1742:(formerly the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights). In the re-examination process, which involves several rounds of discussion between the USPTO and the parties, the USPTO initially agreed with Consumer Watchdog and rejected all the claims in all three patents, however in response, WARF amended the claims of all three patents to make them more narrow, and in 2008 the USPTO found the amended claims in all three patents to be patentable. The decision on one of the patents (7,029,913) was appealable, while the decisions on the other two were not. Consumer Watchdog appealed the granting of the '913 patent to the USPTO's Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI) which granted the appeal, and in 2010 the BPAI decided that the amended claims of the '913 patent were not patentable. However, WARF was able to re-open prosecution of the case and did so, amending the claims of the '913 patent again to make them more narrow, and in January 2013 the amended claims were allowed.
995:. Since they are easily isolated and obtain high yield, high plasticity, which makes able to facilitate inflammation and encourage cell growth, cell differentiation, and restoring tissue derived from immunomodulation and immunosuppression. MSC comes from the bone marrow, which requires an aggressive procedure when it comes to isolating the quantity and quality of the isolated cell, and it varies by how old the donor. When comparing the rates of MSC in the bone marrow aspirates and bone marrow stroma, the aspirates tend to have lower rates of MSC than the stroma. MSC are known to be heterogeneous, and they express a high level of pluripotent markers when compared to other types of stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells. MSCs injection leads to wound healing primarily through stimulation of angiogenesis.
1653:
treatments. The physicians' creed would be to do no injury, and stem cells make that simpler than ever before. Surgical processes by their character are harmful. Tissue has to be dropped as a way to reach a successful outcome. One may prevent the dangers of surgical interventions using stem cells. Additionally, there's a possibility of disease, and whether the procedure fails, further surgery may be required. Risks associated with anesthesia can also be eliminated with stem cells. On top of that, stem cells have been harvested from the patient's body and redeployed in which they're wanted. Since they come from the patient's own body, this is referred to as an autologous treatment. Autologous remedies are thought to be the safest because there's likely zero probability of donor substance rejection.
988:
various organs as mentioned above, and control the movement of substances. MSC can differentiate into numerous cell categories as an illustration of adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, derived by the mesodermal layer. Where the mesoderm layer provides an increase to the body's skeletal elements, such as relating to the cartilage or bone. The term "meso" means middle, infusion originated from the Greek, signifying that mesenchymal cells are able to range and travel in early embryonic growth among the ectodermal and endodermal layers. This mechanism helps with space-filling thus, key for repairing wounds in adult organisms that have to do with mesenchymal cells in the dermis (skin), bone, or muscle.
1103:, p27, and p57. Furthermore, regulators of Cdk4 and Cdk6 activity, such as members of the Ink family of inhibitors (p15, p16, p18, and p19), are expressed at low levels or not at all. Thus, similar to mESCs, hESCs show high Cdk activity, with Cdk2 exhibiting the highest kinase activity. Also similar to mESCs, hESCs demonstrate the importance of Cdk2 in G1 phase regulation by showing that G1 to S transition is delayed when Cdk2 activity is inhibited and G1 is arrest when Cdk2 is knocked down. However unlike mESCs, hESCs have a functional G1 phase. hESCs show that the activities of Cyclin E/Cdk2 and Cyclin A/Cdk2 complexes are cell cycle-dependent and the Rb checkpoint in G1 is functional.
964:
1156:
946:
1061:(Cdkn), pocket proteins of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family, and other accessory factors. Foundational insight into the distinctive regulation of ESC cell cycle was gained by studies on mouse ESCs (mESCs). mESCs showed a cell cycle with highly abbreviated G1 phase, which enabled cells to rapidly alternate between M phase and S phase. In a somatic cell cycle, oscillatory activity of Cyclin-Cdk complexes is observed in sequential action, which controls crucial regulators of the cell cycle to induce unidirectional transitions between phases:
980:
599:
1209:
heart failure. The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years. Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self-renewal capabilities. DNA damage accumulates with age in both stem cells and the cells that comprise the stem cell environment. This accumulation is considered to be responsible, at least in part, for increasing stem cell dysfunction with aging (see
8258:
1762:
64:
8757:
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931:) announced that it will discontinue further development of its stem cell programs. Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face. Embryonic stem cells, being pluripotent, require specific signals for correct differentiation – if injected directly into another body, ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells, causing a
586:
8769:
1110:, ESCs do not stop in G1 to repair DNA damages but instead, depend on S and G2/M checkpoints or undergo apoptosis. The absence of G1 checkpoint in ESCs allows for the removal of cells with damaged DNA, hence avoiding potential mutations from inaccurate DNA repair. Consistent with this idea, ESCs are hypersensitive to DNA damage to minimize mutations passed onto the next generation.
677:(HSCs) is the ability to transplant the cells and save an individual without HSCs. This demonstrates that the cells can produce new blood cells over a long term. It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual, which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs, demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self-renew.
1701:, the largest academic organization that advocates for stem cell research, stem cell therapies are under development and cannot yet be said to be proven. Doctors should inform patients that clinical trials continue to investigate whether these therapies are safe and effective but that unethical clinics present them as proven.
1586:
July 7, 2009, implemented the
Executive Order 13505 by establishing criteria which hESC lines must meet to be approved for funding. The NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry can be accessed online and has updated information on cell lines eligible for NIH funding. There are 486 approved lines as of January 2022.
406:
irradiated mice. They observed lumps in the spleens of the mice that were linearly proportional to the number of bone marrow cells injected. They hypothesized that each lump (colony) was a clone arising from a single marrow cell (stem cell). In subsequent work, McCulloch and Till, joined by graduate student
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due to absence of spermatogonial stem cells. In recent studies, scientists have found a way to solve this problem by reprogramming a cell and turning it into a spermatozoon. Other studies have proven the restoration of spermatogenesis by introducing human iPSC cells in mice testicles. This could mean
914:
By using human embryonic stem cells to produce specialized cells like nerve cells or heart cells in the lab, scientists can gain access to adult human cells without taking tissue from patients. They can then study these specialized adult cells in detail to try to discern complications of diseases, or
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Subrammaniyan R, Amalorpavanathan J, Shankar R, Rajkumar M, Baskar S, Manjunath SR, Senthilkumar R, Murugan P, Srinivasan VR, Abraham S (September 2011). "Application of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in six patients with advanced chronic critical limb ischemia as a result of diabetes: our
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The United States has had an explosion of "stem cell clinics". Stem cell procedures are highly profitable for clinics. The advertising sounds authoritative but the efficacy and safety of the procedures is unproven. Patients sometimes experience complications, such as spinal tumors and death. The
1282:
With the increasing demand of human adult stem cells for both research and clinical purposes (typically 1–5 million cells per kg of body weight are required per treatment) it becomes of utmost importance to bridge the gap between the need to expand the cells in vitro and the capability of harnessing
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and thus inactive. This allows for direct transition from M phase to the late G1 phase, leading to absence of D-type cyclins and therefore a shortened G1 phase. Cdk2 activity is crucial for both cell cycle regulation and cell-fate decisions in mESCs; downregulation of Cdk2 activity prolongs G1 phase
1585:
In the United States, Executive Order 13505 established that federal money can be used for research in which approved human embryonic stem-cell (hESC) lines are used, but it cannot be used to derive new lines. The
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guidelines on Human Stem Cell Research, effective
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Lineage is an important procedure to analyze developing embryos. Since cell lineages shows the relationship between cells at each division. This helps in analyzing stem cell lineages along the way which helps recognize stem cell effectiveness, lifespan, and other factors. With the technique of cell
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is a form of stem cell therapy that has been used for many years because it has proven to be effective in clinical trials. Stem cell implantation may help in strengthening the left-ventricle of the heart, as well as retaining the heart tissue to patients who have suffered from heart attacks in the
1208:
Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues. Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells, which have been used in treating several conditions including liver cirrhosis, chronic limb ischemia and endstage
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or mesenchymal stromal cells, also known as medicinal signaling cells are known to be multipotent, which can be found in adult tissues, for example, in the muscle, liver, bone marrow and adipose tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells usually function as structural support in
6518:
United States Patent And
Trademark Office. Board Of Patent Appeals and Interferences. The Foundation For Taxpayer & Consumer Rights, Requester And Appellant V. Patent Of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Patent Owner And Respondent. Appeal 2012-011693, Reexamination Control 95/000,154.
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at any given time. ESCs' rapid division is demonstrated by their short doubling time, which ranges from 8 to 10 hours, whereas somatic cells have doubling time of approximately 20 hours or longer. As cells differentiate, these properties change: G1 and G2 phases lengthen, leading to longer cell
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at the
University of Toronto and the Ontario Cancer Institute in the early 1960s. They discovered the blood-forming stem cell, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), through their pioneering work in mice. McCulloch and Till began a series of experiments in which bone marrow cells were injected into
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Ethical concerns are also raised about the practice of using or researching embryonic stem cells. Harvesting cells from the blastocyst results in the death of the blastocyst. The concern is whether or not the blastocyst should be considered as a human life. The debate on this issue is mainly a
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Stem cell treatments may lower symptoms of the disease or condition that is being treated. The lowering of symptoms may allow patients to reduce the drug intake of the disease or condition. Stem cell treatment may also provide knowledge for society to further stem cell understanding and future
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formation, but there are many differences within these properties. The chromatin of iPSCs appears to be more "closed" or methylated than that of ESCs. Similarly, the gene expression pattern between ESCs and iPSCs, or even iPSCs sourced from different origins. There are thus questions about the
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to pluripotency was "complete"). Moreover, unlike ESCs, they potentially could allow doctors to create a pluripotent stem cell line for each individual patient. Frozen blood samples can be used as a valuable source of induced pluripotent stem cells. Patient specific stem cells allow for the
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García-Prat, Laura; Kaufmann, Kerstin B.; Schneiter, Florin; Voisin, Veronique; Murison, Alex; Chen, Jocelyn; Chan-Seng-Yue, Michelle; Gan, Olga I.; McLeod, Jessica L.; Smith, Sabrina A.; Shoong, Michelle C.; Parris, Darrien; Pan, Kristele; Zeng, Andy G.X.; Krivdova, Gabriela; Gupta, Kinam;
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and tissue replacement after injury or disease., however, there are currently no approved treatments using ES cells. The first human trial was approved by the US Food and Drug
Administration in January 2009. However, the human trial was not initiated until October 13, 2010 in Atlanta for
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Pluripotency in certain stem cells could also make it difficult to obtain a specific cell type. It is also difficult to obtain the exact cell type needed, because not all cells in a population differentiate uniformly. Undifferentiated cells can create tissues other than desired types.
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Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, Yu JW, Kim KY, Park HK, Song CH, Han H (2005). "A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and morphologically: a case study".
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because of a requirement for radiation before the transplant to remove the person's previous cells, or because the patient's immune system may target the stem cells. One approach to avoid the second possibility is to use stem cells from the same patient who is being treated.
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and drug-induced liver injury account for a substantial number of failures of new drugs in development and market withdrawal, highlighting the need for screening assays such as stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, that are capable of detecting toxicity early in the
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With the idea that a more rapid cell cycle is a key component of pluripotency, reprogramming efficiency can be improved. Methods for improving pluripotency through manipulation of cell cycle regulators include: overexpression of Cyclin D/Cdk4, phosphorylation of
1236:(multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cells) are a recently discovered pluripotent stem cell type found in multiple adult tissues, including adipose, dermal fibroblasts, and bone marrow. While rare, muse cells are identifiable by their expression of
1259:
Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants. Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses.
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In human ESCs (hESCs), the duration of G1 is dramatically shortened. This has been attributed to high mRNA levels of G1-related Cyclin D2 and Cdk4 genes and low levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins that inhibit cell cycle progression at G1, such as
6313:
Bowman, Michelle; Racke, Michael; Kissel, John; Imitola, Jaime (1 November 2015). "Responsibilities of Health Care
Professionals in Counseling and Educating Patients With Incurable Neurological Diseases Regarding 'Stem Cell Tourism': Caveat Emptor".
4831:
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Terai S, Ishikawa T, Omori K, Aoyama K, Marumoto Y, Urata Y, Yokoyama Y, Uchida K, Yamasaki T, Fujii Y, Okita K, Sakaida I (October 2006). "Improved liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis after autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy".
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Krasilnikova, O. A.; Baranovskii, D. S.; Lyundup, A. V.; Shegay, P. V.; Kaprin, A. D.; Klabukov, I. D. (2022-04-27). "Stem and
Somatic Cell Monotherapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Review of Clinical Studies and Mechanisms of Action".
5143:, which suggests a way to create human embryo stem cells without the need for human eggs, which are in extremely short supply, and without the need to create and destroy human cloned embryos, which is bitterly opposed by the pro life movement."
4633:
Montazersaheb S, Ehsani A, Fathi E, Farahzadi R. Cellular and
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging as a Clinical Prospect. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Apr 1;2022:2713483. doi: 10.1155/2022/2713483. PMID 35401928; PMCID:
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family or the Ink family. Furthermore, reprogramming efficiency is correlated with the number of cell divisions happened during the stochastic phase, which is suggested by the growing inefficiency of reprogramming of older or slow diving cells.
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Some stem cells form tumors after transplantation; pluripotency is linked to tumor formation especially in embryonic stem cells, fetal proper stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells. Fetal proper stem cells form tumors despite multipotency.
1902:: oocytes made from embryonic stem cells. Scientists have found the ovarian stem cells, a rare type of cells (0.014%) found in the ovary. They could be used as a treatment not only for infertility, but also for premature ovarian insufficiency.
3125:
Adewumi O, Aflatoonian B, Ahrlund-Richter L, Amit M, Andrews PW, Beighton G, et al. (The
International Stem Cell Initiative) (July 2007). "Characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines by the International Stem Cell Initiative".
453:. This allowed the formation of murine genetic models, a system in which the genes of mice are deleted or altered in order to study their function in pathology. By 1998, human embryonic stem cells were first isolated by American biologist
7452:
Manzo, Carlo; Torreno-Pina, Juan A.; Massignan, Pietro; Lapeyre, Gerald J.; Lewenstein, Maciej; Garcia Parajo, Maria F. (25 February 2015). "Weak
Ergodicity Breaking of Receptor Motion in Living Cells Stemming from Random Diffusivity".
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screening for side effects before drug treatment, as well as the reduced risk of transplantation rejection. Despite their current limited use therapeutically, iPSCs hold great potential for future use in medical treatment and research.
1159:
Stem cell division and differentiation A: stem cell; B: progenitor cell; C: differentiated cell; 1: symmetric stem cell division; 2: asymmetric stem cell division; 3: progenitor division; 4: terminal
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that increase with age. This vulnerability may explain the increased risk of slow growing blood cancers (myeloid malignancies) in the elderly. Several factors appear to influence HSC aging including responses to the production of
589:
Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass (ICM) cells within a blastocyst. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo, known as the
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Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Frane JL, Tian S, Nie J, Jonsdottir GA, Ruotti V, Stewart R, Slukvin II, Thomson JA (December 2007). "Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells".
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Friedenstein AJ, Deriglasova UF, Kulagina NN, Panasuk AF, Rudakowa SF, Luriá EA, Ruadkow IA (1974). "Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by the in vitro colony assay method".
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just after birth. Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk. By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank their own blood for elective surgical procedures.
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form the core regulatory network that ensures the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency. The cell surface antigens most commonly used to identify hES cells are the glycolipids
548:
When a stem cell self-renews, it divides and does not disrupt the undifferentiated state. This self-renewal demands control of cell cycle as well as upkeep of multipotency or pluripotency, which all depends on the stem cell.
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derived from the early inner cell mass. Both have the essential stem cell characteristics, yet they require very different environments in order to maintain an undifferentiated state. Mouse ES cells are grown on a layer of
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in 1963. In that same year, Siminovitch was a lead investigator for studies that found colony-forming cells were capable of self-renewal, which is a key defining property of stem cells that Till and McCulloch had theorized.
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Zhang L, Mack R, Breslin P, Zhang J. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging in hematopoietic stem cells and their niches. J Hematol Oncol. 2020 Nov 23;13(1):157. doi: 10.1186/s13045-020-00994-z. PMID 33228751; PMCID:
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are active in G2 and M phase. However, in mESCs, this typically ordered and oscillatory activity of Cyclin-Cdk complexes is absent. Rather, the Cyclin E/Cdk2 complex is constitutively active throughout the cycle, keeping
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Particularly because G1 phase is the phase in which cells have increased sensitivity to differentiation, shortened G1 is one of the key characteristics of ESCs and plays an important role in maintaining undifferentiated
4529:
4644:
De Coppi P, Bartsch G, Siddiqui MM, Xu T, Santos CC, Perin L, Mostoslavsky G, Serre AC, Snyder EY, Yoo JJ, Furth ME, Soker S, Atala A (January 2007). "Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy".
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to produce a large diversity of many different neuron types, each with unique gene expression, morphological, and functional characteristics. The process of generating neurons from radial glial cells is called
1516:. Thus, manipulation of relevant genes can maintain pluripotency and reprogram somatic cells to an induced pluripotent state. However, reprogramming of somatic cells is often low in efficiency and considered
1390:(iPSCs), from adult cells. These are not adult stem cells, but somatic cells (e.g. epithelial cells) reprogrammed to give rise to cells with pluripotent capabilities. Using genetic reprogramming with protein
461:'s team in Kyoto, Japan converted fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells by modifying the expression of only four genes. The feat represents the origin of induced pluripotent stem cells, known as iPS cells.
1244:. When subjected to single cell suspension culture, the cells will generate clusters that are similar to embryoid bodies in morphology as well as gene expression, including canonical pluripotency markers
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the factors underlying replicative senescence. Adult stem cells are known to have a limited lifespan in vitro and to enter replicative senescence almost undetectably upon starting in vitro culturing.
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Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, Schwartz RE, Keene CD, Ortiz-Gonzalez XR, Reyes M, Lenvik T, Lund T, Blackstad M, Du J, Aldrich S, Lisberg A, Low WC, Largaespada DA, Verfaillie CM (July 2002).
776:
During embryonic development the cells of the inner cell mass continuously divide and become more specialized. For example, a portion of the ectoderm in the dorsal part of the embryo specializes as '
690:, in which single cells are assessed for their ability to differentiate and self-renew. Stem cells can also be isolated by their possession of a distinctive set of cell surface markers. However,
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4451:
Kuroda Y, Kitada M, Wakao S, Nishikawa K, Tanimura Y, Makinoshima H, Goda M, Akashi H, Inutsuka A, Niwa A, Shigemoto T, Nabeshima Y, Nakahata T, Nabeshima Y, Fujiyoshi Y, Dezawa M (May 2010).
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Ratajczak MZ, Machalinski B, Wojakowski W, Ratajczak J, Kucia M (May 2007). "A hypothesis for an embryonic origin of pluripotent Oct-4(+) stem cells in adult bone marrow and other tissues".
1046:. Although the exact molecular mechanism remains only partially understood, several studies have shown insight on how ESCs progress through G1—and potentially other phases—so rapidly.
632:(also known as omnipotent) stem cells can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types. Such cells can construct a complete, viable organism. These cells are produced from the
307:, muscle and fat cells. Adult stem cells are a small minority of cells; they are vastly outnumbered by the progenitor cells and terminally differentiated cells that they differentiate into.
3663:
Becker KA, Ghule PN, Therrien JA, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS (December 2006). "Self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells is supported by a shortened G1 cell cycle phase".
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diagram). Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endowed with stem cell properties. Asymmetric division, on the other hand, produces only one stem cell and a
1140:, and are generally not distinguished from adult stem cells. These stem cells are acquired after birth, they are not immortal but have a high level of cell division, and are pluripotent.
891:
and require the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2). Without optimal culture conditions or genetic manipulation, embryonic stem cells will rapidly differentiate.
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Chambers I, Colby D, Robertson M, Nichols J, Lee S, Tweedie S, Smith A (May 2003). "Functional expression cloning of Nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells".
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1327:
are multipotent and can differentiate in cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, endothelial, hepatic and also neuronal lines. Amniotic stem cells are a topic of active research.
1196:, wherein blood is drawn from the donor (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
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Hanna V, Gassei K, Orwig KE (2015). "Stem Cell Therapies for Male Infertility: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?". In Carrell D, Schlegel P, Racowsky C, Gianaroli L (eds.).
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Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S (November 2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors".
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into a mature cell. It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins (such as
1168:(from Greek σωματικóς, "of the body") stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found. They can be found in children, as well as adults.
935:. Ethical considerations regarding the use of unborn human tissue are another reason for the lack of approved treatments using embryonic stem cells. Many nations currently have
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3862:
8742:
6581:. In Stem Cell Information World Wide Web site. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009. cited Sunday, April 26, 2009
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Stamm C, Westphal B, Kleine HD, Petzsch M, Kittner C, Klinge H, et al. (January 2003). "Autologous bone-marrow stem-cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration".
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and 4, and the keratan sulfate antigens Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. The molecular definition of a stem cell includes many more proteins and continues to be a topic of research.
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Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF, Johnstone SE, Levine SS, Zucker JP, Guenther MG, Kumar RM, Murray HL, Jenner RG, Gifford DK, Melton DA, Jaenisch R, Young RA (September 2005).
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Berkowitz, Aaron L.; Miller, Michael B.; Mir, Saad A.; Cagney, Daniel; Chavakula, Vamsidhar; Guleria, Indira; Aizer, Ayal; Ligon, Keith L.; Chi, John H. (14 July 2016).
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In National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet web site. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010. Cited August 24, 2010
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5787:
In National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet web site. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010. Cited 24 August 2010
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Koledova Z, Kafkova LR, Calabkova L, Krystof V, Dolezel P, Divoky V (February 2010). "Cdk2 inhibition prolongs G1 phase progression in mouse embryonic stem cells".
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Becker AJ, McCulloch EA, Till JE (February 1963). "Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells".
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139:
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Noctor SC, Flint AC, Weissman TA, Dammerman RS, Kriegstein AR (February 2001). "Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex".
824:. The radial glial cell, has a distinctive bipolar morphology with highly elongated processes spanning the thickness of the neural tube wall. It shares some
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It is possible to collect amniotic stem cells for donors or for autologous use: the first US amniotic stem cells bank was opened in 2009 in Medford, MA, by
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high expense can also lead to financial problems. According to researchers, there is a need to educate the public, patients, and doctors about this issue.
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ESCs are also characterized by G1 checkpoint non-functionality, even though the G1 checkpoint is crucial for maintaining genomic stability. In response to
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1749:(CAFC), the federal appeals court that hears patent cases. At a hearing in December 2013, the CAFC raised the question of whether Consumer Watchdog had
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Stem Cell Basics: What are the potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles that must be overcome before these potential uses will be realized?
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3521:
Barta T, Dolezalova D, Holubcova Z, Hampl A (March 2013). "Cell cycle regulation in human embryonic stem cells: links to adaptation to cell culture".
2470:
Shenghui, H. E., Nakada, D., & Morrison, S. J. (2009). Mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental, 25, 377–406.
5489:"Asymmetric cell division within the human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartment: identification of asymmetrically segregating proteins"
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Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (August 2006). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors".
4894:
3479:
Koledova Z, Krämer A, Kafkova LR, Divoky V (November 2010). "Cell-cycle regulation in embryonic stem cells: centrosomal decisions on self-renewal".
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A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the expression of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins. The transcription factors
469:
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lineage mutant genes can be analyzed in stem cell clones that can help in genetic pathways. These pathways can regulate how the stem cell perform.
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IPSCs has helped the field of medicine significantly by finding numerous ways to cure diseases. Since human IPSCc has given the advantage to make
1394:, pluripotent stem cells with ESC-like capabilities have been derived. The first demonstration of induced pluripotent stem cells was conducted by
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to reprogram mouse fibroblast cells into pluripotent cells. Subsequent work used these factors to induce pluripotency in human fibroblast cells.
4688:
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method that can be used to create a cloned embryo for the use of its embryonic stem cells in stem cell therapy. In 2006, a Japanese team led by
7836:
1279:), the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent. Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research.
992:
4210:"Index of CD34+ Cells and Mononuclear Cells in the Bone Marrow of Spinal Cord Injury Patients of Different Age Groups: A Comparative Analysis"
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Because of their combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for
545:: a stem cell divides into one mother cell, which is identical to the original stem cell, and another daughter cell, which is differentiated.
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Takayanagi, Shin-Ichiro; Wagenblast, Elvin; Wang, Weijia; Lupien, Mathieu; Schroeder, Timm; Xie, Stephanie Z.; Dick, John E. (August 2021).
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4357:
Barrilleaux B, Phinney DG, Prockop DJ, O'Connor KC (November 2006). "Review: ex vivo engineering of living tissues with adult stem cells".
1698:
5799:"Twenty years of unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation for adult recipients facilitated by the National Marrow Donor Program"
887:, called 2i, has also been shown to maintain pluripotency in stem cell culture. Human ESCs are grown on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic
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Friedenstein AJ, Gorskaja JF, Kulagina NN (September 1976). "Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs".
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Schöler HR (2007). "The Potential of Stem Cells: An Inventory". In Nikolaus Knoepffler, Dagmar Schipanski, Stefan Lorenz Sorgner (eds.).
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stem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly all cells, i.e. cells derived from any of the three
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to generate or 'pattern' the basic form of the brain. At this stage of development, the principal cell type of the CNS is considered a
552:
2. Stochastic differentiation: when one stem cell grows and divides into two differentiated daughter cells, another stem cell undergoes
7038:
Gurtner, Geoffrey C.; Callaghan, Matthew J.; Longaker, Michael T. (February 2007). "Progress and Potential for Regenerative Medicine".
6480:
5577:
Song, X.; Zhu, CH; Doan, C; Xie, T (7 June 2002). "Germline Stem Cells Anchored by Adherens Junctions in the Drosophila Ovary Niches".
3243:
1470:
and the somatic memory of induced pluripotent stem cells. Despite this, inducing somatic cells to be pluripotent appears to be viable.
6574:
6468:
6616:
Gentile, Pietro; Garcovich, Simone; Bielli, Alessandra; Scioli, Maria Giovanna; Orlandi, Augusto; Cervelli, Valerio (November 2015).
4707:"European Biotech Company Biocell Center Opens First U.S. Facility for Preservation of Amniotic Stem Cells in Medford, Massachusetts"
3970:
664:
cells can produce only one cell type, their own, but have the property of self-renewal, which distinguishes them from non-stem cells
8247:
8105:
7841:
7353:
Greenhough, Sebastian; Hay, David C. (April 2012). "Stem Cell-Based Toxicity Screening: Recent Advances in Hepatocyte Generation".
6745:
4554:
1746:
435:
6197:"Concise Review: A Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Adverse Events in Patients Receiving Unproven Stem Cell-Based Interventions"
2689:
529:
are sometimes referred to as stem cells. Apart from this, it is said that stem cell function is regulated in a feedback mechanism.
8214:
7567:
6132:
6022:"Benefits, risks and ethical considerations in translation of stem cell research to clinical applications in Parkinson's disease"
1621:
1609:
327:
287:
or unipotent, meaning they only differentiate into a few cell types or one type of cell. In mammals, they include, among others,
673:
In practice, stem cells are identified by whether they can regenerate tissue. For example, the defining test for bone marrow or
8423:
7945:
7887:
445:
In 1981, embryonic stem (ES) cells were first isolated and successfully cultured using mouse blastocysts by British biologists
1983:
published their discovery of a dormancy mechanism in key stem cells which could help develop cancer treatments in the future.
7090:
3756:
3723:
2825:
2592:
2551:
2073:
1745:
In July 2013, Consumer Watchdog announced that it would appeal the decision to allow the claims of the '913 patent to the US
1620:; this is the only widely practiced form of stem-cell therapy. As of 2016, the only established therapy using stem cells is
7662:
6980:
Vastag B (April 2001). "Stem cells step closer to the clinic: paralysis partially reversed in rats with ALS-like disease".
1720:
6539:
6520:
2393:
6400:"Gordie Howe's 'Miraculous Treatment': Case Study of Twitter Users' Reactions to a Sport Celebrity's Stem Cell Treatment"
1427:
1038:
division cycles. This suggests that a specific cell cycle structure may contribute to the establishment of pluripotency.
694:
culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells, making it unclear whether the cells shall behave in a similar manner
4510:
2158:
Siminovitch L, McCulloch EA, Till JE (December 1963). "The distribution of colony-forming cells among spleen colonies".
1323:
and umbilical cord blood. These stem cells are very active, expand extensively without feeders and are not tumorigenic.
457:, which made it possible to have new transplantation methods or various cell types for testing new treatments. In 2006,
5797:
Karanes C, Nelson GO, Chitphakdithai P, Agura E, Ballen KK, Bolan CD, Porter DL, Uberti JP, King RJ, Confer DL (2008).
1499:. They thus have great differentiation potential; theoretically, they could produce any cell within the human body (if
1430:
used a different set of factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28, and carried out their experiments using cells from human
908:
382:
in late 19th century. Pioneering works in theory of blood stem cell were conducted in the beginning of 20th century by
7016:
4832:"Biocell Center Corporation Partners with New England's Largest Community-Based Hospital Network to Offer a Unique..."
7880:
6728:
2038:
1058:
625:
specifies the differentiation potential (the potential to differentiate into different cell types) of the stem cell.
4040:"P-Selectin coated microtube for enrichment of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from human bone marrow"
3266:"Embryonic stem cell transplantation: potential applicability in cell replacement therapy and regenerative medicine"
2322:
1295:
68:
4714:
1559:
with limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally
8732:
8454:
7506:
1976:
829:
6077:
4208:
Dedeepiya VD, Rao YY, Jayakrishnan GA, Parthiban JK, Baskar S, Manjunath SR, Senthilkumar R, Abraham SJ (2012).
8820:
8773:
8737:
5784:
5729:
1941:
1731:
1724:
1570:
An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated due to environmental cues in their particular
1423:
454:
359:
7540:
5530:"decapentaplegic Is Essential for the Maintenance and Division of Germline Stem Cells in the Drosophila Ovary"
5172:"Lineage- and developmental stage-specific mechanomodulation of induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation"
1632:. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells as well as to apply stem-cell treatments for
652:
stem cells can differentiate into a number of cell types, but only those of a closely related family of cells.
636:
of an egg and sperm cell. Cells produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent.
195:
and adult organisms, but they have slightly different properties in each. They are usually distinguished from
8581:
8348:
8034:
7700:
6806:
Strauer BE, Schannwell CM, Brehm M (April 2009). "Therapeutic potentials of stem cells in cardiac diseases".
1937:
1873:
1482:
1441:
Induced pluripotent stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells. They share many similar properties, such as
1387:
1362:
391:
347:
134:
2764:
Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM (November 1998).
1727:. WARF does not enforce these patents against academic scientists, but does enforce them against companies.
1095:
progression, establishes a somatic cell-like cell cycle, and induces expression of differentiation markers.
8162:
7622:
6246:"Study reveals explosion of unproven stem-cell treatment in U.S. — and many Canadians are seeking them out"
5995:
2261:
1528:
at S39 and S253, overexpression of Cyclin A and Cyclin E, knockdown of Rb, and knockdown of members of the
45:
4902:
8800:
8571:
8207:
7973:
7560:
5487:
Beckmann, Julia; Scheitza, Sebastian; Wernet, Peter; Fischer, Johannes C.; Giebel, Bernd (15 June 2007).
924:
730:
726:
6931:
Hanson C, Hardarson T, Ellerström C, Nordberg M, Caisander G, Rao M, Hyllner J, Stenevi U (March 2013).
4760:
1495:
Furthermore, induced pluripotent stem cells provide several therapeutic advantages. Like ESCs, they are
991:
Mesenchymal stem cells are known to be essential for regenerative medicine. They are broadly studied in
765:
when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type. They do not contribute to the
700:. There is considerable debate as to whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells.
8428:
8171:
1910:
1633:
1210:
876:
346:
in some European countries and Canada, but others such as the UK and China have promoted the research.
334:. Since 1998 however, it has been possible to culture and differentiate human embryonic stem cells (in
17:
6748:
December 25, 2008. (Researchers from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical led by Prof.
6591:
6363:
Tsou, Amy (February 2015). "Ethical Considerations When Counseling Patients About Stem Cell Tourism".
5718:
4857:
2456:
1909:
Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem cell treatments for
431:
342:, because it typically results in the destruction of the embryo. Sources for isolating ESCs have been
127:
8242:
7525:
7269:"Is belief larger than fact: expectations, optimism and reality for translational stem cell research"
4898:
4735:
1980:
1574:. Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals. Studies in
1240:, a marker for undifferentiated stem cells, and general mesenchymal stem cells markers such as CD90,
1129:
Fetal proper stem cells come from the tissue of the fetus proper and are generally obtained after an
1082:
1070:
5284:
Staerk J, Dawlaty MM, Gao Q, Maetzel D, Hanna J, Sommer CA, Mostoslavsky G, Jaenisch R (July 2010).
4371:
3706:
Ariff Bongso; Eng Hin Lee, eds. (2005). "Stem cells: their definition, classification and sources".
8598:
8277:
8237:
7903:
7811:
7655:
7158:"Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women"
6913:
3002:
816:
542:
507:
288:
172:
122:
110:
5629:"Executive Order: Removing barriers to responsible scientific research involving human stem cells"
2418:
2063:
8494:
8272:
8026:
7961:
7771:
5336:
4876:
1564:
1304:
1291:
1275:. Additionally, in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient (an
1137:
1054:
954:
766:
674:
472:, this being the first recorded case of the use of stem cells to heal injuries in a wild animal.
414:, confirmed that each lump did in fact arise from a single cell. Their results were published in
164:
6495:
2571:. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. Vol. 114. Springer. pp. 185–199.
658:
stem cells can differentiate into only a few cell types, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells.
8805:
8761:
8666:
8651:
8479:
8373:
8353:
8200:
8180:
8130:
7553:
4366:
2941:
Ying QL, Wray J, Nichols J, Batlle-Morera L, Doble B, Woodgett J, Cohen P, Smith A (May 2008).
1812:
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or limitations on either human ES cell research or the production of new human ES cell lines.
899:
781:
423:
300:
146:
8017:
6933:"Transplantation of human embryonic stem cells onto a partially wounded human cornea in vitro"
5694:
3897:
3715:
1021:, ESCs have unique cell cycle characteristics—such as rapid cell division caused by shortened
8810:
7821:
7776:
7766:
7750:
4880:
2300:
2028:
2008:
1945:
1391:
1264:
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1225:
1221:
1030:
919:
339:
319:
219:
75:
6618:"The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Hair Regrowth: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial"
5652:
3707:
3318:"Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells: general insights and clinical perspectives"
187:
indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a
8691:
8554:
8418:
8368:
8086:
8078:
8043:
7472:
7207:"Therapeutic potential for mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in critical limb ischemia"
7107:
Valli H, Phillips BT, Shetty G, Byrne JA, Clark AT, Meistrich ML, Orwig KE (January 2014).
5586:
5240:
5094:
4464:
3811:
2954:
2899:
2777:
2572:
2461:. Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária, 2011-11-01, (Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-08-07.
2098:
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Two mechanisms ensure that a stem cell population is maintained (does not shrink in size):
510:
into specialized cell types. In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be either
439:
262:
38:
6571:
1133:. These stem cells are not immortal but have a high level of division and are multipotent.
807:(RGPs). Early-formed RGPs self-renew by symmetrical division to form a reservoir group of
761:. In other words, they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult
8:
8795:
8576:
8559:
8539:
8519:
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8097:
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1353:
Corporation and collaborates with various hospitals and universities all over the world.
1324:
1268:
1155:
1091:
738:
714:
709:
594:, are totipotent, able to become all tissues in the body and the extraembryonic placenta.
358:
discovered a method to convert mature body cells back into stem cells. These were termed
71:
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5244:
5098:
4468:
3815:
2958:
2903:
2781:
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2102:
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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the ability to divide indefinitely while keeping their
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5013:
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2842:
2603:
2237:
2212:
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2140:
1899:
1878:
1827:
1600:
Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
1462:
1343:
841:
497:
184:
6274:"Glioproliferative Lesion of the Spinal Cord as a Complication of 'Stem-Cell Tourism'"
5755:
5546:
5529:
4168:
3036:
2750:
2508:
2481:
1338:
teaching forbids the use of embryonic stem cells in experimentation; accordingly, the
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8661:
8484:
8358:
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2647:
2627:
2608:
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2547:
2513:
2374:
2292:
2242:
2185:
2132:
2124:
2069:
2013:
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1739:
1662:
1595:
1165:
928:
804:
411:
387:
323:
31:
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7492:
7374:
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5771:
5614:
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5122:
4607:
4153:
4024:
3839:
3692:
3402:
3221:
3155:
2197:
2144:
1925:
using stem cells, which would allow for further understanding of human development,
1271:, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an
8815:
8641:
8608:
8363:
8149:
7981:
7781:
7695:
7480:
7412:
7402:
7362:
7327:
7290:
7280:
7236:
7218:
7177:
7169:
7128:
7120:
7097:
Bone marrow transplantation is, as of 2009, the only established use of stem cells.
7078:
7047:
6989:
6952:
6944:
6861:
6772:
6696:
6686:
6675:"Exploiting the potential of lung stem cells to develop pro-regenerative therapies"
6645:
6629:
6491:
6421:
6411:
6372:
6323:
6285:
6216:
6208:
6167:
6159:
6049:
6033:
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5957:
5908:
5867:
5851:
5810:
5751:
5594:
5541:
5500:
5459:
5422:
5414:
5373:
5365:
5305:
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5256:
5248:
5193:
5183:
5140:
5102:
5070:
5048:
5040:
5017:
4995:
4987:
4945:
4674:
4654:
4585:
4482:
4472:
4423:
4415:
4376:
4329:
4321:
4280:
4272:
4231:
4221:
4180:
4133:
4109:
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4051:
4004:
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3600:
3590:
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3426:
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3182:
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3032:
2970:
2962:
2927:
2907:
2862:
2854:
2785:
2746:
2639:
2598:
2580:
2567:
Mitalipov S, Wolf D (2009). "Totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming".
2503:
2498:
2493:
2364:
2232:
2224:
2175:
2167:
2114:
2106:
2033:
1964:
1888:
1833:
1399:
936:
884:
837:
797:
687:
480:
The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possesses two properties:
398:
383:
379:
311:
268:
203:
or blast cells, which are usually committed to differentiating into one cell type.
196:
7391:"TFEB-mediated endolysosomal activity controls human hematopoietic stem cell fate"
2790:
2765:
427:
331:
8474:
8469:
8459:
8052:
7762:
7690:
6578:
6527:
6327:
5505:
5488:
5286:"Reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells to induced pluripotent stem cells"
5136:
4169:"Use of Bone Marrow derived Stem Cells in Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders"
4137:
4056:
4039:
4038:
Narasipura SD, Wojciechowski JC, Charles N, Liesveld JL, King MR (January 2008).
2444:
2425:
2023:
2018:
1949:
1769:
Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated include:
1687:
1579:
1571:
1556:
1478:
1395:
1150:
853:
832:(GFAP). The radial glial cell is the primary neural stem cell of the developing
808:
793:
718:
526:
458:
450:
355:
335:
272:
211:
115:
79:
7520:
7082:
5170:
Maldonado M, Luu RJ, Ico G, Ospina A, Myung D, Shih HP, Nam J (September 2017).
4810:
4093:
2304:
859:
Nearly all research to date has made use of mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) or
322:
and the Ontario Cancer Institute in the 1960s. As of 2016, the only established
8646:
8623:
8529:
8524:
8464:
8449:
8413:
8298:
7997:
7831:
7826:
7793:
7629:
7592:
7417:
7407:
7390:
7318:
Ader M, Tanaka EM (December 2014). "Modeling human development in 3D culture".
5815:
5798:
5633:
5301:
5044:
4991:
4574:"Genomic Instability in Human Stem Cells: Current Status and Future Challenges"
4457:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3938:
3923:"Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Transplant Technique for Degenerative Joint Disease"
3850:
3430:
3093:
2369:
2352:
1959:
1803:
1750:
1735:
1582:
and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating.
1542:
1350:
1335:
1331:
1320:
979:
568:
523:
375:
343:
292:
228:, they eventually differentiate into all of the body's cell types (making them
200:
180:
176:
27:
Undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells
7484:
7331:
6895:
6865:
6776:
6508:
BPAI Rejects WARF Stem Cell Patent Claims in Inter Partes Reexamination Appeal
6416:
5369:
5188:
1334:
overcomes the ethical objections to using human embryos as a source of cells.
8789:
8544:
8499:
8408:
8223:
7969:
7937:
7602:
7576:
7285:
7232:
6993:
6852:
Yen AH, Sharpe PT (January 2008). "Stem cells and tooth tissue engineering".
6641:
5922:
5863:
4380:
3733:
3595:
3534:
3438:
2128:
1953:
1926:
1918:
1883:
1864:
1641:
1500:
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1454:
1383:
598:
493:
6398:
Du, Li; Rachul, Christen; Guo, Zhaochen; Caulfield, Timothy (9 March 2016).
6037:
5598:
5464:
5106:
4477:
4122:
2696:
2280:
1932:
In more recent years, with the ability of scientists to isolate and culture
1319:
Also called perinatal stem cells, these multipotent stem cells are found in
8696:
8681:
8593:
8534:
8433:
8403:
8312:
7710:
7617:
7426:
7339:
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7156:
White YA, Woods DC, Takai Y, Ishihara O, Seki H, Tilly JL (February 2012).
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6749:
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6659:
6633:
6552:
U.S. Government and USPTO Urges Federal Circuit to Dismiss Stem Cell Appeal
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6335:
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6230:
6181:
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5962:
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5913:
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5881:
5840:"Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Astray or on the Path?"
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3649:
3614:
3542:
3500:
3446:
3385:
3368:
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3291:
3206:
3187:
3171:"Stem Cells Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Disease Therapeutics"
3147:
3111:
3054:
2984:
2919:
2876:
2651:
2612:
2517:
2378:
2296:
2246:
2213:"Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Astray or on the Path?"
2189:
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2136:
1998:
1551:
To ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division (see
1513:
1446:
1442:
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1018:
1010:
969:
Human embryonic stem cell colony on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layer
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622:
580:
515:
503:
446:
253:
249:
188:
37:"Stem cells" and "Stem cell research" redirect here. For the journals, see
6746:
ISRAEL21c: Israeli scientists reverse brain birth defects using stem cells
5785:
Bone Marrow Transplantation and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
5730:
Bone Marrow Transplantation and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
5555:
4950:
4933:
4226:
3868:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
3641:
3492:
3394:
2799:
2679:
1723:(WARF) – they are patents 5,843,780, 6,200,806, and 7,029,913 invented by
8686:
8676:
8671:
8069:
7989:
6290:
6273:
6212:
6163:
5946:"Stem cells application in regenerative medicine and disease threpeutics"
3334:
3078:"Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells"
2723:
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63:
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5838:
Müller, Albrecht M.; Huppertz, Sascha; Henschler, Reinhard (July 2016).
5252:
4557:. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004-07-14. Archived from
3823:
2966:
8613:
8566:
8489:
8398:
8141:
8138:
7366:
6691:
6550:
Antoinette Konski for Personalized Medicine Bulletin. February 3, 2014
5418:
5229:"The promise of induced pluripotent stem cells in research and therapy"
5083:
5000:
4530:"Stem-cell therapy shows promise for horse soft-tissue injury, disease"
3994:
2643:
2584:
1765:
Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated
1761:
1517:
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1450:
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762:
746:
734:
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661:
643:
560:
485:
465:
402:
315:
296:
215:
5855:
5653:"National Institutes of Health Guidelines on Human Stem Cell Research"
5053:
4736:"Europe's Biocell Center opens Medford office – Daily Business Update"
4590:
4573:
4453:"Unique multipotent cells in adult human mesenchymal cell populations"
4037:
3676:
3311:
3309:
2843:"Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology"
2664:
2228:
8158:
8008:
5897:"Stem cell therapies in neurology: the good, the bad and the unknown"
5713:
5711:
4356:
3124:
2911:
2180:
2119:
2110:
1993:
1753:
to appeal; the case could not proceed until that issue was resolved.
1613:
1371:(ESCs), they are not able to differentiate into cells from all three
1276:
1233:
1193:
1189:
Adipose tissue (fat cells), which requires extraction by liposuction.
1043:
849:
615:
585:
564:
310:
Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Canadian biologists
304:
7223:
7173:
5451:
4658:
4325:
3898:"Bone marrow (stem cell) donation: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
3415:
3139:
3045:
2858:
2763:
1690:
industry in which patients travel to obtain stem cell procedures.
152:
8716:
8618:
8117:
8060:
7587:
6540:
Consumer Watchdog, PPF Seek Invalidation of WARF's Stem Cell Patent
4689:"Vatican newspaper calls new stem cell source 'future of medicine'"
4307:
3921:
Coughlin RP, Oldweiler A, Mickelson DT, Moorman CT (October 2017).
3306:
2440:
Injured Brazilian Wolf Is First Wild Animal Treated With Stem Cells
2003:
1922:
1914:
1845:
1773:
1637:
1617:
1458:
1438:'s finding that inducing pluripotency in human cells was possible.
1435:
1431:
1339:
1307:
that may cause DNA damage and genetic mutations as well as altered
1299:
1130:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1026:
1022:
932:
803:
The neural stem cells self-renew and at some point transition into
770:
758:
754:
750:
682:
257:
245:
241:
237:
7467:
7387:
5708:
4308:
Behrens A, van Deursen JM, Rudolph KL, Schumacher B (March 2014).
3800:"Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow"
1936:, and with scientists' growing ability to create stem cells using
30:
This article is about the cell type. For the medical therapy, see
8656:
8549:
8327:
8322:
7451:
7109:"Germline stem cells: toward the regeneration of spermatogenesis"
6930:
6350:"Communicating About Unproven Stem Cell Treatments to the Public"
4207:
3920:
3579:"Cycling to Meet Fate: Connecting Pluripotency to the Cell Cycle"
3282:
3265:
1858:
1529:
1119:
1100:
1034:
868:
745:
and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three
696:
567:, to protect their DNA and extend their cell division limit (the
553:
351:
224:
207:
8192:
7545:
5796:
5717:
Ian Murnaghan for Explore Stem Cells. Updated: 16 December 2013
3797:
3240:"Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy At Risk? Geron Ends Clinical Trial"
1921:, and other conditions. Research is also underway in generating
8701:
8293:
7733:
7723:
3627:
1868:
1839:
1808:
1716:
1272:
1237:
1050:
879:(LIF) in serum media. A drug cocktail containing inhibitors to
845:
603:
591:
280:
232:). This process starts with the differentiation into the three
192:
6103:
Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects
3749:
Before We are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects
1738:
on behalf of its client, the non-profit patent-watchdog group
1263:
The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as
8743:
List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization
8603:
7728:
7640:
5486:
5450:
Fox, D.T.; Morris, L.X.; Nystul, T.; Spradling, A.C. (2008).
3747:
Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T. V. N.; Torchia, Mark G. (2013).
3520:
3316:
Zomer HD, Vidane AS, Gonçalves NN, Ambrósio CE (2015-09-28).
3022:
2327:
Stem Cells: A Brief History and Outlook – Science in the News
1852:
1612:(HSCT) has been used to treat people with conditions such as
1411:
1403:
1367:
Adult stem cells have limitations with their potency; unlike
1241:
895:
880:
844:. Neural stem cells are committed to the neuronal lineages (
825:
611:
98:
7535:
6615:
6453:"How a University's Patents May Limit Stem-Cell Researcher."
3315:
3222:"First Embryonic Stem-Cell Trial Gets Approval from the FDA"
2940:
2889:
2709:
792:. At the neural tube stage, the anterior portion undergoes
468:, run over by a truck, underwent stem cell treatment at the
8317:
7607:
5638:
5030:
4310:"Impact of genomic damage and ageing on stem cell function"
3478:
1525:
1415:
1407:
1249:
1245:
1013:, which is made possible through specialized mechanisms of
903:
518:—to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, although
261:, they can be kept in the stem-cell stage and are known as
6195:
Bauer, G; Elsallab, M; Abou-El-Enein, M (September 2018).
6194:
5741:
4450:
2766:"Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts"
1711:
Consumer Watchdog vs. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
283:. They exist to replenish rapidly lost cell types and are
271:
are found in a few select locations in the body, known as
8307:
8303:
7928:
4782:"Biocell Center opens amniotic stem cell bank in Medford"
4643:
2625:
2351:
Ramalho-Santos, Miguel; Willenbring, Holger (June 2007).
2350:
1734:(USPTO) to re-examine the three patents was filed by the
1512:
The key factors controlling the cell cycle also regulate
927:. On November 14, 2011 the company conducting the trial (
7106:
7037:
6312:
6271:
6267:
6265:
5449:
4811:"World's First Amniotic Stem Cell Bank Opens In Medford"
4078:
2811:
2809:
2266:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
2157:
1628:
transplantation, but the cells can also be derived from
1220:) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (
397:
The key properties of a stem cell were first defined by
7155:
5837:
5283:
4895:"Breakthrough Set to Radically Change Stem Cell Debate"
4261:"Stem cells: potency, plasticity and public perception"
3705:
3662:
2210:
1346:" called amniotic stem cells "the future of medicine".
608:
A: Stem cell colonies that are not yet differentiated.
556:
and produces two stem cells identical to the original.
7267:, Li MD, Hafez M, Bieber M, Atkins H (November 2012).
6805:
6506:
Stephen G. Kunin for Patents Post Grant. May 10, 2010
4852:
4850:
4848:
4571:
4404:"Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine"
2943:"The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal"
741:, at which time it consists of 50–150 cells. ESCs are
7902:
6592:"Treating Hair Loss with Stem Cell & PRP Therapy"
6262:
5169:
3075:
2806:
2737:
Sekhar L, Bisht N (2006-09-01). "Stem Cell Therapy".
1719:
covering human embryonic stem cells are owned by the
1073:
are active during the late G1 phase and S phase; and
222:, around days 5–14. These have stem-cell capability.
7536:
National Institutes of Health: Stem Cell Information
6397:
7263:
6100:
4845:
3746:
2626:Ulloa-Montoya F, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS (July 2005).
2088:
6481:Ding! WARF Wins Round 2 As Stem Cell Patent Upheld
6451:Regalado, Antonio, David P. Hamilton (July 2006).
6447:
6445:
6019:
5329:"Frozen blood a source of stem cells, study finds"
1118:The primitive stem cells located in the organs of
1049:The cell cycle is regulated by complex network of
6722:
6720:
6479:Stephen Jenei for Patent Baristas, March 3, 2008
6467:Stephen Jenei for Patent Baristas, April 3, 2007
5354:"Choosing Cell Fate Through a Dynamic Cell Cycle"
5135:"His inspiration comes from the research by Prof
4977:
4401:
3699:
3322:Stem Cells and Cloning: Advances and Applications
1473:As a result of the success of these experiments,
1445:and differentiation potential, the expression of
1077:and Cdk2 are active in the S phase and G2, while
484:Self-renewal: the ability to go through numerous
338:). The process of isolating these cells has been
8787:
7072:
6469:WARF Stem Cell Patents Knocked Down in Round One
2211:Müller AM, Huppertz S, Henschler R (July 2016).
828:characteristics, most notably the expression of
7204:
6442:
6133:"Fetal Stem Cells Cause Tumor in a Teenage Boy"
5400:
4874:
4834:(Press release). Medford, Mass.: Prnewswire.com
4173:Journal of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
3001:. National Institutes of Health. Archived from
915:to study cell reactions to proposed new drugs.
500:, while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
330:, first performed in 1958 by French oncologist
7837:Stem cell laws and policy in the United States
6717:
5576:
5351:
2999:"Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC)"
2480:Cong YS, Wright WE, Shay JW (September 2002).
2479:
2160:Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology
1386:allows for the creation of pluripotent cells,
1216:Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (
8208:
7888:
7656:
7561:
7352:
7311:
7257:
7017:"Osiris Trumpets Its Adult Stem Cell Product"
6835:"Hair Cloning Nears Reality as Baldness Cure"
5223:
5147:"Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning"
2566:
1065:and Cdk4/6 are active in the G1 phase, while
7205:Liew, Aaron; O'Brien, Timothy (2012-07-30).
5790:
5527:
5277:
4931:
4877:"Skin Cells Can Become Embryonic Stem Cells"
4619:
4617:
4572:Oliveira PH, da Silva CL, Cabral JM (2014).
4301:
3576:
3219:
2628:"Culture systems for pluripotent stem cells"
1699:International Society for Stem Cell Research
1477:, who helped create the first cloned animal
1171:There are three known accessible sources of
680:Properties of stem cells can be illustrated
6761:
6020:Master Z, McLeod M, Mendez I (March 2007).
5803:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation
5528:Xie, Ting; Spradling, Allan C (July 1998).
4934:"Pluripotent stem cells: the last 10 years"
4927:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4402:Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA (May 2007).
4166:
3583:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
2736:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
1286:
252:stage. However, when they are isolated and
8215:
8201:
7895:
7881:
7663:
7649:
7568:
7554:
7317:
7021:Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News
5219:
5217:
3882:|...|intentional=yes}}
3263:
2486:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2061:
1136:Extraembryonic fetal stem cells come from
875:(for support) and require the presence of
291:, which replenish blood and immune cells,
62:
7466:
7416:
7406:
7346:
7294:
7284:
7240:
7222:
7181:
7132:
6956:
6851:
6726:
6700:
6690:
6649:
6425:
6415:
6365:Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology
6289:
6243:
6220:
6171:
6146:Lo, Bernard; Parham, Lindsay (May 2009).
6101:Moore KL, Persaud TV, Torchia MG (2013).
6078:"Comprehensive Stem Cell Training Course"
6053:
5971:
5961:
5912:
5871:
5814:
5545:
5504:
5463:
5426:
5377:
5309:
5260:
5197:
5187:
5144:
5077:
5052:
4999:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4949:
4614:
4589:
4486:
4476:
4427:
4370:
4333:
4284:
4235:
4225:
4184:
4055:
3946:
3604:
3594:
3384:
3343:
3333:
3281:
3196:
3186:
3101:
3044:
2974:
2866:
2789:
2602:
2507:
2497:
2447:, January 15, 2011. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
2368:
2323:"Stem Cells: A Brief History and Outlook"
2236:
2179:
2118:
1678:philosophical one, not a scientific one.
1492:models to study toxins and pathogenesis.
1192:Blood, which requires extraction through
1125:There are two types of fetal stem cells:
974:
856:), and thus their potency is restricted.
422:The first therapy using stem cells was a
8248:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology
7842:Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation
7014:
6145:
6109:
5695:"NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry"
5674:"NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry"
5024:
4916:
4875:Brand M, Palca J, Cohen A (2007-11-20).
4565:
2632:Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2524:
2394:"The Accidental Discovery of Stem Cells"
2346:
2344:
1760:
1747:Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
1186:, usually from pelvic bones via surgery.
1154:
978:
597:
584:
199:, which cannot divide indefinitely, and
6896:"Gene therapy is first deafness 'cure'"
6729:"Stem Cells Tapped to Replenish Organs"
6727:Steinberg, Douglas (26 November 2000).
6567:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6117:"Why Embryonic Stem Cells are obsolete"
6105:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier.
5352:Chen X, Hartman A, Guo S (2015-09-01).
5214:
4258:
2815:
2541:
2353:"On the Origin of the Term 'Stem Cell'"
2259:
2253:
1622:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
1610:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
1507:
1434:. However, they were able to replicate
328:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
14:
8788:
6979:
6832:
6148:"Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research"
4966:
4444:
3366:
3220:Winslow R, Mundy A (23 January 2009).
2544:Humanbiotechnology as Social Challenge
1578:germarium have identified the signals
1553:Stem cell division and differentiation
1402:. They used the transcription factors
1356:
836:CNS, and its cell body resides in the
210:, roughly 50 to 150 cells make up the
8196:
7876:
7644:
7549:
6833:DeNoon, Daniel J. (4 November 2004).
6672:
5950:International Journal of Cell Biology
5943:
5335:. Reuters. 2010-07-01. Archived from
4932:Kimbrel EA, Lanza R (December 2016).
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3175:International Journal of Cell Biology
3168:
2840:
2482:"Human telomerase and its regulation"
2341:
2262:"Stem Cell Research Around the World"
1686:Stem cell tourism is the part of the
1481:, has announced that he will abandon
1122:are referred to as fetal stem cells.
998:
8768:
7052:10.1146/annurev.med.58.082405.095329
6556:
6371:(1 Spinal Cord Disorders): 201–205.
6362:
5894:
5844:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
5778:
5401:Hindley C, Philpott A (April 2013).
4527:
3710:Stem Cells: From Benchtop to Bedside
3264:Wu DC, Boyd AS, Wood KJ (May 2007).
2316:
2314:
2278:
2217:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
2057:
2055:
1721:Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
1681:
788:causes the neurectoderm to form the
128:H1.00.01.0.00028, H2.00.01.0.00001
6914:"Stem cells used to restore vision"
6404:JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
5723:
5719:Why Perform a Stem Cell Transplant?
4858:"Making human embryonic stem cells"
3242:. ScienceDebate.com. Archived from
1975:In August 2021, researchers in the
1624:. This usually takes the form of a
1017:control. Compared to proliferating
24:
7445:
7015:Anderson, Querida (15 June 2008).
6377:10.1212/01.CON.0000461094.76563.be
4532:. DVM Newsmagazine. Archived from
4420:10.1161/01.RES.0000265074.83288.09
3557:
3507:
3461:
2546:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 28.
2260:Ralston, Michelle (17 July 2008).
1970:
1929:, and modeling of human diseases.
1200:Stem cells can also be taken from
1059:cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
1033:—which leaves the cells mostly in
957:stem cells with fluorescent marker
909:stage specific embryonic antigen 3
574:
25:
8832:
8222:
7575:
7500:
6622:Stem Cells Translational Medicine
6201:Stem Cells Translational Medicine
5403:"The cell cycle and pluripotency"
3971:"autologous stem cell transplant"
3523:Experimental Biology and Medicine
2492:(3): 407–425, table of contents.
2428:, compiled by Wm. Robert Johnston
2311:
2052:
2039:Stem cell laws and policy in Iran
1779:Androgenic Alopecia and hair loss
1756:
1661:Stem cell treatments may require
668:
8767:
8756:
8755:
8256:
7855:
7854:
7381:
7211:Stem Cell Research & Therapy
7198:
7149:
7125:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.052
7100:
7066:
7031:
7008:
6973:
6949:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02358.x
6924:
6906:
6888:
6845:
6826:
6799:
6755:
6739:
6666:
6609:
6584:
6544:
6532:
6512:
6500:
6494:for Science Now. March 12, 2008
6485:
6473:
6461:
6391:
6356:
6342:
6306:
6237:
6188:
6139:
6125:
6094:
6070:
6013:
5988:
5937:
5888:
5831:
5452:"Lineage analysis of stem cells"
5176:Stem Cell Research & Therapy
4277:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00029.x
1656:
962:
944:
780:', which will become the future
737:stage is reached 4–5 days after
324:medical therapy using stem cells
8733:Index of biotechnology articles
7320:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
6538:GenomeWeb staff, July 03, 2013
6278:New England Journal of Medicine
5735:
5687:
5666:
5645:
5621:
5570:
5521:
5480:
5443:
5394:
5345:
5163:
5129:
4887:
4868:
4824:
4803:
4774:
4753:
4728:
4699:
4681:
4637:
4627:
4547:
4521:
4503:
4395:
4350:
4252:
4201:
4160:
4116:
4072:
4031:
3988:
3963:
3914:
3890:
3791:
3765:
3740:
3656:
3621:
3409:
3373:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
3360:
3257:
3232:
3213:
3162:
3118:
3069:
3016:
2991:
2934:
2883:
2834:
2757:
2730:
2703:
2658:
2619:
2560:
2473:
2464:
2450:
2431:
2412:
2281:"Stem cells: a clinical update"
2068:. Academic Press. p. 452.
1977:Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
1428:University of Wisconsin–Madison
1182:, which requires extraction by
830:glial fibrillary acidic protein
533:
430:in 1956 on five workers at the
426:performed by French oncologist
8738:List of biotechnology articles
7701:Induced pluripotent stem cells
7670:
7075:Biennial Review of Infertility
4763:. BostonHerald.com. 2009-10-22
3665:Journal of Cellular Physiology
2499:10.1128/MMBR.66.3.407-425.2002
2385:
2279:Tuch, B. E. (September 2006).
2272:
2204:
2151:
2082:
1948:has crept in, both related to
1942:induced pluripotent stem cells
1732:US Patent and Trademark Office
1567:) between the daughter cells.
1426:, and their colleagues at the
1388:induced pluripotent stem cells
1164:Adult stem cells, also called
811:. These cells transition to a
360:induced pluripotent stem cells
13:
1:
8582:Genetically modified organism
8349:Biotechnology industrial park
6458:. Retrieved on July 24, 2006.
6244:Blackwell, Tom (2016-07-13).
5756:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12110-1
5547:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81424-5
3419:Stem Cell Reviews and Reports
3037:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00392-1
2791:10.1126/science.282.5391.1145
2751:10.1016/S0976-0016(11)60209-3
2045:
1938:somatic cell nuclear transfer
1874:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1647:
1483:somatic cell nuclear transfer
1363:Induced pluripotent stem cell
1224:, adipose-derived stem cell,
840:, adjacent to the developing
805:radial glial progenitor cells
475:
392:Franz Ernst Christian Neumann
348:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
179:that can change into various
8098:CRISPR genome-editing method
7526:Resources in other libraries
7077:. Springer. pp. 17–39.
6496:WARF Goes 3 for 3 on Patents
6328:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1891
6122:. Retrieved on Aug 17, 2015.
5506:10.1182/blood-2006-11-055921
5227:; Daley, GQ (January 2012).
4901:. 2007-11-20. Archived from
4788:. 2009-10-23. Archived from
4786:Mass High Tech Business News
4713:. 2009-10-22. Archived from
4138:10.3109/14653249.2011.579961
4057:10.1373/clinchem.2007.089896
3714:. World Scientific. p.
3367:Caplan AI (September 1991).
2847:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2419:Vinca reactor accident, 1958
2400:. University of Saskatchewan
1589:
1175:adult stem cells in humans:
983:Human mesenchymal stem cells
717:(ESCs) are the cells of the
703:
442:. The workers all survived.
318:and Andrew J. Becker at the
175:or partially differentiated
7:
8572:Environmental biotechnology
7083:10.1007/978-3-319-17849-3_3
5895:Lyon, Louisa (2018-10-01).
5637:. 9 March 2009 – via
4813:. wbur.org. 22 October 2009
4094:10.1634/stemcells.2005-0542
3577:Zaveri L, Dhawan J (2018).
2285:Australian Family Physician
1986:
1730:In 2006, a request for the
1704:
1375:. As such, they are deemed
1314:
925:spinal cord injury research
861:human embryonic stem cells
731:human embryonic development
438:who had been affected by a
10:
8837:
8172:James Webb Space Telescope
7408:10.1016/j.stem.2021.07.003
5816:10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.06.006
5302:10.1016/j.stem.2010.06.002
5145:Highfield R (2007-11-16).
5045:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019
4992:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
3939:10.1016/j.eats.2017.06.048
3851:10.1038/s41586-024-07653-0
3630:Stem Cells and Development
3481:Stem Cells and Development
3431:10.1007/s12015-022-10379-z
3094:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.020
2816:Gilbert, Scott F. (2014).
2370:10.1016/j.stem.2007.05.013
1911:neurodegenerative diseases
1708:
1634:neurodegenerative diseases
1593:
1540:
1536:
1485:as an avenue of research.
1360:
1211:DNA damage theory of aging
1148:
1002:
877:leukemia inhibitory factor
815:state and start to divide
707:
578:
563:, a protein that restores
365:
295:, which maintain the skin
36:
29:
8751:
8725:
8632:
8512:
8442:
8391:
8382:
8341:
8286:
8265:
8254:
8243:Timeline of biotechnology
8230:
8152:developed at record speed
7913:
7907:Breakthroughs of the Year
7850:
7804:
7709:
7678:
7583:
7521:Resources in your library
7485:10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011021
7332:10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.013
7040:Annual Review of Medicine
6866:10.1007/s00441-007-0467-6
6808:Minerva Cardioangiologica
6777:10.1080/14653240500238160
6417:10.2196/publichealth.5264
6026:Journal of Medical Ethics
5370:10.1007/s40778-015-0018-0
5358:Current Stem Cell Reports
5189:10.1186/s13287-017-0667-2
4899:News Hour with Jim Lehrer
4515:ucsfchildrenshospital.org
4259:Gardner RL (March 2002).
2569:Engineering of Stem Cells
2321:Ferreira L (2014-01-03).
2062:Atala A, Lanza R (2012).
1981:University Health Network
1940:and techniques to create
1867:and repair damage to the
1294:(HSCs) are vulnerable to
191:. They are found in both
145:
133:
121:
109:
97:
92:
87:
61:
56:
8599:Microbial biodegradation
8278:Industrial biotechnology
8238:History of biotechnology
7812:Cellular differentiation
7286:10.1186/1741-7015-10-133
6994:10.1001/jama.285.13.1691
6854:Cell and Tissue Research
6120:US News and world report
5155:. London. Archived from
4511:"Bone Marrow Transplant"
4381:10.1089/ten.2006.12.3007
3596:10.3389/fcell.2018.00057
3535:10.1177/1535370213480711
3369:"Mesenchymal stem cells"
2841:Rakic P (October 2009).
1736:Public Patent Foundation
1715:Some of the fundamental
1292:Hematopoietic stem cells
1287:Hematopoietic stem cells
1144:
1138:extraembryonic membranes
1113:
1055:cyclin-dependent kinases
784:. Later in development,
767:extraembryonic membranes
686:, using methods such as
675:hematopoietic stem cells
543:Asymmetric cell division
289:hematopoietic stem cells
8273:Colors of biotechnology
8027:Human genetic variation
7962:Whole genome sequencing
7772:Hematopoietic stem cell
7355:Pharmaceutical Medicine
7113:Fertility and Sterility
6456:The Wall Street Journal
6115:Bernadine Healy, M.D..
6038:10.1136/jme.2005.013169
5599:10.1126/science.1069871
5465:10.3824/stembook.1.33.1
5407:The Biochemical Journal
5107:10.1126/science.1151526
4528:Kane, Ed (2008-05-01).
4478:10.1073/pnas.0911647107
3270:Frontiers in Bioscience
3226:The Wall Street Journal
2712:Experimental Hematology
2668:Experimental Hematology
2424:27 January 2011 at the
1636:and conditions such as
1330:Use of stem cells from
1305:reactive oxygen species
1029:, and modifications in
614:cells, an example of a
432:Vinča Nuclear Institute
303:, which maintain bone,
275:, such as those in the
165:multicellular organisms
8667:Biomedical engineering
8374:Pharmaceutical company
8354:Biotechnology products
8131:Single-cell sequencing
8035:Cellular reprogramming
7541:Nature.com: Stem Cells
6733:The Scientist Magazine
6634:10.5966/sctm.2015-0107
4167:Madhusankar N (2007).
4009:10.1038/sj.leu.2404630
3927:Arthroscopy Techniques
3386:10.1002/jor.1100090504
2820:. Sinauer Associates.
2391:
2320:
2172:10.1002/jcp.1030620313
2065:Handbook of Stem Cells
1905:Critical Limb Ischemia
1813:traumatic brain injury
1766:
1602:Bone marrow transplant
1461:formation, and viable
1398:and his colleagues at
1161:
1088:retinoblastoma protein
1031:cell cycle checkpoints
984:
975:Mesenchymal stem cells
782:central nervous system
619:
618:after differentiation.
595:
424:bone marrow transplant
301:mesenchymal stem cells
147:Anatomical terminology
8821:Developmental biology
7946:Accelerating universe
7822:Stem cell controversy
7777:Mesenchymal stem cell
7767:Endothelial stem cell
7401:(10): 1838–1850.e10.
4951:10.2217/rme-2016-0117
4938:Regenerative Medicine
4881:National Public Radio
3874:|...}}
3845:(Retracted, see
3773:"What is a stem cell"
3751:. Saunders/Elsevier.
3642:10.1089/scd.2009.0065
3493:10.1089/scd.2010.0136
2818:Developmental Biology
2029:Stem cell controversy
2009:Mesenchymal stem cell
1764:
1709:Further information:
1392:transcription factors
1230:dental pulp stem cell
1226:endothelial stem cell
1222:mesenchymal stem cell
1158:
1003:Further information:
982:
920:regenerative medicine
601:
588:
410:and senior scientist
320:University of Toronto
220:embryonic development
76:mesenchymal stem cell
8692:Chemical engineering
8555:Reproductive cloning
8419:Hybridoma technology
8369:Human Genome Project
8079:Cancer immunotherapy
8044:Ardipithecus ramidus
7686:Embryonic stem cells
6937:Acta Ophthalmologica
6902:. February 14, 2005.
6291:10.1056/NEJMc1600188
6213:10.1002/sctm.17-0282
6164:10.1210/er.2008-0031
5963:10.1155/2016/6940283
5914:10.1093/brain/awy221
4693:Catholic News Agency
4647:Nature Biotechnology
4408:Circulation Research
4214:Bone Marrow Research
3335:10.2147/SCCAA.S88036
3188:10.1155/2016/6940283
3128:Nature Biotechnology
1934:embryonic stem cells
1784:Rheumatoid arthritis
1630:umbilical cord blood
1369:embryonic stem cells
1269:embryonic stem cells
1202:umbilical cord blood
873:extracellular matrix
715:Embryonic stem cells
440:criticality accident
263:embryonic stem cells
104:cellula praecursoria
8577:Genetic engineering
8560:Therapeutic cloning
8540:Bionic architecture
8520:Animal cell culture
8287:Biological concepts
8122:neutron star merger
8110:gravitational waves
8018:Poincaré conjecture
7746:Embryonic stem cell
7477:2015PhRvX...5a1021M
7418:20.500.11850/510219
6158:(3). NIH: 204–213.
6082:R3 Medical Training
5591:2002Sci...296.1855S
5585:(5574): 1855–1857.
5253:10.1038/nature10761
5245:2012Natur.481..295R
5099:2007Sci...318.1917Y
5093:(5858): 1917–1920.
4469:2010PNAS..107.8639K
4314:Nature Cell Biology
4227:10.1155/2012/787414
3824:10.1038/nature00870
3816:2002Natur.418...41J
2967:10.1038/nature06968
2959:2008Natur.453..519Y
2904:2001Natur.409..714N
2782:1998Sci...282.1145T
2776:(5391): 1145–1147.
2577:2009esc..book..185M
2103:1963Natur.197..452B
1823:congenital disorder
1819:Learning disability
1799:Respiratory disease
1794:Alzheimer's disease
1789:Parkinson's disease
1608:For over 90 years,
1357:Induced pluripotent
1325:Amniotic stem cells
1092:hyperphosphorylated
710:Embryonic stem cell
78:displaying typical
72:electron micrograph
8801:Induced stem cells
8633:Interdisciplinary
8587:Molecular genetics
8333:Selective breeding
8163:protein structures
7598:Granulation tissue
7367:10.1007/BF03256896
6692:10.1242/bio.059423
6577:2017-02-24 at the
6526:2013-02-20 at the
6521:Decision on Appeal
5996:"Tế bào gốc là gì"
5419:10.1042/BJ20121627
4695:. 3 February 2010.
4359:Tissue Engineering
4265:Journal of Anatomy
4044:Clinical Chemistry
3933:(5): e1761–e1766.
2644:10.1263/jbb.100.12
2585:10.1007/10_2008_45
1900:Female infertility
1828:Spinal cord injury
1767:
1508:Cell cycle control
1466:"completeness" of
1344:Osservatore Romano
1162:
999:Cell cycle control
985:
842:ventricular system
729:in the uterus. In
725:, formed prior to
620:
596:
506:: the capacity to
498:cell proliferation
464:In 2011, a female
408:Andrew John Becker
47:Stem Cell Research
8783:
8782:
8712:Nanobiotechnology
8707:Molecular biology
8508:
8507:
8359:Biotechnology law
8190:
8189:
8150:COVID-19 vaccines
8106:First observation
7974:Molecular circuit
7870:
7869:
7817:Stem cell therapy
7696:Cancer stem cells
7638:
7637:
7507:Library resources
7455:Physical Review X
7092:978-3-319-17849-3
6988:(13): 1691–1693.
6673:Hynds, R (2022).
6628:(11): 1317–1323.
6519:Patent 7,029,913
6322:(11): 1342–1345.
6152:Endocrine Reviews
5944:Mahla RS (2016).
5856:10.1159/000447748
5809:(9 Suppl): 8–15.
5639:National Archives
5499:(12): 5494–5501.
5239:(7381): 295–305.
4591:10.1002/stem.1796
4584:(11): 2824–2832.
4463:(19): 8639–8643.
4365:(11): 3007–3019.
4271:(Pt 3): 277–282.
4088:(10): 2292–2298.
3758:978-1-4377-2001-3
3725:978-981-256-126-8
3677:10.1002/jcp.20776
3487:(11): 1663–1678.
3276:(8–12): 4525–35.
3169:Mahla RS (2016).
2953:(7194): 519–523.
2898:(6821): 714–720.
2827:978-0-87893-978-7
2594:978-3-540-88805-5
2553:978-0-7546-5755-2
2229:10.1159/000447748
2097:(4866): 452–454.
2075:978-0-12-385943-3
2014:Ovarian stem cell
1950:abortion politics
1740:Consumer Watchdog
1697:According to the
1682:Stem cell tourism
1663:immunosuppression
1596:Stem cell therapy
929:Geron Corporation
688:clonogenic assays
412:Louis Siminovitch
388:Alexander Maximow
161:
160:
156:
32:stem-cell therapy
16:(Redirected from
8828:
8771:
8770:
8759:
8758:
8609:Pharmacogenomics
8389:
8388:
8383:Basic techniques
8364:Green Revolution
8342:General concepts
8260:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8194:
8193:
8183:
8175:
8166:
8153:
8144:
8133:
8125:
8112:
8100:
8092:
8081:
8073:
8064:
8055:
8047:
8037:
8029:
8021:
8012:
8003:
7992:
7984:
7982:RNA interference
7976:
7964:
7956:
7948:
7940:
7932:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7874:
7873:
7858:
7857:
7805:Related articles
7782:Neural stem cell
7691:Adult stem cells
7665:
7658:
7651:
7642:
7641:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7547:
7546:
7496:
7470:
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7343:
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7309:
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7063:
7035:
7029:
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7006:
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6977:
6971:
6970:
6960:
6928:
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6904:
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6885:
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6504:
6498:
6492:Constance Holden
6489:
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6440:
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6098:
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6011:
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5985:
5975:
5965:
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5886:
5885:
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5782:
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5701:
5691:
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5618:
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5477:
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5440:
5430:
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5391:
5381:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5326:Lay summary in:
5323:
5313:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5191:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5141:Kyoto University
5133:
5127:
5126:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5056:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5003:
4975:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4929:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4872:
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4854:
4843:
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4828:
4822:
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4818:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4740:The Boston Globe
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4685:
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4641:
4635:
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4507:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4414:(9): 1249–1260.
4399:
4393:
4392:
4374:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4256:
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4249:
4239:
4229:
4205:
4199:
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4188:
4164:
4158:
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4120:
4114:
4113:
4076:
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4059:
4035:
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3992:
3986:
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3983:
3982:
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3950:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3864:Retraction Watch
3843:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3777:anthonynolan.org
3769:
3763:
3762:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3713:
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3697:
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3654:
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3608:
3598:
3574:
3555:
3554:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3476:
3459:
3458:
3425:(6): 1974–1985.
3413:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3337:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3285:
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3255:
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3211:
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3190:
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3105:
3073:
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3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2912:10.1038/35055553
2887:
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2870:
2838:
2832:
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2804:
2803:
2793:
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2700:
2690:PASCAL7536501060
2688:
2662:
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2623:
2617:
2616:
2606:
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2557:
2539:
2522:
2521:
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2501:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2448:
2437:Boyle, Rebecca.
2435:
2429:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
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2155:
2149:
2148:
2122:
2111:10.1038/197452a0
2086:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2034:Stem cell marker
1965:drug development
1913:and conditions,
1889:Male infertility
1851:Replace missing
1834:Heart infarction
1725:James A. Thomson
1400:Kyoto University
966:
948:
885:MAPK/ERK pathway
854:oligodendrocytes
838:ventricular zone
809:progenitor cells
798:neural stem cell
527:progenitor cells
399:Ernest McCulloch
384:Artur Pappenheim
380:Valentin Haecker
312:Ernest McCulloch
269:Adult stem cells
197:progenitor cells
173:undifferentiated
153:edit on Wikidata
150:
66:
54:
53:
21:
8836:
8835:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8747:
8721:
8662:Biopharmacology
8634:
8628:
8504:
8475:Electrophoresis
8470:Kidney dialysis
8460:Crystallization
8438:
8384:
8378:
8337:
8282:
8261:
8252:
8226:
8221:
8191:
8186:
8178:
8169:
8156:
8147:
8136:
8128:
8115:
8103:
8095:
8084:
8076:
8067:
8058:
8053:quantum machine
8050:
8040:
8032:
8024:
8015:
8006:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7967:
7959:
7951:
7943:
7938:Dolly the sheep
7935:
7926:
7919:
7909:
7901:
7871:
7866:
7846:
7800:
7763:Progenitor cell
7705:
7674:
7669:
7639:
7634:
7623:Intussusception
7579:
7574:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7448:
7446:Further reading
7443:
7442:
7386:
7382:
7351:
7347:
7316:
7312:
7262:
7258:
7224:10.1186/scrt119
7203:
7199:
7174:10.1038/nm.2669
7162:Nature Medicine
7154:
7150:
7105:
7101:
7093:
7071:
7067:
7036:
7032:
7013:
7009:
6978:
6974:
6929:
6925:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6850:
6846:
6831:
6827:
6804:
6800:
6760:
6756:
6744:
6740:
6725:
6718:
6671:
6667:
6614:
6610:
6601:
6599:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6579:Wayback Machine
6570:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6528:Wayback Machine
6517:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6490:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6450:
6443:
6396:
6392:
6361:
6357:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6311:
6307:
6270:
6263:
6254:
6252:
6242:
6238:
6193:
6189:
6144:
6140:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6114:
6110:
6099:
6095:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6018:
6014:
6005:
6003:
6002:(in Vietnamese)
5994:
5993:
5989:
5942:
5938:
5893:
5889:
5836:
5832:
5795:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5750:(9351): 45–46.
5740:
5736:
5728:
5724:
5716:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5575:
5571:
5526:
5522:
5485:
5481:
5448:
5444:
5399:
5395:
5350:
5346:
5327:
5282:
5278:
5222:
5215:
5168:
5164:
5137:Shinya Yamanaka
5134:
5130:
5082:
5078:
5029:
5025:
4976:
4967:
4930:
4917:
4908:
4906:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4873:
4869:
4856:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4795:
4793:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4745:
4743:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4659:10.1038/nbt1274
4642:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4570:
4566:
4555:"Stem Cell FAQ"
4553:
4552:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4526:
4522:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4449:
4445:
4400:
4396:
4372:10.1.1.328.2873
4355:
4351:
4326:10.1038/ncb2928
4306:
4302:
4257:
4253:
4206:
4202:
4165:
4161:
4121:
4117:
4077:
4073:
4036:
4032:
3993:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3919:
3915:
3906:
3904:
3902:medlineplus.gov
3896:
3895:
3891:
3877:
3869:
3867:
3844:
3810:(6893): 41–49.
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3779:. Anthony Nolan
3771:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3745:
3741:
3726:
3704:
3700:
3661:
3657:
3626:
3622:
3575:
3558:
3519:
3508:
3477:
3462:
3414:
3410:
3365:
3361:
3314:
3307:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3218:
3214:
3167:
3163:
3140:10.1038/nbt1318
3123:
3119:
3074:
3070:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2939:
2935:
2888:
2884:
2859:10.1038/nrn2719
2853:(10): 724–735.
2839:
2835:
2828:
2814:
2807:
2762:
2758:
2739:Apollo Medicine
2735:
2731:
2708:
2704:
2686:
2663:
2659:
2624:
2620:
2595:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2540:
2525:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2445:Popular Science
2436:
2432:
2426:Wayback Machine
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2390:
2386:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2312:
2277:
2273:
2258:
2254:
2209:
2205:
2156:
2152:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2024:Plant stem cell
2019:Partial cloning
1989:
1973:
1971:Notable studies
1879:Crohn's disease
1759:
1713:
1707:
1688:medical tourism
1684:
1659:
1650:
1598:
1592:
1580:decapentaplegic
1561:differentiating
1557:progenitor cell
1545:
1539:
1510:
1479:Dolly the Sheep
1396:Shinya Yamanaka
1365:
1359:
1317:
1289:
1160:differentiation
1153:
1151:Adult stem cell
1147:
1116:
1007:
1001:
993:clinical trials
977:
970:
967:
958:
949:
794:encephalization
719:inner cell mass
712:
706:
671:
609:
607:
583:
577:
575:Potency meaning
559:Stem cells use
536:
478:
459:Shinya Yamanaka
451:Matthew Kaufman
368:
356:Shinya Yamanaka
336:stem-cell lines
212:inner cell mass
157:
83:
82:characteristics
80:ultrastructural
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8834:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8777:
8765:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8652:Bioengineering
8649:
8647:Bioelectronics
8644:
8638:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8624:Tissue culture
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8584:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8557:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8530:Bioinformatics
8527:
8525:Biofabrication
8522:
8516:
8514:
8510:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8465:Chromatography
8462:
8457:
8452:
8450:Centrifugation
8446:
8444:
8443:Chemical field
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8414:Flow cytometry
8411:
8406:
8401:
8395:
8393:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8345:
8343:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8301:
8296:
8290:
8288:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8220:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8197:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8176:
8167:
8154:
8145:
8134:
8126:
8113:
8101:
8093:
8082:
8074:
8065:
8063:clinical trial
8056:
8048:
8038:
8030:
8022:
8013:
8004:
7993:
7985:
7977:
7965:
7957:
7949:
7941:
7933:
7923:
7921:
7911:
7910:
7900:
7899:
7892:
7885:
7877:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7864:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7832:Stem cell laws
7829:
7827:Stem cell line
7824:
7819:
7814:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7794:Precursor cell
7786:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7715:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7668:
7667:
7660:
7653:
7645:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7630:Vasculogenesis
7627:
7626:
7625:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7593:Maggot therapy
7590:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7573:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7501:External links
7499:
7498:
7497:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7395:Cell Stem Cell
7380:
7345:
7310:
7256:
7197:
7168:(3): 413–421.
7148:
7099:
7091:
7065:
7046:(1): 299–312.
7030:
7007:
6972:
6943:(2): 127–130.
6923:
6905:
6887:
6860:(1): 359–372.
6844:
6825:
6814:(2): 249–267.
6798:
6771:(4): 368–373.
6754:
6738:
6716:
6665:
6608:
6583:
6555:
6543:
6531:
6511:
6499:
6484:
6472:
6460:
6441:
6390:
6355:
6341:
6316:JAMA Neurology
6305:
6284:(2): 196–198.
6261:
6236:
6207:(9): 676–685.
6187:
6138:
6124:
6108:
6093:
6069:
6032:(3): 169–173.
6012:
5987:
5936:
5887:
5850:(4): 247–254.
5830:
5789:
5777:
5734:
5722:
5707:
5686:
5665:
5644:
5634:whitehouse.gov
5620:
5569:
5540:(2): 251–260.
5520:
5479:
5442:
5413:(2): 135–143.
5393:
5364:(3): 129–138.
5344:
5342:
5341:
5339:on 2010-07-03.
5290:Cell Stem Cell
5276:
5213:
5162:
5159:on 2009-07-30.
5128:
5076:
5039:(5): 861–872.
5023:
4986:(4): 663–676.
4965:
4944:(8): 831–847.
4915:
4886:
4867:
4844:
4823:
4802:
4773:
4752:
4727:
4698:
4680:
4653:(1): 100–106.
4636:
4626:
4613:
4564:
4561:on 2009-01-09.
4546:
4520:
4502:
4443:
4394:
4349:
4320:(3): 201–207.
4300:
4251:
4200:
4159:
4132:(8): 993–999.
4115:
4071:
4030:
4003:(5): 860–867.
3987:
3975:www.cancer.gov
3962:
3913:
3889:
3790:
3764:
3757:
3739:
3724:
3698:
3671:(3): 883–893.
3655:
3636:(2): 181–194.
3620:
3556:
3529:(3): 271–275.
3506:
3460:
3408:
3379:(5): 641–650.
3359:
3305:
3256:
3231:
3212:
3161:
3134:(7): 803–816.
3117:
3088:(6): 947–956.
3068:
3031:(5): 643–655.
3015:
2990:
2933:
2882:
2833:
2826:
2805:
2756:
2745:(3): 271–276.
2729:
2718:(5): 267–274.
2702:
2657:
2618:
2593:
2559:
2552:
2523:
2472:
2463:
2449:
2430:
2411:
2392:MacPherson C.
2384:
2357:Cell Stem Cell
2340:
2310:
2291:(9): 719–721.
2271:
2252:
2223:(4): 247–254.
2203:
2166:(3): 327–336.
2150:
2081:
2074:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1969:
1960:Hepatotoxicity
1907:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1806:
1804:Osteoarthritis
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1758:
1757:Investigations
1755:
1751:legal standing
1706:
1703:
1683:
1680:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1594:Main article:
1591:
1588:
1543:Stem cell line
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1509:
1506:
1361:Main article:
1358:
1355:
1351:Biocell Center
1336:Roman Catholic
1332:amniotic fluid
1321:amniotic fluid
1316:
1313:
1288:
1285:
1267:as the use of
1198:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1149:Main article:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1115:
1112:
1000:
997:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
961:
959:
950:
943:
817:asymmetrically
708:Main article:
705:
702:
670:
669:Identification
667:
666:
665:
659:
653:
647:
637:
579:Main article:
576:
573:
569:Hayflick limit
535:
532:
531:
530:
501:
477:
474:
376:Theodor Boveri
374:was coined by
367:
364:
181:types of cells
159:
158:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
67:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8833:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8806:Biotechnology
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8776:
8775:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8754:
8753:
8750:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8545:Cell immunity
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8501:
8500:Sedimentation
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8409:Cultured meat
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8392:Biology field
8390:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8259:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8224:Biotechnology
8218:
8213:
8211:
8206:
8204:
8199:
8198:
8195:
8182:
8177:
8173:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8155:
8151:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8135:
8132:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8102:
8099:
8094:
8091:
8090:comet mission
8089:
8083:
8080:
8075:
8071:
8066:
8062:
8057:
8054:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8039:
8036:
8031:
8028:
8023:
8019:
8014:
8010:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7994:
7991:
7986:
7983:
7978:
7975:
7971:
7966:
7963:
7958:
7955:
7950:
7947:
7942:
7939:
7934:
7931:understanding
7930:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7908:
7906:
7898:
7893:
7891:
7886:
7884:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7863:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7716:
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7712:
7708:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7679:Sources/types
7677:
7673:
7666:
7661:
7659:
7654:
7652:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7631:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7603:Growth factor
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7577:Wound healing
7571:
7566:
7564:
7559:
7557:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7461:(1): 011021.
7460:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7314:
7306:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7152:
7144:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7094:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7034:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7011:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6920:. 2005-04-28.
6919:
6915:
6909:
6901:
6900:New Scientist
6897:
6891:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6829:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6758:
6751:
6747:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6721:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6661:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6597:
6596:Stem Cells LA
6593:
6587:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6457:
6454:
6448:
6446:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6351:
6345:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6309:
6301:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6251:
6250:National Post
6247:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6134:
6128:
6121:
6118:
6112:
6104:
6097:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5696:
5690:
5675:
5669:
5654:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5152:The Telegraph
5148:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4905:on 2014-01-22
4904:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4864:. 2007-11-22.
4863:
4862:The Economist
4859:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4833:
4827:
4812:
4806:
4792:on 2012-10-14
4791:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4762:
4756:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4717:on 2009-10-30
4716:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4536:on 2008-12-11
4535:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:experience".
4119:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3949:
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3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3903:
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3813:
3809:
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3801:
3794:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3760:
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3678:
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3666:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
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3631:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
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3498:
3494:
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3475:
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3469:
3467:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
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3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3246:on 2014-08-22
3245:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3005:on 2010-01-06
3004:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
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2886:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2864:
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2844:
2837:
2829:
2823:
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2810:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
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2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2677:
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2669:
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2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2534:
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2528:
2519:
2515:
2510:
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2500:
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2476:
2467:
2460:
2459:
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2427:
2423:
2420:
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2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:human cloning
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1927:organogenesis
1924:
1920:
1919:heart disease
1916:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Wound healing
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1657:Disadvantages
1654:
1645:
1643:
1642:heart disease
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1501:reprogramming
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1468:reprogramming
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:embryoid body
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:James Thomson
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:reprogramming
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:controversial
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:somatic cells
1016:
1012:
1006:
996:
994:
989:
981:
965:
960:
956:
953:
947:
942:
941:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
910:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:fertilization
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
701:
699:
698:
693:
689:
685:
684:
678:
676:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
635:
631:
628:
627:
626:
624:
617:
613:
605:
600:
593:
587:
582:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
550:
546:
544:
539:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:differentiate
505:
502:
499:
495:
494:cell division
491:
487:
483:
482:
481:
473:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
455:James Thomson
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:Georges Mathé
425:
420:
417:
413:
409:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:controversial
337:
333:
332:Georges Mathé
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
154:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
124:
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
91:
86:
81:
77:
73:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
48:
43:
41:
33:
19:
8811:Cell biology
8772:
8760:
8697:Microbiology
8682:Biochemicals
8594:Gene therapy
8535:Biosynthesis
8513:Applications
8434:Spectroscopy
8404:Cell culture
8313:Fermentation
8142:made visible
8087:
8051:2010: First
8042:
7998:
7970:Nanocircuits
7953:
7914:
7904:
7859:
7788:
7757:
7740:
7718:
7711:Cell potency
7671:
7618:Angiogenesis
7612:
7511:
7458:
7454:
7398:
7394:
7383:
7361:(2): 85–89.
7358:
7354:
7348:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7276:
7273:BMC Medicine
7272:
7259:
7214:
7210:
7200:
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7161:
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7043:
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6985:
6981:
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6936:
6926:
6917:
6908:
6899:
6890:
6857:
6853:
6847:
6838:
6828:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6750:Joseph Yanai
6741:
6732:
6682:
6679:Biology Open
6678:
6668:
6625:
6621:
6611:
6600:. Retrieved
6598:. 2019-02-20
6595:
6586:
6546:
6534:
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6253:. Retrieved
6249:
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6096:
6085:. Retrieved
6081:
6072:
6029:
6025:
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6004:. Retrieved
5999:
5990:
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5833:
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5780:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5725:
5698:. Retrieved
5689:
5677:. Retrieved
5668:
5656:. Retrieved
5647:
5632:
5623:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5455:
5445:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5337:the original
5332:
5296:(1): 20–24.
5293:
5289:
5279:
5236:
5232:
5225:Robinton, DA
5179:
5175:
5165:
5157:the original
5150:
5131:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5036:
5032:
5026:
4983:
4979:
4941:
4937:
4907:. Retrieved
4903:the original
4889:
4870:
4861:
4836:. Retrieved
4826:
4815:. Retrieved
4805:
4794:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4785:
4776:
4765:. Retrieved
4761:"The Ticker"
4755:
4744:. Retrieved
4742:. 2009-10-22
4739:
4730:
4719:. Retrieved
4715:the original
4710:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4629:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4559:the original
4549:
4538:. Retrieved
4534:the original
4523:
4514:
4505:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4317:
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4268:
4264:
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4217:
4213:
4203:
4179:(1): 28–29.
4176:
4172:
4162:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4050:(1): 77–85.
4047:
4043:
4033:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3979:. Retrieved
3977:. 2011-02-02
3974:
3965:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:
3892:
3878:{{
3870:{{
3863:
3861:,
3807:
3803:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3776:
3767:
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3742:
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3376:
3372:
3362:
3325:
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3283:10.2741/2407
3273:
3269:
3259:
3248:. Retrieved
3244:the original
3234:
3225:
3215:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:the original
2993:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2817:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2674:(2): 83–92.
2671:
2667:
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2638:(1): 12–27.
2635:
2631:
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2568:
2562:
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2489:
2485:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2397:
2387:
2363:(1): 35–38.
2360:
2356:
2331:. Retrieved
2326:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2265:
2255:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2064:
1999:Human genome
1974:
1958:
1931:
1908:
1768:
1744:
1729:
1714:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1651:
1607:
1599:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1522:
1514:pluripotency
1511:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1472:
1447:pluripotency
1443:pluripotency
1440:
1381:
1366:
1348:
1329:
1318:
1290:
1281:
1262:
1258:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1183:
1170:
1163:
1124:
1117:
1105:
1097:
1048:
1040:
1011:pluripotency
1008:
990:
986:
917:
913:
893:
863:
860:
858:
822:neurogenesis
802:
778:neurectoderm
775:
727:implantation
713:
695:
691:
681:
679:
672:
621:
581:Cell potency
558:
551:
547:
540:
537:
534:Self-renewal
479:
470:Zoo Brasília
463:
447:Martin Evans
444:
421:
415:
396:
371:
369:
309:
267:
256:
250:gastrulation
223:
205:
189:cell lineage
168:
162:
103:
69:Transmission
46:
39:
8687:Biorobotics
8677:Biomimetics
8672:Biomedicine
8181:GLP-1 Drugs
8070:Higgs boson
7990:Dark energy
7758:Multipotent
7741:Pluripotent
7119:(1): 3–13.
6765:Cytotherapy
5956:(7): 1–24.
5907:(10): e77.
5700:10 February
5001:2433/159777
4126:Cytotherapy
3783:17 February
3328:: 125–134.
3181:(7): 1–24.
2697:10025700209
2329:. WordPress
1946:controversy
1894:azoospermia
1892:the end of
1626:bone-marrow
1497:pluripotent
1377:multipotent
1373:germ layers
1342:newspaper "
1311:profiling.
1218:multipotent
1180:Bone marrow
889:fibroblasts
790:neural tube
786:neurulation
747:germ layers
743:pluripotent
656:Oligopotent
650:Multipotent
644:germ layers
640:Pluripotent
606:stem cells
520:multipotent
516:pluripotent
496:, known as
490:cell growth
293:basal cells
285:multipotent
277:bone marrow
234:germ layers
230:pluripotent
214:during the
185:proliferate
93:Identifiers
8796:Stem cells
8790:Categories
8642:Bioeconomy
8614:Stem cells
8567:Embryology
8490:Filtration
8480:Extraction
8399:Bioreactor
8139:black hole
7719:Totipotent
7672:Stem cells
6602:2020-05-30
6255:2022-03-22
6087:2021-05-15
6006:2023-11-27
6000:Mirai Care
5182:(1): 216.
5054:2433/49782
4909:2017-09-15
4838:2010-03-14
4817:2010-03-14
4796:2012-08-26
4767:2010-03-14
4746:2010-03-14
4721:2010-03-14
4634:PMC8993567
4624:PMC7686726
4578:Stem Cells
4540:2008-06-12
4082:Stem Cells
3981:2022-06-26
3907:2021-10-17
3250:2011-12-11
3009:2010-03-07
2458:Tratamento
2404:3 December
2398:USask News
2333:3 December
2046:References
1842:treatments
1648:Advantages
1576:Drosophila
1518:stochastic
1475:Ian Wilmut
1453:patterns,
1451:epigenetic
1420:Junying Yu
1309:epigenetic
1296:DNA damage
1234:Muse cells
1184:harvesting
1173:autologous
1108:DNA damage
1015:cell cycle
1005:Cell cycle
850:astrocytes
834:vertebrate
813:neurogenic
769:or to the
735:blastocyst
723:blastocyst
630:Totipotent
561:telomerase
512:totipotent
476:Properties
466:maned wolf
436:Yugoslavia
403:James Till
344:restricted
316:James Till
297:epithelium
216:blastocyst
169:stem cells
40:Stem Cells
18:Stem cells
8485:Fed Batch
8385:and tools
8072:discovery
8011:in action
8009:Evolution
7954:Stem cell
7789:Unipotent
7613:Stem cell
7512:Stem cell
7468:1407.2552
7435:236915618
7326:: 23–28.
7233:1757-6512
7217:(4): 28.
6642:2157-6564
6410:(1): e8.
5923:0006-8950
5864:1660-3796
5333:NewsDaily
4367:CiteSeerX
3880:retracted
3872:retracted
3734:443407924
3455:248402820
3439:2629-3277
2305:216301343
2181:1807/2778
2129:0028-0836
2120:1807/2779
1994:Cell bank
1967:process.
1923:organoids
1614:leukaemia
1590:Therapies
1565:receptors
1382:However,
1300:mutations
1277:autograft
1232:, etc.).
1194:apheresis
1044:phenotype
1025:, absent
955:embryonic
937:moratoria
704:Embryonic
662:Unipotent
616:cell type
604:embryonic
565:telomeres
524:unipotent
372:stem cell
370:The term
362:(iPSCs).
305:cartilage
248:– at the
218:stage of
201:precursor
193:embryonic
57:Stem cell
49:(journal)
42:(journal)
8762:Category
8717:Virology
8619:Telomere
8266:Branches
8137:2019: A
8118:GW170817
8061:HPTN 052
7861:Category
7588:Fibrosis
7493:73582473
7427:34343492
7375:15893493
7340:25033469
7305:23131007
7265:Bubela T
7251:22846185
7192:22366948
7143:24314923
7060:17076602
7002:11277806
6967:22280565
6918:BBC News
6882:23765276
6874:17938970
6820:19274033
6793:33471639
6785:16162459
6711:36239242
6660:26400925
6575:Archived
6524:Archived
6436:27227162
6385:25651226
6336:26322563
6300:27331440
6231:30063299
6182:19366754
6064:17329391
6046:27719821
5982:27516776
5931:30202947
5882:27721700
5825:18721775
5772:23858666
5764:12517467
5658:24 April
5615:25830121
5607:12052957
5564:11347213
5515:17332245
5474:20614627
5456:StemBook
5437:23535166
5388:28725536
5320:20621045
5271:22258608
5208:28962663
5123:86129154
5115:18029452
5063:18035408
5010:16904174
4960:27908220
4667:17206138
4608:41335566
4600:25078438
4497:20421459
4438:17495232
4389:17518617
4344:24576896
4295:12033732
4246:22830032
4195:24693021
4154:27251276
4146:21671823
4102:16778155
4066:18024531
4025:21433689
4017:17344915
3997:Leukemia
3957:29399463
3859:38886620
3840:47162269
3832:12077603
3693:24908771
3685:16972248
3650:19737069
3615:29974052
3543:23598972
3501:20594031
3447:35476187
3403:22606668
3354:26451119
3292:17485394
3207:27516776
3156:13780999
3148:17572666
3112:16153702
3055:12787505
3046:1842/843
2985:18497825
2920:11217860
2877:19763105
2652:16233846
2613:19343304
2518:12208997
2422:Archived
2379:18371332
2301:ProQuest
2297:16969445
2247:27721700
2198:43875977
2190:14086156
2145:11106827
2137:13970094
2004:Meristem
1987:See also
1915:diabetes
1863:Restore
1848:reversal
1846:Baldness
1774:Diabetes
1705:Research
1638:diabetes
1618:lymphoma
1490:in vitro
1459:teratoma
1436:Yamanaka
1432:foreskin
1315:Amniotic
1131:abortion
1079:Cyclin B
1075:Cyclin A
1067:Cyclin E
1063:Cyclin D
1027:G0 phase
1023:G1 phase
933:teratoma
883:and the
771:placenta
759:mesoderm
755:endoderm
751:ectoderm
692:in vitro
683:in vitro
265:(ESCs).
258:in vitro
254:cultured
246:endoderm
242:mesoderm
238:ectoderm
8816:Cloning
8774:Commons
8657:Biology
8550:Cloning
8328:Protein
8323:Plasmid
8231:History
8161:brings
8088:Rosetta
7920:journal
7916:Science
7905:Science
7473:Bibcode
7296:3520764
7279:: 133.
7242:3580466
7183:3296965
7134:3880407
6958:3660785
6702:9581519
6651:4622412
6427:4869214
6222:6127222
6173:2726839
6055:2598267
5973:4969512
5873:5040947
5679:1 March
5587:Bibcode
5579:Science
5556:9695953
5428:3631102
5379:5487535
5311:2917234
5262:3652331
5241:Bibcode
5199:5622562
5095:Bibcode
5087:Science
5071:8531539
5018:1565219
4711:Reuters
4675:6676167
4488:2889306
4465:Bibcode
4429:5679280
4335:4214082
4286:1570679
4237:3398573
4220:: 1–8.
4186:3908115
4110:5649484
3948:5795060
3812:Bibcode
3606:6020794
3551:2028793
3395:1870029
3345:4592031
3300:6355307
3198:4969512
3103:3006442
3063:2236779
2976:5328678
2955:Bibcode
2928:3041502
2900:Bibcode
2868:2913577
2800:9804556
2778:Bibcode
2770:Science
2680:4455512
2604:2752493
2573:Bibcode
2238:5040947
2099:Bibcode
1979:at the
1952:and to
1859:hearing
1857:Repair
1821:due to
1717:patents
1537:Lineage
1530:Cip/Kip
1463:chimera
1449:genes,
1340:Vatican
1166:somatic
1120:fetuses
1057:(Cdk),
1051:cyclins
1035:S phase
869:gelatin
846:neurons
697:in vivo
623:Potency
554:mitosis
504:Potency
366:History
352:cloning
225:In vivo
208:mammals
116:D013234
88:Details
8702:Mining
8635:fields
8294:Allele
8179:2023:
8170:2022:
8165:to all
8157:2021:
8148:2020:
8129:2018:
8116:2017:
8104:2016:
8096:2015:
8085:2014:
8077:2013:
8068:2012:
8059:2011:
8041:2009:
8033:2008:
8025:2007:
8016:2006:
8007:2005:
7999:Spirit
7996:2004:
7988:2003:
7980:2002:
7968:2001:
7960:2000:
7952:1999:
7944:1998:
7936:1997:
7927:1996:
7751:Callus
7734:Morula
7724:Zygote
7509:about
7491:
7433:
7425:
7373:
7338:
7303:
7293:
7249:
7239:
7231:
7190:
7180:
7141:
7131:
7089:
7058:
7000:
6965:
6955:
6880:
6872:
6818:
6791:
6783:
6709:
6699:
6685:(10).
6658:
6648:
6640:
6434:
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6334:
6298:
6229:
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5880:
5870:
5862:
5823:
5770:
5762:
5744:Lancet
5613:
5605:
5562:
5554:
5513:
5472:
5435:
5425:
5386:
5376:
5318:
5308:
5269:
5259:
5233:Nature
5206:
5196:
5121:
5113:
5069:
5061:
5016:
5008:
4958:
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4665:
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4283:
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4108:
4100:
4064:
4023:
4015:
3955:
3945:
3857:
3853:,
3838:
3830:
3804:Nature
3755:
3732:
3722:
3691:
3683:
3648:
3613:
3603:
3589:: 57.
3549:
3541:
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3445:
3437:
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3298:
3290:
3205:
3195:
3154:
3146:
3110:
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2973:
2947:Nature
2926:
2918:
2892:Nature
2875:
2865:
2824:
2798:
2724:976387
2722:
2695:
2687:
2678:
2650:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2550:
2516:
2509:120798
2506:
2377:
2303:
2295:
2245:
2235:
2196:
2188:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2091:Nature
2072:
1869:cornea
1865:vision
1840:cancer
1830:repair
1815:repair
1809:Stroke
1605:past.
1414:, and
1404:Oct3/4
1273:embryo
1252:, and
1238:SSEA-3
1090:(pRb)
902:, and
871:as an
852:, and
634:fusion
602:Human
592:morula
486:cycles
416:Nature
299:, and
281:gonads
273:niches
236:– the
8726:Lists
8604:Omics
8174:debut
8020:proof
8001:rover
7729:Spore
7489:S2CID
7463:arXiv
7431:S2CID
7371:S2CID
7027:(12).
6878:S2CID
6839:WebMD
6789:S2CID
6042:JSTOR
5901:Brain
5768:S2CID
5611:S2CID
5560:S2CID
5493:Blood
5119:S2CID
5067:S2CID
5014:S2CID
4671:S2CID
4604:S2CID
4150:S2CID
4106:S2CID
4021:S2CID
3876:with
3836:S2CID
3689:S2CID
3547:S2CID
3451:S2CID
3399:S2CID
3296:S2CID
3152:S2CID
3059:S2CID
2924:S2CID
2684:INIST
2194:S2CID
2141:S2CID
1853:teeth
1838:Anti-
1572:niche
1412:c-Myc
1254:Nanog
1242:CD105
1145:Adult
1114:Fetal
952:Mouse
900:Nanog
896:Oct-4
881:GSK3B
864:(hES)
826:glial
721:of a
612:Nerve
350:is a
177:cells
151:[
140:63368
99:Latin
74:of a
8455:CSTR
8424:HPLC
8318:Gene
8299:Cell
7608:Scar
7423:PMID
7336:PMID
7301:PMID
7247:PMID
7229:ISSN
7188:PMID
7139:PMID
7087:ISBN
7056:PMID
6998:PMID
6982:JAMA
6963:PMID
6870:PMID
6816:PMID
6781:PMID
6707:PMID
6656:PMID
6638:ISSN
6432:PMID
6381:PMID
6332:PMID
6296:PMID
6227:PMID
6178:PMID
6060:PMID
5978:PMID
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