaria" 1289:Bulgarian rebels fighting the Ottomans during the 1120:from this deposit was used for the manufacture of 523:from a bulge in southern direction to the town of 3254: 3225:Георгиев (Georgiev), Владимир (Vladimir) (1988). 3198:Головински (Golovinski), Евгени (Evgeni) (2003). 2653: 2175: 2072: 1970: 1478:passes a 36.8 km stretch of the first class 1375: 1340:, which saw action in Sredna Gora. Following the 3858: 748:, the Tekirska reka, the Merichlerska reka, the 696:The rivers in most of Gredna Gora belong to the 2545:Official Site of the Road Infrastructure Agency 1630:fields on the southern foothills of Sredna Gora 1563:and a 10.4 km section of the second class 2866: 2864: 1058:, only one is situated in the mountain range, 1056:90 nature reserves and managed nature reserves 609:, as well as the middle courses of the rivers 555:Ihtimanska Sredna Gora from the summit of Opor 420:in the west, eastwards through the valleys of 3342: 3273: 2389: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2438: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1539:, a 5.2 km section of the second class 1531:, a 5.9 km stretch of the second class 1074:The Thracian tomb of Chetinyova Mogila near 583:at an altitude of 620 m to 700 m. 416: — from the southeastern limits of the 2861: 1555:, a 37 km section of the second class 1543:, a 16 km stretch of the second class 3349: 3335: 3121:"Svezhen a Village with 600 Years History" 2164: 756:, as well as two right tributaries of the 281:, both centered in and around the town of 3296: 3206:] (in Bulgarian). и колектив. София ( 2900:Official Site of Pavel Banya Municipality 2762: 2377: 2359: 2223: 2221: 2049: 1955: 884:), at places mixed with common hornbeam ( 467:to the Momina Klisura Gorge of the river 3150:Official Site of Bulgarian Tourist Union 3087:Official Site of Bulgarian Tourist Union 2987:Official Site of Bulgarian Tourist Union 2587: 2585: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2276: 2274: 1707: 1692: 1633: 1622: 1390: 1379: 1284: 1091: 1080: 1069: 842: 680: 635: 585: 550: 348: 337: 193:, situated south of and parallel to the 3231:Encyclopaedia Bulgaria. Volume VI. S-Ti 3118: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 1612:National Railway Infrastructure Company 389:(1,156 m in Bulgarian territory), 129:50 km (31 mi) north-south 121:285 km (177 mi) west-east 3859: 3259:(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Ciela. 3012:Official Site of Strelcha Municipality 2962:Official Site of Kazanlak Municipality 2920:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2883:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2856:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2816:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2801:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2757:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2740:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2728:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2666:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2642:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2577:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2565:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2401: 2218: 2044:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2032:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2017:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 2000:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 1988:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 1950:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 1618: 369:in the west to the elbow of the river 333: 3356: 3330: 2582: 2439:Seton-Watson, Robert William (1971). 2367:. Sofia: Sofia Press. pp. 52–60. 2271: 1423:. The largest city in Sredna Gora is 1195:(r. 700–721) and confirmed under the 455:To the west, the river Iskar and the 309:in the late 14th century. During the 285:. The largest city in Sredna Gora is 184: 137:5,950 km (2,300 sq mi) 3298:Златарски (Zlatarski), Васил (Vasil) 3210:): Издателство "Труд" (Trud Press). 2474: 1235:. In the period 1292–1298 the local 3227:Енциклопедия България. Том VI. С-Ти 2524: 1648:ore. The largest mining company is 1149:. As the region was annexed by the 646:temperate continental climatic zone 201:to the west and the elbow of river 13: 2833:Official Site of the State Gazette 2406:. Sofia: Bul-koreni. p. 520. 1833:Plovdiv Regional Historical Museum 1654:Pirdop copper smelter and refinery 1187:. Following the foundation of the 1168:that connected Central Europe and 1161:(near Yambol), etc. The strategic 353:A view of Sredna Gora near Hisarya 14: 3878: 3248:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 3146:"Museum House of Rayna Knyaginya" 2445:. Psychology Press. p. 283. 1387:, the largest city in Sredna Gora 1197:Byzantine–Bulgarian treaty of 716 654:continental Mediterranean climate 640:A winter view near Bogdan Reserve 189:) is a mountain range in central 3278:(in Bulgarian). Велико Търново ( 2339:Novinite.com (Sofia News Agency) 1877: 1863: 1849: 1174:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 975:, etc. Typical bird species are 961:southern white-breasted hedgehog 317:. It was the focal point of the 40: 3163: 3138: 3112: 3100: 3075: 3050: 3025: 3000: 2975: 2950: 2925: 2913: 2888: 2876: 2821: 2794: 2733: 2721: 2696: 2683:Official Site of Opticoelectron 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2610: 2570: 2558: 2432: 2420: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2353: 2327: 2299: 2246: 2193: 2181: 1677:with two main companies — 1264:Ottoman invasion of the Balkans 3204:Bulgarian Encyclopaedia "A-Ya" 2037: 1993: 1376:Settlements and transportation 1338:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 1: 3244:Географски речник на България 3235:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 3191: 2654:Donchev & Karakashev 2004 2622:Official Site of Asarel Medet 2255:The Cambridge Ancient History 2176:Donchev & Karakashev 2004 2073:Donchev & Karakashev 2004 1971:Donchev & Karakashev 2004 1903:List of mountains in Bulgaria 1805:100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria 1229:restored the Bulgarian Empire 1217:battle of the Gates of Trajan 896:) and European hop-hornbeam ( 858:grass and forest vegetation ( 644:Sredna Gora falls within the 197:and extending from the river 3200:Българска енциклопедия "А-Я" 2229:"Neolithic Dwellings Museum" 1918: 676: 465:Kostenets–Dolna Banya Valley 365:. It extends from the river 328: 69:1,604 m (5,262 ft) 7: 3107:Encyclopaedia Bulgaria 1986 2983:"Thracian Tomb of Starosel" 2469:Encyclopaedia Bulgaria 1986 2427:Encyclopaedia Bulgaria 1986 2282:"Chalcolithic Copper Mines" 2188:Encyclopaedia Bulgaria 1986 2159:Encyclopaedia Bulgaria 1986 2108:Encyclopaedia Bulgaria 1986 1842: 1731:, mainly for extraction of 1559:in the section Pavel Banya– 1334:Bulgarian National Assembly 1268:Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria 546: 10: 3883: 2781:Official Site of Kostenets 1837:National Historical Museum 1761:Neolithic Dwellings Museum 1699:Bulgarian National Revival 1466:. Both of them follow the 1322:Bulgarian National Revival 1225:Uprising of Asen and Peter 1065: 631: 315:Bulgarian National Revival 3825: 3741: 3696: 3687: 3622: 3613: 3518: 3509: 3432: 3423: 3365: 2390:Andreev & Lalkov 1996 977:middle spotted woodpecker 838: 590:Sarnena Sredna Gora near 181: 161: 156: 146: 141: 133: 125: 117: 112: 73: 63: 53: 48: 39: 33: 28: 23: 2777:"About the Municipality" 1580:Bulgarian State Railways 1362:Principality of Bulgaria 1350:indiscriminate slaughter 1221:homonymous mountain pass 969:European edible dormouse 947:. Of the predators, the 870:), and the areas of the 833:Slivenski Mineralni Bani 3390:Second Bulgarian Empire 3062:Sanctuaries in Bulgaria 3037:Sanctuaries in Bulgaria 2937:Tourism in Stara Zagora 2402:Markov, Hristo (2007). 853:) forest in Sredna Gora 499:and reaching the river 167:granite, gneiss, quartz 3660:Science and technology 3385:First Bulgarian Empire 2708:Official Site of Optix 2679:"About Opticoelectron" 1753:spa resort in Bulgaria 1716: 1705: 1641: 1639:Panagyurishte Treasure 1631: 1400: 1388: 1354:Liberation of Bulgaria 1342:battle of Stara Zagora 1293: 1189:First Bulgarian Empire 1143:Panagyurishte Treasure 1100: 1089: 1078: 854: 720:and its tributary the 708:river drainage of the 700:river drainage of the 689: 658:Temperature inversions 641: 598:Sashtinska Gredna Gora 594: 567:Ihtimanska Sredna Gora 556: 354: 346: 323:Liberation of Bulgaria 319:April Uprising of 1876 307:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars 299:Panagyurishte Treasure 250:Sashtinska Sredna Gora 246:Ihtimanska Sredna Gora 186:[ˈsrɛdnɐɡoˈra] 3033:"Smilovene Sanctuary" 2896:"General Information" 1893:Geography of Bulgaria 1711: 1696: 1637: 1626: 1535:in the section Banya– 1394: 1383: 1366:Bulgarian unification 1288: 1113:Thracian civilization 1095: 1084: 1073: 1025:European copper skink 1009:common European viper 951:is common, while the 926:) and pubescent oak ( 846: 684: 639: 589: 554: 373:north of the city of 352: 341: 295:Thracian civilization 221:to the north and the 215:mountain chain system 205:north of the city of 97:42.50000°N 25.00000°E 3813:World Heritage Sites 3572:Chief of the Defence 3282:): Абагар (Abagar). 2933:"Starozagorski bani" 2618:"About Asarel Medet" 1665:. At the village of 911:Pistacia terebinthus 762:Topolnitsa Reservoir 687:Topolnitsa Reservoir 363:Upper Thracian Plain 231:Upper Thracian Plain 3632:Economic statistics 3415:Bulgaria since 1990 1781:Smilovene Sanctuary 1779:near Strelcha, the 1619:Economy and tourism 1606:(5,808 m) and 1370:Serbo-Bulgarian War 1105:Neolithic dwellings 1085:The Roman walls of 1033:European green toad 1029:yellow-bellied toad 999:are represented by 899:Ostrya carpinifolia 767:There are numerous 625:Sarnena Sredna Gora 461:Rila mountain range 334:Location and limits 254:Sarnena Sredna Gora 252:in the center, and 93: / 3380:Old Great Bulgaria 2922:, pp. 470–471 2858:, pp. 521–522 2190:, pp. 376–377 2046:, pp. 543–544 2019:, pp. 486–487 2002:, pp. 226–227 1908:Sub-Balkan valleys 1769:Buzovgrad Megalith 1717: 1714:Starozagorski bani 1706: 1642: 1632: 1468:European route E80 1401: 1389: 1330:Oborishte locality 1294: 1270:was killed in the 1101: 1090: 1079: 1021:common wall lizard 920:), Hungarian oak ( 855: 829:Novozagorska Banya 809:Starozagorski bani 690: 665:(−31.8 °C). 642: 595: 557: 503:at the village of 414:Sub-Balkan valleys 355: 347: 267:Starozagorski bani 219:Sub-Balkan valleys 102:42.50000; 25.00000 49:Highest point 3854: 3853: 3821: 3820: 3683: 3682: 3609: 3608: 3591:Political parties 3579:National Assembly 3533:Foreign relations 3505: 3504: 3487:Rhodope Mountains 3410:People's Republic 2413:978-954-798-026-6 1596:Gorna Oryahovitsa 1282:in 1382 or 1385. 1272:battle of Ihtiman 1262:to the east. The 1250:to the west, and 1131:Chetinyova Mogila 1001:Aesculapian snake 991:and many others. 929:Quercus pubescens 923:Quercus frainetto 850:Quercus frainetto 847:A Hungarian oak ( 791:, Panagyurishte, 519:, from where the 361:and north of the 342:Sredna Gora near 171: 170: 3874: 3834: 3694: 3693: 3650: 3620: 3619: 3516: 3515: 3452:Cities and towns 3442:Balkan Peninsula 3437:Balkan Mountains 3430: 3429: 3375:Odrysian kingdom 3351: 3344: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3293: 3270: 3251: 3238: 3221: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2773: 2760: 2754: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2589: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2537: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2503: 2472: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2278: 2269: 2268: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2225: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2162: 2156: 2111: 2105: 2076: 2070: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2020: 2014: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1974: 1968: 1953: 1947: 1898:Balkan Mountains 1887: 1885:Geography portal 1882: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1817:Lyuben Karavelov 1813:Todor Kableshkov 1809:Georgi Benkovski 1737:Rosa × damascena 1729:industrial crops 1701:architecture in 1675:optical industry 1628:Rosa × damascena 1464:Kapitan Andreevo 1300:there were many 1155:Diocletianopolis 1135:Odrysian kingdom 1109:Karanovo culture 1096:The fortress of 887:Carpinus betulus 685:A view near the 457:Pancharevo Gorge 405:(2,290 m), 401:(1,256 m), 397:(1,136 m), 393:(1,181 m), 391:Zavalska Planina 359:Balkan Mountains 303:Bulgarian Empire 279:optical industry 195:Balkan Mountains 188: 183: 108: 107: 105: 104: 103: 98: 94: 91: 90: 89: 86: 44: 35: 21: 20: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3837: 3830: 3817: 3803:Public holidays 3737: 3679: 3648: 3605: 3501: 3447:Black Sea coast 3419: 3361: 3355: 3290: 3267: 3218: 3194: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3083:"Koprivshtitsa" 3081: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2958:"Tourist Sites" 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2774: 2763: 2755: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2361:Venedikov, Ivan 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2315:. 11 March 2010 2305: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2165: 2157: 2114: 2106: 2079: 2071: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1977: 1969: 1956: 1948: 1925: 1921: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1857:Bulgaria portal 1855: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1829:Rayna Knyaginya 1621: 1567:in the section 1547:in the section 1523:in the section 1441:Trakia motorway 1378: 1358:Eastern Rumelia 1233:Smilets dynasty 1227:in 1185, which 1203:under emperor ( 1068: 1045:fire salamander 905:Quercus petraea 890:), silver fir ( 881:Fagus sylvatica 841: 801:Staro Zhelezare 769:mineral springs 679: 634: 549: 521:Chirpan Heights 471:to the town of 430:Zlatitsa–Pirdop 336: 331: 101: 99: 95: 92: 87: 84: 82: 80: 79: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3880: 3870: 3869: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3665:Stock Exchange 3662: 3657: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3601:Prime Minister 3598: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3395:Ottoman period 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: articles 3354: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3294: 3288: 3280:Veliko Tarnovo 3271: 3265: 3252: 3239: 3222: 3216: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3162: 3137: 3111: 3099: 3074: 3058:"Kozi Gramadi" 3049: 3024: 3008:"Zhaba Mogila" 2999: 2974: 2949: 2924: 2912: 2887: 2875: 2860: 2845: 2820: 2805: 2793: 2761: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2695: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2609: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2523: 2473: 2458: 2451: 2431: 2419: 2412: 2394: 2382: 2378:Zlatarski 1970 2370: 2352: 2341:. 21 June 2011 2326: 2298: 2270: 2263: 2245: 2217: 2192: 2180: 2163: 2112: 2077: 2048: 2036: 2021: 2004: 1992: 1975: 1954: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1874: 1860: 1844: 1841: 1794:Gate of Trajan 1733:essential oils 1679:Opticoelectron 1620: 1617: 1598:–Stara Zagora– 1504:–Stara Zagora– 1502:Veliko Tarnovo 1377: 1374: 1326:April Uprising 1291:April Uprising 1276:Ottoman Empire 1256:Terter dynasty 1201:Bulgarian army 1170:Constantinople 1098:Gate of Trajan 1067: 1064: 1060:Bogdan Reserve 1054:Of Bulgaria's 981:rock partridge 917:Quercus cerris 840: 837: 746:Omurovska reka 742:Brezovska reka 714:Lesnovska reka 678: 675: 633: 630: 581:Ihtiman Valley 576:Samokov Valley 548: 545: 335: 332: 330: 327: 233:to the south. 169: 168: 165: 159: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 77: 71: 70: 67: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 25: 16:Mountain range 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3879: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3655:National bank 3653: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3289:954-427-216-X 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3266:954-649-717-7 3262: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3217:954-528-313-0 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3126: 3125:DarikRadio Bg 3122: 3119:Darik Radio. 3115: 3108: 3103: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2885:, p. 352 2884: 2879: 2873:, p. 178 2872: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2818:, p. 356 2817: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2797: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2759:, p. 467 2758: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2742:, p. 260 2741: 2736: 2730:, p. 226 2729: 2724: 2709: 2705: 2704:"About Optix" 2699: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2668:, p. 545 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2644:, p. 200 2643: 2638: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2579:, p. 158 2578: 2573: 2567:, p. 255 2566: 2561: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2471:, p. 415 2470: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2452:9780714615134 2448: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2429:, p. 415 2428: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2392:, p. 283 2391: 2386: 2380:, p. 231 2379: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2302: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2266: 2264:0-521-22496-9 2260: 2256: 2249: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2178:, p. 112 2177: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2161:, p. 377 2160: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2110:, p. 376 2109: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2075:, p. 111 2074: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2040: 2034:, p. 486 2033: 2028: 2026: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2001: 1996: 1990:, p. 227 1989: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1973:, p. 109 1972: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1952:, p. 462 1951: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1875: 1872: 1871:Europe portal 1861: 1858: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1703:Koprivshtitsa 1700: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1569:Zlati Voyvoda 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1397:Panagyurishte 1393: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:Koprivshtitsa 1315: 1314:Panagyurishte 1311: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1280:fall of Sofia 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199:. In 976 the 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Via Militaris 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1122:Varna culture 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 930: 925: 924: 919: 918: 913: 912: 907: 906: 901: 900: 895: 894: 889: 888: 883: 882: 876: 873: 869: 865: 861: 852: 851: 845: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 688: 683: 674: 672: 671:Mediterranean 666: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 638: 629: 626: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603:Panagyurishte 599: 593: 588: 584: 582: 577: 573: 568: 564: 562: 553: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 381: 380:Golyam Bogdan 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 351: 345: 340: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 290: 288: 284: 283:Panagyurishte 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 251: 248:to the west, 247: 243: 239: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:Golyam Bogdan 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 179: 175: 166: 164: 160: 155: 152: 149: 145: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 106: 78: 76: 72: 68: 66: 62: 59: 58:Golyam Bogdan 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 31: 27: 22: 19: 3761:Coat of arms 3726:Demographics 3567:Armed Forces 3543:Human rights 3523:Constitution 3491: 3400:Principality 3319: 3302: 3275: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3203: 3199: 3178:. Retrieved 3174: 3165: 3153:. Retrieved 3149: 3140: 3128:. Retrieved 3124: 3114: 3109:, p. 50 3102: 3090:. Retrieved 3086: 3077: 3065:. Retrieved 3061: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3036: 3027: 3015:. Retrieved 3011: 3002: 2990:. Retrieved 2986: 2977: 2965:. Retrieved 2961: 2952: 2940:. Retrieved 2936: 2927: 2915: 2903:. Retrieved 2899: 2890: 2878: 2836:. Retrieved 2832: 2823: 2803:, p. 41 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2780: 2735: 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2707: 2698: 2686:. Retrieved 2682: 2673: 2661: 2656:, p. 47 2649: 2637: 2625:. Retrieved 2621: 2612: 2600:. Retrieved 2596: 2572: 2560: 2548:. Retrieved 2544: 2514:. Retrieved 2510: 2441: 2434: 2422: 2403: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2343:. Retrieved 2329: 2317:. Retrieved 2310: 2301: 2289:. Retrieved 2285: 2254: 2248: 2236:. Retrieved 2232: 2208:. Retrieved 2204: 2195: 2183: 2039: 1995: 1821:Nayden Gerov 1802: 1785:Kozi Gramadi 1777:Zhaba Mogila 1758: 1749: 1723:, producing 1718: 1697:Traditional 1650:Asarel Medet 1643: 1577: 1472:Gorna Malina 1437: 1425:Stara Zagora 1417:Stara Zagora 1402: 1385:Stara Zagora 1307: 1301: 1298:Ottoman rule 1295: 1178: 1151:Roman Empire 1117:Chalcolithic 1102: 1053: 1013:horned viper 1005:smooth snake 965:red squirrel 934: 927: 921: 915: 909: 903: 897: 891: 885: 879: 877: 856: 848: 766: 695: 691: 667: 643: 624: 623: 597: 596: 566: 565: 558: 529:Stara Zagora 454: 418:Sofia Valley 411: 384: 356: 311:Ottoman rule 291: 287:Stara Zagora 253: 249: 245: 235: 173: 172: 163:Type of rock 18: 3867:Sredna Gora 3627:Agriculture 3584:Chairperson 3560:enforcement 3492:Sredna Gora 3457:Earthquakes 2786:28 December 2713:28 December 2688:28 December 2627:28 December 2602:28 December 2550:28 December 2516:28 December 2210:17 February 1549:Panicherevo 1346:Shipka Pass 1181:Middle Ages 1157:(Hisarya), 1139:Seuthopolis 1049:Alpine newt 1041:common frog 1037:common toad 1017:grass snake 821:Pavel Banya 777:Dolna Banya 773:fault lines 497:Chernichevo 450:Rose Valley 271:Pavel Banya 259:spa resorts 182:Средна гора 174:Sredna Gora 100: / 75:Coordinates 34:Средна гора 24:Sredna Gora 3793:Literature 3649:(currency) 3538:Government 3192:References 3180:28 January 3171:"Exhibits" 3155:28 January 3130:28 January 3092:28 January 3067:28 January 3042:28 January 3017:28 January 2992:28 January 2967:28 January 2942:14 January 2905:14 January 2838:14 January 2345:14 January 2319:14 January 2291:14 January 2238:14 January 1839:in Sofia. 1735:, such as 1712:A view of 1584:Svilengrad 1565:II-66 road 1561:Zelenikovo 1557:II-56 road 1545:II-55 road 1541:II-53 road 1533:II-64 road 1521:II-37 road 1514:II-82 road 1409:Pazardzhik 1395:A view of 1278:after the 1163:Roman road 997:amphibians 985:sombre tit 973:wood mouse 957:brown bear 893:Abies alba 734:Pyasachnik 718:Topolnitsa 702:Aegean Sea 619:Pyasachnik 561:Topolnitsa 513:Zelenikovo 481:Kalugerovo 325:in 1878. 261:, such as 238:Topolnitsa 113:Dimensions 88:25°00′00″E 85:42°30′00″N 3716:Languages 3706:Education 3675:Transport 3596:President 3528:Elections 3467:Provinces 3425:Geography 3300:(1970) . 1919:Citations 1913:Thracians 1765:Neolithic 1721:vineyards 1663:Tsar Asen 1553:Asenovets 1483:Gyueshevo 1258:based in 1246:based in 989:great tit 953:grey wolf 945:wild boar 872:vertisols 785:Kostenets 726:Luda Yana 710:Black Sea 677:Hydrology 611:Luda Yana 485:Blatnitsa 442:Tvarditsa 329:Geography 178:Bulgarian 142:Geography 65:Elevation 30:Bulgarian 3861:Category 3841:Category 3788:Language 3733:Religion 3642:Industry 3511:Politics 3497:Villages 3358:Bulgaria 3312:67080314 2363:(1968). 2312:Novinite 1843:See also 1835:and the 1773:Horizont 1741:lavender 1687:Popintsi 1659:Elshitsa 1608:Galabets 1604:Koznitsa 1588:Karnobat 1573:Kamenovo 1537:Pesnopoy 1525:Zlatitsa 1495:I-5 road 1480:I-6 road 1452:Kalotina 1449:I-8 road 1445:Novi Han 1309:voivodes 1213:Basil II 1076:Starosel 993:Reptiles 955:and the 941:red deer 937:roe deer 797:Krasnovo 793:Strelcha 754:Sazliyka 752:and the 750:Martinka 607:Strelcha 547:Division 537:Kamenovo 505:Pesnopoy 493:Starosel 489:Krasnovo 438:Kazanlak 426:Kamarska 422:Saranska 244: — 229:and the 223:Kraishte 191:Bulgaria 151:Bulgaria 3832:Outline 3778:Customs 3766:Cuisine 3743:Culture 3689:Society 3670:Tourism 3615:Economy 3462:Islands 3405:Tsardom 3367:History 3237:Press). 1825:Svezhen 1671:lignite 1600:Podkova 1517:Samokov 1506:Haskovo 1487:Karlovo 1485:–Sofia– 1476:Mirkovo 1460:Plovdiv 1433:Klisura 1413:Plovdiv 1303:haiduts 1296:During 1254:of the 1252:Aldimir 1240:Smilets 1219:in the 1215:in the 1179:In the 1087:Hisarya 1066:History 949:red fox 868:poplars 864:willows 805:Hisarya 781:Pchelin 758:Tundzha 722:Mativir 698:Maritsa 663:Ihtiman 632:Climate 592:Rozovec 525:Chirpan 501:Stryama 469:Maritsa 434:Karlovo 403:Vitosha 395:Viskyar 371:Tundzha 344:Petrich 263:Hisarya 242:Stryama 203:Tundzha 157:Geology 147:Country 3846:Portal 3808:Sports 3783:Dances 3756:Cinema 3721:People 3711:Health 3637:Energy 3482:Rivers 3310: 3286: 3263: 3214: 2449: 2410: 2261: 1798:Krasen 1790:Urvich 1725:grapes 1646:copper 1529:Levski 1510:Makaza 1491:Burgas 1429:Vetren 1421:Sliven 1352:. The 1248:Kopsis 1244:Voysil 1209:Samuel 1193:Tervel 1185:Zagore 1159:Cabyle 1115:. The 1047:. The 860:alders 839:Nature 825:Yagoda 813:Korten 744:, the 740:, the 738:Srebra 736:, the 732:, the 730:Potoka 728:, the 724:, the 650:Alpine 615:Potoka 541:Yambol 533:Korten 509:Varben 477:Vetren 473:Belovo 446:Sliven 399:Lyulin 387:Greben 375:Yambol 275:copper 207:Yambol 118:Length 3798:Music 3751:Media 3701:Crime 3472:Pirin 3246:[ 3229:[ 3208:Sofia 3202:[ 1683:Optix 1667:Gabra 1592:Varna 1456:Sofia 1405:Sofia 1237:boyar 1126:Volga 817:Banya 789:Banya 706:Iskar 572:Lozen 517:Veren 407:Plana 367:Iskar 199:Iskar 126:Width 3771:wine 3647:Lev 3548:LGBT 3477:Rila 3308:OCLC 3284:ISBN 3261:ISBN 3212:ISBN 3182:2024 3157:2024 3132:2024 3094:2024 3069:2024 3044:2024 3019:2024 2994:2024 2969:2024 2944:2024 2907:2024 2840:2024 2788:2023 2715:2023 2690:2023 2629:2023 2604:2023 2552:2023 2518:2023 2447:ISBN 2408:ISBN 2347:2024 2321:2024 2293:2024 2259:ISBN 2240:2024 2212:2024 1796:and 1759:The 1745:mint 1743:and 1681:and 1661:and 1498:Ruse 1474:and 1419:and 1316:and 1260:Kran 1205:tsar 1147:gold 995:and 943:and 831:and 811:and 617:and 605:and 535:and 515:and 444:and 240:and 227:Rila 134:Area 54:Peak 3555:Law 932:). 3863:: 3173:. 3148:. 3123:. 3085:. 3060:. 3035:. 3010:. 2985:. 2960:. 2935:. 2898:. 2863:^ 2848:^ 2831:. 2808:^ 2779:. 2764:^ 2747:^ 2706:. 2681:. 2620:. 2595:. 2584:^ 2543:. 2526:^ 2509:. 2476:^ 2461:^ 2337:. 2309:. 2284:. 2273:^ 2231:. 2220:^ 2203:. 2166:^ 2115:^ 2080:^ 2051:^ 2024:^ 2007:^ 1978:^ 1957:^ 1926:^ 1819:, 1815:, 1811:, 1800:. 1792:, 1739:, 1575:. 1415:, 1411:, 1407:, 1207:) 1176:. 1043:, 1039:, 1035:, 1031:, 1027:, 1023:, 1019:, 1015:, 1011:, 1007:, 1003:, 987:, 983:, 979:, 971:, 967:, 963:, 939:, 866:, 862:, 835:. 827:, 823:, 819:, 807:, 803:, 799:, 795:, 787:, 783:, 779:, 621:. 613:, 543:. 531:, 511:, 495:, 491:, 487:, 483:, 479:, 440:, 436:, 432:, 428:, 424:, 269:, 265:, 225:, 180:: 32:: 3350:e 3343:t 3336:v 3314:. 3292:. 3269:. 3220:. 3184:. 3159:. 3134:. 3096:. 3071:. 3046:. 3021:. 2996:. 2971:. 2946:. 2909:. 2842:. 2790:. 2717:. 2692:. 2631:. 2606:. 2554:. 2520:. 2455:. 2416:. 2349:. 2323:. 2295:. 2267:. 2242:. 2214:. 1590:– 1571:– 1551:– 1527:– 1508:– 1500:– 1489:– 1462:– 1458:– 1454:– 176:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index