Standardization - Knowledge

1483:) could be potentially be designed and chosen using standards that may or may not be based on adequate scientific data. Standards could reduce the variety of products and lead to convergence on fewer broad designs – which can often be efficiently mass-produced via common shared automated procedures and instruments – or formulations deemed to be the most healthy, most efficient or best compromise between healthiness and other factors. Standardization is sometimes or could also be used to ensure or increase or enable consumer health protection beyond the workplace and ergonomics such as standards in food, food production, hygiene products, tab water, cosmetics, drugs/medicine, drink and dietary supplements, especially in cases where there is robust scientific data that suggests detrimental impacts on health (e.g. of ingredients) despite being substitutable and not necessarily of consumer interest. 1754:

technology, further enhancing network effects. Other benefits of standardization to consumers are reduced uncertainty, because consumers can be more certain that they are not choosing the wrong product, and reduced lock-in, because the standard makes it more likely that there will be competing products in the space. Consumers may also get the benefit of being able to mix and match components of a system to align with their specific preferences. Once these initial benefits of standardization are realized, further benefits that accrue to consumers as a result of using the standard are driven mostly by the quality of the technologies underlying that standard.

589: 931: 810:. CEN develops standards for numerous kinds of products, materials, services and processes. Some sectors covered by CEN include transport equipment and services, chemicals, construction, consumer products, defence and security, energy, food and feed, health and safety, healthcare, digital sector, machinery or services. The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) is the European Standardization organization developing standards in the electrotechnical area and corresponding to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in Europe. 1758:

in the market, then consumers are deprived of the penetration pricing that often results when rivals are competing to rapidly increase market share in an attempt to increase the likelihood that their product will become the standard. It is also possible that a consumer will choose a product based upon a standard that fails to become dominant. In this case, the consumer will have spent resources on a product that is ultimately less useful to him or her as the result of the standardization process.

1534:, standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds and improving efficiency to handle people, their interactions, cases, and so forth. Examples include formalization of judicial procedure in court, and establishing uniform criteria for diagnosing mental disease. Standardization in this sense is often discussed along with (or synonymously to) such large-scale social changes as modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society. 3083:

Rand, Matt; Villagomez, Angelo; Ban, Natalie C.; Gurney, Georgina G.; Spalding, Ana K.; Bennett, Nathan J.; Briggs, Johnny; Morgan, Lance E.; Moffitt, Russell; Deguignet, Marine; Pikitch, Ellen K.; Darling, Emily S.; Jessen, Sabine; Hameed, Sarah O.; Di Carlo, Giuseppe; Guidetti, Paolo; Harris, Jean M.; Torre, Jorge; Kizilkaya, Zafer; Agardy, Tundi; Cury, Philippe; Shah, Nirmal J.; Sack, Karen; Cao, Ling; Fernandez, Miriam; Lubchenco, Jane (2021).

836:) was created in 1865 to set international standards in order to connect national telegraph networks, as a merger of two predecessor organizations (Bern and Paris treaties) that had similar objectives, but in more limited territories. With the advent of radiocommunication soon after the creation, the work of the ITU quickly expanded from the standardization of Telegraph communications, to developing standards for telecommunications in general. 1594: 1276:, which is often associated with traditional processes and results of standardization. Taxes and subsidies, and funding of research and development could be used complementarily. Standardized measurement is used in monitoring, reporting and verification frameworks of environmental impacts, usually of companies, for example to prevent underreporting of greenhouse gas emissions by firms. 567:, not including defective weights. They did not find statistically significant differences between weights that were excavated from five different layers, each measuring about 1.5 m in depth. This was evidence that strong control existed for at least a 500-year period. The 13.7-g weight seems to be one of the units used in the Indus valley. The notation was based on the 1745:

incompatible, but after standardization each company can focus on providing an individual component of the system. When the shift toward competition based on individual components takes place, firms selling tightly integrated systems must quickly shift to a modular approach, supplying other companies with subsystems or components.

1091:, regulators in the United States are instructed by their government offices to adopt "voluntary consensus standards" before relying upon "industry standards" or developing "government standards". Regulatory authorities can reference voluntary consensus standards to translate internationally accepted criteria into 519:. The centralized weight and measure system served the commercial interest of Indus merchants as smaller weight measures were used to measure luxury goods while larger weights were employed for buying bulkier items, such as food grains etc. Weights existed in multiples of a standard weight and in categories. 751:: "Architects and engineers generally specify such unnecessarily diverse types of sectional material or given work that anything like economical and continuous manufacture becomes impossible. In this country no two professional men are agreed upon the size and weight of a girder to employ for given work." 3082:

Grorud-Colvert, Kirsten; Sullivan-Stack, Jenna; Roberts, Callum; Constant, Vanessa; Horta e Costa, Barbara; Pike, Elizabeth P.; Kingston, Naomi; Laffoley, Dan; Sala, Enric; Claudet, Joachim; Friedlander, Alan M.; Gill, David A.; Lester, Sarah E.; Day, Jon C.; Gonçalves, Emanuel J.; Ahmadia, Gabby N.;

1757:

Probably the greatest downside of standardization for consumers is lack of variety. There is no guarantee that the chosen standard will meet all consumers' needs or even that the standard is the best available option. Another downside is that if a standard is agreed upon before products are available

2891:

Milder, Jeffrey C.; Arbuthnot, Margaret; Blackman, Allen; Brooks, Sharon E.; Giovannucci, Daniele; Gross, Lee; Kennedy, Elizabeth T.; Komives, Kristin; Lambin, Eric F.; Lee, Audrey; Meyer, Daniel; Newton, Peter; Phalan, Ben; Schroth, Götz; Semroc, Bambi; Rikxoort, Henk Van; Zrust, Michal (2015). "An

903:

and even the symbols used on circuit diagrams. Adjacent buildings would have totally incompatible electrical systems simply because they had been fitted out by different companies. Crompton could see the lack of efficiency in this system and began to consider proposals for an international standard

1079:

The existence of a published standard does not necessarily imply that it is useful or correct. Just because an item is stamped with a standard number does not, by itself, indicate that the item is fit for any particular use. The people who use the item or service (engineers, trade unions, etc.) or

758:

was established in London in 1901 as the world's first national standards body. It subsequently extended its standardization work and became the British Engineering Standards Association in 1918, adopting the name British Standards Institution in 1931 after receiving its Royal Charter in 1929. The

676: 659:

were rare; metal screws, when made at all, were usually for use in wood. Metal bolts passing through wood framing to a metal fastening on the other side were usually fastened in non-threaded ways (such as clinching or upsetting against a washer). Maudslay standardized the screw threads used in his

1782:

The negative effects of standardization on technology have to do with its tendency to restrict new technology and innovation. Standards shift competition from features to price because the features are defined by the standard. The degree to which this is true depends on the specificity of the

1753:

Standardization has a variety of benefits for consumers, but one of the greatest benefits is enhanced network effects. Standards increase compatibility and interoperability between products, allowing information to be shared within a larger network and attracting more consumers to use the new

1050:

non-profit organization with members from both the private and public sectors. The determinants of whether an NSB for a particular economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the

1744:

The primary effect of standardization on firms is that the basis of competition is shifted from integrated systems to individual components within the system. Prior to standardization a company's product must span the entire system because individual components from different competitors are

848:

was an important figure in this process, introducing accurate methods and apparatus for measuring electricity. In 1857, he introduced a series of effective instruments, including the quadrant electrometer, which cover the entire field of electrostatic measurement. He invented the

1766:

Much like the effect on consumers, the effect of standardization on technology and innovation is mixed. Meanwhile, the various links between research and standardization have been identified, also as a platform of knowledge transfer and translated into policy measures (e.g.

1211:, strategic product support/obstruction, requirements and bans as well as their accordance with a scientific basis, the robustness and applicability of a scientific basis, whether adoption of the certifications is voluntary, and the socioeconomic context (systems of 1314:, to ensure safety or healthiness or efficiency or performance or sustainability of products. It can be carried out by the manufacturer, an independent laboratory, a government agency, a magazine or others on a voluntary or commissioned/mandated basis. 4491:

Cowan, Robin. "High Technology and the Economics of Standardization." Paper presented at the International Conference on Social and Institutional Factors Shaping Technological Development: Technology at the Outset, Berlin, Germany, May 27–28, 1991. p.

4289:

890:

became concerned by the large range of different standards and systems used by electrical engineering companies and scientists in the early 20th century. Many companies had entered the market in the 1890s and all chose their own settings for

1546:, standardization refers to the process of developing an international standard that enables organizations to focus on customer service, while at the same time providing recognition of success through a third party organization, such as the 923:. He presented a paper on standardisation, which was so well received that he was asked to look into the formation of a commission to oversee the process. By 1906 his work was complete and he drew up a permanent constitution for the 952:

After the war, ISA was approached by the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new global standards body. In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in

726:

was originally based on almost the same imperial fractions. The Unified thread angle is 60° and has flattened crests (Whitworth crests are rounded). Thread pitch is the same in both systems except that the thread pitch for the

790:

At a regional level (e.g. Europa, the Americas, Africa, etc) or at subregional level (e.g. Mercosur, Andean Community, South East Asia, South East Africa, etc), several Regional Standardization Organizations exist (see also

1774:

Increased adoption of a new technology as a result of standardization is important because rival and incompatible approaches competing in the marketplace can slow or even kill the growth of the technology (a state known as

2961:

Tayleur, Catherine; Balmford, Andrew; Buchanan, Graeme M.; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Ducharme, Heather; Green, Rhys E.; Milder, Jeffrey C.; Sanderson, Fiona J.; Thomas, David H. L.; Vickery, Juliet; Phalan, Ben (2017).

2382: 927:. The body held its first meeting that year in London, with representatives from 14 countries. In honour of his contribution to electrical standardisation, Lord Kelvin was elected as the body's first President. 1779:). The shift to a modularized architecture as a result of standardization brings increased flexibility, rapid introduction of new products, and the ability to more closely meet individual customer's needs. 1027:

NSBs may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the two. For example, the three NSBs of Canada, Mexico and the United States are respectively the Standards Council of Canada

745:

By the end of the 19th century, differences in standards between companies, was making trade increasingly difficult and strained. For instance, an iron and steel dealer recorded his displeasure in

672:

Maudslay's work, as well as the contributions of other engineers, accomplished a modest amount of industry standardization; some companies' in-house standards spread a bit within their industries.

720:

lines, many of which had previously used their own standard both for threads and for bolt head and nut profiles, and improving manufacturing techniques, it came to dominate British manufacturing.

3588:

Clark, Michael; Springmann, Marco; Rayner, Mike; Scarborough, Peter; Hill, Jason; Tilman, David; Macdiarmid, Jennie I.; Fanzo, Jessica; Bandy, Lauren; Harrington, Richard A. (16 August 2022).

3141: 1080:

specify it (building codes, government, industry, etc.) have the responsibility to consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the item correctly:

664:

that would make nuts and bolts consistently to those standards, so that any bolt of the appropriate size would fit any nut of the same size. This was a major advance in workshop technology.

3660:

Advances in Ergonomics in Design: Proceedings of the AHFE 2017 International Conference on Ergonomics in Design, July 17−21, 2017, The Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles, California, USA

1502:

In the context of assessment, standardization may define how a measuring instrument or procedure is similar to every subjects or patients. For example, educational psychologist may adopt

798:

The three regional standards organizations in Europe – European Standardization Organizations (ESOs), recognised by the EU Regulation on Standardization (Regulation (EU) 1025/2012) – are

498:, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of 4301: 1994:(PDF). International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). Standards Chapter, pages 45-68. ISBN 978-1-4648-1372-6. 1727:

Agile standardization. A group of entities, themselves or through an association, creates and publishes a drafted version shared for public review based on actual examples of use.

989: 4273: 969: 3915: 759:

national standards were adopted universally throughout the country, and enabled the markets to act more rationally and efficiently, with an increased level of cooperation.

223: 945:(ISA) was founded in 1926 with a broader remit to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards and specifications. The body was suspended in 1942 during 2375: 1264:

Such standardization is not limited to the domain of electronic devices like smartphones and phone chargers but could also be applied to e.g. the energy infrastructure.

3202: 997: 3837:

Tirloni, Adriana Seára; Reis, Diogo Cunha dos; Bornia, Antonio Cezar; Andrade, Dalton Francisco de; Borgatto, Adriano Ferreti; Moro, Antônio Renato Pereira (2016).

459:

based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize

1107:. These standards are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business ( 3172: 2694: 803: 427: 3060: 2870: 1934: 3387: 1272:". Computers and the Internet are some of the tools that could be used to increase practicability and reduce suboptimal results, detrimental standards and 1192: 3777: 1962:

Dickson, E. W.; Singh, S.; Cheung, D. S.; Wyatt, C. C.; Nugent, A. S. (2008). "Application of Lean Manufacturing Techniques in the Emergency Department".

686:'s screw thread measurements were adopted as the first (unofficial) national standard by companies around the country in 1841. It came to be known as the 3563: 1506:

to systematically interview the people in concern. By delivering the same procedures, all subjects is evaluated using same criteria and minimising any

2793: 1146:" (RFCs). Nevertheless, these publications are often referred to as "standards", because they are the products of regular standardization processes. 1103:

In the context of information exchange, standardization refers to the process of developing standards for specific business processes using specific

3259: 3133: 253: 3802:

Helander, Martin G.; Czaja, Sara J.; Drury, Colin G.; Cary, James M.; Burri, George (1 January 1987). "An Ergonomic Evaluation of Office Chairs".

2263:

Baber, Zaheer (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, State University of New York Press,

1268:

policies "fostering standard design and interfaces, and promoting the re-use of modules and components across plants to develop more sustainable

807: 2296: 2743: 1835: 1736:

Standardization has a variety of benefits and drawbacks for firms and consumers participating in the market, and on technology and innovation.

958: 2582: 1398:

Standardization is also used to ensure safe design and operation of laboratories and similar potentially dangerous workplaces, e.g. to ensure

4312: 2628: 2280:

In the third millennium BCE the Indus measuring system was further developed in the ancient regions of Iran and Afghanistan -- Iwata, 2254.

1716:

in a full consensus process: usually open to all interested and qualified parties and with formal procedures for due-process considerations

1551: 705:

is the pitch. The thread pitch increased with diameter in steps specified on a chart. An example of the use of the Whitworth thread is the

2553: 2044: 420: 213: 1576:, standardization covers the process of specification and use of any item the company must buy in or make, allowable substitutions, and 1829: 1180: 1005: 228: 4270: 3975: 1991: 2757: 2705: 2636: 924: 2160: 977: 4074: 3019:

Schmitz-Hoffmann, Carsten; Hansmann, Berthold; Klose, Sophie (2014). "Voluntary Sustainability Standards: Measuring Their Impact".

2524: 1226:, and serve as, potentially evolving, guides for improving, planning and monitoring the protection-quality, -scopes and -extents. 3907: 2424: 2074: 1416:

The development and implementation of concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs to achieve and maintain the required levels of

1116: 1013: 1001: 799: 413: 4640: 3945: 3675: 3194: 3036: 2864: 2827: 2225: 2192: 2154: 2026: 1793: 1654:

The process of standardization can itself be standardized. There are at least four levels of standardization: compatibility,

1039: 981: 833: 775: 2833: 1713:

in a closed consensus process: Restricted membership and often having formal procedures for due-process among voting members

2783:"Federal Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus Standards and in Conformity Assessment Activities" 3411:

Downar, Benedikt; Ernstberger, Jürgen; Reichelstein, Stefan; Schwenen, Sebastian; Zaklan, Aleksandar (1 September 2021).

2445:

Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on European standardisation

2495: 559:, where they were further modified. Shigeo Iwata describes the excavated weights unearthed from the Indus civilization: 4042: 2612: 2418: 3164: 4476: 4443: 4410: 4250: 4212: 4179: 4146: 4113: 4006: 2751: 2709: 2678: 2268: 2252: 2007: 1929: 1641: 1222:

Moreover, standardized scientific frameworks can enable evaluation of levels of environmental protection, such as of

1009: 920: 908: 845: 399: 4557: 3052: 2854: 2465: 1623: 769: 1615: 31: 2106:"Standardization efforts: The relationship between knowledge dimensions, search processes and innovation outcomes" 1783:

standard. Standardization in an area also rules out alternative technologies as options while encouraging others.

1338: 1322: 1167: 364: 3766: 1814: 1619: 1464: 829: 2892:

agenda for assessing and improving conservation impacts of sustainability standards in tropical agriculture".

1200: 713:

gunboats. These were the first instance of "mass-production" techniques being applied to marine engineering.

575:

systems. 83% of the weights which were excavated from the above three cities were cubic, and 68% were made of

2019:

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) : Global Governance Through Voluntary Consensus

1547: 912: 374: 3691: 964:

In general, each country or economy has a single recognized National Standards Body (NSB). Examples include

2782: 647:

Before this, screw threads were usually made by chipping and filing (that is, with skilled freehand use of

499: 321: 301: 258: 248: 173: 133: 38: 17: 1809: 1684: 1563: 1428:

in the operational, procedural, material, technical and administrative fields to attain interoperability.

1242: 1081: 1029: 1021: 1017: 218: 3890:"Applied Anthropometrics in School Furniture Design: Which Criteria Should be Used for Standardization?" 3718:"Biosafety Guidelines for Handling Microorganisms in the Teaching Laboratory: Development and Rationale" 1446: 2444: 2214:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition)

1666:. These standardization processes create compatibility, similarity, measurement, and symbol standards. 1356: 825: 687: 606:

The implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important with the onset of the

588: 306: 4329:

Blind, K.; Gauch, S. (2009). "Research and standardisation in nanotechnology: evidence from Germany".

2964:"Global Coverage of Agricultural Sustainability Standards, and Their Role in Conserving Biodiversity" 1824: 1515: 1334: 527:

and measurement for construction. Uniform units of length were used in the planning of towns such as

516: 2305: 4468: 4402: 4271:

https://www.criterioneconomics.com/the-value-of-a-standard-versus-the-value-of-standardization.html

4242: 4204: 4171: 4105: 2574: 1854: 1604: 1402:. There is research into microbiology safety standards used in clinical and research laboratories. 369: 311: 296: 291: 238: 930: 2669:

Dyer, Chris K.; Moseley, Patrick T.; Ogumi, Zempachi; Rand, David A. J.; Scrosati, Bruno (2010).

2069: 1894: 1608: 1569: 1318: 1196: 723: 190: 117: 2640: 1480: 1046:, DGN is a governmental agency within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, and ANSI and AENOR are a 844:

By the mid to late 19th century, efforts were being made to standardize electrical measurement.

1919: 1870: 1840: 1819: 1707: 1381: 866: 819: 792: 341: 326: 286: 268: 163: 69: 62: 4435: 4138: 2545: 2359: 2037: 2242: 1804: 1655: 1511: 1421: 1289: 1269: 1223: 633: 615: 607: 568: 394: 195: 123: 47: 4460: 4394: 4234: 4196: 4163: 4097: 3352:

Ho, Alfred Tat-Kei (2002). "Reinventing Local Governments and the E-Government Initiative".

2343:

Gilbert, K. R.; Galloway, D. F. (1978). "Machine Tools". In Singer, C.; et al. (eds.).

3967: 3601: 3413:"The impact of carbon disclosure mandates on emissions and financial operating performance" 3298: 2975: 2901: 1914: 1776: 1573: 1503: 1143: 1120: 877: 495: 346: 84: 3224:

Schischke, Karsten; Proske, Marina; Nissen, Nils F.; Lang, Klaus-Dieter (September 2016).

2734: 2104:

Xie, Zongjie; Hall, Jeremy; McCarthy, Ian P.; Skitmore, Martin; Shen, Liyin (2016-02-01).

8: 4607: 4461: 4395: 4235: 4197: 4164: 4098: 2144: 1944: 1450: 1311: 1310:

results can be reported using official or informal standards. It can be done to increase

1285: 916: 625: 524: 331: 263: 4066: 3839:"Development and validation of instrument for ergonomic evaluation of tablet arm chairs" 3605: 3302: 3084: 2979: 2905: 2516: 4635: 4506: 4378: 4365: 4346: 3894:

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics

3865: 3838: 3742: 3717: 3632: 3589: 3545: 3495: 3452: 3334: 3241: 3115: 3001: 2943: 2408: 2118: 2105: 1924: 1438: 1326: 1238: 1088: 520: 476: 456: 158: 104: 3908:"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research – Drug Quality Sampling and Testing Programs" 3023:. Natural Resource Management in Transition. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 133–143. 2064: 1463:

and products that can impact consumers' health. Some of such standards seek to ensure

1417: 460: 4472: 4439: 4428: 4406: 4350: 4246: 4208: 4175: 4142: 4131: 4109: 4048: 4038: 4012: 4002: 3889: 3870: 3819: 3747: 3671: 3637: 3619: 3537: 3499: 3487: 3456: 3444: 3369: 3338: 3326: 3119: 3107: 3032: 2993: 2935: 2927: 2860: 2823: 2747: 2674: 2608: 2414: 2298:

A Brief History of Standards and Standardization Organizations: A Chinese Perspective

2264: 2248: 2221: 2188: 2150: 2022: 2003: 1979: 1696: 1679: 1175: 1119:(TIA), and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( 1075:

Voluntary standards which are published and available for people to consider for use.

1063: 1043: 887: 387: 233: 78: 4518: 3549: 3245: 3005: 2947: 1297: 1233:

and reduce resource-needs such as by thereby requiring (or enabling) products to be

1195:

as well as standardized product safety evaluation and dis/approval procedures (e.g.

737: in. (inch) bolt is 12 threads per inch (tpi) in BSW versus 13 tpi in the UNC. 4373: 4338: 3860: 3850: 3811: 3737: 3729: 3663: 3627: 3609: 3529: 3479: 3470:

Kleinschmidt, Christian (2010). "Comparative Consumer Product Testing in Germany".

3434: 3424: 3361: 3316: 3306: 3233: 3099: 3024: 2983: 2917: 2909: 2123: 2113: 1975: 1971: 1845: 1543: 1519: 1350: 1307: 1234: 1230: 900: 881: 683: 464: 444: 316: 243: 3937: 3165:"In a setback for Apple, the European Union seeks a common charger for all phones" 4593: 4545: 4533: 4277: 3999:

Essentials of educational psychology : big ideas to guide effective teaching

2817: 2182: 1454: 1399: 1303: 1216: 1208: 1104: 874: 850: 763: 483: 452: 178: 168: 27:

Implementation of technical standards based on the consensus of different parties

3311: 3286: 3028: 1768: 3517: 3513: 3429: 3412: 3225: 1939: 1909: 1904: 1879: 1531: 1492: 1476: 1250: 1188: 961:(ISO); the new organization officially began operations in February 1947. 656: 637: 621: 592: 336: 4342: 3667: 3483: 3260:"Want to save the Earth? Then don't buy that shiny new iPhone | John Naughton" 1219:), with possibly most certifications being so far mostly largely ineffective. 4629: 4052: 4016: 3823: 3623: 3541: 3491: 3448: 3373: 3330: 3237: 2997: 2931: 2487: 2217: 1889: 1377: 1265: 1258: 1254: 1207:) can protect the environment. This effect may depend on associated modified 1127: 1092: 693:

This new standard specified a 55° thread angle and a thread depth of 0.640327

472: 4569: 3614: 3365: 3103: 1442: 679:

Graphic representation of formulae for the pitches of threads of screw bolts

632:

sizes for the first time and paved the way for the practical application of

3874: 3855: 3751: 3733: 3641: 3533: 3111: 3081: 2939: 1983: 1899: 1577: 1184: 1072:

standards which are part of legally binding contracts, laws or regulations.

946: 629: 611: 556: 548: 89: 3199:

Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs - European Commission

2922: 774:

was set up in Germany in 1917, followed by its counterparts, the American

3321: 3226:"Modular products: Smartphone design from a circular economy perspective" 2457: 1884: 1864: 1659: 1507: 1425: 1273: 1204: 1130:

that govern the operation and interaction of devices and software on the

710: 661: 652: 138: 3564:"These are the UK supermarket items with the worst environmental impact" 3439: 3287:"Modularisation as enabler of circular economy in energy infrastructure" 2128: 1380:), especially when related to safety, are often standardized, sometimes 1237:, compatible (with other products, infrastructures, environments, etc), 479:. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes. 2988: 2963: 2913: 1468: 1459:

In some cases, standards are being used in the design and operation of

1246: 1212: 1159: 1066:

which means they are followed by informal convention or dominant usage.

706: 564: 536: 143: 94: 3285:

Mignacca, Benito; Locatelli, Giorgio; Velenturf, Anne (1 April 2020).

2038:"Standardization in History: A Review Essay With an Eye to the Future" 1087:

To avoid the proliferation of industry standards, also referred to as

3815: 3410: 1860: 1850: 1700: 1663: 1460: 1393: 1108: 1047: 985: 896: 755: 747: 563:

A total of 558 weights were excavated from Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and

540: 532: 487: 153: 74: 4581: 3888:

Castellucci, Ignacio; Arezes, Pedro; Molenbroek, Johan (June 2014).

3134:"Apple opposes EU plans to make common charger port for all devices" 2819:

Using and referencing ISO and IEC standards to support public policy

2736:

Friendship among equals - Recollections from ISO's first fifty years

2184:

Standardizing the World: EU Trade Policy and the Road to Convergence

1593: 675: 4430:

The Innovator's Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth

4133:

The Innovator's Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth

1992:

Ensuring Quality to Gain Access to Global Markets: A Reform Toolkit

1367: 1131: 943:

International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations

766:, similar national bodies were established in other countries. The 99: 3085:"The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean" 2212:

Iwata, Shigeo (2008), "Weights and Measures in the Indus Valley",

1669:

There are typically four different techniques for standardization

551:. The weights and measures of the Indus civilization also reached 2247:

edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 258–266, Thomson Gale,

1163: 1069: 717: 572: 544: 148: 4523:

COoperation Platform for Research And Standards (COPRAS project)

4511:

COoperation Platform for Research And Standards (COPRAS project)

3662:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 588. 3587: 2960: 1410:

In the context of defense, standardization has been defined by

1373: 1330: 1329:

in supermarkets – could e.g. be used to inform consumers or in

1155: 954: 935: 870: 648: 552: 528: 468: 3590:"Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products" 3018: 2890: 2656:

Colonel Crompton and the Evolution of the Electrical Industry

1472: 1024:. An NSB is likely the sole member from that economy in ISO. 779: 641: 576: 4425: 4128: 3653: 3651: 3518:"Testing by Competitors in Enforcement of Product Standards" 2240:

Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2006), "Indus Valley Civilization",

4463: