29:
185:
1927:
356:
284:, the new northeastern railroad system. The 4R reforms included allowance of a greater range for railroad pricing without close regulatory restraint, greater independence from collective rate making procedures in rail pricing and service offers, contract rates, and, to a lesser extent, greater freedom for entry into and exit from rail markets.
321:
The dismantling of the collective rate making machinery among railroads begun in 1976 was reaffirmed, with railroads not allowed to agree to rates they could perform on their own systems and were not allowed to participate in the determination of the rates on traffic in which they did not effectively
287:
Although the 4R Act established the guidelines, the ICC at first, did not give much effect to its legislative mandates. As regulatory change began to appear from 1976 to 1979, including the phasing in of the loss of collective ratemaking authority, most major railroads shifted away from their effort
363:
Studies of the rail industry showed dramatic benefits for both railroads and their users from the alteration to the regulatory system. According to studies by the
Department of Transportation's Freight Management and Operations, railroad industry costs and prices were halved over a ten-year period,
326:
The Act also had provisions allowing the
Commission to require access by one railroad to another railroad's facilities if one railroad had effective "bottleneck" control of traffic. The provisions dealt with "reciprocal switching" (handling of railroad cars between long-haul rail carriers and local
311:
Rail shippers and rail carriers would be allowed to establish contracts subject to no effective ICC review unless the
Commission determined that the contract service would interfere with the rail carrier's ability to provide common carrier service (a finding rarely made that is not apparent in the
657:
The 35th
Anniversary of the Staggers Rail Act: Railroad Deregulation Past, Present, and Future: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First
291:
Major railroad shippers also continued to believe that they would be better served by more flexibility to arrive at tailored arrangements that were mutually beneficial to a particular shipper, and to the carrier serving a particular shipper. The judgments supported a second round of legislation.
372:, "The railroad industry is increasingly healthy and rail rates have generally declined since 1985, despite recent rate increases.... There is widespread consensus that the freight rail industry has benefited from the Staggers Rail Act."
364:
the railroads reversed their historic loss of traffic (as measured by ton-miles) to the trucking industry, and railroad industry profits began to recover, after decades of low profits and widespread railroad insolvencies. In 2007 the
379:, the principal railroad industry trade association, stated that the Staggers Act has led to a 51 percent reduction in average shipping rates, and $ 480 billion has been reinvested by the industry into their rail systems.
264:
businesses had become major competitors by the 1930s with the advent of improved paved roads. After the war, they expanded their operations as the highway network grew and acquired increased market share of the
1248:
1119:
125:
387:
The
Staggers Act was one of three major deregulation laws passed by Congress in a two-year period, as the cumulative result of efforts to reform transport regulation begun in 1971, during the
1243:
935:
799:
1094:
954:
1977:
1584:
1472:
1440:
918:
1957:
794:
1647:
1053:
979:
1315:
908:
1667:
1310:
1124:
1002:
236:, many privately owned, operated, and funded for-profit railroads were driven out of business by competition from publicly owned, operated, and funded
1702:
853:
277:
1298:
816:
1268:
821:
789:
784:
779:
420:
400:
1615:
1467:
1435:
1166:
1327:
1019:
888:
1952:
408:
1288:
1258:
1181:
828:
399:. This legislation in effect superseded almost a century of detailed regulation begun with the establishment of the ICC in 1887. The
1487:
1455:
1146:
1024:
1012:
843:
288:
to maintain the historic regulatory system and came to support greater freedom for rail pricing, for higher and lower rail rates.
1722:
1526:
1482:
1462:
1450:
1430:
1231:
774:
764:
755:
716:
1236:
928:
695:
344:
328:
261:
1752:
1538:
1029:
986:
974:
644:
637:
The Best
Transportation System in the World: Railroads, Trucks, Airlines, and American Public Policy in the Twentieth Century
561:
490:
280:
of 1976 (often called the "4R Act"), which reduced federal regulation of railroads and authorized implementation details for
1972:
1204:
1717:
1565:
1477:
1445:
1414:
1409:
1074:
1041:
806:
1631:
1199:
1191:
1114:
1109:
600:
Testimony Before the
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. Report No. GAO-07-1245T.
527:
811:
1394:
376:
1778:
1156:
1141:
1007:
365:
111:
1967:
1783:
1543:
1516:
1503:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
949:
519:
456:
249:
217:
1608:
1347:
1134:
1069:
838:
719:
580:
315:
The scope of authority to control rates to prevent "discrimination" among shippers was substantially curtailed.
270:
304:
A rail carrier could establish any rate for a rail service unless the ICC were to determine that there was no
1962:
1682:
1357:
1278:
871:
1592:
1575:
1352:
1176:
1099:
959:
878:
833:
769:
727:
404:
103:
88:
1214:
388:
48:
1738:
1697:
1322:
1273:
1089:
750:
688:
506:
439:
71:
216:
industry to a significant extent, and it replaced the regulatory structure that had existed since the
1846:
1796:
1533:
1151:
396:
205:
1834:
1303:
1129:
1079:
392:
1555:
1758:
1623:
452:
369:
1930:
1870:
1852:
1600:
1104:
1048:
1036:
964:
893:
681:
553:
305:
28:
1858:
1692:
1521:
898:
738:
184:
8:
1864:
1802:
1790:
1687:
1221:
1209:
1171:
941:
883:
730:
245:
237:
1560:
1362:
866:
626:
Moore, Thomas G. (NovemberâDecember 1988). "Rail and Truck Reform: The Record So Far".
193:
144:
158:
134:
1712:
1677:
1639:
640:
557:
546:
486:
1744:
515:
448:
229:
80:
1894:
1828:
1810:
1283:
923:
913:
861:
610:
593:
531:
480:
340:
257:
1226:
903:
639:. Historical Perspectives on Business Enterprise. Ohio State University Press.
331:. However, the provisions did not have as much effect as the others mentioned.
256:
use rose as infrastructure was constructed by the state, leading to the end of
1249:
Solar
Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978
39:
A bill to reform the economic regulation of railroads, and for other purposes.
1946:
1916:
1511:
107:
1882:
1876:
1707:
1084:
704:
252:) funded by public money. Not restricted by the requirement to break even,
233:
189:
172:
1909:
1888:
1655:
1550:
969:
209:
192:
signs the
Staggers Rail Act into law on October 14, 1980. Representative
460:
1840:
1120:
Financial
Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
253:
595:
Freight Railroads: Updated Information on Rates and Competition Issues
523:
1293:
655:
359:
Percent change in freight rail fares since Staggers Act deregulation.
355:
1244:
Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980
598:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office. p. 6.
213:
300:
The major regulatory changes of the Staggers Act were as follows:
281:
241:
403:
of 1995 abolished the ICC and created its successor agency, the
673:
653:
115:
318:
Across-the-board industry-wide rate increases were phased out.
266:
579:
Association of American Railroads, Washington, D.C. (2011).
244:, which often used airports and dispatchers (in this case
635:
Rose, Mark H.; Seely, Bruce E.; Barrett, Paul F. (2006).
464:
552:. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. pp.
102:
in the Senate as "Harley O. Staggers Rail Act of 1980" (
273:(ICC) and a complex system for setting shipping rates.
196:, sponsor of the bill, stands to the president's right.
485:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
269:
business. Railroads continued to be regulated by the
1316:
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
609:
U.S. Surface Transportation Board. Washington, D.C.
1978:
History of rail transportation in the United States
505:Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act,
382:
1311:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
1125:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
545:
507:
440:
72:
1703:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
278:Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act
1958:United States federal transportation legislation
1944:
1299:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
661:. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office
634:
1269:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
581:"The Impact of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980."
421:History of rail transport in the United States
401:Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act
240:, which almost always operated at a loss, and
689:
543:
1167:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977
1054:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
126:Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation
1328:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
1020:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978
889:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
696:
682:
409:United States Department of Transportation
151:Reported by the joint conference committee
1289:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
1182:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980
919:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War
592:Hecker, JayEtta Z. (September 25, 2007).
544:Derthick, Martha; Quirk, Paul J. (1985).
312:history of the rail industry thereafter).
1527:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project
1323:Three Mile Island accident investigation
1025:Department of Education Organization Act
654:United States. Congress. House. (2014).
474:
472:
354:
183:
1232:National Energy Conservation Policy Act
1945:
1237:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
591:
575:
573:
478:
345:House Committee on Energy and Commerce
1753:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
1539:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
987:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978
975:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
677:
625:
469:
407:, an administrative affiliate of the
1205:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1147:HumphreyâHawkins Full Employment Act
16:1980 U.S. railroad deregulation bill
1566:Continuity of Government Commission
1075:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
1042:Federal Emergency Management Agency
570:
13:
1632:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land
1115:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977
1110:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
929:IranâUnited States Claims Tribunal
619:
512:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
445:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
77:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
1989:
1953:United States railroad regulation
909:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
377:Association of American Railroads
1926:
1925:
1279:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
1157:National Aquaculture Act of 1980
1142:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
1008:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
703:
383:Related deregulatory legislation
366:Government Accountability Office
27:
1718:CarterâMenil Human Rights Prize
1544:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House
1517:Presidential Library and Museum
950:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
936:Diplomatic relations with China
218:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
1609:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid
1135:Right to Financial Privacy Act
1070:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
839:Solar power at the White House
720:President of the United States
603:
585:
537:
499:
432:
391:. The other two laws were the
276:The Staggers Act followed the
271:Interstate Commerce Commission
1:
1806:(2002 television documentary)
1683:Presidential Medal of Freedom
426:
223:
1759:Georgia State Capitol statue
1177:Trade Agreements Act of 1979
1100:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
1030:U.S. Department of Education
960:1980 Summer Olympics boycott
548:The Politics of Deregulation
534:. Approved February 5, 1976.
405:Surface Transportation Board
157:on September 30, 1980 (
7:
1973:96th United States Congress
1897:(first cousin once removed)
1215:Synthetic Fuels Corporation
438:Staggers Rail Act of 1980,
414:
260:service on most railroads.
165:on September 30, 1980
143:on September 9, 1980 (
49:96th United States Congress
10:
1994:
1739:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue
1698:Philadelphia Liberty Medal
1363:State of the Union Address
1274:Antarctic Conservation Act
1090:Community Reinvestment Act
613:Accessed November 4, 2010.
334:
295:
1904:
1821:
1768:
1731:
1666:
1574:
1502:
1423:
1402:
1393:
1340:
1257:
1200:U.S. Department of Energy
1190:
1152:Motor Carrier Act of 1980
1062:
995:
872:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
852:
749:
711:
397:Motor Carrier Act of 1980
350:
206:United States federal law
95:
86:
67:
62:
54:
43:
35:
26:
1304:National Priorities List
1130:National security letter
1080:Airline Deregulation Act
1013:Senior Executive Service
879:TorrijosâCarter Treaties
479:Stover, John F. (1997).
393:Airline Deregulation Act
343:(D-WV), who chaired the
228:In the aftermath of the
1616:reaction and commentary
1556:Nairobi Agreement, 1999
1348:Moral Equivalent of War
1284:Clean Water Act of 1977
155:agreed to by the Senate
153:on September 29, 1980;
133:on April 1, 1980 (
122:Committee consideration
1968:1980 in rail transport
1624:Beyond the White House
1473:running mate selection
1441:running mate selection
1358:A Crisis of Confidence
611:"Overview of the STB."
360:
339:The act was named for
197:
1871:Ruth Carter Stapleton
1853:James Earl Carter Sr.
1601:Our Endangered Values
1105:Executive Order 12086
1049:Executive Order 12172
1037:Executive Order 12148
965:Executive Order 12036
894:Executive Order 12170
817:Judicial appointments
739:Georgia State Senator
658:Session, May 13, 2014
358:
306:effective competition
187:
118:) on October 29, 1979
1963:1980 in American law
1859:Lillian Gordy Carter
1693:Silver Buffalo Award
1522:Habitat for Humanity
899:Operation Eagle Claw
389:Nixon administration
1865:Gloria Carter Spann
1688:Freedom of the City
1353:Island of Stability
1222:National Energy Act
1210:Energy Security Act
1172:Revenue Act of 1978
955:International trips
942:Goldwater v. Carter
884:Iran hostage crisis
807:Political positions
731:Governor of Georgia
246:air traffic control
238:Interstate highways
175:on October 14, 1980
89:Legislative history
23:
1814:(2007 documentary)
1585:Everything to Gain
1561:One America Appeal
867:Camp David Accords
482:American Railroads
361:
308:for rail services.
198:
194:Harley O. Staggers
21:
1940:
1939:
1713:Christopher Award
1678:Nobel Peace Prize
1640:White House Diary
1593:The Hornet's Nest
1498:
1497:
1336:
1335:
1162:Staggers Rail Act
844:Reagan transition
829:Executive Actions
646:978-0-8142-1036-9
563:978-0-8157-1817-8
492:978-0-226-77658-3
202:Staggers Rail Act
182:
181:
131:Passed the Senate
22:Staggers Rail Act
1985:
1929:
1928:
1648:A Call to Action
1400:
1399:
850:
849:
742:
734:
723:
698:
691:
684:
675:
674:
670:
668:
666:
650:
631:
614:
607:
601:
599:
589:
583:
577:
568:
567:
551:
541:
535:
513:
509:
503:
497:
496:
476:
467:
466:
465:October 14, 1980
446:
442:
436:
395:of 1978 and the
230:Great Depression
141:Passed the House
91:
78:
74:
58:October 14, 1980
31:
24:
20:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1917:Ronald Reagan â
1900:
1895:Hugh Carter Jr.
1829:Rosalynn Carter
1817:
1811:Man from Plains
1764:
1727:
1669:
1662:
1570:
1504:Post-presidency
1494:
1419:
1389:
1332:
1260:
1253:
1186:
1063:Economic policy
1058:
1003:Cannabis policy
996:Domestic policy
991:
924:Algiers Accords
914:1979 oil crisis
862:Carter Doctrine
848:
834:Rabbit incident
753:
745:
737:
726:
715:
707:
702:
664:
662:
647:
622:
620:Further reading
617:
608:
604:
590:
586:
578:
571:
564:
542:
538:
511:
504:
500:
493:
477:
470:
444:
437:
433:
429:
417:
385:
353:
341:Harley Staggers
337:
329:trackage rights
327:customers) and
298:
258:passenger train
226:
178:
169:Signed into law
87:
76:
44:Enacted by
17:
12:
11:
5:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Energy Tax Act
1219:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
983:
982:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
946:
945:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
904:Canadian Caper
901:
896:
891:
881:
876:
875:
874:
864:
858:
856:
854:Foreign policy
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
825:
824:
814:
809:
804:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
772:
767:
761:
759:
747:
746:
744:
743:
735:
724:
712:
709:
708:
701:
700:
693:
686:
678:
672:
671:
651:
645:
632:
621:
618:
616:
615:
602:
584:
569:
562:
536:
528:45 U.S.C.
498:
491:
468:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
416:
413:
384:
381:
352:
349:
336:
333:
324:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
297:
294:
225:
222:
180:
179:
177:
176:
166:
148:
138:
128:
119:
96:
93:
92:
84:
83:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1990:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1910:â Gerald Ford
1907:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Carter Center
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:1980 campaign
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:1976 campaign
1429:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:Gubernatorial
1401:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1259:Environmental
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1192:Energy policy
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
944:
943:
939:
938:
937:
934:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
882:
880:
877:
873:
870:
869:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
823:
822:controversies
820:
819:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
757:
752:
748:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
713:
710:
706:
699:
694:
692:
687:
685:
680:
679:
676:
660:
659:
652:
648:
642:
638:
633:
629:
624:
623:
612:
606:
597:
596:
588:
582:
576:
574:
565:
559:
555:
550:
549:
540:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
510:
502:
494:
488:
484:
483:
475:
473:
462:
458:
454:
450:
443:
435:
431:
422:
419:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
380:
378:
373:
371:
367:
357:
348:
346:
342:
332:
330:
320:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
302:
301:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
221:
219:
215:
212:the American
211:
207:
204:of 1980 is a
203:
195:
191:
186:
174:
171:by President
170:
167:
164:
161:) and by the
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
108:Howard Cannon
105:
101:
98:
97:
94:
90:
85:
82:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1883:Emily Dolvin
1877:Billy Carter
1847:Jason Carter
1809:
1803:Jimmy Carter
1801:
1797:UFO incident
1747:Jimmy Carter
1746:
1723:Grammy Award
1708:Hoover Medal
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1424:Presidential
1161:
1085:Carter bonds
940:
800:January 1981
770:Inauguration
705:Jimmy Carter
665:November 24,
663:. Retrieved
656:
636:
627:
605:
594:
587:
547:
539:
501:
481:
453:S. 1946
434:
386:
374:
368:reported to
362:
338:
325:
322:participate.
299:
290:
286:
275:
234:World War II
227:
201:
199:
190:Jimmy Carter
173:Jimmy Carter
168:
162:
154:
150:
140:
130:
121:
99:
18:
1889:Hugh Carter
1835:Jack Carter
1791:Mary Prince
1775:Residences
1656:A Full Life
1551:White House
970:Refugee Act
741:(1963â1967)
733:(1971â1975)
722:(1977â1981)
210:deregulated
1947:Categories
1849:(grandson)
1843:(daughter)
1841:Amy Carter
1779:Birthplace
1670:and honors
1534:The Elders
1478:convention
1446:convention
980:FISA Court
765:Transition
751:Presidency
628:Regulation
532:§ 801
518:, 90
463:, enacted
455:, 94
427:References
254:automobile
224:Background
188:President
100:Introduced
68:Public law
36:Long title
1879:(brother)
1745:USS
1468:primaries
1436:primaries
1395:Elections
1294:Superfund
1095:DIDMC Act
63:Citations
55:Effective
1931:Category
1891:(cousin)
1873:(sister)
1867:(sister)
1861:(mother)
1855:(father)
1488:election
1456:election
1341:Speeches
775:Timeline
756:timeline
630:: 57â62.
415:See also
370:Congress
262:Trucking
242:airlines
214:railroad
1793:(nanny)
1769:Related
1612:(2006)
1483:debates
1451:debates
812:Cabinet
508:Pub. L.
441:Pub. L.
335:Sponsor
296:Summary
282:Conrail
248:by the
104:S. 1946
73:Pub. L.
1885:(aunt)
1831:(wife)
1822:Family
1761:(1994)
1755:(1987)
1741:(1976)
1732:Legacy
1668:Awards
1659:(2015)
1651:(2014)
1643:(2010)
1635:(2009)
1627:(2007)
1604:(2006)
1596:(2003)
1588:(1987)
1261:policy
643:
560:
530:
522:
516:94â210
514:
489:
459:
449:96â448
447:
351:Impact
145:337-20
81:96â448
79:
1837:(son)
1576:Books
554:14â16
520:Stat.
457:Stat.
267:cargo
208:that
163:House
106:) by
1784:Home
1415:1970
1410:1966
1383:1981
1378:1980
1373:1979
1368:1978
795:1980
790:1979
785:1978
780:1977
728:76th
717:39th
667:2015
641:ISBN
558:ISBN
487:ISBN
461:1895
375:The
232:and
200:The
159:66-2
135:91-4
47:the
250:FAA
124:by
1949::
572:^
556:.
526:,
524:31
471:^
451:,
411:.
347:.
220:.
116:NV
758:)
754:(
697:e
690:t
683:v
669:.
649:.
566:.
495:.
147:)
137:)
114:-
112:D
110:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
