705:
976:
433:
961:(Nashville tuning) neck is further from the player. It may have up to ten pedals and a separate volume pedal, and up to eight knee levers are used to alter the tuning of various strings, allowing more varied and complex music than any other steel guitar. As an example, use of the pedals and knee levers in various combinations allows the player to play a major scale without moving the bar. The invention of the instrument was set in motion by the need to play more interesting and varied music that was not possible on previous steel guitars and to obviate the need for additional necks on console steels.
754:, and it caused a virtual revolution among steel players who wanted to duplicate it. Almost simultaneously, an entire musical subculture took a radical stylistic tack. Even though pedal steel guitars had been available for over a decade before this recording, the instrument emerged as a crucial element in country music after the success of this song. When the lap steel was thus superseded by the pedal steel, the inherent Hawaiian influence was brought into the new sound of country music emerging in
830:(pronounced mo-ay). Moe taught Hawaiian guitar style and made steel guitars, and helped popularize the instrument in India. By the 1960s, the steel had become a common instrument in Indian popular musicâlater included in film soundtracks. Indian musicians typically play the lap steel while sitting on the floor and have modified the instrument by using, for example, three melody strings (played with steel bar and finger picks), four plucked drone strings, and 12 sympathetic strings to buzz like a
461:
987:", "tone bar", "slide", "bottleneck" and others. A cylindrical-shaped steel with a bullet-shape on one end is typical in console steel and pedal steel playing. Lap steel and Dobro players often use a steel bar with squared-off ends and a deep groove for firmer grip. It has a cross section that resembles a railroad track. Another type of steel is a tubular object around a finger then referred to as a "slide"; that style of playing is called "slide guitar".
540:
358:
947:
271:" because certain strings were "slackened" to achieve it. Steel guitar strings, then a novelty, offered new possibilities to the islanders. To change chords, they used some smooth object, usually a piece of pipe or metal, sliding it over the strings to the fourth or fifth position, easily playing a three-chord song. It is physically difficult to hold a steel bar against the strings while holding the guitar against the body (hand
29:
190:. Electrification allowed these instruments to be heard, and it also meant their resonant chambers were no longer essential. This meant steel guitars could be manufactured in any design, even a rectangular block bearing little or no resemblance to the traditional guitar shape. This led to table-like instruments in a metal frame on legs called "
628:. He found that a vibrating metal string in a magnetic field generates a small current that can be amplified and sent to a loudspeaker; his steel guitar was the world's first electric guitar. According to music writer Michael Ross, the first electrified stringed instrument on a commercial recording was a steel guitar played by
410:, and Hawaiian songs sung in English. Subsequently, the program was heard worldwide on over 750 stations. Sol Hoʻopiʻi began broadcasting live from KHJ radio in Los Angeles in 1923. By the 1920s, Hawaiian music instruction for children was becoming common in the U.S. One of the steel guitar's foremost virtuosos,
750:", he pushed the pedal while playing a chord, so certain notes could be heard bending up from below into the existing chord to harmonize with the other strings, creating a stunning effect which had not been possible with on a lap steel. It was the birth of a new sound that was particularly embraced by fans of
142:
or similar hard object against plucked strings. The bar itself is called a "steel" and is the source of the name "steel guitar". The instrument differs from a conventional guitar in that it is played without using frets; conceptually, it is somewhat akin to playing a guitar with one finger (the bar).
879:
Early lap steel guitars were traditional guitars tuned to a chord and modified by raising the strings away from the frets. After the electric pickup was invented, lap steels no longer needed any resonant chamber, thus newer designs began to resemble the traditional guitar shape less and less. These
931:
The console steel is any type electric steel guitar that rests on legs in a frame and is designed to be played in a seated position. The console steel usually has multiple necksâup to a maximum of fourâeach tuned differently. In the evolution of the steel guitar, the console steel is intermediate
520:
as a hybrid between the two types of guitars, using one finger inserted into a tubular slide or a bottleneck with one finger while using frets with the remaining fingers (usually for rhythm accompaniment). This technique allows the player to finger the frets on some strings and use the slide on
594:
band. He played the instrument while standing with the guitar facing upward held horizontally by a shoulder strap. Oswald's Dobro attracted interest and fascination; he said, "People couldn't understand how I played it and what it was, and they'd always want to come around and look at it."
170:
in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and in 1916, recordings of indigenous
Hawaiian music outsold all other U.S. musical genres. This popularity spawned the manufacture of guitars designed specifically to be played horizontally. The archetypal instrument is the
440:
In the early twentieth century, steel guitar playing branched off into two streams: lap-style, performed on an instrument specifically designed or modified to be played on the performer's lap; and bottleneck-style, performed on a traditional
Spanish guitar held flat against the body. The
908:
resonator lap steels of any brand. Bluegrass dobro players often use a "Stevens bar" which has a deep groove in it to allow the steel to be grasped more firmly so it can be lifted and angled vertically downward slightly for playing single notes. The technique also allows for
668:
with different tunings on the same instrument. The added bulk meant that the instrument could no longer be managed on the player's lap and required placement in a frame with legs and marketed as a "console" steel guitar. Prominent layers of that era, including
566:
featured an acoustic steel guitar on his song "Tuck Away My
Lonesome Blues" released on January 3, 1930. In the early 1930s, acoustic lap steel guitars were not loud enough to compete with other instruments, a problem that many inventors were trying to remedy.
579:, a non-electric device resembling a large inverted loudspeaker cone attached under the bridge of a guitar to make it louder. The name "Dobro", a portmanteau of DOpyera and BROthers, became a generic term for this type of guitar, popularized by Pete Kirby ("
864:
and David Luela Kaili travelling across New
Zealand, fascinated of their informed similar ancestry while also receiving very positively of their performances. Eruera Hita (or stagename "Mati Hita") was the pioneer of the instrument among New Zealanders.
732:
The original idea for adding pedals to a console guitar was simply to push a pedal and change the tuning of all the strings into a different tuning and thus obviate the need for an additional neck, but these early efforts were unsuccessful. Around 1948,
225:
who embraced the steel guitar sound but continued holding their guitar in the traditional way; they used a tubular object (the neck of a bottle) called a "slide" around a finger. This technique, historically called "bottleneck" guitar, is now known as
607:
to the extent that this type of lap steel became an established and familiar fixture in this genre. The dobro fell out of favor in mainstream country music until a bluegrass revival in the 1970s brought it back with younger virtuoso players like
262:
in the
Hawaiian Islands. For whatever reason, Hawaiians did not embrace standard guitar tuning that had been in use for centuries. They re-tuned their guitars to make them sound a major chord when all six strings were strummed, now known as an
888:
Electro Aâ22", an electric lap steel guitar produced from 1931 to 1939. It was the first electric stringed instrument of any kind and was the first electric stringed instrument to be heard on a commercial recording. Steel players, including
745:
used Bigsby's invention to change the pitch of only two of the strings, and was the first to push the pedal while notes were still sounding. When Isaacs first used the setup on the 1954 recording of Webb Pierce's song called
441:
bottleneck-style became associated with blues and rock music, and the horizontal style became associated with several musical genres, including
Hawaiian music, country music, Western swing, honky-tonk, bluegrass and gospel.
354:) was perhaps the most famous of the Hawaiians who spread the sound of instrumental lap steel worldwide. This music became popular to the degree that it was called the "Hawaiian craze" and was ignited by a number of events.
2426:
151:
emulating the human singing voice. Typically, the strings are plucked (not strummed) by the fingers of the dominant hand, while the steel tone bar is pressed lightly against the strings and moved by the opposite hand.
293:
performer and also toured Europe performing
Hawaiian music. The Hawaiian style of playing spread to America and became popular during the first half of the 20th century; noted players of the era were
396:
and over a nine-month period introduced the
Hawaiian style of guitar playing to millions of visitors. In 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian instruments outsold every other genre of music in the U.S.
660:. In October, 1936, McAuliffe recorded "Steel Guitar Rag" with Wills' band on a Rickenbacker Bâ6 lap steel with phenomenal record sales. Steel guitarists felt a need to change tunings for different
917:
notes when there is an adjacent open string. Dobro players often slant the bar horizontally when playing to change an interval between two or more notes played simultaneously on different strings.
373:
premiered; it featured
Hawaiian music and elaborate costumes. The show became quite successful and, to ride this wave of success, it toured the U.S. and Europe, eventually spawning the 1932 film
385:
stated, "So great is the popularity of
Hawaiian music in this country that 'The Bird of Paradise' will go on record as having created the greatest musical fad this country has ever known".
957:
The pedal steel guitar is an electric console instrument with one or two necks, each typically with ten strings. The neck tuned to C6 (Texas tuning) is closer to the player and the
1020:
The Hawaiians also learned to play this re-tuned guitar without a steel, fretting it and holding it against the body like a traditional guitar. This led to its own genre known as
289:
became proficient in this style of playing around the end of the 19th century and popularized itâsome sources say he invented the steel guitar. He moved to the U.S. and became a
246:", a type of steel guitar with either a round or square neck, sometimes played with the musician standing and the guitar facing upward held horizontally by a shoulder strap.
155:
The idea of creating music with a slide of some type has been traced back to early African instruments, but the modern steel guitar was conceived and popularized in the
201:
In the United States, the steel guitar influenced popular music in the early twentieth century, combining with jazz, swing and country music to be prominently heard in
2505:
159:. The Hawaiians began playing a conventional guitar in a horizontal position across the knees instead of flat against the body, using the bar instead of fingers.
796:
Stringmaster 8-string (Fender Deluxe-8). Campbell was skilled at mimicking the human singing voice with his guitar. The idea of Campbell's recordings with the
2598:
Troutman, John W. (August 2017). "The Steel Heard 'Round the World: Exposing the Global Reach of Indigenous Musical Journeys with the Hawaiian Steel Guitar".
1449:
2626:
2048:
782:, embraced the lap steel guitar. The steel guitar often took the place of an organ and its sound bore no resemblance to typical American country music.
1508:
983:
A "steel" is a hard, smooth object pressed against guitar strings and is the reason for the name "steel guitar". It may go by many names, including "
2078:
737:, a motorcycle shop foreman, designed a pedal system. He put pedals on a rack between the two front legs of a console steel guitar to create the
179:. These early acoustic instruments were not loud enough relative to other instruments, but that changed in 1934 when a steel guitarist named
1078:
496:
and other blues pioneers, who used a prominent tubular slide on a finger. The first known recording of the bottleneck style was in 1923 by
1538:
807:
took up the pedal steel as a teenager, popularized it in this genre and received critical acclaim as a musician. Neil Strauss, writing in
389:
652:. The design of this instrument and the way it was played underwent continual change as the music of the genre evolved. In the 1930s,
429:", spurred instrument makers to produce them in quantity and create innovations in the design to accommodate this style of playing.
2475:
1928:
365:
The annexation of Hawai'i as a U.S. territory in 1900 stimulated Americans' interest in Hawaiian music and customs. In 1912, a
2787:
793:
2797:
2792:
2317:
1990:
1875:
1771:
1737:
1575:
1340:
1300:
1142:
480:, whose playing, says historian GĂ©rard Herzhaft, "created a style that has unquestionably influenced all modern blues". The
1364:
163:
developed this manner of playing a guitar, known as "Hawaiian style", about 1890 and the technique spread internationally.
2406:
1165:
550:
The earliest record of a Hawaiian guitar used in country music is believed to be in the early 1920s when cowboy movie star
979:
Steel bar (tonebar) used in playing steel guitar. What appear to be frets on this guitar are only markers, not real frets.
792:, who took the musical tradition from the church to international fame. Campbell played an electric Hawaiian lap steel: a
147:
capabilities, gliding smoothly over every pitch between notes, the instrument can produce a sinuous crying sound and deep
804:
2452:
1592:
1256:
1911:
2671:
2125:
2000:
1942:
1848:
1812:
1703:
1407:
1205:
741:. The pedals operated a mechanical linkage to apply tension to raise the pitch of certain strings. In 1953, musician
345:
58:
436:
An electric lap steel guitar. Note that the instrument bears only token resemblance to the traditional guitar shape.
767:
657:
210:
1137:
826:
The steel guitar's popularity in India began with a Hawaiian immigrant who settled in Calcutta in the 1940s named
644:
In the early 1930s, the newly-electrified lap steel guitar was adopted by musicians type of dance music known as "
406:
was a program originating in Hawai'i and broadcast to the U.S. mainland west coast. It featured the steel guitar,
704:
563:
525:
is not a specific instrument but a style of playing a lap steel guitar usually referring to blues or rock music.
2657:
880:
instruments were played resting across musicians' knees. George Beauchamp's invention, which he nicknamed the "
689:" style of country music. Honky-tonk singers who used a lap steel guitar in their musical arrangements included
2536:
2337:
766:
In the United States in the 1930s, the steel guitar was introduced into religious music, a tradition called "
379:. Joseph Kekuku was a member of the show's original cast and toured with the show for eight years. In 1918,
2398:
1729:
375:
904:
is a type of acoustic lap steel with a resonator; the word is commonly used as a generic term to describe
2086:
497:
303:
1865:
758:
in the 1950s. This sound became associated with American country music for the ensuing several decades.
2090:
2056:
1457:
845:
276:
272:
521:
others. Slide players may use open tunings or traditional tunings as a matter of personal preference.
2782:
2777:
2149:
1046:
751:
747:
625:
187:
813:, called Randolph "one of the most original and talented pedal steel guitarists of his generation".
2695:
1372:
975:
1757:
2576:
2541:
2342:
2249:
2117:
1516:
1450:"Polynesian Cultural Center Unveils Statue of Joseph Keku, Inventor of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar"
1234:
1083:
432:
580:
473:
2772:
1484:
1397:
1050:
789:
785:
381:
2506:"Making Spirits Rock From Church to Clubland; A Gospel Pedal Steel Guitarist Dives Into Pop"
2182:
1109:
860:
in the 1920s readily adopted the instrument following their fascination with musicians like
2241:
1804:
1662:
1175:
926:
584:
191:
78:
8:
2759:
An organization which promotes the development of steel guitar with worldwide membership.
881:
629:
554:
brought Sol Hoʻopiʻi to Los Angeles to perform in his band. In 1927, the acoustic duo of
415:
2510:
1114:
950:
941:
835:
809:
738:
534:
195:
50:
677:, added more necks and eventually played instruments with up to four different necks.
2667:
2402:
2365:
2313:
2121:
1996:
1938:
1907:
1871:
1844:
1808:
1798:
1767:
1733:
1699:
1635:
1610:
1602:
1571:
1403:
1336:
1332:
1296:
1201:
996:
665:
604:
555:
481:
307:
222:
127:
63:
39:
2150:"Across the South: The origins and development of the steel guitar in western swing"
546:
played in lap steel fashion. It demonstrates slanting the bar and a grooved tone bar
2607:
2309:
2023:
1903:
1794:
1021:
1001:
874:
621:
576:
559:
543:
522:
517:
513:
422:
366:
313:
268:
259:
239:
206:
180:
172:
156:
2753:
A forum where steel players and enthusiasts get together and discuss steel guitar.
2212:
2627:"Book of the Week: A brief history of the power and glory of MÄori popular music"
2392:
2303:
1723:
1565:
1326:
905:
797:
661:
600:
279:. Playing this way became popular throughout Hawai'i and spread internationally.
235:
214:
184:
2427:"Darick Campbell, gospel musician who upheld sacred steel tradition, dies at 53"
1198:
KÄ«kÄ kila : How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed the Sound of Modern Music
861:
857:
275:) so the Hawaiians placed the guitar across the lap and played it with the hand
771:
694:
670:
653:
587:
509:
493:
485:
194:", which were technologically improved about 1950 to become the more versatile
2611:
2564:
1365:"Island Style: How Hawaiian Music Helped Make the Guitar America's Instrument"
1264:
1222:
166:
The sound of Hawaiian music featuring steel guitar became an enduring musical
2766:
2049:"First-ever electric guitar patent awarded to the Electro String Corporation"
1840:
1614:
1606:
1597:
1423:
958:
690:
645:
609:
501:
286:
218:
202:
160:
109:
2455:. Vol. 182, no. 257. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. p. 8âC
1479:
400:
Radio broadcasts played a role in fueling the popularity of Hawaiian music.
885:
844:, traditional Indian compositions and is called the father of the genre of
779:
633:
512:
adapted his song, "Guitar Rag", in 1935 for the influential instrumental "
469:
455:
411:
402:
393:
295:
227:
2274:
800:
and other Blues and Rock artists was not well-received by church leaders.
2631:
1934:
1170:
770:". The congregation of the House of God, a branch of an African-American
734:
721:
717:
698:
649:
596:
551:
299:
264:
85:
67:
656:
advanced steel guitar technique while playing in the western swing band
1567:
The Hawaiian Steel Guitar and Its Great Hawaiian Musicians/Hawaii Calls
894:
890:
742:
686:
674:
290:
231:
144:
71:
1958:
712:
Most recordings of that era were made on a C6 neck (guitar tuned in a
468:
Solo African-American blues artists popularized the bottleneck-style (
421:
The acceptance of the sound of the steel guitar, then referred to as "
357:
2394:
Sacred steel : inside an African American steel guitar tradition
984:
970:
910:
775:
755:
713:
591:
505:
489:
477:
426:
176:
139:
1249:
1200:(ebook ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
914:
500:, who recorded two instrumentals, "Guitar Blues" and "Guitar Rag".
255:
2750:
2722:
2663:
2572:
1930:
Children of the Blues: 49 Musicians Shaping a New Blues Tradition
1763:
1230:
827:
599:(Uncle Josh) further popularized the resonator steel guitar into
460:
407:
148:
472:) near the beginning of the twentieth century. One of the first
1079:"Pedal to the Metal: A Short History of the Pedal Steel Guitar"
135:
33:
Three types of steel guitars: resonator, lap steel, pedal steel
28:
2147:
562:
recording of "Birmingham Jail" and "Columbus Stockade Blues".
334:
1698:. Anaheim, California: Centerstream Publications. p. 9.
901:
840:
831:
685:
By the late 1940s, the steel guitar featured prominently in "
476:
blues musicians to adapt the Hawaiian sound to the blues was
361:
An advertisement for the Broadway show "The Bird of Paradise"
243:
788:(1966â2020) was a lap steel player for the gospel band, the
724:
became common and identifiable with the steel guitar sound.
258:, hired by Hawaii's king to work cattle ranches, introduced
946:
558:
expanded the audience for acoustic steel guitar with their
539:
337:
325:
322:
282:
254:
In the late 19th century, European sailors and Portuguese
1399:
The Hawaiian Steel Guitar and Its Great Hawaiian Musicians
464:
Slide guitar played with slide on musician's little finger
392:
was held in San Francisco to celebrate the opening of the
2483:
716:), sometimes called a "Texas tuning". Using tunings with
167:
1424:"Hawaiian Music to be Feature of Big Chautauqua Program"
727:
2756:
1509:"How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed American Music"
1430:. No. 456. Colville, WA. July 22, 1916. p. 6
16:
Type of guitar or the method of playing the instrument
612:
whose Dobro skills became widely known and emulated.
346:
316:
1800:
All Music Guide to the Blues (Encyclopedia Articles)
1539:"'Hawaii Calls' radio program broadcasts from Kauai"
1391:
1389:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
632:
on a Western swing tune in 1935. Dunn recorded with
331:
2235:
2233:
414:, studied at the Hawaiian Conservatory of Music in
328:
319:
238:artists adapted the Hawaiian style of playing in a
1480:"Bird of Paradise Brought Hawaiian Music Fad East"
1110:"Ray Kane, Master of Slack-Key Guitar, Dies at 82"
2297:
2295:
1386:
1309:
834:. Performing in this manner, the Indian musician
2764:
2230:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
1857:
2041:
1584:
1500:
2474:Hansen, Liane; Wharton, Ned (August 5, 2001).
2420:
2418:
2331:
2329:
2292:
2176:
2174:
2114:Milton Brown and the Founding of Western Swing
2083:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture
1992:Country music : a biographical dictionary
1984:
1982:
1980:
1867:The Guitar Story: From Ancient to Modern Times
1717:
1715:
1416:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1328:Gibson electric steel guitars : 1935â1967
1129:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
648:", a sub-genre of country music combined with
2530:
2528:
2473:
2275:"Pedal Steel Guitar, Back and To the Future!"
2159:. Adelaide, Australia: University of Adelaide
2134:
2070:
1837:The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray
1787:
1530:
1442:
1223:"Jeff Peterson Demonstrates Slack Key Guitar"
2687:
2651:
2649:
2467:
2444:
2301:
2206:
2204:
2105:
1751:
1749:
1557:
1166:"Tuning for Slide Guitar: Standard or Open?"
230:" and is commonly associated with blues and
2714:
2556:
2415:
2326:
2268:
2266:
2171:
1977:
1891:
1712:
1654:
1349:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1057:
932:between the lap steel and the pedal steel.
897:, immediately embraced the new instrument.
575:In 1927, the Dopyera brothers patented the
2723:"Basic Theory of the Standard E9th Tuning"
2525:
1863:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1488:. No. 4188. April 14, 1918. p. 1
1472:
1324:
1103:
1101:
708:Rickenbacker Console 758 triple neck steel
516:". Blues musicians played a conventional
2646:
2201:
1920:
1746:
1536:
1402:. Centerstream Publications. p. 31.
2655:
2597:
2272:
2263:
2016:
1951:
1793:
1721:
1628:
1279:
1195:
1138:"Standard Tuning: How EADGBE Came to Be"
1044:
974:
945:
920:
703:
538:
459:
444:
431:
356:
2563:Bhatt, Vishwa Mohan (August 28, 2011).
2503:
2497:
2424:
2357:
2180:
1926:
1834:
1828:
1755:
1680:
1098:
390:PanamaâPacific International Exposition
2765:
2624:
2579:from the original on November 13, 2021
2537:"The Secret World of Hindustani Slide"
2450:
2210:
2111:
1988:
1593:"Steel Guitar Great Buddy Emmons Dies"
1563:
1395:
1362:
1257:"History of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar"
1237:from the original on November 13, 2021
1214:
1157:
935:
2702:. Peghead Nation, Fairfax, California
2562:
2534:
2390:
2384:
2302:Winston, Winnie; Keith, Bill (1975).
1728:(5. Dr. ed.). Fayetteville, AR:
1590:
1363:Wright, Michael (November 28, 2018).
1295:. Anaheim, California: Centerstream.
803:In the 1980s, a minister's son named
2335:
2239:
1995:. New York: Routledge. p. 109.
1897:
1693:
1537:Soboleski, Hank (October 13, 2013).
1506:
1290:
1220:
1076:
964:
868:
816:
728:Modern country music and pedal steel
570:
2720:
2693:
2451:Spevak, Jeff (September 14, 2014).
2366:"Early History of the Steel Guitar"
2363:
2336:Ross, Michael (November 17, 2011).
2148:Cundell, R. Guy S. (July 1, 2019).
1759:Slide Guitar for the Rock Guitarist
1660:
1636:"Early History of the Steel Guitar"
1591:Betts, Stephen L. (July 30, 2015).
1163:
1107:
1077:Ross, Michael (February 17, 2015).
1045:Poli`ahu, Leilani (June 13, 2019).
388:In 1915, a world's fair called the
13:
2625:Bourke, Chris (November 2, 2017).
2425:McArdle, Terence (June 16, 2020).
615:
14:
2809:
2757:Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association
2744:
2211:Meeker, Ward (November 1, 2014).
2076:
1261:Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association
838:adapted the steel guitar to play
774:denomination, based primarily in
620:In 1934, a steel guitarist named
2504:Strauss, Neil (April 30, 2001).
1957:
1507:Shah, Haleema (April 25, 2019).
1135:
658:Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys
639:
528:
312:
53:, console steel, kÄ«kÄkila, Dobro
27:
2659:Mel Bay's Complete Dobro Player
2618:
2591:
2338:"Forgotten Heroes: Paul Bigsby"
2181:Kienzle, Rich (March 1, 2006).
1196:Troutman, John William (2016).
1108:Fox, Margalit (March 5, 2008).
821:
761:
79:HornbostelâSachs classification
2453:"20 Shows to put on your list"
2242:"How Pedal Steel Guitar Works"
2079:"Dunn, Robert Lee (1908â1971)"
1189:
1038:
1014:
884:", was officially called the "
851:
449:
1:
2788:Guitar performance techniques
1031:
680:
624:invented the electric guitar
2798:American musical instruments
2793:Continuous pitch instruments
2535:Ellis, Andy (June 8, 2012).
2399:University of Illinois Press
1730:University of Arkansas Press
1570:. Centerstream. p. 46.
217:. The instrument influenced
96:Popularized by Joseph Kekuku
49:Hawaiian guitar, lap steel,
7:
2087:Oklahoma Historical Society
2057:A&E Television Networks
1959:"Jimmie Rogers Discography"
1870:. BookBaby. p. ebook.
990:
664:, so leading players added
10:
2814:
2273:Anderson, Maurice (2000).
1458:Polynesian Cultural Center
1373:Acoustic Guitar (magazine)
1047:"Hawaiian Word of the Day"
968:
939:
924:
872:
636:and his Musical Brownies.
532:
453:
249:
2612:10.1017/s0165115317000365
2476:"Heavenly 'Sacred Steel'"
2391:Stone, Robert L. (2010).
2189:. Vintage Guitar Magazine
1725:Encyclopedia of the Blues
1722:Herzhaft, GĂ©rard (1996).
1325:Duchossoir, A.R. (2009).
752:country and western music
267:". The term for this is "
115:
108:
100:
92:
77:
57:
45:
38:
26:
2656:Phillips, Stacy (1996).
1989:Carlin, Richard (2003).
1864:Fetherhoff, Bob (2014).
1007:
2542:Premier Guitar Magazine
2343:Premier Guitar Magazine
2217:Vintage Guitar Magazine
2183:"Bob's Playboy Pickers"
2118:Univ. of Illinois Press
1900:Bottleneck Blues Guitar
1564:Ruymar, Lorene (1996).
1517:Smithsonian Institution
1396:Ruymar, Lorene (1996).
1084:Premier Guitar Magazine
131:
2565:""Raag Kirwani"(song)"
2370:steelguitaramerica.com
2024:"Brad's Page of Steel"
1965:. Jimmie Rogers Museum
1835:Russell, Tony (1997).
1756:Sokolow, Fred (2011).
1642:. Steel Guitar Academy
1640:steelguitaracademy.com
1227:jeffpetersonguitar.com
980:
954:
709:
581:Bashful Brother Oswald
547:
465:
437:
362:
138:played while moving a
2727:The Pedal Steel Pages
2662:. Pacific, Missouri:
2279:The Pedal Steel Pages
2250:Making Music Magazine
2112:Ginell, Cary (1994).
1927:Tipaldi, Art (2002).
1762:. Pacific, Missouri:
1667:Weissenborn â History
1485:The Washington Herald
1428:The Colville Examiner
1176:John Wiley & Sons
1051:Hawaiian Public Radio
978:
949:
921:Console steel guitars
707:
542:
463:
445:Use in musical genres
435:
418:, at age 11 in 1948.
382:The Washington Herald
360:
2093:on September 5, 2008
1898:Mann, Woody (1979).
1805:Miller Freeman, Inc.
1732:. pp. 334â335.
1663:"Herman Weissenborn"
927:Console steel guitar
369:musical show called
304:"King" Bennie Nawahi
2721:Lee, Bobby (1996).
2431:The Washington Post
2077:Foley, Hugh W. Jr.
1694:Volk, Andy (2003).
1545:. The Garden Island
1543:thegardenisland.com
1291:Volk, Andy (2003).
936:Pedal steel guitars
416:South Bend, Indiana
23:
2751:Steel Guitar Forum
2511:The New York Times
2364:Brenner, Patrick.
2305:Pedal steel guitar
2246:makingmusicmag.com
1513:smithsonianmag.com
1369:acousticguitar.com
1115:The New York Times
981:
955:
951:Pedal steel guitar
942:Pedal steel guitar
836:Brij Bhushan Kabra
810:The New York Times
739:pedal steel guitar
710:
590:for 30 years with
556:Darby and Tarleton
548:
535:Pedal steel guitar
466:
438:
363:
196:pedal steel guitar
21:
2700:pegheadnation.com
2696:"Beginning Dobro"
2372:. Patrick Brenner
2319:978-0-8256-0169-9
2240:Borisoff, Jason.
2187:vintageguitar.com
1906:. p. ebook.
1877:978-1-4835-1683-7
1803:. San Francisco:
1795:Erlewine, Michael
1773:978-1-61065-563-7
1739:978-1-55728-252-1
1577:978-1-57424-021-4
1342:978-1-4234-5702-2
1333:Hal Leonard Books
1331:. Milwaukee, WI:
1302:978-1-57424-134-1
997:Lap steel ukulele
965:Steels and slides
869:Lap steel guitars
817:Other world music
790:Campbell Brothers
605:Flatt and Scruggs
571:Resonator guitars
482:Mississippi Delta
223:Mississippi Delta
120:
119:
64:String instrument
40:String instrument
2805:
2783:Electric guitars
2778:Acoustic guitars
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:978-0252-03554-8
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2310:Oak Publications
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2154:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2089:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1963:jimmierogers.com
1955:
1949:
1948:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1904:Oak Publications
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1696:Lap Steel Guitar
1691:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1601:. Wenner Media.
1588:
1582:
1581:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1322:
1307:
1306:
1293:Lap Steel Guitar
1288:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1267:on July 29, 2010
1263:. Archived from
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1221:Peterson, Jeff.
1218:
1212:
1211:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1074:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1025:
1022:slack-key guitar
1018:
1002:Slack-key guitar
875:Lap steel guitar
666:additional necks
622:George Beauchamp
577:resonator guitar
544:Resonator guitar
523:Lap slide guitar
514:Steel Guitar Rag
498:Sylvester Weaver
484:was the home of
423:Hawaiian guitars
376:Bird of Paradise
371:Bird of Paradise
350:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
240:resonator guitar
181:George Beauchamp
175:, also called a
157:Hawaiian Islands
31:
24:
20:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2763:
2762:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:Witcher, Mike.
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2654:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2623:
2619:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2533:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:. p. 116.
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2271:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2209:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2135:
2128:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2028:people.well.com
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1692:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1361:
1350:
1343:
1323:
1310:
1303:
1289:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1106:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1075:
1058:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1010:
993:
973:
967:
944:
938:
929:
923:
877:
871:
854:
824:
819:
805:Robert Randolph
798:Allman Brothers
786:Darick Campbell
764:
730:
683:
642:
618:
616:Electrification
573:
537:
531:
458:
452:
447:
348:
315:
311:
260:Spanish guitars
252:
221:artists in the
185:electric guitar
173:Hawaiian guitar
83:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2745:External links
2743:
2740:
2739:
2713:
2686:
2672:
2666:. p. 16.
2645:
2617:
2590:
2555:
2524:
2496:
2466:
2443:
2414:
2407:
2383:
2356:
2325:
2318:
2291:
2262:
2229:
2200:
2170:
2133:
2126:
2116:. Urbana, IL:
2104:
2069:
2040:
2015:
2001:
1976:
1950:
1943:
1919:
1913:978-1783235261
1912:
1890:
1876:
1856:
1849:
1843:. p. 12.
1827:
1813:
1786:
1772:
1745:
1738:
1711:
1704:
1679:
1653:
1627:
1583:
1576:
1556:
1529:
1499:
1471:
1441:
1415:
1408:
1385:
1348:
1341:
1308:
1301:
1278:
1248:
1213:
1206:
1188:
1164:Chapell, Jon.
1156:
1128:
1097:
1056:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
992:
989:
969:Main article:
966:
963:
940:Main article:
937:
934:
925:Main article:
922:
919:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
853:
850:
848:Slide Guitar.
823:
820:
818:
815:
763:
760:
729:
726:
695:Lefty Frizzell
682:
679:
671:Herb Remington
654:Leon McAuliffe
641:
638:
617:
614:
588:Grand Ole Opry
572:
569:
564:Jimmie Rodgers
533:Main article:
530:
527:
518:Spanish guitar
510:Leon McAuliffe
494:Charlie Patton
486:Robert Johnson
454:Main article:
451:
448:
446:
443:
251:
248:
192:console steels
143:Known for its
118:
117:
113:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
81:
75:
74:
61:
59:Classification
55:
54:
47:
43:
42:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2810:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2675:
2673:9781610658768
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2606:(2): 258â61.
2605:
2601:
2594:
2583:September 15,
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2548:September 17,
2544:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2401:. p. 2.
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2349:September 11,
2345:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2284:September 16,
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2213:"Boggs' Quad"
2207:
2205:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2127:0-252-02041-3
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2062:September 20,
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2004:
2002:9780415938020
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1944:9781617749933
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1850:1-85868-255-X
1846:
1842:
1841:Carlton Books
1838:
1831:
1816:
1814:0-87930-424-3
1810:
1807:p. 372.
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1766:. p. 3.
1765:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1705:1-57424-134-6
1701:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:Rolling Stone
1594:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1454:polynesia.com
1451:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1409:9781574240214
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1335:. p. 8.
1334:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1207:9781469627939
1203:
1199:
1192:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
988:
986:
977:
972:
962:
960:
952:
948:
943:
933:
928:
918:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
887:
883:
876:
866:
863:
859:
849:
847:
843:
842:
837:
833:
829:
814:
812:
811:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
725:
723:
719:
715:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:Hank Williams
688:
678:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:Western swing
640:Western swing
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
613:
611:
610:Jerry Douglas
606:
602:
598:
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
541:
536:
529:Country music
526:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Western swing
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
457:
442:
434:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
398:
395:
391:
386:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
368:
359:
355:
353:
352:
342:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
287:Joseph Kekuku
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Western swing
199:
197:
193:
189:
186:
183:invented the
182:
178:
174:
169:
164:
162:
161:Joseph Kekuku
158:
153:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
114:
111:
110:Playing range
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
73:
72:finger picked
69:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2773:Steel guitar
2730:. Retrieved
2726:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2699:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2658:
2638:September 5,
2636:. Retrieved
2630:
2620:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2568:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2540:
2515:. Retrieved
2509:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2479:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:
2393:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2369:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2341:
2308:. New York:
2304:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:
2253:. Retrieved
2245:
2222:November 22,
2220:. Retrieved
2216:
2193:November 22,
2191:. Retrieved
2186:
2163:November 29,
2161:. Retrieved
2156:
2113:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:the original
2082:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2052:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1991:
1967:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1929:
1922:
1899:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1866:
1859:
1836:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1799:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1758:
1724:
1695:
1672:September 1,
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1646:September 1,
1644:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1566:
1559:
1549:November 26,
1547:. Retrieved
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1434:December 10,
1432:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1398:
1376:. Retrieved
1368:
1327:
1292:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:the original
1260:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1226:
1216:
1197:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1141:
1136:Owen, Jeff.
1131:
1121:December 11,
1119:. Retrieved
1113:
1090:September 1,
1088:. Retrieved
1082:
1040:
1016:
982:
956:
930:
899:
886:Rickenbacker
878:
862:Ernest Kaʻai
855:
839:
825:
822:Indian music
808:
802:
784:
780:Indianapolis
768:Sacred Steel
765:
762:Gospel music
731:
711:
684:
643:
634:Milton Brown
619:
574:
549:
470:slide guitar
467:
456:Slide guitar
439:
420:
412:Buddy Emmons
403:Hawaii Calls
401:
399:
394:Panama Canal
387:
380:
374:
370:
364:
310:. Hoʻopiʻi (
308:Sol Hoʻopiʻi
296:Frank Ferera
281:
253:
242:known as a "
228:slide guitar
200:
165:
154:
124:steel guitar
123:
121:
22:Steel guitar
18:
2732:December 9,
2632:The Spinoff
2569:youtube.com
2459:January 10,
2436:January 10,
2053:history.com
1935:Hal Leonard
1620:January 20,
1522:October 22,
1492:December 9,
1464:December 9,
1181:October 18,
1171:dummies.com
1149:October 18,
852:MÄori music
772:Pentecostal
735:Paul Bigsby
699:Webb Pierce
603:music with
597:Josh Graves
592:Roy Acuff's
585:Nashville's
552:Hoot Gibson
450:Blues music
300:Sam Ku West
265:open tuning
93:Inventor(s)
86:chordophone
84:(Composite
68:flat picked
51:pedal steel
46:Other names
2767:Categories
2600:Itinerario
2397:. Urbana:
2255:August 30,
2033:January 3,
2008:January 2,
1902:. London:
1143:fender.com
1032:References
895:Alvino Rey
891:Noel Boggs
882:Frying Pan
846:Hindustani
743:Bud Isaacs
687:honky-tonk
681:Honky-tonk
675:Noel Boggs
650:jazz swing
427:lap steels
291:vaudeville
232:rock music
207:honky-tonk
145:portamento
1839:. Dubai:
1661:Tom Noe.
1615:693532152
1607:0035-791X
971:Steel bar
911:hammer-on
906:bluegrass
776:Nashville
756:Nashville
601:Bluegrass
506:Bob Wills
504:pioneers
490:Son House
478:Tampa Red
273:supinated
269:slack-key
236:Bluegrass
215:bluegrass
177:lap steel
140:steel bar
134:) is any
101:Developed
2706:July 19,
2679:July 20,
2577:Archived
2376:June 29,
1969:July 11,
1883:June 21,
1820:June 21,
1797:(1996).
1779:June 21,
1378:July 11,
1235:Archived
991:See also
915:pull-off
714:C6 chord
662:voicings
630:Bob Dunn
560:Columbia
474:southern
367:Broadway
277:pronated
256:vaqueros
132:kÄ«kÄkila
128:Hawaiian
116:Variable
2664:Mel Bay
2573:YouTube
2517:July 1,
2489:July 1,
2480:npr.org
2157:b0b.com
1764:Mel Bay
1271:May 21,
1241:May 10,
1231:YouTube
828:Tau Moe
408:ukulele
347:hoh-oh-
250:History
149:vibrato
2670:
2405:
2316:
2124:
2097:May 8,
1999:
1941:
1910:
1874:
1847:
1811:
1770:
1736:
1702:
1613:
1605:
1574:
1460:. 2015
1406:
1339:
1299:
1204:
794:Fender
748:Slowly
722:ninths
718:sixths
626:pickup
583:") on
425:" or "
285:-born
211:gospel
188:pickup
136:guitar
2153:(PDF)
1008:Notes
985:steel
902:Dobro
858:MÄori
841:ragas
832:sitar
244:Dobro
219:Blues
2734:2017
2708:2020
2681:2020
2668:ISBN
2640:2024
2585:2017
2550:2017
2519:2020
2491:2020
2461:2021
2438:2021
2403:ISBN
2378:2017
2351:2017
2314:ISBN
2286:2017
2257:2020
2224:2020
2195:2020
2165:2020
2122:ISBN
2099:2020
2064:2017
2035:2021
2010:2021
1997:ISBN
1971:2020
1939:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1885:2020
1872:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1822:2020
1809:ISBN
1781:2020
1768:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1674:2017
1648:2017
1622:2017
1611:OCLC
1603:ISSN
1572:ISBN
1551:2020
1524:2020
1494:2017
1466:2017
1436:2017
1404:ISBN
1380:2020
1337:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1273:2010
1243:2020
1202:ISBN
1183:2017
1151:2017
1123:2017
1092:2017
900:The
893:and
856:The
778:and
720:and
697:and
673:and
508:and
306:and
283:Oahu
213:and
104:1890
2608:doi
2484:NPR
913:or
351:-ee
349:PEE
168:fad
70:or
2769::
2725:.
2698:.
2648:^
2629:.
2604:41
2602:.
2575:.
2571:.
2567:.
2539:.
2527:^
2508:.
2482:.
2478:.
2429:.
2417:^
2368:.
2340:.
2328:^
2294:^
2277:.
2265:^
2248:.
2244:.
2232:^
2215:.
2203:^
2185:.
2173:^
2155:.
2136:^
2120:.
2085:.
2081:.
2055:.
2051:.
2026:.
1979:^
1961:.
1937:.
1933:.
1748:^
1714:^
1682:^
1665:.
1638:.
1609:.
1595:.
1541:.
1515:.
1511:.
1482:.
1456:.
1452:.
1426:.
1388:^
1371:.
1367:.
1351:^
1311:^
1281:^
1259:.
1233:.
1229:.
1225:.
1174:.
1168:.
1140:.
1112:.
1100:^
1081:.
1059:^
1049:.
959:E9
693:,
492:,
488:,
335:iË
326:oÊ
323:oÊ
302:,
298:,
234:.
209:,
205:,
198:.
130::
122:A
66:,
2736:.
2710:.
2683:.
2642:.
2614:.
2610::
2587:.
2552:.
2521:.
2493:.
2463:.
2440:.
2411:.
2380:.
2353:.
2322:.
2288:.
2259:.
2226:.
2197:.
2167:.
2130:.
2101:.
2066:.
2037:.
2012:.
1973:.
1947:.
1916:.
1887:.
1853:.
1824:.
1783:.
1742:.
1708:.
1676:.
1650:.
1624:.
1580:.
1553:.
1526:.
1496:.
1468:.
1438:.
1412:.
1382:.
1345:.
1305:.
1275:.
1245:.
1210:.
1185:.
1153:.
1125:.
1094:.
1053:.
1024:.
953:.
746:"
701:.
341:/
338:i
332:p
329:Ë
320:h
317:Ë
314:/
263:"
226:"
126:(
88:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
