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Crockford, R.H.; Richardson, D.P (1990), "Partitioning of rainfall in a
Eucalypt forest and pine plantation in southeastern Australia: II Stemflow and factors affecting stemflow in a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest and a
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alongside the branch and stem. This is measured by using the Bark Relief Index, or BRI, which is the difference between the circumference of the tree and what the circumference would be if the tree had no
20:
300:
In addition to the effects of individual tree species, the overall structure of the forest stand also influences the amount of stemflow that will ultimately occur, these factors are:
536:
594:
André, Frédéric; Jonard, Mathieu; Ponette, Quentin (2008). "Influence of species and rain event characteristics on stemflow volume in a temperate mixed oak-beech stand".
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also contributes to uptake. The nutrients that enter the soil can also reflect the particular environmental conditions around them, for example, plants located in
325:
in a stand with multiple vertically-stratified stories will have a lessened amount of total stemflow due to the interception of dominant and codominant individuals
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Precipitation and morphological factors that influence stemflow timing and volume also affect the chemical composition; in general, stemflow water becomes more
401:
between the tree and the rainfall. Conversely, nutrients are taken up by the tree when concentration is lower in the canopy than the rainfall, the presence of
694:
Deposition and soil leaching in stands of Norway spruce and
European Beech: Results from the Höglwald research in comparison with other European case studies
157:– the more frequent and extended are the gaps during the event where no rainfall occurs, the higher the likelihood that potential stemflow volume is lost to
315:– morphological characteristics such as branch angle and thickness are largely determined by the amount of density of competing trees in the stand
184:– stemflow generally starts earlier when rainfall is more horizontal; this is more of a determinant in an open forest with a lesser degree of
106:
There are a variety of ways stemflow volume is measured in the field. The most common direct measurement currently used is the bonding of
354:
season when no leaves are present and evapotranspiration is reduced; this effect becomes more pronounced as the stem diameter increases
129:
for automatic collection. At times the tubing is wrapped multiple times around the trunk is order to ensure more complete collection.
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areas, stemflow is considered a point-source input of water into the soil, thus water is more able to effectively penetrate past the
178:– the amount of total stemflow is diminished when the amount of rain in a given period surpasses the capacity of the flow paths
343:
309:– the total stemflow for the stand is determined by the contributions of individuals and their species-specific traits
450:
during the course of a storm event, and rough-barked species contain more nutrients than smooth-barked species.
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is relatively low, due to their textured bark, few and horizontal branches, and high incidence of absorbent
382:
360:– variations in branch weight influence the amount of stemflow; branches are heavier in the morning (with
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60:
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228:
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or scars, on the underside of the branch can divert water from stemflow and become a component in
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increases. However, the greater the DBH, the more incident rainfall is needed to start stemflow.
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The species of the tree affects the amount of timing and stemflow. The particular
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Investigating the contribution of stemflow to the hydrology of a forest catchment
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can be seen around some stems, for example beech trees from dry deposition.
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650:"Double-funneling of trees: Stemflow and root-induced preferential flow"
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through stemflow. When precipitation occurs, canopy nutrients are
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climates stemflow levels are low and have little erosional power.
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into the water because of the differences in nutrient
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can form at the base of the trunk. However, in more
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544:, vol. Dissertation, University of Southampton
255:– stemflow potential heightens as the angle of the
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482:). The loosening of the soil can result in minor
121:of the tree trunk, connected and funneled into a
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647:
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381:that have accumulated on the canopy from dry
648:Johnson, Mark S.; Lehmann, Johannes (2006),
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216:characteristics that are key factors are:
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534:
282:– stemflow is affected by the degree of
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59:, is responsible for the transferral of
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245:and elevated horizontally above the
263:in relation to the trunk decreases.
223:– stemflow potential is greater as
150:event that influence stemflow are:
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425:), whereas those located near the
249:are able to contribute to stemflow
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474:and their subsequent creation of
389:are able to directly enter the
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413:areas exhibit higher rates of
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286:ability and smoothness of the
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1:
674:10.2980/i1195-6860-13-3-324.1
535:Williams, Matthew B. (2004),
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321:– individuals located in the
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161:; this is also governed by
99:Stem flow measurement on a
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466:into deeper layers of the
516:Forest floor interception
229:diameter at breast height
127:tipping bucket rain gauge
169:and most significantly,
55:. Stemflow, along with
596:Hydrological Processes
582:10.1002/hyp.3360040205
562:Hydrological Processes
267:Flow path obstructions
235:Leaf shape/orientation
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429:have higher rates of
346:, stemflow rates are
296:Stand characteristics
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146:characteristics of a
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496:Outline of hydrology
77:tropical rainforests
666:2006Ecosc..13..324J
608:2008HyPr...22.4455A
574:1990HyPr....4..145C
511:Canopy interception
500:Outline of forestry
306:Species composition
155:Rainfall continuity
133:Determining factors
454:Water distribution
441:Soil acidification
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176:Rainfall intensity
159:evapotranspiration
123:graduated cylinder
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602:(22): 4455–4466.
480:preferential flow
369:Influence on soil
338:– in the case of
167:relative humidity
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200:Stemflow in
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142:The primary
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137:
136:
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101:silver birch
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506:Throughfall
470:along tree
336:Seasonality
275:throughfall
117:around the
91:Measurement
57:throughfall
42:intercepted
706:Categories
654:Écoscience
522:References
484:landslides
476:macropores
385:or animal
383:deposition
358:Diurnality
323:understory
284:absorptive
241:which are
225:crown size
221:Crown size
182:Rain angle
171:wind speed
712:Hydrology
632:128756723
624:0885-6087
403:epiphytes
379:Nutrients
374:Chemistry
340:deciduous
206:epiphytes
113:or other
85:temperate
67:from the
65:nutrients
47:down the
34:hydrology
682:10931068
490:See also
478:(termed
460:forested
435:seawater
419:nitrogen
348:slightly
257:branches
148:rainfall
108:bisected
38:stemflow
662:Bibcode
604:Bibcode
570:Bibcode
464:topsoil
407:lichens
395:leached
352:dormant
247:petiole
243:concave
192:Species
81:gullies
71:to the
680:
630:
622:
448:dilute
433:(from
431:sodium
427:oceans
421:(from
415:sulfur
239:leaves
69:canopy
678:S2CID
628:S2CID
542:(PDF)
472:roots
387:feces
330:Other
291:bark.
261:twigs
75:. In
53:plant
49:trunk
45:water
620:ISSN
498:and
417:and
391:soil
288:bark
280:Bark
271:bark
259:and
202:oaks
73:soil
63:and
670:doi
612:doi
578:doi
458:In
437:).
405:or
362:dew
342:or
111:PVC
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237:–
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208:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
