3179:
2974:
3290:
3372:
50:
3245:
3056:
3100:
3010:
3305:
business men of widely scattered communities, from those who are in daily, intimate and sympathetic contact with the working men and from the working men themselves. I have talked with hundreds of them fact to fact. The strike is artificial from top to bottom; it lacks the moral support of the men who are actually on strike, is deplored by those skilled working men who have been thrown out of employment by the strike of the unskilled laborers, and will fall of its own weight if encouragement does not come from high quarters."
3236:
3913:"Troops Stop Meetings; Arrest Nineteen Men, Including Two Labor Union Organizers. Cities Act to Keep Order. Hundreds of Armed Guards, Barbed Wire, and Searchlights Protect the Mills. Both Sides Are Confident. Workers Spend Day MarshalingTheir Forces and Appealing toWorkers to Quit Today. Police Disperse Meeting. Swears in 2,500 Civilian Police. Workers Fail to Report. Keeps Amalgamated in Line. Foster Confident of Victory"
3337:
3321:
new technology be rejected, nearly every AA affiliate returned its charter to the international rather than obey the strike order. By 1930, the AA had only 8,600 members. Its leadership, burned by failed strikes in 1892, 1901 and 1919, turned accommodationist and submissive. The AA, which had only a minor role to play in the steel strike of 1919, remained moribund until the advent of the
3271:
The strike dragged on in isolated areas like Pueblo and
Lackawanna, but the job action decimated the AA. AA president Michael F. Tighe demanded that the National Committee disband; his motion failed. Tighe withdrew from the National Committee. Absent the union with primary jurisdiction over the steel
3095:
The AFL held a national steelworkers' conference in
Pittsburgh on May 25, 1919, to build momentum for an organizing drive but refused to let the workers strike. Disillusioned employees began to abandon the labor movement. The National Committee debated the strike issue through June and July. Worried
2989:
in 1901. Local groups of wire drawers, house men, tube workers, blast furnace men and others had all formed unions. The
Federal Association of Wire Drawers was chartered in 1896, the Tin Plate Workers' Protective Association in 1899, the International Association of Blast Furnace Workers in 1901, and
3320:
Almost no union organizing in the steel industry occurred in the next 15 years. Advances in technology, such as the development of the wide strip continuous sheet mill, made most of the skilled jobs in steel making obsolete. When the AA considered calling a national strike in 1929 to demand that the
3267:
The Great Steel Strike of 1919 collapsed on
January 8, 1920. The Chicago mills gave in at the end of October. By the end of November, workers were back at their jobs in Gary, Johnstown, Youngstown and Wheeling. The AA, ravaged by the strike and watching its locals collapse, argued with the National
2993:
Insistence on retaining its craft union identity kept it from establishing a stronger presence in the metals industries. The union was in crisis, however. The steel industry was growing quickly, and the skilled jobs in which AA members worked were disappearing. The union had to act in order to save
3226:
workers were brought to work in the mills. Company officials played on the racism of many white steelworkers by pointing out how well-fed and happy the black workers seemed now that they had 'white' jobs. Company spies also spread rumors that the strike had collapsed elsewhere, and they pointed to
3304:
printed an opinion that appeared to have gathered the views of businessmen on the strike: "A week's investigation in the steel district has convinced me that an overwhelming majority of the men engaged in it do not want this strike. I get this viewpoint, not from the steel operators, but from the
3174:
and revolutionaries. The steel companies played on nativist fears by noting that a large number of steelworkers were immigrants. Public opinion quickly turned against the striking workers. Only Wilson's stroke on
September 26, 1919, prevented government intervention, since Wilson's advisers were
3046:
were the committee's leaders. But the organizing drive was hampered by the refusal of many of the participating unions to provide resources and support, and by the committee's lack of a mechanism to enforce jurisdictional agreements and requisition funds. Although the
National Committee had some
3263:
The AFL did not provide adequate support. The unions contributed relief funds of $ 418,000 but it was not enough to help the 300,000 strikers. As
October and November wore on, many AA members crossed the picket lines to return to work. AA locals collapsed because of the member infighting this
3279:
The United States Steel
Corporation was too big to be beaten by 300,000 workingmen. It had too large a cash surplus, too many allies among other businesses, too much support from government officers, local and national, too strong an influence with social institutions such as the press and the
3091:
to demand that local officials allow union meetings. Terrified town mayors soon issued the required permits. The mass meetings whipped up pro-union sentiment. Steelworkers felt betrayed by the broken promises of employers and the government to keep prices low, raise wages and improve working
3017:
The AFL then attempted to organize workers on the AA's behalf. The AFL's strategy was twofold. First, the federation would wait for a strong upturn in economic conditions. When workers felt less dependence on their employer and showed signs of restiveness, the organization would initiate an
3029:
These assumptions doomed the organizing drive. The AFL did not account for the hardening anti-union attitudes of U.S. Steel executives and plant managers, and the federation had no real plan to counterbalance the vast financial resources the company would pour into anti-union espionage,
3280:
pulpit, it spread over too much of the earth – still retaining absolutely centralized control – to be defeated by widely scattered workers of many minds, many fears, varying states of pocketbook and under a comparatively improvised leadership.
2973:
3033:
The AFL unions in
Chicago in 1918 successfully organized the big meatpackers. The next big target was steel. The AFL formed a National Committee for Organizing the Iron and Steelworkers. It included 24 AFL unions that had a slice of the steel industry.
3186:
The federal government's inaction permitted state and local authorities and the steel companies room to maneuver. Mass meetings were prohibited in most strike-stricken areas. Veterans and tradesmen were pressed into service as deputies. The
3079:
stopped organizers at the train station and forced them to leave town, and literature was seized. The AFL sought assistance from its political allies, but the harassment continued. The anti-union pressure spread to the
Midwest and
2959:, which culminated with a day-long gun battle on July 6 that left 10 dead and dozens wounded, led to a wave of de-unionization. From a high of more than 24,000 members in 1892, union membership had sunk to less than 8,000 by 1900.
3096:
committee members, seeing their chance for solid membership gains slipping away, agreed to a strike referendum in the mills in August. The response was 98% in favor of a general steelworker strike to begin on September 22, 1919.
3958:
3161:
of October 1917. The steel companies took eager advantage of the change in the political climate. As the strike began, they published information exposing National Committee co-chairman William Z. Foster's past as a
3111:. The committee also asked for President Woodrow Wilson's help. Telegrams and letters were sent back and forth, but Gary refused to meet, and Wilson – on his ill-fated tour to drum up support for the
2970:, the union struck the fledgling company and won nearly all its demands. But the union's executive board wanted more and rejected the pact. U.S. Steel was able to muster its resources and break the strike.
3030:
strikebreaking and union avoidance measures. When the AFL did organize a local union, the federation's patronizing attitudes and management style alienated workers and left the local union powerless.
3084:. As the post-war recession affected the economy, plant managers targeted union supporters and those with large families for dismissal in order to ensure that union efforts were stifled.
2365:
3973:
2443:
1686:
2092:
2990:
the International Association of Tube Workers in 1902. Most internationals disbanded after a short time, but many local federal unions became deeply entrenched in the workplace.
1059:
3075:
began to be harassed by the steel companies: permits for meetings were denied, meeting halls could not be rented (when they were, the local Board of Health closed the hall),
1343:
362:
3199:, hundreds of men were jailed then were promised release if they agreed to disavow the union and return to work. After strikebreakers and police clashed with unionists in
2104:
1744:
2147:
2566:
1822:
1582:
2334:
2015:
1502:
2921:
2788:
2199:
319:
106:
3026:
view of the unskilled immigrants working in steel plants. Distrusting immigrant workers to manage their own affairs, the AFL intended to run unions for them.
3350:
3178:
800:
209:
3751:
Brown, Cliff, and Terry Boswell. "Strikebreaking or solidarity in the great steel strike of 1919: a split labor market, game-theoretic, and QCA analysis."
3264:
caused. Unions on the National Committee, squabbling over jurisdiction in the steel mills, publicly accused one another of failing to support the strike.
2998:
introduced a resolution, which quickly passed, calling for an organizing drive at U.S. Steel. By December, organizers were flooding plants throughout the
3912:
1425:
1052:
3289:
2021:
1924:
1336:
355:
2924:(AA) with a five-member steering committee. The strike began on September 22, 1919, and finally collapsed on January 8, 1920. The opposition led by
3761:
Brown, Cliff, and John Brueggemann. "Mobilizing interracial solidarity: A comparison of the 1919 and 1937 steel industry labor organizing drives."
2679:
1930:
677:
3852:
1737:
1193:
584:
2517:
430:
49:
2962:
The union attempted to organize workers in the tin industry, but a sudden wave of industry consolidations left the union facing the gigantic
1243:
1045:
3903:
Public opinion and the steel strike; supplementary reports of the investigators to the Commission of Inquiry, the Interchurch World Movement
2917:
2559:
2141:
1815:
1588:
1329:
1206:
945:
348:
3371:
3983:
2327:
2086:
2058:
2033:
1894:
1655:
1495:
3275:"The Interchurch World Movement," a Protestant group tried to mediate; Gary refused. It then prepared a detailed report that concluded:
3244:
3118:
The steelworkers carried out their strike threat. The September strike shut down half the steel industry, including almost all mills in
3218:
Steel companies also turned toward strikebreaking and rumor-mongering to demoralize the picketers. Between 30,000 and 40,000 unskilled
2781:
2716:
2505:
2192:
1730:
683:
312:
3047:
initial success in establishing local steelworker councils, these councils never received formal recognition from the AFL or the AA.
2652:
1997:
1863:
1396:
1121:
1102:
793:
628:
524:
202:
3948:
3943:
2108:
2027:
1942:
1770:
1212:
544:
412:
3312:, the chairman of United States Steel, in his testimony before the Committee on Education and Labor of the United States Senate.
3268:
Committee for a unilateral return to work. But the National Committee voted to keep the strike going against the union's wishes.
2640:
2552:
2371:
1808:
1539:
1413:
1382:
485:
285:
2529:
2523:
2353:
2320:
2116:
1991:
1948:
1882:
1488:
1431:
1368:
1151:
1108:
455:
3211:
was declared. National guardsmen, leaving Gary after federal troops had taken over, turned their anger on strikers in nearby
3963:
2967:
2821:
2774:
2722:
2419:
2407:
2401:
2232:
2185:
2045:
1855:
990:
305:
255:
2920:. The AFL formed a coalition of 24 unions, all of which had grown rapidly during World War I. In the lead role would be the
2728:
2437:
2153:
1985:
1979:
1918:
1661:
786:
239:
195:
17:
2474:
2377:
1175:
577:
3953:
3322:
2889:
2634:
2609:
2468:
2395:
2383:
2359:
2300:
1906:
1643:
1637:
1545:
1376:
1267:
965:
915:
881:
752:
3722:
3839:
3791:
3736:
3707:
3500:
3473:
3446:
2511:
2492:
2480:
2455:
2431:
2425:
2112:
2100:
1704:
1631:
1594:
1576:
1273:
1261:
910:
489:
467:
393:
2827:
2238:
2165:
2096:
1612:
1600:
1090:
829:
3296:, the chairman of United States Steel testifying before Senate Committee investigating steel strike, October 1919.
3968:
3697:
3683:
3360:
3163:
2986:
2747:
2697:
2685:
2449:
1956:
1692:
1557:
1309:
1218:
1084:
862:
505:
499:
3744:
Brown, Cliff. "Racial conflict and split labor markets: The AFL campaign to organize steel workers, 1918–1919."
3055:
3018:
organizing effort. Second, the federation would create staff-driven unions run from national AFL headquarters.
2389:
2039:
2009:
1966:
1788:
1782:
939:
933:
746:
736:
658:
611:
570:
2603:
2591:
856:
697:
3191:
state police clubbed picketers, dragged strikers from their homes and jailed thousands on flimsy charges. In
2628:
2413:
2074:
1888:
1618:
1551:
1527:
1230:
1014:
951:
927:
887:
852:
841:
518:
493:
3739:
3257:
to turn public opinion against the strike, and had friendly papers convince the workers the strike was lost.
3993:
3988:
3076:
2982:
2909:
2734:
2646:
2597:
1776:
1710:
1002:
984:
111:
3107:
As the strike deadline approached, the National Committee attempted to negotiate with U.S. Steel chairman
3905:(1921) highly detailed reports on newspapers, towns affected, immigrant groups, ministers, and US Steel.
3773:
3043:
3035:
2691:
2486:
2122:
1900:
1849:
1390:
1169:
1025:
1019:
996:
978:
957:
921:
904:
875:
835:
140:
3784:
3978:
3365:
2999:
2852:
2263:
2128:
1667:
1224:
1008:
473:
461:
3849:
3272:
industry, the National Committee ceased operating. The steel strike of 1919 had been a complete rout.
3006:. But workers remained skittish after the failed 1901 strike, and the drive never got off the ground.
2673:
2667:
1936:
1764:
1649:
479:
442:
55:
3003:
1297:
1145:
730:
724:
3342:
3212:
3135:
3131:
2977:
View of a steelworker at his work of puddling, where he is "working up" his "ball of iron" (1919)
2952:
2062:
1960:
1291:
1127:
898:
846:
756:
716:
703:
3702:
2944:. However, technological advances had slashed the number of skilled workers in both industries.
3355:
3196:
2948:
2080:
2003:
1912:
1606:
1443:
1303:
1157:
1096:
893:
689:
249:
244:
3886:
3099:
3879:
3866:
3393:
3081:
2883:
2294:
2159:
1279:
1139:
652:
550:
406:
261:
3815:
3009:
3652:
3195:, company guards were deputized and threw 100 strikers in jail on fake weapons charges. In
3143:
2870:
2858:
2281:
2269:
1869:
1255:
1163:
664:
273:
267:
3803:
Ernst, Eldon G. "The Interchurch World Movement and the Great Steel Strike of 1919–1920."
3640:
8:
3023:
2913:
2848:
2259:
1462:
1409:
1285:
532:
3896:
3928:
3906:
3158:
2615:
1698:
1456:
1437:
1249:
1181:
640:
424:
387:
3170:, and claimed this was evidence that the steelworker strike was being masterminded by
1800:
3835:
3787:
3732:
3496:
3469:
3442:
3112:
3039:
2864:
2703:
2275:
762:
720:
634:
617:
538:
436:
148:
144:
3641:"Gary, Elbert Henry, (died 15 Aug. 1927), Chairman, United States Steel Corporation"
3648:
3223:
3219:
3147:
3119:
3087:
The AFL pushed back. On April 1, 1919, thousands of miners in Pennsylvania went on
2995:
2956:
2813:
2544:
2224:
1673:
1533:
1468:
766:
644:
3856:
3796:
Ensley, Philip C. "The interchurch world movement and the steel strike of 1919."
3490:
3463:
3436:
3394:"'Mother' Mary Harris Jones urging on steel workers during the 1919 Steel Strike"
3154:
3150:. The steel companies had seriously misjudged the strength of worker discontent.
3139:
2658:
2312:
740:
693:
328:
219:
41:
3810:
Grystar, Edward. "A Brief Essay on the 1909 and 1919 Steel Strikes in Lyndora."
3309:
3293:
3019:
2941:
2925:
2068:
1563:
1419:
1187:
1133:
810:
623:
3937:
3200:
3088:
3068:
3060:
89:
3587:
Rayback, p. 287; Dubofsky and Dulles, pp. 220–221; Brody, 1960, pp. 254–255.
3560:
Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 220; Rayback, pp. 286–287; Brody, 1960, pp. 233–236.
3959:
Labor disputes led by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
3188:
3153:
But the owners quickly turned public opinion against the AFL. The post-war
1037:
297:
279:
59:
3235:
2766:
2177:
3208:
3167:
3108:
2937:
418:
155:
3825:
3578:
Rayback, p. 287; Brody, 1960, pp. 244–253; Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 220.
3072:
2963:
1321:
340:
233:
118:
3756:
3227:
the operating steel mills as proof that the strike had been defeated.
3254:
3204:
3171:
1722:
648:
594:
1480:
3192:
3127:
3834:
Rev. and exp. ed. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1966.
3182:
Seven police men posed with riot equipment, preparing for the riot
778:
187:
3844:
Stolarik, M. Mark. "Slovak-Americans in the Great Steel Strike."
3820:
Murray, Robert K. "Communism and the Great Steel Strike of 1919"
3123:
3375:
Women steel workers on picket duty on steel mill property, 1919
2936:
The AA had formed in 1876. It was a union of skilled steel and
3336:
2985:(AFL) began organizing unskilled iron and Steelworkers into
562:
27:
1919–20 nationwide steelworkers' strike in the United States
3542:
Brody, 1960, pp. 199–225; Dubofsky and Dulles, pp. 219–220.
3974:
Manufacturing industry labor disputes in the United States
2994:
itself. At the November 1909 AFL convention, AA president
3175:
loath to take action with the president incapacitated.
3115: – was unable to influence the company.
1830:
3670:
Brody, 1960, pp. 277–278; Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 258.
2922:
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers
107:
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers
3351:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
3332:
2574:
3783:6th ed. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1999.
3308:That would later be brought up in the testimony of
3103:Steelworkers listening to a labor organizer (1919)
2342:
3935:
3824:Vol. 38, No. 3. (Dec., 1951), pp. 445–466.
2947:In 1892, the AA had lost a bitter strike at the
3551:Rayback, pp. 285–286; Brody, 1960, pp. 231–233.
3059:Labor leader rallying striking Steelworkers in
3013:Union voting ballot for whether to go on strike
3677:
3891:Interchurch World Movement of North America.
3770:Pittsburgh and the Great Steel Strike of 1919
2782:
2560:
2328:
2193:
1816:
1738:
1496:
1337:
1053:
794:
578:
356:
313:
203:
3495:. University of Illinois Press. p. 26.
3468:. University of Illinois Press. p. 17.
3441:. University of Illinois Press. p. 28.
1067:
327:
3207:took over the city on October 6, 1919, and
2796:
2207:
3779:Dubofsky, Melvyn and Dulles, Foster Rhea.
3729:Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era.
3719:Labor in crisis: The steel strike of 1919.
2789:
2775:
2567:
2553:
2335:
2321:
2200:
2186:
1823:
1809:
1745:
1731:
1503:
1489:
1344:
1330:
1060:
1046:
801:
787:
585:
571:
363:
349:
320:
306:
210:
196:
48:
3822:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
3492:Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919
3465:Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919
3438:Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919
3157:had swept the country in the wake of the
2928:, president of U.S. Steel had triumphed.
3763:Mobilization: An International Quarterly
3370:
3288:
3177:
3098:
3054:
3008:
2972:
1351:
370:
3647:, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01,
14:
3936:
3881:The Great Steel Strike and its Lessons
3877:
3623:Melvyn Dubofsky, and Joseph McCartin,
1752:
3635:
3633:
3488:
3461:
3434:
2968:U.S. Steel Recognition Strike of 1901
2770:
2548:
2316:
2181:
1804:
1726:
1510:
1484:
1325:
1041:
782:
566:
344:
301:
191:
3721:University of Illinois Press, 1965.
3653:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u196779
71:September 22, 1919 – January 8, 1920
3863:The AF of L. in the Time of Gompers
808:
217:
24:
3984:1910s strikes in the United States
3893:Report on the steel strike of 1919
3871:
3731:(Harvard University Press, 1960).
3630:
25:
4005:
3323:Steelworkers Organizing Committee
3284:
2912:to organize the leading company,
3335:
3243:
3234:
2576:Textile strikes in United States
3949:1920 labor disputes and strikes
3944:1919 labor disputes and strikes
3664:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3361:UMW General Coal Strike of 1919
3071:, AFL organizers in and around
1687:Patco (air traffic controllers)
3527:
3518:
3509:
3482:
3455:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3386:
2940:which was deeply committed to
2344:North American transit strikes
13:
1:
3753:American Journal of Sociology
3379:
2931:
592:
3964:Labor disputes in Pittsburgh
3901:Interchurch World Movement.
3832:A History of American Labor.
3812:Western Pennsylvania History
3781:Labor in America: A History.
3708:Resources in other libraries
3022:and other AFL leaders had a
2983:American Federation of Labor
2910:American Federation of Labor
112:American Federation of Labor
7:
3878:Foster, William Z. (1920).
3772:(Arcadia Publishing, 2019)
3678:Sources and further reading
3625:Labor in America: A History
3328:
3044:Chicago Federation of Labor
2680:Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
10:
4010:
3366:List of US strikes by size
2906:Great Steel Strike of 1919
240:1918-1920 NYC rent strikes
35:Great Steel Strike of 1919
3954:1919 in the United States
3755:100.6 (1995): 1479–1519.
3703:Resources in your library
3689:1919 General Steel Strike
3614:Brody, 1960, pp. 258–262.
3605:Brody, 1960, pp. 255–258.
3596:Brody, 1960, pp. 255–256.
3569:Brody, 1960, pp. 233–244.
3533:Brody, 1960, pp. 140–145.
3524:Brody, 1960, pp. 132–133.
3515:Brody, 1960, pp. 130–132.
3315:
3253:Steel companies used the
3050:
2804:
2582:
2350:
2215:
1943:St. Petersburg sanitation
1840:
1760:
1518:
1359:
1075:
820:
747:Indiana bituminous strike
602:
431:northern Minnesota lumber
378:
337:
229:
169:
164:
136:
131:
100:
95:
85:
75:
67:
47:
39:
34:
3925:The Steel Strike of 1919
2148:University of California
1589:Illinois Central shopmen
1069:US manufacturing strikes
725:Battle of Blair Mountain
330:Labor disputes by sector
54:An unprovoked attack by
3923:Warne, Colston E., ed.
3343:Organized labour portal
3213:Indiana Harbor, Indiana
3136:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
3132:Wheeling, West Virginia
2953:Homestead, Pennsylvania
2918:American steel industry
2798:Steel strikes in the US
2209:Steel strikes in the US
1194:International Harvester
757:Columbine Mine massacre
737:UMW General Coal Strike
717:West Virginia coal wars
704:Hartford coal mine riot
486:California agricultural
262:Cleveland May Day riots
3969:Steel industry strikes
3848:64.3 (1997): 407–418.
3746:Social Science History
3376:
3356:US Strike wave of 1919
3297:
3282:
3197:Monessen, Pennsylvania
3183:
3104:
3064:
3014:
2978:
2949:Carnegie Steel Company
2908:was an attempt by the
2890:Allegheny Technologies
2822:U.S. Steel recognition
2301:Allegheny Technologies
2233:U.S. Steel recognition
1644:NYC teamsters truckers
1558:New Orleans waterfront
1268:St. Paul Park refinery
731:Alabama miners' strike
690:Colorado Coalfield War
659:Anthracite coal strike
629:Bituminous coal strike
612:Mahoning Valley strike
468:Vacaville tree pruners
250:Seattle General Strike
245:US Strike wave of 1919
3884:. B. W. Huebsch, Inc.
3807:39.2 (1970): 212–223.
3800:13.2 (1972): 217–230.
3748:22.3 (1998): 319–347.
3489:Brody, David (1965).
3462:Brody, David (1965).
3435:Brody, David (1965).
3425:Warne, 1963, p. xiii.
3416:Brody (1965), p. 113.
3374:
3292:
3277:
3181:
3102:
3058:
3012:
2976:
2853:Memorial Day massacre
2264:Memorial Day massacre
1711:Montreal longshoremen
1638:Minneapolis teamsters
1632:West Coast waterfront
1595:West Coast waterfront
1528:Great Railroad Strike
653:Carterville Mine Riot
525:Puget Sound fishermen
256:US anarchist bombings
58:during the strike in
3919:. 22 September 1919.
3846:Pennsylvania History
3398:explorepahistory.com
3144:Lackawanna, New York
2966:corporation. In the
2729:Lewiston-Auburn shoe
1925:Cleveland convention
1834:in the United States
1650:Vancouver waterfront
1353:Metal mining strikes
753:Colorado Coal Strike
684:Paint Creek mine war
665:Carbon county strike
372:Agricultural strikes
268:Boston Police Strike
56:mounted state police
18:Steel strike of 1919
3994:1920s in Pittsburgh
3989:1910s in Pittsburgh
3927:(D.C. Heath, 1963)
3865:(1957) pp 385–417.
3830:Rayback, Joseph G.
2914:United States Steel
2717:Los Angeles garment
2635:New York shirtwaist
1957:Baltimore municipal
1693:SEPTA Regional Rail
1656:Gulf Coast maritime
1613:Portland waterfront
1410:Colorado Labor Wars
1310:United Auto Workers
1213:International Paper
678:Westmoreland strike
545:Watsonville Cannery
462:Santa Clara cannery
443:Imperial cantaloupe
3917:The New York Times
3855:2020-01-30 at the
3765:2.1 (1997): 47–70.
3377:
3298:
3184:
3159:Russian revolution
3105:
3065:
3015:
2979:
2010:Broadway musicians
1967:Atlanta sanitation
1937:Memphis sanitation
1754:Sanitation strikes
1607:Seattle waterfront
641:Illinois coal wars
490:Santa Clara cherry
3979:William Z. Foster
3814:(1988): 294–300.
3684:Library resources
3113:League of Nations
3040:William Z. Foster
2951:'s steel mill in
2899:
2898:
2828:Pressed Steel Car
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2539:
2538:
2354:Streetcar strikes
2310:
2309:
2239:Pressed Steel Car
2175:
2174:
1998:Detroit newspaper
1889:Fleischer Studios
1798:
1797:
1720:
1719:
1601:NYC Harbor Strike
1583:New Orleans Levee
1577:Chicago teamsters
1552:Buffalo switchmen
1512:Transport strikes
1478:
1477:
1319:
1318:
1262:Bath shipbuilders
1035:
1034:
776:
775:
763:Harlan County War
721:Battle of Matewan
635:Lattimer massacre
618:Morewood massacre
560:
559:
413:Seattle fishermen
295:
294:
236:(Jan 22 – Nov 13)
186:
185:
182:
181:
145:William Z. Foster
127:
126:
62:in September 1919
16:(Redirected from
4001:
3920:
3885:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3637:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3390:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3247:
3238:
3224:Mexican American
3220:African-American
3148:Youngstown, Ohio
3120:Pueblo, Colorado
3077:Pinkerton agents
3036:John Fitzpatrick
2957:Homestead strike
2799:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2663:
2616:North Adams shoe
2610:New England shoe
2577:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2469:Century Airlines
2345:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2178:
1901:Disney animators
1835:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1755:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1091:El Paso smelters
1070:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1038:
991:French Caribbean
857:Haymarket Affair
815:
813:
803:
796:
789:
780:
779:
767:Battle of Evarts
645:Battle of Virden
597:
587:
580:
573:
564:
563:
506:Stockton cannery
456:Imperial lettuce
373:
365:
358:
351:
342:
341:
331:
322:
315:
308:
299:
298:
288:(Nov 1 – Dec 10)
276:(Sep 22 – Jan 8)
258:(Apr 29 – Jun 2)
224:
222:
212:
205:
198:
189:
188:
171:
170:
141:John Fitzpatrick
102:
101:
52:
32:
31:
21:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3934:
3933:
3911:
3874:
3872:Primary sources
3857:Wayback Machine
3768:Brown, Ryan C.
3714:
3713:
3712:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3627:(9th ed. 2017).
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3318:
3302:Washington Post
3287:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3140:Cleveland, Ohio
3053:
2934:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2735:Montreal Cotton
2661:
2641:Chicago garment
2578:
2575:
2573:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2426:Bloomington, IL
2346:
2343:
2341:
2311:
2306:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2176:
2171:
2129:Stop & Shop
2016:CA supermarkets
1836:
1833:
1832:Service strikes
1831:
1829:
1799:
1794:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1721:
1716:
1619:Railway shopmen
1540:Great Southwest
1514:
1511:
1509:
1479:
1474:
1369:Upper Peninsula
1355:
1352:
1350:
1320:
1315:
1221: 1986–1987
1215: 1987-1988
1071:
1068:
1066:
1036:
1031:
816:
812:General strikes
811:
809:
807:
777:
772:
741:Herrin massacre
694:Ludlow Massacre
598:
593:
591:
561:
556:
388:Thibodaux sugar
374:
371:
369:
333:
329:
326:
296:
291:
282:(Nov 7 – Jan 2)
225:
221:First Red Scare
220:
218:
216:
176:
160:
159:
152:
147:
143:
123:
122:Steel companies
121:
114:
110:
81:
63:
42:First Red Scare
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3909:
3899:
3889:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3861:Taft, Philip.
3859:
3842:
3828:
3818:
3808:
3805:Church history
3801:
3794:
3777:
3766:
3759:
3749:
3742:
3727:Brody, David.
3725:
3717:Brody, David.
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3663:
3629:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3501:
3481:
3474:
3454:
3447:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3330:
3327:
3317:
3314:
3310:Elbert H. Gary
3294:Elbert H. Gary
3286:
3285:Media coverage
3283:
3252:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3067:Shortly after
3052:
3049:
3020:Samuel Gompers
2987:federal unions
2942:craft unionism
2933:
2930:
2926:Elbert H. Gary
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2069:Fight for $ 15
2066:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1771:St. Petersburg
1768:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:Pullman Strike
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1432:Copper Country
1429:
1423:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1244:Oil refineries
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:General Motors
1222:
1216:
1210:
1207:Todd Shipyards
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1176:General Motors
1173:
1170:General Motors
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1140:Flint sit-down
1137:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
975:
974:
970:
969:
962:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
908:
902:
896:
891:
885:
879:
872:
871:
867:
866:
860:
850:
844:
839:
833:
826:
825:
821:
818:
817:
806:
805:
798:
791:
783:
774:
773:
771:
770:
760:
750:
744:
734:
728:
713:
712:
708:
707:
701:
698:The 10-Day War
687:
681:
674:
673:
669:
668:
662:
656:
638:
632:
626:
624:Coal Creek War
621:
615:
608:
607:
603:
600:
599:
590:
589:
582:
575:
567:
558:
557:
555:
554:
548:
542:
536:
529:
528:
522:
519:Hawaiian sugar
515:
514:
510:
509:
503:
497:
494:El Monte berry
483:
477:
474:Wisconsin milk
471:
465:
459:
452:
451:
447:
446:
440:
437:Hanapepe sugar
434:
428:
425:Wheatland hops
422:
416:
410:
403:
402:
398:
397:
394:Cotton pickers
391:
384:
383:
379:
376:
375:
368:
367:
360:
353:
345:
339:
338:
335:
334:
325:
324:
317:
310:
302:
293:
292:
290:
289:
283:
277:
271:
265:
259:
253:
247:
242:
237:
230:
227:
226:
215:
214:
207:
200:
192:
184:
183:
180:
179:
177:
174:
167:
166:
162:
161:
153:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
117:
115:
105:
98:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4006:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:0-02-925850-2
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:Labor History
3795:
3793:
3792:0-88295-979-4
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:0-252-06713-4
3734:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3667:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3504:
3502:9780252013737
3498:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3475:9780252013737
3471:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3448:9780252013737
3444:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3201:Gary, Indiana
3198:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3069:Armistice Day
3062:
3061:Gary, Indiana
3057:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:In 1892, The
2975:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2749:
2748:NYC Chinatown
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:Ipswich Mills
2672:
2669:
2668:Paterson silk
2666:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2531:
2530:Lyft and Uber
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:New York City
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:New York City
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:New York City
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:San Francisco
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:Writers Guild
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:UC Santa Cruz
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:Tacoma nurses
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:Writers Guild
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:Writers Guild
1984:
1981:
1980:Writers Guild
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:Writers Guild
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:Boston police
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:Anaconda Road
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:Idaho Springs
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:Coeur d'Alene
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:Cripple Creek
1381:
1378:
1377:Coeur d'Alene
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:Chrysler Auto
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:Boston cigars
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
972:
971:
967:
964:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
912:
911:San Francisco
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:First May Day
851:
848:
845:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
819:
814:
804:
799:
797:
792:
790:
785:
784:
781:
768:
764:
761:
758:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
722:
718:
715:
714:
711:1920s – 1930s
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
695:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
671:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:1870s – 1900s
605:
604:
601:
596:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
568:
565:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
513:1940s–present
512:
511:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
419:Grabow lumber
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
381:
380:
377:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
346:
343:
336:
332:
323:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
303:
300:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
223:
213:
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
193:
190:
178:
173:
172:
168:
163:
158:
157:
151:
150:
146:
142:
135:
130:
120:
116:
113:
108:
104:
103:
99:
94:
91:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3924:
3916:
3902:
3892:
3880:
3862:
3845:
3831:
3821:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3780:
3769:
3762:
3752:
3745:
3728:
3718:
3698:Online books
3688:
3666:
3656:, retrieved
3644:
3624:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3491:
3484:
3464:
3457:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3401:. Retrieved
3397:
3388:
3319:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3217:
3189:Pennsylvania
3185:
3152:
3117:
3106:
3094:
3092:conditions.
3086:
3066:
3032:
3028:
3016:
2996:P.J. McArdle
2992:
2980:
2961:
2946:
2935:
2905:
2903:
2849:Little Steel
2835:
2653:Little Falls
2541:
2475:Philadelphia
2420:Portland, ME
2402:Indianapolis
2396:Philadelphia
2366:Indianapolis
2352:
2260:Little Steel
2246:
1992:SF newspaper
1949:NYC teachers
1883:Seattle Post
1674:Longshoremen
1463:Murdochville
1274:Volvo Trucks
1146:Akron rubber
1122:Tampa cigars
1103:Standard Oil
882:Philadelphia
830:Philadelphia
533:Delano grape
500:Great lumber
280:Palmer Raids
274:Steel strike
154:
149:Mother Jones
139:
132:Lead figures
60:Pennsylvania
40:Part of the
3645:Who Was Who
3209:martial law
3168:syndicalist
3109:Elbert Gary
2938:ironworkers
2878:1980s–2020s
2843:1930s–1970s
2836:Great Steel
2808:1800s–1920s
2742:1980s–2000s
2711:1930s–1970s
2698:New Bedford
2686:New England
2623:1900s–1920s
2500:1980s–2020s
2463:1930s–1970s
2456:New Orleans
2444:New Orleans
2438:Los Angeles
2432:Twin Cities
2372:Los Angeles
2289:1980s–2020s
2254:1930s–1970s
2247:Great Steel
2219:1800s–1920s
2166:Video games
2119:) 2018–2019
2105:Los Angeles
2087:Video games
2022:UM Janitors
1974:1980s–2000s
1877:1930s–1970s
1856:NYC waiters
1844:1800s–1920s
1681:1980s–2000s
1662:NYC tugboat
1626:1930s–1970s
1571:1900s–1920s
1457:Empire Zinc
1451:1930s–1970s
1404:1900s–1920s
1292:Heaven Hill
1238:2010s–2020s
1201:1980s–2000s
1116:1930s–1970s
1079:1800s–1920s
916:Minneapolis
863:New Orleans
765:1931–1939 (
643:1898–1900 (
547:(1985–1987)
535:(1965–1970)
480:Yakima hops
401:1900s–1920s
286:Coal strike
156:Elbert Gary
3938:Categories
3658:2020-10-20
3403:2018-12-17
3380:References
3172:communists
3073:Pittsburgh
2964:U.S. Steel
2932:Background
2871:Nationwide
2865:Nationwide
2859:Nationwide
2704:Loray Mill
2604:Mill Women
2592:Mill Women
2282:Nationwide
2276:Nationwide
2270:Nationwide
2059:Government
2040:Stagehands
1931:St. John's
1895:NYC retail
1777:Charleston
1546:Burlington
1312: 2023
1306: 2021
1304:John Deere
1300: 2021
1294: 2021
1288: 2021
1282: 2021
1276: 2021
1270: 2021
1264: 2020
1258: 2016
1252: 2015
1246: 2015
1233: 2008
1227: 2007
1219:John Deere
1209: 1983
1196: 1979
1190: 1954
1184: 1948
1178: 1945
1172: 1939
1166: 1939
1160: 1937
1154: 1936
1148: 1936
1142: 1936
1136: 1934
1130: 1934
1124: 1931
1111: 1919
1105: 1915
1099: 1913
1097:Studebaker
1093: 1913
1087: 1877
539:Salad Bowl
252:(Feb 6–11)
234:Red Summer
119:U.S. Steel
80:Nationwide
3325:in 1936.
3255:Red Scare
3205:U.S. Army
3155:Red Scare
3000:Northeast
2916:, in the
2814:Homestead
2682:1914–1915
2655:1912–1913
2629:Skowhegan
2506:Greyhound
2384:Pensacola
2360:St. Louis
2225:Homestead
2160:SAG-AFTRA
2071:2012–2019
2063:Wisconsin
1913:Hollywood
1907:Musicians
1534:Camp Dump
1426:Goldfield
1416:) 1903–04
1391:Leadville
1298:Kellogg's
1280:Frito-Lay
1152:Remington
1128:Auto-Lite
888:Vancouver
842:St. Louis
755:1927–28 (
719:1912–21 (
692:1913–14 (
649:Pana riot
595:Coal Wars
551:Frito-Lay
433:1916–1917
3853:Archived
3329:See also
3193:Delaware
3128:Illinois
3024:nativist
2723:National
2659:Hopedale
2647:Lawrence
2598:Paterson
2408:St. John
2390:Columbus
2093:Teachers
2046:CBS News
1850:Newsboys
1256:Jim Beam
1003:European
940:Paraguay
899:Winnipeg
847:Scranton
90:Striking
76:Location
3895:(1920)
3124:Chicago
3042:of the
3004:Midwest
2692:Passaic
2524:Toronto
2518:Toronto
2487:Atlanta
2414:Atlanta
2081:Verizon
2028:Umpires
2004:Verizon
1789:Atlanta
1783:Atlanta
1765:Memphis
1434:1913–14
1428:1906–07
1420:Cananea
1393:1896–97
1286:Nabisco
1026:Catalan
1020:Catalan
952:Uruguay
946:Namibia
934:Finland
928:Austria
922:Oakland
905:Germany
894:Seattle
836:Catalan
680:1910–11
667:1903–04
270:(Sep 9)
264:(May 1)
175:365,000
96:Parties
86:Methods
3929:online
3907:online
3897:online
3887:online
3850:online
3838:
3816:online
3790:
3785:online
3774:online
3757:online
3740:online
3735:
3723:online
3686:about
3499:
3472:
3445:
3316:Impact
3203:, the
3164:Wobbly
3146:; and
3089:strike
3063:(1919)
3051:Strike
2955:. The
2855:) 1937
2662:
2450:Denver
2266:) 1937
2123:Hotels
2065:) 2011
1963:) 1974
1961:police
1864:Actors
1699:Pan Am
1438:Bisbee
1250:Kohler
1231:Boeing
1188:Kohler
1182:Boeing
1134:Kohler
1085:Cigars
1015:Brazil
979:Guinea
876:Sweden
859:) 1886
739:1922 (
496:) 1933
407:Oxnard
165:Number
109:(AA);
3826:JSTOR
2586:1800s
2136:2020s
2053:2010s
1522:1800s
1363:1800s
1009:India
997:Spain
985:Egypt
973:2000s
966:Nepal
958:Spain
870:1900s
824:1800s
672:1910s
450:1930s
382:1800s
3836:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3733:ISBN
3497:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3300:The
3222:and
3166:and
3082:West
3038:and
3002:and
2904:The
2892:2021
2886:1986
2873:1959
2867:1952
2861:1946
2838:1919
2830:1909
2824:1901
2816:1892
2750:1982
2737:1946
2731:1937
2725:1934
2719:1933
2706:1929
2700:1928
2694:1926
2688:1922
2676:1913
2670:1913
2664:1913
2649:1912
2643:1910
2637:1909
2631:1907
2618:1870
2612:1860
2606:1836
2600:1835
2594:1834
2532:2019
2526:2008
2520:2006
2514:2005
2508:1983
2495:1966
2489:1950
2483:1949
2477:1944
2471:1932
2458:1929
2452:1920
2446:1920
2440:1919
2434:1917
2428:1917
2422:1916
2416:1916
2410:1914
2404:1913
2398:1910
2392:1910
2386:1908
2380:1907
2374:1903
2368:1892
2362:1900
2303:2021
2297:1986
2284:1959
2278:1952
2272:1946
2249:1919
2241:1909
2235:1901
2227:1892
2168:2024
2162:2023
2156:2023
2150:2022
2144:2020
2131:2019
2125:2018
2089:2016
2083:2016
2077:2014
2048:2007
2042:2007
2036:2007
2030:2006
2024:2006
2018:2003
2012:2003
2006:2000
2000:1995
1994:1994
1988:1988
1982:1981
1969:1977
1951:1968
1945:1968
1939:1968
1933:1966
1927:1963
1921:1960
1915:1945
1909:1942
1903:1941
1897:1937
1891:1937
1885:1936
1872:1919
1866:1919
1858:1912
1852:1899
1791:2018
1785:1977
1779:1969
1773:1968
1767:1968
1713:2020
1707:1997
1701:1985
1695:1983
1689:1981
1676:1971
1670:1970
1668:USPS
1664:1946
1658:1936
1652:1935
1646:1938
1640:1934
1634:1934
1621:1922
1615:1922
1609:1919
1603:1919
1597:1916
1591:1911
1585:1907
1579:1905
1566:1894
1560:1892
1554:1892
1548:1888
1542:1886
1536:1882
1530:1877
1471:1978
1469:Inco
1465:1957
1459:1950
1446:1920
1440:1917
1422:1906
1399:1899
1385:1894
1379:1892
1371:1865
1158:Ford
1028:2019
1022:2017
1011:2016
1005:2012
999:2010
993:2009
987:2008
981:2007
968:1992
960:1988
954:1973
948:1971
942:1958
936:1956
930:1950
924:1946
918:1934
907:1920
901:1919
890:1918
884:1910
878:1909
865:1892
849:1877
838:1855
832:1835
749:1927
733:1920
706:1914
686:1912
661:1902
637:1897
631:1894
620:1891
614:1873
553:2021
541:1970
527:1949
521:1946
508:1937
502:1935
482:1933
476:1933
470:1932
464:1931
458:1930
445:1928
439:1924
427:1913
421:1912
415:1912
409:1903
396:1891
390:1887
68:Date
3649:doi
2884:USX
2295:USX
1705:UPS
3940::
3915:.
3643:,
3632:^
3396:.
3215:.
3142:;
3138:;
3134:;
3130:,
3126:,
3122:;
2117:WV
2115:,
2113:OK
2111:,
2109:NC
2107:,
2103:,
2101:CO
2099:,
2097:AZ
723:,
696:,
651:,
647:,
492:,
3776:.
3651::
3505:.
3478:.
3451:.
3406:.
2851:(
2790:e
2783:t
2776:v
2568:e
2561:t
2554:v
2336:e
2329:t
2322:v
2262:(
2201:e
2194:t
2187:v
2095:(
2061:(
1959:(
1824:e
1817:t
1810:v
1746:e
1739:t
1732:v
1504:e
1497:t
1490:v
1412:(
1345:e
1338:t
1331:v
1061:e
1054:t
1047:v
855:(
802:e
795:t
788:v
769:)
759:)
743:)
727:)
700:)
655:)
586:e
579:t
572:v
488:(
364:e
357:t
350:v
321:e
314:t
307:v
211:e
204:t
197:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
