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were used in remote areas for ore processing well into the 20th century. (19th century advertisements for some mills highlighted that they could be broken down, packed in by mule in pieces, and assembled on site with only simple tools.) Stamp mills are still in use in
Colombia by artisanal miners, powered by electric motors.
434:
gold mines. In these stamps the cam is arranged to lift the stamp from the side, so that it causes the stamp to rotate. This evens the wear on the shoe at the foot of the stamp. They were more rapid in action and a single head could crush 1.5 tons of ore as opposed to the
Cornish stamps which could
115:
Each one frame and stamp set is sometimes called a "battery" or, confusingly, a "stamp" and mills are sometimes categorised by how many stamps they have, i.e. a "10 stamp mill" has 10 sets. They usually are arranged linearly, but when a mill is enlarged, a new line of them may be constructed rather
384:
mining regions of the US in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, in operations where the ore was crushed as a prelude to extracting the metals. They were superseded in the second half of the 19th century in many applications by more efficient methods. However their simplicity meant that they
127:
was built to supply stamp mills with process water. The
California Stamp made its major debut at the 1894 San Francisco midsummer fair. It was the first type that generated electricity, powered by a wood feed steam boiler. Steam started the wheels and belts turning; a generator that also was steam
415:
mining in around 1850. Cornish stamps were used to crush small lumps of ore into sand-like material. The stamp was constructed from heavy timber with an iron "head" at the bottom. It was lifted by cams on a rotating axle, and fell on the ore and water mixture, fed into a box beneath. The head
192:(NH 18.23) indicates that water-driven pestles had become fairly widespread in Italy by the first century AD: "The greater part of Italy uses an unshod pestle and also wheels which water turns as it flows past, and a trip-hammer ". These trip-hammers were used for the pounding and hulling of
120:) will usually have linear rows of foundation sets as their most prominent visible feature as the overall apparatus can exceed 20 feet in height, requiring large foundations. Stamps are usually arranged in sets of five.
289:(in modern-day Austria), one from 1135, and another from 1175. Both texts mentioned the use of vertical stamp mills for ore-crushing. Medieval French sources of the years 1116 and 1249 both record the use of mechanised
255:, where the datable examples are from the 1st and 2nd century AD. At Dolaucothi, these stamp mills were hydraulic-driven and possibly also at other Roman mining sites, where the large scale use of the
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often sketched trip hammers for use in forges and even file-cutting machinery, those of the vertical pestle stamp-mill type. The oldest depicted
European illustration of a
112:. As the cam moves from under the stamp, the stamp falls onto the ore below, crushing the rock, and the lifting process is repeated at the next pass of the cam.
735:
224:, a large metal hammer-head with mechanical deformations was excavated in an area where several Roman water-mills and metal waste dumps have also been traced.
123:
Some ore processing applications used large quantities of water so some stamp mills are located near natural or artificial bodies of water. For example, the
753:
841:
641:
Adam Robert Lucas. "Industrial
Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
285:
Water-powered and mechanised trip hammers reappeared in medieval Europe by the 12th century. Their use was described in medieval written sources of
897:
216:. Apart from agricultural processing, archaeological evidence also strongly suggests the existence of trip hammers in Roman metal working. In
479:
processing prior to pressing the oil from the milled seeds. Early mills were water-powered but mills can also be steam or electric powered.
231:
from deep veins was first crushed into small pieces for further processing. Here, the regularity and spacing of large indentations on stone
420:(about 200 to 400 kg) each, and were usually arranged in sets of four, in timber frames. Small stamps were commonly powered by
30:
319:, dated to 1565 AD. This woodcut image depicts three martinets, and a waterwheel working the wood and leather bellows of an osmund (
297:. Medieval European trip hammers by the 15th century were most often in the shape of the vertical pestle stamp-mill. The well-known
859:
The historic "yellow jacket" stamp mill is located here. It is open year-round, and operated several times per year for visitors.
1367:
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driven supplied the electricity for overhead lighting. This was a big plus for mining company, enabling more production time.
810:
34:
890:
104:
in some cases) stamps, loosely held vertically in a frame, in which the stamps can slide up and down. They are lifted by
918:
589:
Barry C. Burnham: "Roman Mining at
Dolaucothi: The Implications of the 1991-3 Excavations near the Carreg Pumsaint",
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84:
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mining. Such mechanically deformed anvils have been found at numerous Roman silver and gold mining sites in
862:
796:
604:
Tres Minas: Vorbericht über die archäologischen
Ausgrabungen im Bereich des römischen Goldbergwerks 1986/87
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1440:
64:, either for further processing or for extraction of metallic ores. Breaking material down is a type of
348:, published in 1556. The mills Agricola shows were largely wooden construction, excepting the use of
1526:
369:
788:
Needham, Joseph: Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. (Taipei: Caves Books Ltd 1986)
866:
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360:, and stamps were typically arranged in gangs of three, with each wheel driving one or two gangs.
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furnace. The recumbent trip hammer was first depicted in
European artwork in an illustration by
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117:
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to crush mineral ores. By the 11th century, stamp mills were in widespread use throughout the
227:
The widest application of stamp mills, however, seems to have occurred in Roman mining, where
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meant that large amounts of water were directly available for powering the machines.
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A five unit
Californian stamp mill once used in Arizona for crushing copper ore.
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region, indicating that the knowledge of trip hammers continued into the early
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indicate the use of cam-operated ore stamps, much like the devices of later
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The first stamp mill in the U.S. was built in 1829 at the Capps mine near
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Two Nissen stamps, installed c. 1909 at the Sound Democrat Mill near
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498:- a horizontal cylinder containing metal balls to crush the material
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Detail of Californian stamp showing offset cam and rotating lifter
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than extending the line. Abandoned mill sites (as documented by
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509:- a more modern device that also can crush material to fines.
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The main components for water-powered stamp mills –
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Water-powered stamp mills are illustrated in book 8 of
392:
Eight heads of Cornish stamps powered by a waterwheel
856:
794:(2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy",
430:were based on Cornish stamps and were used for the
196:. Grain-pounders with pestles, as well as ordinary
1513:
754:"A history of handmade paper. The basic problem"
733:Mineral Resources of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont
630:Millstone and Hammer: the Origins of Water Power
573:
571:
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486:may refer to a factory that performs stamping.
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88:Interior of the Deadwood Terra Gold Stamp Mill
60:that crushes material by pounding rather than
891:
564:
849:5 cutaway drawings of mills produced by the
471:, and might have derived from those used in
266:as early as 973. They were used in medieval
178:from the third century BC. A passage in the
174:cams are in evidence in early water-powered
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546:
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863:Superstition Mountain Museum 20-Stamp Mill
905:
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606:", in H. Steuer and U. Zimmerman (eds):
515:- an historical forge using trip hammers
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92:A stamp mill consists of a set of heavy
83:
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18:
593:, Vol. 28 (1997), pp. 325-336 (333-335)
438:
407:are stamp mills that were developed in
162:, and hammers – were known in the
1514:
756:. l’Institut d’histoire du livre, Lyon
312:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus
879:
857:Western Museum of Mining and Industry
352:shoes on the end of each stamp. The
257:hushing and ground sluicing technique
822:, relocated to Jake Jackson Museum,
356:was set directly on the axle of the
800:, Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (16, 21f.)
651:
262:Stamp mills were used by miners in
13:
424:and larger ones by steam engines.
14:
1543:
919:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
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416:normally weighed between 4 and 8
278:and North Africa in the west to
853:Company during the early 1900s.
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610:, 1993, p.123-152 (141; Fig.19)
467:), before the invention of the
463:for preparing the paper-stuff (
459:Stamp mills were used in early
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309:forge-hammer is perhaps in the
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1:
1272:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
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847:Mining History Illustrations
797:The Journal of Roman Studies
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608:Montanarchäologie in Europa
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521:- the product of ore mills
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453:Theatrum Machinarum Novum
370:Charlotte, North Carolina
118:industrial archaeologists
108:on a horizontal rotating
998:Underground in soft rock
993:Underground in hard rock
829:Kentucky Mine Stamp Mill
475:wool. They were used in
851:Joshua Hendy Iron Works
833:Sierra City, California
824:Weaverville, California
527:- a Japanese Stamp mill
293:used in the forging of
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643:Technology and Culture
619:Wilson, p. 21, Fn.110.
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401:
393:
372:. They were common in
272:medieval Islamic world
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1326:(by aqueous solution)
1158:Gravity Concentration
907:Extractive metallurgy
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628:M.J.T. Lewis (1997).
449:Georg Andreas Böckler
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168:Eastern Mediterranean
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1441:Hall–Héroult process
1120:Mechanical screening
820:Paymaster Stamp Mill
815:Lewiston, California
811:Paymaster Stamp Mill
752:Neil Harris (2017).
447:A fulling mill from
439:Other stamping mills
301:artist and inventor
16:Type of mill machine
1163:Magnetic separation
1110:Cyclonic separation
931:(by physical means)
916:Metallurgical assay
782:Silverton, Colorado
1244:Refractory linings
1115:Gyratory equipment
927:Mineral processing
785:
738:2005-03-11 at the
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435:only crush 1 ton.
428:Californian stamps
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140:Ore stamp mill in
125:Redridge Steel Dam
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951:Natural resources
946:Geological survey
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831:and museum, near
648:(1): 1-30 (2005)
335:(dated 1621 AD).
303:Leonardo da Vinci
253:Iberian Peninsula
206:Romanus of Condat
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1527:Mining equipment
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1419:(by electricity)
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1401:Pan amalgamation
1373:Gold cyanidation
1363:In situ leaching
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164:Hellenistic era
147:De re metallica
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56:) is a type of
28:unit operations
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54:stamping mill
51:
50:stamp battery
47:
39:
36:
32:
29:
26:
21:
1428:Electrolysis
1388:Amalgamation
1143:Jameson cell
1100:Hydrocyclone
1029:
795:
772:Bibliography
758:. Retrieved
747:
727:
688:
680:
671:
662:
653:
645:
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637:
629:
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525:Usu (Mortar)
483:
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461:paper making
458:
452:
427:
426:
422:water wheels
404:
403:
367:
364:19th century
343:
337:
317:Olaus Magnus
310:
306:
295:wrought iron
291:trip hammers
284:
280:Central Asia
261:
226:
179:
156:water wheels
153:
145:
122:
114:
91:
58:mill machine
53:
49:
45:
43:
1532:Stamp mills
1464:Co-products
1298:Calcination
1262:Cupellation
1178:Dry washing
1167:Magnetation
1090:Ore sorting
1055:Pebble mill
1022:Comminution
632:. Section 2
513:Hammer mill
432:Californian
411:for use in
299:Renaissance
214:Middle Ages
204:founded by
72:Description
25:Quincy Mine
23:Section of
1516:Categories
1501:Stamp sand
1451:Downs cell
1183:Buddle pit
1173:Rocker box
1030:Stamp mill
971:Base metal
939:Extraction
742:, page 143
602:J. Wahl: "
532:References
519:Stamp sand
507:Hammermill
358:waterwheel
245:Dolaucothi
198:watermills
46:stamp mill
40:Stamp Mill
1343:Lixiviant
1308:Liquation
1201:(by heat)
1062:Ball mill
1005:Recycling
591:Britannia
496:Ball mill
264:Samarkand
202:monastery
1471:Tailings
1335:Leaching
1303:Roasting
1254:Refining
1238:ISASMELT
1210:Smelting
1067:Rod mill
1050:SAG mill
1035:Arrastra
736:Archived
490:See also
477:oil-seed
409:Cornwall
354:camshaft
329:Sandrart
325:bloomery
307:martinet
237:medieval
188:scholar
176:automata
170:region.
62:grinding
33:showing
1496:Red mud
1486:Clinker
1240:furnace
1148:Panning
1105:Trommel
1095:Vanning
1072:IsaMill
1045:AG mill
1040:Crusher
988:Surface
966:Mineral
871:Arizona
760:Feb 24,
473:fulling
274:, from
184:of the
172:Ancient
166:in the
132:History
31:diagram
1476:Gangue
1277:Poling
1083:Sizing
983:Mining
502:Dhenki
455:, 1661
382:copper
380:, and
378:silver
287:Styria
268:Persia
233:anvils
218:Ickham
150:(1556)
100:-shod
1291:Other
1010:Scrap
865:near
840:near
813:near
333:Zonca
249:Wales
194:grain
190:Pliny
186:Roman
110:shaft
94:steel
38:Steam
35:Allis
1491:Chat
1481:Slag
762:2017
731:see
465:pulp
374:gold
350:iron
331:and
222:Kent
210:Jura
160:cams
106:cams
102:wood
98:iron
48:(or
956:Ore
721:255
717:254
713:248
709:247
705:223
701:222
697:221
693:220
451:'s
418:cwt
413:tin
342:'s
315:of
229:ore
220:in
144:'s
52:or
1518::
869:,
719:,
715:,
711:,
707:,
703:,
699:,
695:,
687:,
646:46
582:^
566:^
548:^
482:A
376:,
323:)
321:sv
158:,
68:.
44:A
1169:)
1165:(
899:e
892:t
885:v
764:.
247:(
96:(
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