68:
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52:
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856:(1925), offered the following explanation for the name Llano Estacado: "Thet name Llano Estacado means Staked Plain," said the Texan. "It comes from the early days when the Spanish Trail from Santa Fe to San Antone was marked by 'palos,' or stakes. There was only two trails across in them days an' I reckon no more now. Only the Indians know this plain well an' they only run in heah to hide awhile. Water an' grass are plentiful in some parts, an' then there's stretches of seventy miles dry an' bare as a bone."
944:
990:
127:
1038:
2826:
1005:
67:
305:
3483:
1223:
386:), characterized by long, hot summers and cold winters. Rainfall is relatively low; the entire region receives fewer than 23 in (580 mm) of rainfall annually, and the western part receives as little as 14 in (360 mm). High summer temperatures (average high July temperature above 90 °F or 32 °C) mean that most of the small amount of precipitation is lost to evaporation, making
828:, "... all were over and out of the canyon upon what appeared to be a vast, almost illimitable expanse of prairie. As far as the eye could reach, not a bush or tree, a twig or stone, not an object of any kind or a living thing, was in sight. It stretched out before us-one uninterrupted plain, only to be compared to the ocean in its vastness."
1094:
in the
Ogallala aquifer. Early pioneers depended dearly on water from these surface ponds for themselves and their livestock, considering how few streams are on the High Plains. But rains didn't always come, and the ponds dried up frequently. The 20th century has witnessed a concerted effort to tap
1209:
are set in the Llano
Estacado, although the area is described as a sand desert, featuring large stakes marking safe routes. Recurrent dramatic subplots revolve around highwaymen reinstalling some sections of stakes, so the detour would abruptly end in the deep desert, and mislead travelers would run
1326:
Cummins, W.F., 1892. Report on the geography, topography, and geology of the Llano
Estacado or Staked Plains with notes on the geology of the country west of the Plains. In: Dumble, E.T. (Ed.), Third annual report of the Geological Survey of Texas 1891. Austin: Henry Hutchings, State Printer, pp.
845:
in June 1874: "All of us hunters acquainted with the habits of the buffalo knew that the herds would soon be coming north from the Staked Plains region where they had spent the winter ... moved by that strange impulse that ... caused them to change their home and blacken the Plains with their
881:
described what it takes to be a scout: "... the trained ear should be able to tell the sound, whether it was made by man or beast or bird ... as a human voice echoes more than all others ... of course, on the Staked Plains we have not this advantage as there is nothing to create an echo."
267:, who traversed the region from east to west in October 1859, wrote that "the ancient Mexicans marked a route with stakes over this vast desert, and hence its name." Other sources refer to "stakes" used to mark routes on the featureless plain, often meaning piles of stone, bone, and
1146:"Cotton, grain sorghum, corn, wheat, peanuts, sunflowers, grapes, vegetables, and cattle produced in the region literally go around the world. Their economic impact on our area is in the billions of dollars ... and the availability of water is a key factor influencing the region's
787:
When we were upon the high table-land, a view presented itself as boundless as the ocean. Not a tree, shrub, or any other object, either animate or inanimate, relieved the dreary monotony of the prospect; it was a vast-illimitable expanse of desert prairie . ... the great
290:
The 'Staked Plains' tale is deeply entrenched in Texas mythology, but the real interpretation of Llano
Estacado is sensible geologic: it means 'stockaded' or 'palisaded' plains - which is precisely how the edge of the plains appear when viewed from below the
796:. it is a region almost as vast and trackless as the oceanâa land where no man, either savage or civilized permanently abides ... a treeless, desolate waste of uninhabitable solitude, which always has been, and must continue uninhabited forever.
778:
wrote: " a tree, shrub, or any other herbage to intercept the vision ... the almost total absence of water causes all animals to shun it: even the
Indians do not venture to cross it except at two or three places." In his report for the
1095:
the more reliable
Ogallala water sands. Predictably, the consequent high dependency on groundwater has removed more water than is naturally replaced, raising concern for Panhandle citizens and planners as to future water supplies.
1085:
When the weather is dry, they are dusty, round, gray, usually unvegetated flats, as observed from the highway. But after a High Plains thunderstorm, water quickly fills the ponds, only later soaking into the underlying porous
281:
that such way markers could plausibly explain the origin of the name, but that the "comparison of cliff formations and palisades made by explorers argues more convincingly for the geological origin". In his
225:
continent, the elevation rises from 3,000 feet (900 m) in the southeast to over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in the northwest, sloping almost uniformly at about 10 feet per mile (2 m/km).
352:. This geographic area stretches about 250 miles (400 km) north to south, and 150 miles (240 km) east to west, a total area of some 32,000 square miles (83,000 km), larger than
1065:
is the main freshwater source for the region and consists of braided stream deposits filling in valleys during humid climatic conditions, followed by a sub-humid to arid climate and thick
2045:
80:. The western edge is on the New Mexico side of the border, with the TexasâNew Mexico border running considerably closer to the western edge of the Llano than to the eastern.
393:
The Texas State
Historical Society states it covers all or part of 33 Texas counties, six fewer than as depicted by a US Geological Survey map, and four New Mexico counties.
1186:
The 2020 song "West Texas In My Eye" by The
Panhandlers features the lyrics, "Where the Llano Estacado rises up to meet the sky/I ain't crying, that's West Texas in my eye."
691:... with no more land marks than if we had been swallowed up by the sea ... there was not a stone, nor bit of rising ground, nor a tree, nor a shrub, nor anything to go by.
1494:
The
Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607â1890: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History
2164:
2990:
1662:. As depicted by the southern half of the High Plains--in conjunction with an aerial map of the region: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 20 May 2011
1130:. Oil and gas production is also intense throughout the Llano Estacado making it one of the most productive petrochemical areas in the United States.
1153:
One of the largest economic drivers on the Llano
Estacado is in energy production, with the region experiencing significant activity for producing
2137:
959:
1077:
rainfall over the flat terrain caused water to pond at the surface, resulting in a High Plains characteristic, innumerable round ponds called
51:
3532:
2245:
2985:
1133:
Overuse of the aquifer in the past has persuaded some farmers to return to dryland crops, leading to less rainwater reaching the playas.
2262:
1173:
have proliferated on the Llano Estacado due to the region's dry and windy climate making it a favorable location for the production of
2348:
364:
because of its low relief, frequent turbulent winds, lack of vegetation, and loose topsoil. The landscape is dotted by numerous small
2995:
832:
1687:. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. 2004. As depicted by items 25i,25j,25k on the map in conjunction with a county names map
259:
on the western boundary as resembling "palisades, ramparts, or stockades" of a fort, but does not present the original Spanish. In
3101:
1586:
Bolen, Eric G.; Smith, Loren M.; Schramm, Harold L. (October 1989). "Playa Lakes: Prairie Wetlands of the Southern High Plains".
1237:
687:
I reached some plains so vast, that I did not find their limit anywhere I went, although I traveled over them for more than 300
3517:
943:
89:
3020:
2027:
1756:
1502:
1267:
989:
2978:
2464:
2132:
2091:
2059:
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804:
appeared a line of high bluffs (the Llano Estacado) which in the distance looked like clouds floating upon the horizon."
1941:
1898:
1714:
1189:
727:, then forked southward to the Comanche Springs where it divided, one part of the trail crossing the great river near
1475:
1443:
1416:
1252:
974:
3249:
2257:
2196:
905:, covered by large ranches and irrigated farms. Several small- to medium-sized towns do exist, however, including
76:
marking the eastern edge of the Llano are visible, running roughly in a northâsouth line through the middle of the
380:
3327:
2973:
2895:
2862:
2201:
1292:
275:, others have speculated that "stakes" refers to the yucca plants that dot the plains. Leatherwood opines in the
1126:
The economy of the Llano Estacado is predominantly agricultural, with farming of various crops prevalent, as is
831:
In August 1872, Mackenzie was the first to successfully lead troops across the Staked Plains preparatory to the
3542:
3522:
2645:
2637:
2235:
2216:
1864:
1787:
2686:
3199:
2771:
2756:
2726:
2651:
2481:
2406:
1162:
376:
17:
396:
As depicted by a US Geological Survey map, the Llano Estacado includes all or part of these Texas counties:
2963:
2761:
2701:
2288:
1830:
1023:
650:
1118:
resulting in a distinctive color contrast besides separating it from source rocks in the Rocky Mountains.
3005:
2968:
2811:
2801:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2736:
1621:
Proctor, Vernon W. (January 1990). "Characeae of Llano Estacado (Texas and Adjacent New Mexico) Playas".
313:
2184:
2791:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2681:
2441:
2323:
2252:
2017:
1681:
872:
328:
forms the Llano's northern boundary, separating it from the rest of the High Plains. To the east, the
206:
3537:
3527:
3469:
3461:
3010:
2786:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2446:
2328:
2206:
3124:
2806:
2746:
2696:
2676:
2617:
2174:
2084:
801:
635:
465:
2050:
3507:
3209:
3164:
3025:
2917:
2796:
2751:
2741:
2731:
2691:
2607:
2477:
2454:
2313:
645:
503:
409:
2522:
1531:
3301:
2716:
2587:
2562:
2552:
2527:
2497:
2472:
2333:
2318:
2283:
2240:
1297:
1199:
771:
767:
640:
1492:
1380:
Vol. 1, Santa Fe: NM, The Museum of New Mexico Press, Fort Burgwin Research Center Publication
759:, blazed the "upper route" trail from San Antonio to El Paso in 1849 for emigrants during the
3512:
3310:
3081:
3056:
2908:
2627:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2303:
2179:
2124:
1748:
665:
657:
615:
593:
587:
576:
545:
535:
519:
471:
442:
426:
404:
321:
3451:
3446:
3412:
3342:
3086:
2602:
2577:
2547:
2512:
2502:
2189:
2114:
1558:
1359:
1247:
934:
760:
707:, a Comanche stronghold until the final defeat of the tribe in the late 19th century. The
621:
581:
570:
565:
559:
554:
524:
492:
459:
453:
437:
432:
420:
415:
337:
332:, a precipitous cliff about 300 feet (100 m) high, lies between the Llano and the red
264:
1136:
1004:
8:
2938:
2933:
2855:
2612:
2597:
2592:
2492:
2401:
2293:
2223:
2211:
2142:
2077:
1307:
1140:
825:
603:
598:
497:
486:
481:
447:
1562:
3292:
3287:
3169:
3139:
3119:
3066:
2948:
2928:
2537:
2532:
2517:
2507:
2436:
2381:
2361:
1638:
1603:
1405:
1046:
1027:
930:
871:. One of their last battles against the US Army was fought on 28 September 1874 in the
800:
During the 1854 Marcy-Neighbors expedition, Dr. George Getz Shumard noted, "Beyond the
780:
720:
683:, the first European to traverse this "sea of grass" in 1541, described it as follows:
680:
609:
540:
530:
514:
508:
329:
252:
251:
on the eastern, northern, and western periphery of the plains. Leatherwood writes that
210:
57:
2267:
668:
passes through the southern portion of the Llano Estacado west of Midland and Odessa.
3403:
3346:
3319:
3273:
3091:
3076:
3071:
3041:
2830:
2582:
2542:
2487:
2391:
2371:
2023:
1919:
1894:
1860:
1804:
1783:
1752:
1710:
1498:
1471:
1439:
1412:
926:
878:
716:
712:
349:
277:
2298:
247:
plains" have also been proposed, in which case the name would derive from the steep
3426:
3323:
3296:
3114:
3061:
3046:
2958:
2943:
2913:
2903:
2622:
2431:
2396:
2376:
2366:
2228:
2152:
1826:
1730:
1630:
1595:
1571:
1566:
1546:
1527:
1287:
1282:
1174:
1066:
1062:
918:
914:
864:
817:
748:
728:
688:
286:, Geologist Darwin Spearing also prefers the geological solution to the etymology:
197:
2064:
1210:
out of water, getting weak, sick or even dead, and eventually making an easy prey.
3436:
3384:
3370:
3350:
3283:
3264:
3214:
3194:
3179:
3159:
3000:
2426:
2416:
2308:
2169:
1764:
1433:
1262:
1257:
1127:
1050:
981:
910:
886:
732:
387:
345:
256:
77:
2338:
1953:
859:
In the latter part of the 19th century, the Llano was a refuge for the bands of
3421:
3417:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3356:
3333:
3277:
3259:
3051:
2848:
2421:
2356:
2159:
1968:
1104:
995:
950:
906:
894:
890:
842:
807:
775:
738:
708:
357:
344:
valley. The Llano has no natural southern boundary, instead blending into the
325:
814:
in 1870 and described the Llano Estacado as "open, but not exactly a desert".
3501:
3398:
3365:
3360:
3269:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3015:
2923:
2885:
1302:
1272:
1242:
1011:
922:
898:
885:
Today, most of the area's population is localized in the principal cities of
821:
793:
661:
660:
crosses the northern portion from east of Amarillo to Tucumcari, New Mexico.
222:
132:
104:
91:
1192:
wrote a creative nonfiction memoir about her time in Llano Estacado, called
3487:
3431:
3305:
3219:
3189:
2953:
1277:
1228:
1147:
1058:
1031:
756:
677:
317:
1980:
3441:
3408:
3234:
3224:
3204:
3184:
1518:
Laprade, Kerby E. (1957). "Dust-Storm Sediments of Lubbock Area, Texas".
1158:
1100:
1091:
1074:
1037:
965:
838:
763:, "... travelling across an elevated plateau almost covered by rock ..."
724:
704:
361:
341:
1992:
3239:
3154:
3109:
2871:
2411:
2147:
2104:
2100:
1923:
1891:
On the border with Mackenzie, or, Winning west Texas from the Comanches
1808:
1642:
1607:
1170:
1166:
1087:
1041:
Agricultural land and canyons on the eastern side of the Llano Estacado
365:
248:
142:
73:
2069:
368:, depressions that seasonally fill with water and provide habitat for
2051:"The Definition of 'Llano Estacado' in the U.S. and Around the World"
1971:
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved: 2012-10-15.
849:
369:
1634:
1599:
1707:
Rand McNally the road atlas 2010 : United States/Canada/Mexico
1206:
1108:
1078:
868:
752:
742:
696:
631:
It also includes all or part of the following New Mexico counties:
360:
and four New Mexico counties. The area is susceptible to frequent
304:
268:
244:
240:
745:
in 1836, mentioned the "table lands between Austin and Santa Fe".
3338:
2840:
1198:
The region is mentioned in the song âSweet Amarilloâ by the band
1115:
1112:
1070:
1054:
863:
and Comanches who did not wish to be confined to reservations in
699:
expanded their territory into the Llano Estacado, displacing the
353:
333:
292:
1073:
layers cap the Ogallala, which reflect today's arid conditions.
3315:
3229:
2065:
Detailed map of the Llano Estacado in KML (Google Earth) format
1435:
Beyond the Mississippi: From the Great River to the Great Ocean
811:
789:
703:
who had previously lived there. The region became part of the
700:
2875:
1438:. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company. p. 232.
902:
860:
214:
146:
766:
After his 1852 expedition to explore the headwaters of the
239:
is often interpreted as meaning "Staked Plains", although "
218:
1918:. Guthrie: Co-operative Publishing Company. p. 181.
1154:
1107:
rivers have eroded the Llano Estacado region down to the
320:
of North America; it is part of what was once called the
1547:"Diurnal patterns of blowing dust on the Llano Estacado"
1411:. Missoula, Mont.: Mountain Press Publishing Company.
656:
Several interstate highways serve the Llano Estacado.
664:
runs north-south between Amarillo and Lubbock, while
412:(northwest, northcentral, and far southwest portions)
308:
The northern edge of the Llano Estacado in New Mexico
2060:
El Llano Estacado: The Vast, Staked, Palisaded Plain
1218:
711:
extended from Llano Estacado to the Rio Grande into
1879:, 1935, Washington D.C.: Eynon Printing Co., p. 187
312:The Llano Estacado lies at the southern end of the
1844:Robert Neighbors and the Texas Frontier, 1836-1859
1801:Narrative of the Capture and Subsequent Sufferings
1404:
356:and 12 other states. It covers all or part of 33
27:Southwestern United States in New Mexico and Texas
1585:
1468:New Mexico Place Names, A Geographical Dictionary
1049:is a wedge of sediments built up eastward of the
3499:
1823:Charles Goodnight: Father of the Texas Panhandle
1709:. Chicago: Rand McNally. 2010. pp. 68, 98.
72:Shaded relief image of the Llano Estacado. The
1859:, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press,
1893:. Austin: Texas State Historical Association.
2856:
2085:
234:
1981:Llano Estacado Regional Water Planning Group
201:), sometimes translated into English as the
1657:"Texas Conservation Action Plan Ecoregions"
1532:10.1306/0BDA5852-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D
1357:
1353:
901:, Texas. The vast majority of the area is
255:and other European explorers described the
2991:National Register of Historic Places Sites
2863:
2849:
2092:
2078:
2046:Public domain photos of the Llano Estacado
1742:
1431:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1836:
1570:
1484:
833:Battle of the North Fork of the Red River
584:(northwestern to far northeastern corner)
2015:
1402:
1135:
1036:
1022:
468:(entire county except northwest portion)
336:plains of Texas; while to the west, the
303:
299:
2099:
2016:Gonzales, MarĂa Dolores (3 June 2022).
1798:
1774:
1772:
1620:
1517:
1383:
1330:
1238:Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway
1194:Atop the Windmill: I Could See Forever.
715:, "the trail ran southwesterly through
161:83,000 km (32,000 sq mi)
14:
3500:
1888:
1490:
1465:
456:(northwest through northeast portions)
2844:
2073:
2019:Atop the Windmill I Could See Forever
1913:
1782:. Austin: University of Texas Press,
1544:
1459:
1366:. Texas State Historical Association.
1268:List of geographical regions in Texas
1180:
1090:just below the surface to add to the
1061:referred to as the "Gangplank". The
562:(south-central to southeast portions)
196:
3533:Regions of the Western United States
1916:Life and Adventures of "Billy" Dixon
1857:9 Years Among the Indians, 1870-1879
1769:
820:described it in 1871 while pursuing
1889:Carter, Robert Goldthwaite (2007).
1378:Paleoecology of the Llano Estacado,
489:(all but the far northeast portion)
340:demarcates the eastern edge of the
24:
2870:
1942:Panhandle Plains Historical Museum
1470:. University of New Mexico Press.
1358:Leatherwood, Art (June 15, 2010).
25:
3554:
2996:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
2039:
1425:
1253:Double Mountain Fork Brazos River
841:described the area while hunting
3481:
2824:
1545:Stout, John E. (November 2015).
1221:
1003:
988:
973:
958:
942:
125:
66:
50:
2009:
1985:
1974:
1962:
1947:
1930:
1907:
1882:
1869:
1849:
1815:
1792:
1736:
1723:
1699:
1674:
1649:
1614:
1579:
1293:Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River
1205:Several works of German author
998:, "The Tall City" of West Texas
968:, the largest city on the Llano
695:In the early 18th century, the
462:(southern and eastern portions)
2646:List of counties in New Mexico
1733:â 780 mi or 1,255 km
1572:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.06.013
1538:
1511:
1370:
1320:
13:
1:
3518:Plateaus of the United States
1314:
1053:as they were uplifted in the
1877:On the Border with Mackenzie
1831:University of Oklahoma Press
1551:Journal of Arid Environments
1081:. Spearing goes on to say,
1069:(wind-blown) sand and silt.
7:
2986:National Historic Landmarks
2022:. Independently published.
1751:. pp. 36â37, 334â339.
1491:Tucker, Spencer C. (2011).
1432:Richardson, Albert (1867).
1214:
10:
3559:
2442:Sangre de Cristo Mountains
1958:University of Denver, 1999
1803:. Morning Courier Office.
1743:HÀmÀlÀinen, Pekka (2008).
1121:
1018:
873:Battle of Palo Duro Canyon
846:countless, moving forms."
671:
423:(far northwestern portion)
400:
209:that encompasses parts of
207:Southwestern United States
44:Southwestern United States
3477:
3470:List of counties in Texas
3460:
3248:
3100:
3034:
2894:
2882:
2820:
2636:
2463:
2347:
2276:
2123:
2111:
1497:. ABC-CLIO. p. 757.
1407:Roadside Geology of Texas
1403:Spearing, Darwin (1991).
741:, while a captive of the
511:(west and north portions)
375:The Llano Estacado has a
284:Roadside Geology of Texas
273:Place Names of New Mexico
228:
178:
170:
165:
157:
152:
138:
120:
85:
65:
49:
42:
32:
2138:Census-designated places
1364:Handbook of Texas Online
198:[ËÊanoestaËkaĂ°o]
2455:Southwestern New Mexico
1842:Neighbors, K.F., 1975,
1623:Journal of Biogeography
1200:Old Crow Medicine Show
953:with population density
590:(south-central portion)
1298:Salt Fork Brazos River
1190:MarĂa Dolores Gonzales
1143:
1097:
1057:, with the consequent
1042:
1034:
798:
693:
612:(northeastern portion)
309:
297:
261:Beyond the Mississippi
235:
217:. One of the largest
3543:Geology of New Mexico
3523:Regions of New Mexico
2831:New Mexico portal
1938:The Making of a Scout
1749:Yale University Press
1682:"Ecoregions of Texas"
1466:Pearce, T.M. (1965).
1139:
1083:
1040:
1026:
785:
685:
377:cold semiarid climate
322:Great American Desert
307:
300:Geography and climate
288:
221:or tablelands on the
205:, is a region in the
182:15/km (38/sq mi)
60:of the Llano Estacado
1846:, Waco: Texian Press
1799:Plummer, R. (1839).
1161:associated with the
810:was captured by the
761:California Gold Rush
338:Mescalero Escarpment
265:Albert D. Richardson
179: âą Density
3021:Tourist attractions
2402:Northern New Mexico
2263:Tourist attractions
2032:– via Amazon.
1956:The Llano Estacado,
1855:Lehmann, H., 1927,
1745:The Comanche Empire
1563:2015JArEn.122...85S
1376:Wendorf, F., 1961.
1308:Yellow House Canyon
980:A shot of downtown
854:The Thundering Herd
826:Ranald S. Mackenzie
474:(northwest portion)
314:Western High Plains
101: /
3125:Blackland Prairies
2437:Shortgrass prairie
2382:Eastern New Mexico
2362:Central New Mexico
2246:Pueblos and Tribes
1914:Dixon, O. (1914).
1833:, 2007), pp. 30-31
1821:William T. Hagan,
1778:Ford, J.S., 1963,
1181:In popular culture
1144:
1047:Ogallala Formation
1043:
1035:
1028:Caprock Escarpment
921:, Big Spring, and
781:United States Army
721:Horsehead Crossing
709:Comanche war trail
681:Francisco Coronado
573:(southern portion)
330:Caprock Escarpment
310:
253:Francisco Coronado
211:eastern New Mexico
171: âą Total
158: âą Total
3495:
3494:
3210:Rio Grande Valley
2838:
2837:
2482:Metropolitan Area
2392:Manzano Mountains
2372:Chihuahuan Desert
2029:979-8-8339-0232-5
1758:978-0-300-12654-9
1504:978-1-85109-603-9
1165:. Additionally,
879:Charles Goodnight
867:, in present-day
731:and the other at
629:
628:
500:(western portion)
429:(western portion)
350:Big Spring, Texas
316:ecoregion of the
278:Handbook of Texas
233:The Spanish name
213:and northwestern
186:
185:
16:(Redirected from
3550:
3538:Geology of Texas
3528:Regions of Texas
3488:Texas portal
3486:
3485:
3484:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2432:Sandia Mountains
2397:Mogollon Plateau
2377:Colorado Plateau
2367:Chicoma Mountain
2229:New Mexico music
2094:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2034:
2033:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1827:Norman, Oklahoma
1819:
1813:
1812:
1796:
1790:
1780:Rip Ford's Texas
1776:
1767:
1762:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1410:
1400:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1360:"Llano Estacado"
1355:
1328:
1324:
1288:Palo Duro Canyon
1283:Ogallala Aquifer
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1175:renewable energy
1063:Ogallala Aquifer
1007:
992:
977:
962:
946:
865:Indian Territory
818:Robert G. Carter
774:Rivers, General
749:Robert Neighbors
399:
398:
238:
200:
195:
131:
129:
128:
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
70:
54:
30:
29:
21:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3456:
3351:Greater Houston
3302:College Station
3251:
3244:
3215:Southeast Texas
3180:Northeast Texas
3165:Golden Triangle
3160:Edwards Plateau
3096:
3030:
2890:
2878:
2869:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2632:
2459:
2449:(highest point)
2427:San Luis Valley
2417:Rocky Mountains
2343:
2272:
2119:
2107:
2098:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1997:The Panhandlers
1991:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1954:Calvert, J.B.,
1952:
1948:
1944:, Canyon, Texas
1936:Goodnight, C.,
1935:
1931:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1820:
1816:
1797:
1793:
1777:
1770:
1759:
1741:
1737:
1731:Spanish leagues
1728:
1724:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1635:10.2307/2845189
1619:
1615:
1600:10.2307/1311091
1584:
1580:
1543:
1539:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1401:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1356:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1263:Estacado, Texas
1227:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1183:
1128:cattle ranching
1124:
1051:Rocky Mountains
1021:
1014:
1008:
999:
993:
984:
982:Amarillo, Texas
978:
969:
963:
954:
947:
852:, in his novel
674:
606:(northern half)
450:(northern half)
388:dryland farming
346:Edwards Plateau
302:
271:. According to
257:Mescalero Ridge
231:
193:
126:
124:
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
81:
61:
45:
38:
37:"Staked Plains"
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:Llano Estacado
3493:
3492:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3354:
3336:
3331:
3313:
3311:Corpus Christi
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3278:Greater Austin
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3175:Llano Estacado
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3026:Transportation
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2918:Climate change
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:San Juan Basin
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Llano Estacado
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Climate change
2286:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2268:Transportation
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:National Guard
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2040:External links
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2008:
1984:
1973:
1961:
1946:
1940:, manuscript,
1929:
1906:
1900:978-0876112465
1899:
1881:
1875:Carter, R.G.,
1868:
1848:
1835:
1814:
1791:
1768:
1757:
1735:
1722:
1716:978-0528942488
1715:
1698:
1673:
1648:
1613:
1594:(9): 615â623.
1578:
1537:
1526:(4): 709â726.
1510:
1503:
1483:
1476:
1458:
1444:
1424:
1417:
1382:
1369:
1329:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1123:
1120:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1002:
1000:
994:
987:
985:
979:
972:
970:
966:Lubbock, Texas
964:
957:
955:
951:Texas counties
948:
941:
937:, New Mexico.
808:Herman Lehmann
776:Randolph Marcy
739:Rachel Plummer
673:
670:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
627:
626:
625:
624:
619:
618:(eastern half)
613:
607:
601:
596:
591:
585:
579:
574:
568:
563:
557:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
527:(western half)
522:
517:
512:
506:
501:
495:
490:
484:
477:
476:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
440:
435:
430:
424:
418:
413:
407:
358:Texas counties
326:Canadian River
301:
298:
236:Llano Estacado
230:
227:
223:North American
190:Llano Estacado
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
150:
149:
140:
136:
135:
122:
118:
117:
83:
82:
71:
63:
62:
55:
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
36:
34:Llano Estacado
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3555:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3452:Wichita Falls
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:New Braunfels
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:The Woodlands
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Permian Basin
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Cross Timbers
3148:
3146:
3145:Concho Valley
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Central Texas
3133:
3131:
3130:Brazos Valley
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Permian Basin
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Apachian zone
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
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18:Staked Plains
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3447:Wagner Creek
3250:Metropolitan
3220:South Plains
3190:Osage Plains
3174:
3170:Hill Country
3140:Coastal Bend
3082:Homelessness
3057:Demographics
2909:Architecture
2884:
2822:
2643:
2618:Sunland Park
2447:Wheeler Peak
2386:
2324:Homelessness
2299:Demographics
2253:Paleontology
2236:New Mexicans
2217:World War II
2185:Nuevo MĂ©xico
2113:
2054:
2018:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:
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1689:. Retrieved
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1664:. Retrieved
1651:
1629:(1): 75â84.
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1449:. Retrieved
1434:
1427:
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1278:Mount Blanco
1258:Duffy's Peak
1229:Texas portal
1193:
1152:
1148:agribusiness
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1032:Ralls, Texas
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318:Great Plains
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189:
187:
3409:San Antonio
3293:Brownsville
3288:Port Arthur
3235:Trans-Pecos
3225:South Texas
3205:Piney Woods
3185:North Texas
3087:LGBT rights
2608:Silver City
2478:Albuquerque
2329:LGBT rights
2165:Delegations
1969:Playa Lakes
1159:natural gas
1092:groundwater
1079:playa lakes
1075:Pleistocene
839:Billy Dixon
725:Pecos River
705:Comancheria
390:difficult.
366:playa lakes
362:dust storms
342:Pecos River
249:escarpments
108: /
74:escarpments
3502:Categories
3404:San Angelo
3347:Sugar Land
3320:Fort Worth
3274:Round Rock
3240:West Texas
3155:East Texas
3120:Boca Chica
3110:ArkâLaâTex
2969:Newspapers
2964:Mass media
2959:Literature
2939:Healthcare
2934:Government
2772:San Miguel
2757:Rio Arriba
2727:Los Alamos
2652:Bernalillo
2588:Rio Rancho
2563:Los Alamos
2553:Las Cruces
2528:Farmington
2498:Bloomfield
2473:Alamogordo
2412:Rio Grande
2334:Literature
2175:Government
2148:Bizcochito
2105:New Mexico
2055:ThoughtCo.
2002:2022-04-05
1924:B000ZBYIZM
1865:0826314171
1809:B0006CIXBU
1788:0292770340
1763:Online at
1588:BioScience
1315:References
1171:wind farms
1150:economy."
1088:sandstones
717:Big Spring
466:Deaf Smith
166:Population
143:New Mexico
105:33°N 102°W
58:escarpment
56:Northwest
3427:Texarkana
3324:Arlington
3297:Harlingen
3195:Panhandle
3067:Education
2949:Languages
2929:Geography
2889:(capital)
2762:Roosevelt
2702:Guadalupe
2628:Tucumcari
2573:Lovington
2568:Los Lunas
2558:Las Vegas
2314:Elections
2309:Education
2212:Civil War
2197:Landmarks
2190:Territory
2170:Geography
2118:(capital)
1691:1 October
1666:1 October
1557:: 85â92.
1451:19 August
1030:south of
1010:Downtown
919:Levelland
915:Plainview
850:Zane Grey
729:Boquillas
713:Chihuahua
697:Comanches
651:Roosevelt
504:Glasscock
410:Armstrong
370:waterfowl
245:palisaded
241:stockaded
174:1,230,000
78:Panhandle
3462:Counties
3437:Victoria
3385:Edinburg
3371:Longview
3284:Beaumont
3265:Amarillo
3115:Big Bend
3092:Politics
3077:Gun laws
3072:Gambling
3042:Abortion
2812:Valencia
2802:Torrance
2782:Santa Fe
2777:Sandoval
2767:San Juan
2737:McKinley
2687:Doña Ana
2638:Counties
2603:Santa Fe
2578:Portales
2548:Kirtland
2523:Española
2513:Corrales
2503:Carlsbad
2339:Politics
2319:Gun laws
2284:Abortion
2241:Hispanos
2202:Military
2115:Santa Fe
1993:"Lyrics"
1327:129-223.
1215:See also
1207:Karl May
1109:Triassic
1105:Canadian
935:Portales
911:Hereford
887:Amarillo
869:Oklahoma
802:mountain
772:Colorado
753:Rip Ford
743:Comanche
733:Presidio
676:Spanish
269:cow dung
263:(1867),
194:Spanish:
110:33; -102
3422:Denison
3418:Sherman
3394:Midland
3389:Mission
3381:McAllen
3376:Lubbock
3357:Killeen
3339:Houston
3334:El Paso
3260:Abilene
3102:Regions
3062:Economy
3047:Culture
3035:Society
3006:Symbols
2944:History
2924:Cuisine
2914:Climate
2904:Outline
2792:Socorro
2722:Lincoln
2712:Hidalgo
2707:Harding
2682:De Baca
2613:Socorro
2598:Ruidoso
2593:Roswell
2493:Artesia
2349:Regions
2304:Economy
2277:Society
2258:Symbols
2180:History
2160:Culture
2143:Cuisine
1643:2845189
1608:1311091
1559:Bibcode
1122:Economy
1116:redbeds
1113:Permian
1071:Caliche
1055:Miocene
1019:Geology
996:Midland
949:Map of
907:Andrews
895:Midland
891:Lubbock
843:buffalo
723:of the
719:to the
701:Apaches
689:leagues
672:History
616:Winkler
594:Swisher
588:Roberts
577:Randall
546:Midland
536:Lubbock
520:Hockley
472:Dickens
443:Cochran
427:Briscoe
405:Andrews
354:Indiana
334:Permian
324:. The
293:caprock
121:Country
3399:Odessa
3366:Laredo
3361:Temple
3316:Dallas
3270:Austin
3230:Texoma
3011:Texans
3001:Sports
2896:Topics
2886:Austin
2787:Sierra
2672:Colfax
2667:Cibola
2662:Chaves
2657:Catron
2538:Grants
2533:Gallup
2518:Deming
2508:Clovis
2465:Cities
2125:Topics
2026:
1922:
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1863:
1807:
1786:
1755:
1713:
1641:
1606:
1501:
1474:
1442:
1415:
1067:eolian
1012:Odessa
933:, and
931:Clovis
923:Lamesa
899:Odessa
861:Kiowas
812:Apache
790:Sahara
622:Yoakum
582:Reagan
571:Potter
566:Parmer
560:Oldham
555:Martin
525:Howard
493:Gaines
460:Dawson
454:Crosby
438:Castro
433:Carson
421:Borden
416:Bailey
381:Köppen
243:" or "
229:Naming
130:
3468:See:
3432:Tyler
3306:Bryan
3252:areas
3052:Crime
2974:Radio
2876:Texas
2872:State
2807:Union
2747:Otero
2697:Grant
2677:Curry
2644:See:
2583:Raton
2543:Hobbs
2488:Aztec
2294:Crime
2224:Music
2153:Chile
2133:Index
2101:State
1685:(PDF)
1660:(PDF)
1639:JSTOR
1604:JSTOR
1167:solar
1101:Pecos
927:Hobbs
903:rural
824:with
636:Curry
604:Upton
599:Terry
498:Garza
487:Floyd
482:Ector
448:Crane
348:near
219:mesas
215:Texas
147:Texas
139:State
96:102°W
3442:Waco
3016:Time
2797:Taos
2752:Quay
2742:Mora
2732:Luna
2692:Eddy
2623:Taos
2024:ISBN
1920:ASIN
1895:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1805:ASIN
1784:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1729:300
1711:ISBN
1693:2013
1668:2013
1499:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1453:2021
1440:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1169:and
1157:and
1111:and
1103:and
1099:The
1045:The
897:and
770:and
751:and
646:Quay
610:Ward
541:Lynn
531:Lamb
515:Hale
509:Gray
188:The
153:Area
145:and
93:33°N
3328:DFW
2954:Law
2874:of
2717:Lea
2103:of
1631:doi
1596:doi
1567:doi
1555:122
1528:doi
1155:oil
792:of
768:Red
735:."
641:Lea
384:BSk
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2979:TV
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
