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Stereoscopy

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182: 1641:; since about 2000, 3D aerial views are mainly based on digital stereo imaging technologies. One issue related to stereo images is the amount of disk space needed to save such files. Indeed, a stereo image usually requires twice as much space as a normal image. Recently, computer vision scientists tried to find techniques to attack the visual redundancy of stereopairs with the aim to define compressed version of stereopair files. Cartographers generate today stereopairs using computer programs in order to visualise topography in three dimensions. Computerised stereo visualisation applies stereo matching programs. In biology and chemistry, complex molecular structures are often rendered in stereopairs. The same technique can also be applied to any mathematical (or scientific, or engineering) parameter that is a function of two variables, although in these cases it is more common for a three-dimensional effect to be created using a 'distorted' mesh or shading (as if from a distant light source). 168: 672:
completely relaxed eyes, making no attempt to focus clearly but simply achieving comfortable stereoscopic fusion of the two blurry images by the "look-through" approach, and only then exerting the effort to focus them more clearly, increasing the viewing distance as necessary. Regardless of the approach used or the image medium, for comfortable viewing and stereoscopic accuracy the size and spacing of the images should be such that the corresponding points of very distant objects in the scene are separated by the same distance as the viewer's eyes, but not more; the average interocular distance is about 63 mm. Viewing much more widely separated images is possible, but because the eyes never diverge in normal use it usually requires some previous training and tends to cause eye strain.
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a single 3D image. It generally uses liquid crystal shutter glasses. Each eye's glass contains a liquid crystal layer which has the property of becoming dark when voltage is applied, being otherwise transparent. The glasses are controlled by a timing signal that allows the glasses to alternately darken over one eye, and then the other, in synchronization with the refresh rate of the screen. The main drawback of active shutters is that most 3D videos and movies were shot with simultaneous left and right views, so that it introduces a "time parallax" for anything side-moving: for instance, someone walking at 3.4 mph will be seen 20% too close or 25% too remote in the most current case of a 2x60 Hz projection.
854:. This is done by reflecting the video images through partially reflective mirrors. The real world view is seen through the mirrors' reflective surface. Experimental systems have been used for gaming, where virtual opponents may peek from real windows as a player moves about. This type of system is expected to have wide application in the maintenance of complex systems, as it can give a technician what is effectively "x-ray vision" by combining computer graphics rendering of hidden elements with the technician's natural vision. Additionally, technical data and schematic diagrams may be delivered to this same equipment, eliminating the need to obtain and carry bulky paper documents. 1089:
depends on its color. If one uses a prism foil now with one eye but not on the other eye, then the two seen pictures – depending upon color – are more or less widely separated. The brain produces the spatial impression from this difference. The advantage of this technology consists above all of the fact that one can regard ChromaDepth pictures also without eyeglasses (thus two-dimensional) problem-free (unlike with two-color anaglyph). However the colors are only limitedly selectable, since they contain the depth information of the picture. If one changes the color of an object, then its observed distance will also be changed.
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effect of relief is owing to the simultaneous perception of the two monocular projections, one on each retina. But if it be required to obtain the most faithful resemblances of real objects, shadowing and colouring may properly be employed to heighten the effects. Careful attention would enable an artist to draw and paint the two component pictures, so as to present to the mind of the observer, in the resultant perception, perfect identity with the object represented. Flowers, crystals, busts, vases, instruments of various kinds, &c., might thus be represented so as not to be distinguished by sight from the real objects themselves.
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appear miniaturized. This method is usually easier for freeviewing novices. As an aid to fusion, a fingertip can be placed just below the division between the two images, then slowly brought straight toward the viewer's eyes, keeping the eyes directed at the fingertip; at a certain distance, a fused three-dimensional image should seem to be hovering just above the finger. Alternatively, a piece of paper with a small opening cut into it can be used in a similar manner; when correctly positioned between the image pair and the viewer's eyes, it will seem to frame a small three-dimensional image.
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crossview (“popouts” where an object appears before the focal plane or screen; right image to left eye and vice versa), where parts of the object appear to be physically cropped; imagine a large object extruded through a small window such that its edges are literally cut off. This is a critical, traditional window violation before the window (between a viewer and the screen), and is most disorienting because parts of the popout object seem to be missing, rather than merely hidden as they would be with parallel-viewed objects beyond the window (depth).
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completely motionless—to within a minor fraction of the wavelength of light—during the photographic exposure, and laser light must be used to properly view the results. Most people have never seen a laser-lit transmission hologram. The types of holograms commonly encountered have seriously compromised image quality so that ordinary white light can be used for viewing, and non-holographic intermediate imaging processes are almost always resorted to, as an alternative to using powerful and hazardous pulsed lasers, when living subjects are photographed.
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unnatural and is undesirable, this is called a "window violation." This can best be understood by returning to the analogy of an actual physical window. Therefore, there is a contradiction between two different depth cues: some elements of the image are hidden by the window, so that the window appears closer than these elements, and the same elements of the image appear closer than the window. As such, the stereo window must always be adjusted to avoid window violations to prevent viewer discomfort from conflicting depth cues.
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large lenses or mirrors, the light source must be very close to the eye. A contact lens incorporating one or more semiconductor light sources is the form most commonly proposed. As of 2013, the inclusion of suitable light-beam-scanning means in a contact lens is still very problematic, as is the alternative of embedding a reasonably transparent array of hundreds of thousands (or millions, for HD resolution) of accurately aligned sources of collimated light.
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background of the image at the infinite. Of course the viewers seated beyond will see the window more remote, but if the image is made in normal conditions, so that the first row viewers see this background at the infinite, the other viewers, seated behind, will also see this background at the infinite, since the parallax of this background is equal to the average human interocular distance.
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stereoscopic technique. For example, it cannot be used to show a stationary object apparently extending into or out of the screen; similarly, objects moving vertically will not be seen as moving in depth. Incidental movement of objects will create spurious artifacts, and these incidental effects will be seen as artificial depth not related to actual depth in the scene.
908: 796:. Some of the earliest stereoscope views, issued in the 1850s, were on glass. In the early 20th century, 45x107 mm and 6x13 cm glass slides were common formats for amateur stereo photography, especially in Europe. In later years, several film-based formats were in use. The best-known formats for commercially issued stereo views on film are 847:
of computer image processing. If six axis position sensing (direction and position) is used then wearer may move about within the limitations of the equipment used. Owing to rapid advancements in computer graphics and the continuing miniaturization of video and other equipment these devices are beginning to become available at more reasonable cost.
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for human vision: (1) the mismatch between convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of or behind the display or screen and the real origin of that light; and (2) possible crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation in some methods of stereoscopy.
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classes of displays: those that use head-tracking to ensure that each of the viewer's two eyes sees a different image on the screen, and those that display multiple views so that the display does not need to know where the viewers' eyes are directed. Examples of autostereoscopic displays technology include
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If a scene is viewed through a window the entire scene would normally be behind the window (assuming parallel view, with left images being seen by the left eye and vice versa). If the scene is distant, it would be some distance behind the window; if it is nearby, it would appear to be just beyond the
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The concept of the stereo window is always important, since the window is the stereoscopic image of the external boundaries of left and right views constituting the stereoscopic image. If any object, which is cut off by lateral sides of the window, is placed in front of it, an effect results that is
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with polarized filters. For projection, a silver screen is used so that polarization is preserved. On most passive displays every other row of pixels is polarized for one eye or the other. This method is also known as being interlaced. The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses which also contain a pair of
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To avoid eyestrain and distortion, each of the two 2D images should be presented to the viewer so that any object at infinite distance is perceived by the eye as being straight ahead, the viewer's eyes being neither crossed nor diverging. When the picture contains no object at infinite distance, such
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do not have this limitation. Just as it is not possible to recreate a full 3-dimensional sound field with just two stereophonic speakers, it is an overstatement to call dual 2D images "3D". The accurate term "stereoscopic" is more cumbersome than the common misnomer "3D", which has been entrenched by
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Stereoscopy creates the illusion of three-dimensional depth from a pair of two-dimensional images. Human vision, including the perception of depth, is a complex process, which only begins with the acquisition of visual information taken in through the eyes; much processing ensues within the brain, as
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The images can be cropped creatively to create a stereo window that is not necessarily rectangular or lying on a flat plane perpendicular to the viewer's line of sight. The edges of the stereo frame can be straight or curved and, when viewed in 3D, can flow toward or away from the viewer and through
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For general-purpose stereo photography, where the goal is to duplicate natural human vision and give a visual impression as close as possible to actually being there, the correct baseline (distance between where the right and left images are taken) would be the same as the distance between the eyes.
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Although the original photographic processes have proven impractical for general use, the combination of computer-generated holograms (CGH) and optoelectronic holographic displays, both under development for many years, has the potential to transform the half-century-old pipe dream of holographic 3D
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A shutter system works by openly presenting the image intended for the left eye while blocking the right eye's view, then presenting the right-eye image while blocking the left eye, and repeating this so rapidly that the interruptions do not interfere with the perceived fusion of the two images into
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display. Head-mounted displays may also be coupled with head-tracking devices, allowing the user to "look around" the virtual world by moving their head, eliminating the need for a separate controller. Performing this update quickly enough to avoid inducing nausea in the user requires a great amount
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The parallel viewing method uses an image pair with the left-eye image on the left and the right-eye image on the right. The fused three-dimensional image appears larger and more distant than the two actual images, making it possible to convincingly simulate a life-size scene. The viewer attempts to
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determines the minimum image disparity they can perceive as depth. It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, due to a variety of medical conditions. According to another experiment up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from
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On the contrary, in the case of projection on a much larger screen, it is much better to set the window in front of the screen (it is called "floating window"), for instance so that it is viewed about two meters away by the viewers sit in the first row. Therefore, these people will normally see the
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displays provide multiple views of the same scene, rather than just two. Each view is visible from a different range of positions in front of the display. This allows the viewer to move left-right in front of the display and see the correct view from any position. The technology includes two broad
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of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them. For true stereoscopy, each eye must be provided with its own discrete display. To produce a virtual display that occupies a usefully large visual angle but does not involve the use of relatively
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The advantages of side-by-side viewers is the lack of diminution of brightness, allowing the presentation of images at very high resolution and in full spectrum color, simplicity in creation, and little or no additional image processing is required. Under some circumstances, such as when a pair of
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of depth. Because all points in the image produced by stereoscopy focus at the same plane regardless of their depth in the original scene, the second cue, focus, is not duplicated and therefore the illusion of depth is incomplete. There are also mainly two effects of stereoscopy that are unnatural
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The ability to create realistic 3D images from a pair of cameras at roughly human-height gives researchers increased insight as to the nature of the landscapes being viewed. In environments without hazy atmospheres or familiar landmarks, humans rely on stereoscopic clues to judge distance. Single
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In the 19th century, it was realized that stereoscopic images provided an opportunity for people to experience places and things far away, and many tour sets were produced, and books were published allowing people to learn about geography, science, history, and other subjects. Such uses continued
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The entire scene, including the window, can be moved backwards or forwards in depth, by horizontally sliding the left and right eye views relative to each other. Moving either or both images away from the center will bring the whole scene away from the viewer, whereas moving either or both images
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The cross-eyed viewing method swaps the left and right eye images so that they will be correctly seen cross-eyed, the left eye viewing the image on the right and vice versa. The fused three-dimensional image appears to be smaller and closer than the actual images, so that large objects and scenes
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about all axes and a very wide viewing angle. The eye differentially focuses objects at different distances and subject detail is preserved down to the microscopic level. The effect is exactly like looking through a window. Unfortunately, this "pure" form requires the subject to be laser-lit and
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Autostereoscopic display technologies use optical components in the display, rather than worn by the user, to enable each eye to see a different image. Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D". The optics split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes, so the
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However, there are situations in which it might be desirable to use a longer or shorter baseline. The factors to consider include the viewing method to be used and the goal in taking the picture. The concept of baseline also applies to other branches of stereography, such as stereo drawings and
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For the purposes of illustration I have employed only outline figures, for had either shading or colouring been introduced it might be supposed that the effect was wholly or in part due to these circumstances, whereas by leaving them out of consideration no room is left to doubt that the entire
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The Pulfrich effect is based on the phenomenon of the human eye processing images more slowly when there is less light, as when looking through a dark lens. Because the Pulfrich effect depends on motion in a particular direction to instigate the illusion of depth, it is not useful as a general
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The ChromaDepth procedure of American Paper Optics is based on the fact that with a prism, colors are separated by varying degrees. The ChromaDepth eyeglasses contain special view foils, which consist of microscopically small prisms. This causes the image to be translated a certain amount that
693:. Simple freeviewing therefore cannot accurately reproduce the physiological depth cues of the real-world viewing experience. Different individuals may experience differing degrees of ease and comfort in achieving fusion and good focus, as well as differing tendencies to eye fatigue or strain. 642:
The principal disadvantage of side-by-side viewers is that large image displays are not practical and resolution is limited by the lesser of the display medium or human eye. This is because as the dimensions of an image are increased, either the viewing apparatus or viewer themselves must move
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Prismatic, self-masking glasses are now being used by some cross-eyed-view advocates. These reduce the degree of convergence required and allow large images to be displayed. However, any viewing aid that uses prisms, mirrors or lenses to assist fusion or focus is simply a type of stereoscope,
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In freeview parallel method or glasses/stereoscope-assisted 3D viewing, “window violations” may refer to subjects that are cropped beyond the focal plane or screen (as if looking at part of a large object that fills a narrow window). However, most window violations refer to objects viewed in
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The stereoscope is essentially an instrument in which two photographs of the same object, taken from slightly different angles, are simultaneously presented, one to each eye. A simple stereoscope is limited in the size of the image that may be used. A more complex stereoscope uses a pair of
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the images with the eyes substantially parallel, as if looking at the actual scene. This can be difficult with normal vision because eye focus and binocular convergence are habitually coordinated. One approach to decoupling the two functions is to view the image pair extremely close up with
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When images taken with such a baseline are viewed using a viewing method that duplicates the conditions under which the picture is taken, then the result would be an image much the same as that which would be seen at the site the photo was taken. This could be described as "ortho stereo."
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created some impressive stereograms in his exploration in a variety of optical illusions. Other stereo artists include Zoe Beloff, Christopher Schneberger, Rebecca Hackemann, William Kentridge, and Jim Naughten. Red-and-cyan anaglyph stereoscopic images have also been painted by hand.
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Therefore, the location of the window versus the whole of the image must be adjusted so that most of the image is seen beyond the window. In the case of viewing on a 3D TV set, it is easier to place the window in front of the image, and to let the window in the plane of the screen.
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window. An object smaller than the window itself could even go through the window and appear partially or completely in front of it. The same applies to a part of a larger object that is smaller than the window. The goal of setting the stereo window is to duplicate this effect.
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This technique uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Eyeglasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a full color 3D image. It is also known as
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are situated 1.5m above the ground surface, and are separated by 30 cm, with 1 degree of toe-in. This allows the image pairs to be made into scientifically useful stereoscopic images, which can be viewed as stereograms, anaglyphs, or processed into 3D computer images.
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Stereoscopic viewing is achieved by placing an image pair one above one another. Special viewers are made for over/under format that tilt the right eyesight slightly up and the left eyesight slightly down. The most common one with mirrors is the View Magic. Another with
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system has also used an improved version of this technology In June 2012 the Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions".
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television into a reality; so far, however, the large amount of calculation required to generate just one detailed hologram, and the huge bandwidth required to transmit a stream of them, have confined this technology to the research laboratory.
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it strives to make sense of the raw information. One of the functions that occur within the brain as it interprets what the eyes see is assessing the relative distances of objects from the viewer, and the depth dimension of those objects. The
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In stereo photography window adjustments is accomplished by shifting/cropping the images, in other forms of stereoscopy such as drawings and computer generated images the window is built into the design of the images as they are generated.
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Some objects can be seen in front of the window, as far as they do not reach the lateral sides of the window. But these objects cannot be seen as too close, since there is always a limit of the parallax range for comfortable viewing.
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Contributions to the Physiology of Vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, Phenomena of Binocular Vision. By CHARLES WHEATSTONE, F.R.S., Professor of Experimental Philosophy in King's College, London.
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Stereoscopically fusing two separate images without the aid of mirrors or prisms while simultaneously keeping them in sharp focus without the aid of suitable viewing lenses inevitably requires an unnatural combination of eye
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images to the viewer. The left image is presented to the left eye and the right image is presented to the right eye. When viewed, the human brain perceives the images as a single 3D view, giving the viewer the perception of
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There are two categories of 3D viewer technology, active and passive. Active viewers have electronics which interact with a display. Passive viewers filter constant streams of binocular input to the appropriate eye.
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Wheatstone originally used his stereoscope (a rather bulky device) with drawings because photography was not yet available, yet his original paper seems to foresee the development of a realistic imaging method:
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Other technologies have been developed to project light dots in the air above a device. An infrared laser is focused on the destination in space, generating a small bubble of plasma which emits visible light.
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Beausoleil, Raymond G.; Brug, Jim; Fiorentino, Marco; Vo, Sonny; Tran, Tho; Peng, Zhen; Fattal, David (March 2013). "A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display".
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proportionately further away from it in order to view it comfortably. Moving closer to an image in order to see more detail would only be possible with viewing equipment that adjusted to the difference.
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many decades of unquestioned misuse. Although most stereoscopic displays do not qualify as real 3D display, all real 3D displays are also stereoscopic displays because they meet the lower criteria also.
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opposite polarizing filters. As each filter only passes light which is similarly polarized and blocks the opposite polarized light, each eye only sees one of the images, and the effect is achieved.
762:-like devices, allowing the use of larger images that can present more detailed information in a wider field of view. One can buy historical stereoscopes such as Holmes stereoscopes as antiques. 386:. The most notable difference is that, in the case of "3D" displays, the observer's head and eye movement do not change the information received about the 3-dimensional objects being viewed. 1054:
Anaglyph 3D is the name given to the stereoscopic 3D effect achieved by means of encoding each eye's image using filters of different (usually chromatically opposite) colors, typically
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camera viewpoints are therefore more difficult to interpret. Multiple camera stereoscopic systems like the Pancam address this problem with uncrewed space exploration.
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displays with magnifying lenses, one for each eye. The technology can be used to show stereo films, images or games, but it can also be used to create a
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the scene. These designed stereo frames can help emphasize certain elements in the stereo image or can be an artistic component of the stereo image.
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Fay Huang, Reinhard Klette, and Karsten Scheibe: Panoramic Imaging (Sensor-Line Cameras and Laser Range-Finders). Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2008
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Traditional stereoscopic photography consists of creating a 3D illusion starting from a pair of 2D images, a stereogram. The easiest way to enhance
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toward the center will move the whole scene toward the viewer. This is possible, for instance, if two projectors are used for this projection.
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Haze or contrast, saturation, and color, greater distance generally being associated with greater haze, desaturation, and a shift toward blue
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Wiggle stereoscopy is an image display technique achieved by quickly alternating display of left and right sides of a stereogram. Found in
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American University in Cairo Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library Underwood & Underwood Egypt Stereoviews Collection
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Integral imaging may not technically be a type of autostereoscopy, as autostereoscopy still refers to the generation of two images.
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and also for entertainment through the production of stereograms. Stereoscopy is useful in viewing images rendered from large multi-
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Although the term "3D" is ubiquitously used, the presentation of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying an image in
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Augmented stereoscopic vision is also expected to have applications in surgery, as it allows the combination of radiographic data (
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Head-mounted or wearable glasses may be used to view a see-through image imposed upon the real world view, creating what is called
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A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD) or retinal projector (RP), not to be confused with a "
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well suited for mobile devices (watches, smartphones or tablets) using a multi-directional backlight and allowing a wide full-
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Two Passiflora caerulea flowers arranged as a stereo image pair for viewing by the cross-eyed viewing method (see Freeviewing)
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Banks, Martin S.; Read, Jenny R.; Allison, Robert S.; Watt, Simon J. (June 2011). "Stereoscopy and the Human Visual System".
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of the same object, with a minor deviation equal or nearly equal to the perspectives that both eyes naturally receive in
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depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of stereo to them.
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Reinhard Klette (2014). "Concise Computer Vision" (see Chapter 8 for stereo matching). Springer, London; 429 pp.
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A pair of LC shutter glasses used to view XpanD 3D films. The thick frames conceal the electronics and batteries.
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Volumetric displays use some physical mechanism to display points of light within a volume. Such displays use
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data sets such as are produced by experimental data. Modern industrial three-dimensional photography may use
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consists of a multi-station viewing apparatus and sets of stereo slides. Patented by A. Fuhrmann around 1890.
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open-source plotting library. The stereoscopic effect allows for seeing the otherwise hidden 3D structure.
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Willke, Mark A.; Zakowski, Ron (March–April 1996). "A Close Look into the Realist Macro Stereo System".
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To present stereoscopic pictures, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through
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from two images using a computer by correlating the pixels in the left and right images. Solving the
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display viewing geometry requires limited head positions that will achieve the stereoscopic effect.
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Extracting 3D Polyhedral Building Models from Aerial Images using a Featureless and Direct Approach
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to detect and record three-dimensional information. The three-dimensional depth information can be
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Vertical position (objects closer to the horizon in the scene tend to be perceived as farther away)
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3D shapes in these autostereograms, one must overcome the normally automatic coordination between
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Stereoscopic viewing may be artificially created by the viewer's brain, as demonstrated with the
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Difference in projections of a vertical line in stereoscopy according to distance between left
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Pocket stereoscope with original test image. Used by military to examine stereoscopic pairs of
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Some stereoscopes are designed for viewing transparent photographs on film or glass, known as
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in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with two different images, representing two
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with a separate video source displayed in front of each eye to achieve a stereoscopic effect
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images is presented for freeviewing, no device or additional optical equipment is needed.
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SMPTE 2nd Annual International Conference on Stereoscopic 3D for Media and Entertainment
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Cross-eyed stereography of an artistic depiction of the solar system and nearby galaxies
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as a horizon or a cloud, the pictures should be spaced correspondingly closer together.
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that the brain uses to gauge relative distances and depth in a perceived scene include:
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Ortis, Alessandro; Rundo, Francesco; Di Giore, Giuseppe; Battiato, Sebastiano (2013).
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Simmons, Gordon (March–April 1996). "Clarence G. Henning: The Man Behind the Macro".
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Horibuchi, S. (1994). Salvador Dalí: the stereo pair artist. In Horibuchi, S. (Ed.),
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of the brain fuses this into perception of a three dimensional scene or composition.
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Freeviewing is viewing a side-by-side image pair without using a viewing device.
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Stereoscopic image of 772 College Street (formerly Johnson Street) in Macon, Ga,
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depth. However, the 3D effect lacks proper focal depth, which gives rise to the
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Durham Visualization Laboratory stereoscopic imaging methods and software tools
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Stereopair photographs provided a way for 3-dimensional (3D) visualisations of
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Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
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Museum exhibition on the history of stereographs and stereoscopes (1850–1930)
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An autostereogram is a single-image stereogram (SIS), designed to create the
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Saul Davis (act. 1860s–1870s), New Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls, Canada,
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University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections Stereocard Collection
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While stereoscopic images have typically been used for amusement, including
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typically forms its own image of the scene without assistance from a larger
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International Stereoscopic Union, 2006, "Stereoscopy", Numbers 65–72, p.18
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Integral imaging is a technique for producing 3D displays which are both
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Scott B. Steinman, Barbara A. Steinman and Ralph Philip Garzia. (2000).
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use this stereoscopic method to convey images. It was first invented by
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when the viewer moves left, right, up, down, closer, or farther away.
1322:, producing stereoscopic images that exhibit realistic alterations of 776: 613: 3713: 3687: 3644: 3634: 3340: 3237: 3170: 1299: 1125: 988: 759: 716: 444: 367: 54: 27:
Technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image
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from the University of Louisville Archives & Special Collections
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Stereoscopic image of 787 Orange Street, Addison R. Tinsley house,
2002:"Seeing is believing""; Cinema Technology, Vol 24, No.1 March 2011 1510:
This image, captured on 8 June 2004, is an example of a composite
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These functions develop in early childhood. Some people who have
1689:. www.vision3d.com by Optometrists Network. Retrieved 2009-08-21 1616: 1356: 216:, before 1868. An early depiction of people using a stereoscope. 3314: 2646: 2627: 2476:
Contouring. A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data
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identical to that which emanated from the original scene, with
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A company of ladies looking at stereoscopic views, painting by
154: 2632: 3290: 1269: 1265: 1207: 822: 575:" stereograph published in 1900 by North-Western View Co. of 463:
aims to create meaningful depth information from two images.
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holography, in its original "pure" form of the photographic
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uses parallax barrier autostereoscopy to display a 3D image.
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The user typically wears a helmet or glasses with two small
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Stereoscopy is the production of the illusion of depth in a
265: 'to look, to see'. Any stereoscopic image is called a 165:; an early stereoscopic card for viewing a scene from nature 3308: 1562: 1558: 1132:. A recent usage of this technique is the openKMQ project. 1059: 646: 607: 363: 2426: 2136: 1055: 862: 835: 2611:
Stereographic Views of Louisville and Beyond, 1850s-1930
2199:"ShortCourses-Stereo Photography-Simulated 3D—Wiggle 3D" 1135: 907: 2574:
Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective
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format, introduced in 1947, is by far the most common.
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format on the web, online examples are visible in the
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Morgan, Willard D.; Lester, Henry M. (October 1954).
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glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.
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excluded by the customary definition of freeviewing.
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glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.
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Guide to the Edward R. Frank Stereograph Collection.
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Occlusion - The overlapping of one object by another
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Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
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Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1841: 602:A stereoscopic pair of images (top) and a combined 2028:"OSU ChromaDepth Scientific Visualization Gallery" 1911: 342:Linear perspective (convergence of parallel edges) 136: 116: 89: 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 3750:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays 1786:Welling, William. Photography in America, page 23 945:Functional principle of active shutter 3D systems 526:, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC 339:Subtended visual angle of an object of known size 292:Stereoscopy is distinguished from other types of 3771: 1478:, there are also other uses of this technology. 1369: 2657:Views of California and the West, ca. 1867–1903 1629:, generated by the mpl_stereo extension to the 541:Cardboard stereoscopic disc with photos of the 495:disrupt the development of stereopsis, however 410:who made the first portable 3D viewing device. 231:) is a technique for creating or enhancing the 2710: 2414:"Algorithm for stereoscopic image compression" 2366: 2048:O'Doherty, M; Flitcroft, D I (1 August 2007). 1366:. The technique is also known as "Piku-Piku". 999: 606:that colors one perspective red and the other 3186: 2696: 2429:"Adaptive Compression of Stereoscopic Images" 2311:"Tom Lincoln - Exercises in Three Dimensions" 2293:(pp.9, pp.42). San Francisco: Cadence Books. 1812: 1617:Mathematical, scientific and engineering uses 1357:New-York Public Library stereogram collection 1769: 1767: 973:Functional principle of polarized 3D systems 276:Most stereoscopic methods present a pair of 3404:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display 2607:Brock University Library Digital Repository 2367:Bartiss, OD MD, Michael (25 January 2005). 868: 3315:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode 3193: 3179: 2703: 2689: 2436:Image Analysis and Processing – ICIAP 2013 1798: 1687:The Logical Approach to Seeing 3D Pictures 1568:The two cameras that make up each rover's 2389: 2266: 2081: 2013:"Exercises in Three Dimensions: About 3D" 1764: 1318:to capture and display the scene as a 4D 1043: 351:Change in size of textured pattern detail 2283: 1620: 1505: 1445: 1373: 1150: 1091: 1084:ChromaDepth glasses with prism-like film 1079: 1034: 968: 940: 906: 898: 883:", is a display technology that draws a 821: 811: 775: 645: 625: 597: 564: 536: 510: 420: 412: 207: 196: 180: 166: 147: 65: 53: 2592: 2112: 2098: 1731:Exercises in Three Dimensions: About 3D 964: 772:Slide viewer § Stereo slide viewer 765: 662:Two methods are available to freeview: 14: 3772: 3200: 3160:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications 2488: 2468: 1717:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1701:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1249: 466: 370:, which adds the first of these cues ( 3174: 2684: 1977:Tseng, Belle; Anastassiou, Dimitris. 1872: 1870: 1663: 1336: 1246:content without the need of glasses. 1136:Other display methods without viewers 1069: 3451:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display 2390:Shambaugh, Scott (17 January 2024), 1946:. 3droundabout.com. 19 December 2011 1924:from the original on 12 January 2022 1682: 1680: 1548: 1499:till the mid-20th century, with the 1118: 865:imaging) with the surgeon's vision. 471:Anatomically, there are 3 levels of 3525:Light-emitting electrochemical cell 2215: 1474:and pictures, posters and books of 1279: 1230:In 2013, a Silicon Valley company, 747:Stereoscope and stereographic cards 24: 3724:Large-screen television technology 2671:Two stereoscopic selfies from 1890 2566: 2540: 2196: 2025: 1879:. Greg Erker. Retrieved 2009-08-21 1877:How To Freeview Stereo (3D) Images 1867: 1842:Dornaika, F.; Hammoudi, K (2009). 1818: 1804: 1605:in the diagnosis and treatment of 1561:in 2003 to explore the surface of 1140: 1103: 1027:uses this principle. The Omega 3D/ 1017:wavelength multiplex visualization 936: 780:A View-Master Model E of the 1950s 482:Fusion (binocular 'single' vision) 25: 3801: 3398:Organic light-emitting transistor 2605:Niagara Falls Stereo Cards RG 541 2587: 2527: 2514: 1745:, J. M. Rolfe and K. J. Staples, 1677: 696: 499:treatment can be used to improve 3761:Comparison of display technology 1580: 1534: 1503:producing cards into the 1960s. 1400: 1395:computer generated stereo images 1099:with openKMQ plastics extensions 911:RealD circular polarized glasses 612: 475:required to view stereo images: 258: 'firm, solid' and 3392:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots 2800:Vergence-accommodation conflict 2508: 2420: 2406: 2383: 2360: 2332: 2317: 2303: 2232: 2209: 2190: 2130: 2041: 2019: 2005: 1996: 1970: 1965:How to View Photos on This Site 1958: 1936: 1904: 1882: 1835: 1826: 1789: 1671:"The Kaiser (Emperor) Panorama" 572:The early bird catches the worm 560: 524:Department of Image Collections 425:Brewster-type stereoscope, 1870 287:Vergence-Accommodation Conflict 3463:Laser-powered phosphor display 1780: 1752: 1736: 1724: 1708: 1692: 654: 13: 1: 3729:Optimum HDTV viewing distance 3719:History of display technology 3607:Computer-generated holography 2966:Stereo photography techniques 2122:. 8 June 2012. Archived from 1759:Exercises in Three Dimensions 1656: 1384:Stereo photography techniques 1370:Stereo photography techniques 1203:Computer-generated holography 1192: 915: 546: 522:, albumen print stereograph, 516: 417:Wheatstone mirror stereoscope 406:in 1838, and improved by Sir 307: 186: 172: 158: 124:- animation for eye distance 3309:Organic light-emitting diode 3303:Light-emitting diode display 2976:Stereoscopic depth rendition 2444:10.1007/978-3-642-41181-6_40 1721:, on Perseus Digital Library 1705:, on Perseus Digital Library 1493: 554:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 7: 2369:"Convergence Insufficiency" 1913:"Daily Telegraph Newspaper" 1853:Machine Vision Applications 1644: 1097:KMQ stereo prismatic viewer 1006:Interference filter systems 1000:Interference filter systems 891:picture) directly onto the 552:, in the collection of the 10: 3806: 3519:Vacuum fluorescent display 3243:Electroluminescent display 2327:The Stereoscope in America 1855:. Vol. Proc. IAPR/MVA 1747:Cambridge University Press 1532:Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech. 1514:generated from the stereo 1381: 1340: 1283: 1253: 1196: 1144: 1107: 1073: 1047: 1003: 991:filters or presented on a 976: 959: 948: 919: 872: 815: 800:, introduced in 1931, and 769: 750: 700: 650:Printable cross eye viewer 44: 29: 3758: 3706: 3668: 3627: 3572: 3476: 3375: 3366:Liquid crystal on silicon 3270: 3217: 3208: 3147: 3067: 2999: 2991:Stereoscopic video coding 2986:Stereoscopic spectroscopy 2921: 2808: 2750:Convergence insufficiency 2722: 2393:scottshambaugh/mpl_stereo 2329:, accessed 21 March 2009. 931: 296:that display an image in 3557:Fourteen-segment display 3360:Digital Light Processing 3087:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D 3024:3D-enabled mobile phones 2981:Stereoscopic rangefinder 2818:Active shutter 3D system 2617: 2474:David F. Watson (1992). 2340:"Pancam technical brief" 2216:DrT (25 February 2008). 2066:10.1136/jnnp.2006.094771 1468:stereoscopic video games 1234:, started manufacturing 951:Active shutter 3D system 869:Virtual retinal displays 235:in an image by means of 40:stereographic projection 3563:Sixteen-segment display 3249:Rear-projection display 3059:Virtual reality headset 3054:Stereoscopic video game 2903:Virtual retinal display 2576:. McGraw-Hill Medical. 2324:University of Virginia 1719:A Greek-English Lexicon 1703:A Greek-English Lexicon 1555:Mars Exploration Rovers 1524:Mars Exploration Rovers 1441: 1378:Modern stereo TV camera 1013:spectral comb filtering 875:Virtual retinal display 479:Simultaneous perception 439:Stereoscopy is used in 3410:Field-emission display 3325:Liquid-crystal display 2951:Multiview Video Coding 2946:Computer stereo vision 2755:Correspondence problem 1634: 1545: 1481: 1451: 1379: 1160: 1100: 1085: 1044:Color anaglyph systems 1040: 974: 946: 912: 904: 831: 781: 651: 631: 623: 580: 557: 527: 457:Correspondence problem 437: 426: 418: 404:Sir Charles Wheatstone 217: 205: 194: 192: 178: 145: 138: 118: 91: 63: 3547:Eight-segment display 3541:Seven-segment display 2543:Stereo Realist Manual 1984:. Columbia University 1820:Stereo Realist Manual 1806:Stereo Realist Manual 1624: 1585:Stereogram cards and 1509: 1501:Keystone View Company 1449: 1377: 1212:transmission hologram 1154: 1095: 1083: 1038: 972: 944: 910: 902: 825: 812:Head-mounted displays 779: 707:Random dot stereogram 649: 629: 601: 568: 540: 514: 432: 424: 416: 384:three full dimensions 298:three full dimensions 211: 200: 184: 170: 151: 139: 119: 117:{\displaystyle Z_{R}} 92: 90:{\displaystyle Z_{L}} 69: 57: 3669:Display capabilities 3552:Nine-segment display 3254:Plasma display panel 2843:Head-mounted display 2775:Kinetic depth effect 2661:The Bancroft Library 2593:Archival collections 2220:. Drt3d.blogspot.com 2203:www.shortcourses.com 1347:Kinetic depth effect 1236:holographic displays 965:Polarization systems 818:Head-mounted display 792:and commonly called 766:Transparency viewers 579:, digitally restored 388:Holographic displays 128: 101: 74: 3698:See-through display 3602:Holographic display 3280:Quantum dot display 2931:2D to 3D conversion 2883:Specular holography 2878:Polarized 3D system 2795:Stereoscopic acuity 2790:Stereopsis recovery 2551:1954srm..book.....M 2160:10.1038/nature11972 2152:2013Natur.495..348F 1918:The Daily Telegraph 1761:, Tom Lincoln, 2011 1733:, Tom Lincoln, 2011 1456:stereographic cards 1362:25 May 2022 at the 1250:Volumetric displays 1039:Anaglyph 3D glasses 979:Polarized 3D system 922:Microsoft 3D Viewer 731:image. In order to 723:) scene within the 543:synagogue in Geneva 467:Visual requirements 3740:Color Light Output 3734:High Dynamic Range 3536:Dot-matrix display 3531:Lightguide display 3202:Display technology 2913:Wiggle stereoscopy 2908:Volumetric display 2873:Parallax scrolling 2347:Cornell University 2197:Curtin, Dennis P. 1639:aerial photographs 1635: 1625:A stereogram of a 1546: 1470:, printings using 1452: 1380: 1343:Wiggle stereoscopy 1337:Wiggle stereoscopy 1256:Volumetric display 1242:angle view to see 1179:volumetric display 1161: 1101: 1086: 1070:Chromadepth system 1041: 975: 947: 913: 905: 832: 782: 652: 632: 624: 581: 577:Baraboo, Wisconsin 558: 528: 427: 419: 392:volumetric display 218: 206: 195: 193: 179: 146: 134: 114: 87: 64: 60:aerial photographs 45:For the band, see 38:, and 3790:Binocular rivalry 3767: 3766: 3693:Always-on display 3484:Electromechanical 3472: 3471: 3168: 3167: 3129:Sharp Actius RD3D 3049:Stereo microscope 2956:Parallax scanning 2770:Epipolar geometry 2760:Peripheral vision 2735:Binocular rivalry 2676:STEREOSCOPICTURES 2500:978-1-4471-6319-0 2453:978-3-642-41180-9 2146:(7441): 348–351. 1743:Flight Simulation 1699:στερεός Tufts.edu 1651:Cloud stereoscopy 1603:vision therapists 1549:Space exploration 1544: 1119:Over/under format 852:augmented reality 727:from an external 622: 247:derives from 233:illusion of depth 137:{\displaystyle d} 16:(Redirected from 3797: 3745:Flexible display 3707:Related articles 3587:Autostereoscopic 3286:Electronic paper 3232:Cathode-ray tube 3215: 3214: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3114:Nvidia 3D Vision 2868:Parallax barrier 2853:Integral imaging 2765:Depth perception 2745:Chromostereopsis 2740:Binocular vision 2705: 2698: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2562: 2537: 2524: 2502: 2492: 2486: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2336: 2330: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2301: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2270: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2126:on 5 March 2009. 2116: 2110: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2085: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1983: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1920:. 13 July 2010. 1915: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1850: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1816: 1810: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1771: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1749:, 1986, page 134 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1712: 1706: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1607:binocular vision 1595:ophthalmologists 1539: 1538: 1292:autostereoscopic 1286:Integral imaging 1280:Integral imaging 1175:parallax barrier 617: 616: 593:binocular vision 585:depth perception 551: 548: 521: 518: 501:binocular vision 473:binocular vision 459:in the field of 241:binocular vision 191: 188: 177: 174: 163: 160: 143: 141: 140: 135: 123: 121: 120: 115: 113: 112: 96: 94: 93: 88: 86: 85: 21: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3754: 3702: 3664: 3650:Slide projector 3640:Movie projector 3623: 3568: 3468: 3378: 3371: 3272: 3266: 3219: 3204: 3199: 3169: 3164: 3143: 3069: 3063: 3001: 2995: 2971:Stereoautograph 2923: 2917: 2858:Lenticular lens 2833:Autostereoscopy 2810: 2804: 2780:Stereoblindness 2718: 2709: 2620: 2595: 2590: 2569: 2567:Further reading 2511: 2506: 2505: 2493: 2489: 2473: 2469: 2454: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2259: 2249:10.5594/M001418 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2214: 2210: 2195: 2191: 2135: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1892:. Eyecare Trust 1890:"Eyecare Trust" 1888: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776:Stereoscopy.com 1772: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1713: 1709: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1647: 1619: 1583: 1551: 1496: 1484: 1476:autostereograms 1444: 1403: 1386: 1372: 1364:Wayback Machine 1349: 1341:Main articles: 1339: 1304:lenticular lens 1288: 1282: 1262: 1254:Main articles: 1252: 1205: 1197:Main articles: 1195: 1171:lenticular lens 1166:Automultiscopic 1149: 1147:Autostereoscopy 1143: 1141:Autostereoscopy 1138: 1128:glasses is the 1121: 1112: 1110:Pulfrich effect 1106: 1104:Pulfrich method 1078: 1072: 1052: 1046: 1008: 1002: 985: 977:Main articles: 967: 962: 953: 939: 937:Shutter systems 934: 925: 918: 877: 871: 820: 814: 774: 768: 755: 749: 729:two-dimensional 713:visual illusion 709: 701:Main articles: 699: 657: 611: 563: 549: 532:Van Hare Effect 519: 469: 461:Computer Vision 310: 278:two-dimensional 189: 175: 161: 129: 126: 125: 108: 104: 102: 99: 98: 81: 77: 75: 72: 71: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3803: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3426:Liquid crystal 3423: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3318: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3283: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3210:Video displays 3206: 3205: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3097:MasterImage 3D 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2888:Stereo display 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2828:Autostereogram 2825: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2730:3D stereo view 2726: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2708: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2654: 2649: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2588:External links 2586: 2585: 2584: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2538: 2525: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2487: 2467: 2452: 2419: 2405: 2382: 2359: 2331: 2316: 2302: 2282: 2257: 2231: 2208: 2189: 2129: 2111: 2108:. 8 June 2012. 2097: 2060:(8): 906–907. 2040: 2026:Bailey, Mike. 2018: 2004: 1995: 1969: 1957: 1935: 1903: 1881: 1866: 1834: 1825: 1822:, pp. 377–379. 1811: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1763: 1751: 1735: 1723: 1707: 1691: 1676: 1673:. 9 June 2012. 1661: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1643: 1618: 1615: 1582: 1579: 1557:, launched by 1550: 1547: 1528:also available 1512:anaglyph image 1495: 1492: 1483: 1480: 1443: 1440: 1402: 1399: 1382:Main article: 1371: 1368: 1338: 1335: 1312:objective lens 1284:Main article: 1281: 1278: 1251: 1248: 1194: 1191: 1145:Main article: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1120: 1117: 1108:Main article: 1105: 1102: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1048:Main article: 1045: 1042: 1021:super-anaglyph 1004:Main article: 1001: 998: 966: 963: 961: 958: 949:Main article: 938: 935: 933: 930: 917: 914: 887:image (like a 881:Retina Display 873:Main article: 870: 867: 816:Main article: 813: 810: 806:Stereo Realist 786:transparencies 770:Main article: 767: 764: 751:Main article: 748: 745: 703:Autostereogram 698: 697:Autostereogram 695: 678: 677: 673: 656: 653: 562: 559: 489: 488: 483: 480: 468: 465: 441:photogrammetry 408:David Brewster 353: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 329: 324: 309: 306: 229:stereo imaging 202:Kaiserpanorama 133: 111: 107: 97:and right eye 84: 80: 32:autostereogram 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3802: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3394:(ELQD/QD-LED) 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3269: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155:Stereographer 3153: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3119:Panavision 3D 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3044:Stereo camera 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3019:3D television 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2941:2D-plus-depth 2939: 2937: 2936:2D plus Delta 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2583: 2582:0-8385-2670-5 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2484:0-08-040286-0 2481: 2477: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2370: 2363: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2299:0-929279-85-9 2296: 2292: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2258:9781614829515 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2219: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2107: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2029: 2022: 2014: 2008: 1999: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1945: 1939: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1891: 1885: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1727: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1672: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1614: 1612: 1611:accommodative 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1581:Clinical uses 1578: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522:, one of the 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1487:Salvador Dalí 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:3D television 1461: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1401:Stereo window 1398: 1396: 1390: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1116: 1111: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1065: 1064:visual cortex 1061: 1057: 1051: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1029:Panavision 3D 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1007: 997: 994: 990: 984: 980: 971: 957: 952: 943: 929: 923: 909: 901: 897: 894: 890: 886: 882: 876: 866: 864: 860: 855: 853: 848: 845: 841: 837: 829: 824: 819: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 778: 773: 763: 761: 754: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 708: 704: 694: 692: 691:accommodation 688: 682: 674: 670: 665: 664: 663: 660: 648: 644: 640: 636: 628: 620: 615: 609: 605: 600: 596: 594: 590: 586: 578: 574: 573: 567: 555: 544: 539: 535: 533: 525: 513: 509: 506: 503:. 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The word 221:Stereoscopy 214:Jacob Spoel 162: 1860 3785:3D imaging 3774:Categories 3660:Laser beam 3614:Volumetric 3574:3D display 3514:Nixie tube 3494:Split-flap 3379:generation 3353:Blue Phase 3273:generation 3220:generation 3148:Miscellany 3039:Digital 3D 3034:Blu-ray 3D 2898:Vectograph 2863:Multiscopy 2848:Holography 2838:Bubblegram 2785:Stereopsis 2723:Perception 2716:3D display 2399:17 January 2291:Stereogram 2106:"Glossary" 1657:References 1631:Matplotlib 1260:Bubblegram 1199:Holography 1193:Holography 1189:displays. 1183:holography 1130:KMQ viewer 989:polarizing 983:Vectograph 916:3D viewers 889:television 497:orthoptics 493:strabismus 486:Stereopsis 376:perception 372:stereopsis 360:photograph 332:Stereopsis 308:Background 267:stereogram 237:stereopsis 47:Steriogram 3714:Scan line 3688:DisplayID 3645:Neon sign 3635:Monoscope 3477:Non-video 3238:Jumbotron 2168:1476-4687 2120:"openKMQ" 2074:0022-3050 1808:, p. 375. 1494:Education 1126:prismatic 859:CAT scans 760:periscope 256:(stereos) 36:phonogram 3597:Hologram 3504:Eggcrate 3489:Flip-dot 3435:display 3416:Laser TV 3387:microLED 3317:(AMOLED) 3271:Current 3227:Eidophor 3139:XpanD 3D 3124:RealD 3D 3082:Dolby 3D 3077:AMD HD3D 3070:products 2462:13274055 2277:23144596 2176:23518562 2092:17635984 1950:29 March 1928:29 March 1922:Archived 1896:29 March 1645:See also 1472:anaglyph 1460:3D films 1360:Archived 1324:parallax 1316:pinholes 1240:parallax 1232:LEIA Inc 1220:parallax 1025:Dolby 3D 741:vergence 737:focusing 733:perceive 687:vergence 604:anaglyph 322:Vergence 263:(skopeō) 153:View of 3681:CEA-861 3311:(OLED) 3296:Gyricon 3107:New 3DS 3092:Infitec 3068:Notable 3029:4D film 3014:3D film 3000:Product 2809:Display 2547:Bibcode 2375:30 June 2371:. WebMD 2352:30 June 2268:3490636 2224:4 March 2218:"Dr. T" 2184:4424212 2148:Bibcode 2083:2117749 2033:6 March 1308:lenslet 993:display 960:Passive 844:virtual 798:Tru-Vue 669:through 254:στερεός 3565:(SISD) 3459:(TDEL) 3453:(FLCD) 3400:(OLET) 3368:(LCoS) 3327:(LCD) 3305:(LED) 3282:(QLED) 3256:(PDP) 2647:Flickr 2628:Curlie 2580:  2559:789470 2557:  2498:  2482:  2460:  2450:  2297:  2275:  2265:  2255:  2182:  2174:  2166:  2140:Nature 2090:  2080:  2072:  1988:8 July 1715:σκοπέω 1570:Pancam 1520:Spirit 1516:Pancam 1270:pixels 1266:voxels 932:Active 893:retina 885:raster 794:slides 261:σκοπέω 155:Boston 34:, 3736:(HDR) 3559:(FSD) 3543:(SSD) 3527:(LEC) 3521:(VFD) 3465:(LPD) 3412:(FED) 3406:(SED) 3377:Next 3362:(DLP) 3291:E Ink 3245:(ELD) 3234:(CRT) 3002:types 2922:Other 2618:Other 2458:S2CID 2432:(PDF) 2343:(PDF) 2180:S2CID 1982:(PDF) 1849:(PDF) 1314:) or 1208:Laser 667:look 398:Most 364:movie 251: 249:Greek 227:, or 3676:EDID 3498:Vane 3444:TMOS 3439:IMoD 3433:MEMS 3260:ALiS 3218:Past 2714:and 2578:ISBN 2555:OCLC 2496:ISBN 2480:ISBN 2448:ISBN 2401:2024 2377:2006 2354:2006 2295:ISBN 2273:PMID 2253:ISBN 2226:2012 2172:PMID 2164:ISSN 2088:PMID 2070:ISSN 2035:2024 1990:2014 1952:2012 1930:2012 1898:2012 1861:2010 1609:and 1601:and 1563:Mars 1559:NASA 1553:The 1442:Uses 1345:and 1326:and 1294:and 1258:and 1201:and 1185:and 1155:The 1060:cyan 1058:and 981:and 861:and 840:OLED 739:and 705:and 689:and 608:cyan 390:and 315:cues 239:for 3348:LED 3341:IPS 3331:TFT 2645:on 2626:at 2440:doi 2263:PMC 2245:doi 2156:doi 2144:495 2078:PMC 2062:doi 1518:on 1482:Art 1056:red 1019:or 1015:or 863:MRI 838:or 836:LCD 828:HMD 826:An 788:or 368:eye 3776:: 3336:TN 2659:, 2553:. 2534:23 2532:. 2521:23 2519:. 2456:. 2446:. 2434:. 2345:. 2271:. 2261:. 2251:. 2201:. 2178:. 2170:. 2162:. 2154:. 2142:. 2086:. 2076:. 2068:. 2058:78 2056:. 2052:. 1916:. 1869:^ 1851:. 1766:^ 1679:^ 1597:, 1593:, 1530:. 1466:, 1462:, 1458:, 1244:3D 1181:, 1177:, 1173:, 1023:. 743:. 721:3D 595:. 556:. 547:c. 545:, 517:c. 362:, 304:. 289:. 283:3D 273:. 187:c. 173:c. 159:c. 157:, 144:. 3194:e 3187:t 3180:v 2704:e 2697:t 2690:v 2561:. 2549:: 2464:. 2442:: 2416:. 2379:. 2356:. 2313:. 2279:. 2247:: 2228:. 2205:. 2186:. 2158:: 2150:: 2094:. 2064:: 2037:. 2015:. 1992:. 1954:. 1932:. 1900:. 1863:. 924:. 719:( 610:. 569:" 132:d 110:R 106:Z 83:L 79:Z 62:. 49:. 42:. 20:)

Index

Stereoscopic
autostereogram
phonogram
stereographic projection
Steriogram

aerial photographs


Boston



Kaiserpanorama

Jacob Spoel
illusion of depth
stereopsis
binocular vision
Greek
stereoscope
two-dimensional
3D
Vergence-Accommodation Conflict
3D displays
three full dimensions
eye movements
Vergence
Accommodation
Stereopsis

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