1454:
961:
1299:
1263:
1275:
1103:
1523:
47:
1176:
1311:
1596:
813:
1323:
1239:
1071:
1059:
1515:
1251:
1339:
985:
1462:
72:
1287:
1416:
from one storm cell can lead to new cells forming just a few kilometres (miles) from the former one a few tens of minutes later or in some cases hundreds of kilometres (miles) away many hours later. This process cause thunderstorm formation (and decay) to last for several hours or even over multiple
1004:
may extend several kilometres (miles) across, or be as small as several tens of metres (yards) across, and occupy low to upper altitudes within the troposphere - formed at altitude from approximately 200 to 4,000 m (700 to 10,000 ft). Normal peaks usually reach to as much as 12,000 m
1501:
measures were implemented. A small form of downburst, the microburst, is the most often implicated in crashes because of their rapid onset and swift changes in wind and aerodynamic conditions over short distances. Most downbursts are associated with visible precipitation shafts, however, dry
1005:(39,000 ft), with unusually high ones typically topping out around 20,000 m (66,000 ft) and extreme instances claimed to be as high as 21,000 m (69,000 ft) or more. Well-developed cumulonimbus clouds are characterized by a flat,
1549:. The average thunderstorm has a 24 km (15 mi) diameter and a height of approximately 12.2 km (40,000 ft). Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere, these three stages take an average of 30 minutes to go through.
1576:, and other parameters give rise to many types of clouds. Various types of cloud occur frequently enough to have been categorized. Furthermore, some atmospheric processes can make the clouds organize in distinct patterns such as
1025:. The shelf of the anvil may precede the main cloud's vertical component for many kilometres (miles), and be accompanied by lightning. Occasionally, rising air parcels surpass the equilibrium level (due to momentum) and form an
2072:
1033:. When vertically developed, this largest of all clouds usually extends through all three cloud regions. Even the smallest cumulonimbus cloud dwarfs its neighbors in comparison.
1851:
1973:
2102:
1322:
1045:: cloud with puffy top, similar to cumulus congestus which it develops from; under the correct conditions it can become a cumulonimbus capillatus.
2033:
1298:
1310:
1922:
752:
1829:
1167:(species capillatus only): cumulonimbus with flat anvil-like cirriform top caused by wind shear where the rising air currents hit the
2695:
2029:
1070:
1274:
1238:
3065:
2094:
2012:
1726:
134:
1338:
1262:
742:
1708:
1286:
799:
747:
2067:
2114:
1895:
1877:
1845:
1804:
1766:
1748:
1686:
1672:
841:
1090:(pyrocumulonimbus): rapidly growing cloud forming from non-atmospheric heat and condensation nuclei sources such as
2983:
729:
2806:
1957:
1453:
2458:
1633:
627:
2952:
79:
1983:
2957:
2811:
2505:
2468:
1393:
1250:
1198:
1584:. These are large-scale structures and are not always readily identifiable from a single point of view.
2942:
2821:
2816:
1614:
1494:
1087:
789:
17:
1477:
and hail if flying inside the cloud. Within and in the vicinity of thunderstorms there is significant
2691:
2362:
2357:
2214:
2195:
2087:
1629:
1503:
1470:
1195:
or tornado. They are known to drop very low, sometimes just 6 metres (20 ft) above ground level.
794:
2110:
2717:
2478:
2347:
2275:
1637:
1498:
1473:
due most importantly to potent wind currents but also reduced visibility and lightning, as well as
960:
2826:
2687:
2681:
2583:
1837:
1531:
1168:
1058:
1048:
1014:
941:
784:
105:
2004:
1998:
1572:
in the troposphere. The atmosphere is a dynamic system, and the local conditions of turbulence,
2937:
2932:
2398:
2290:
1619:
1609:
653:
1796:
1790:
2831:
2676:
2393:
2311:
1887:
1881:
1758:
1752:
1676:
1641:
1405:
1133:
1102:
834:
648:
406:
330:
2063:
Clouds-Online.com Cloud Atlas with many photos and description of the different cloud genera
1918:
1537:, and a lifting force in order to form. Cumulonimbus typically go through three stages: the
1502:
microbursts are generally invisible to the naked eye. At least one fatal commercial airline
2881:
2769:
2599:
2352:
2295:
2080:
1482:
1145:
1030:
766:
364:
31:
1522:
1493:
being responsible for many accidents in earlier decades before training and technological
1404:, causing the energy to dissipate. If there is sufficient instability and moisture in the
1201:
is a line of small cumulonimbus or cumulus generally associated with severe thunderstorms.
1132:
clouds): low, horizontal cloud formation associated with the leading edge of thunderstorm
8:
3023:
2789:
2627:
2578:
2483:
2463:
2106:
2037:
1569:
1558:
1389:
1222:
1042:
761:
658:
597:
423:
100:
46:
2886:
2605:
2532:
2515:
2376:
2330:
2316:
1164:
1151:
433:
411:
318:
1722:
2973:
2927:
2753:
2497:
2441:
2141:
2008:
1978:
1953:
1891:
1841:
1810:
1800:
1762:
1682:
1474:
1129:
1095:
1018:
989:
663:
1652:
1175:
1125:
3060:
2897:
2633:
2473:
1581:
1545:(where the main cloud may reach supercell status in favorable conditions), and the
1526:
Transformation from a mature cumulus congestus cloud to a mature cumulonimbus incus
1434:
1409:
1205:
1026:
893:
air currents. Above the lower portions of the cumulonimbus the water vapor becomes
827:
541:
428:
340:
183:
1595:
1489:), respectively. Wind shear within and under a cumulonimbus is often intense with
1433:
regions and are also frequent in moist environments during the warm season in the
1208:
is a dome that rises above the thunderstorm; it is associated with severe weather.
812:
3055:
2978:
2947:
2872:
2712:
2280:
1949:
1573:
1142:: accompanied by a lower layer of fractus species cloud forming in precipitation.
734:
509:
212:
864:
2988:
2285:
1647:
1601:
1355:
1185:
929:
858:
817:
724:
558:
872:
3049:
2993:
2798:
2748:
2740:
2731:
2671:
2663:
2652:
2570:
2450:
2385:
2339:
2267:
2177:
1139:
997:
680:
634:
580:
529:
416:
2068:
MetOffice.gov.uk Learn about thunderstorms and how cumulonimbus clouds form
1814:
1417:
days. Cumulonimbus clouds can also occur as dangerous winter storms called "
964:
A view from space of a silhouette of a cumulonimbus in the afterglow of the
2891:
2859:
2258:
2240:
1359:
1192:
977:
917:
570:
494:
325:
166:
2853:
2123:
1514:
1421:" which are associated with particularly intense snowfall rates and with
1418:
1385:
1367:
1154:: a thin horizontal sheet that forms around the middle of a cumulonimbus.
1121:
973:
965:
925:
894:
886:
882:
719:
607:
602:
565:
514:
445:
391:
347:
335:
284:
152:
2140:
2610:
1577:
1478:
1438:
1426:
1413:
1381:
1377:
1329:
1328:
Cumulonimbus calvus against sunlight with rain falling beneath it as a
1022:
1010:
1001:
714:
697:
639:
587:
450:
386:
381:
374:
301:
296:
254:
242:
114:
928:. These clouds are capable of producing lightning and other dangerous
2638:
1624:
1565:
1490:
1397:
1148:(species calvus only): small cap-like cloud over parent cumulonimbus.
984:
969:
945:
910:
709:
704:
499:
489:
401:
369:
352:
313:
291:
247:
93:
2030:"A Severe Weather Primer: Questions and Answers about Thunderstorms"
1461:
1534:
1486:
1422:
1091:
890:
504:
1191:
Tuba: column hanging from the cloud base which can develop into a
996:
Towering cumulonimbus clouds are typically accompanied by smaller
2109:
and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
2027:
1876:
1747:
1671:
1430:
1401:
1363:
940:, and large hailstones. Cumulonimbus progress from overdeveloped
933:
902:
670:
548:
536:
484:
467:
438:
396:
359:
306:
235:
191:
1425:
conditions when accompanied by strong winds that further reduce
2062:
1442:
472:
460:
455:
222:
217:
207:
200:
1221:: precipitation that reaches the ground as liquid, often in a
71:
2998:
2692:
Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
2103:
1457:
Aerial view of a cumulonimbus with pileus, flying over Brazil
1392:. Most storm cells die after about 20 minutes, when the
1228:
1212:
1076:
A clearly developed cumulonimbus fibrous-edged top capillatus
1006:
878:
675:
612:
274:
267:
147:
Dark-based storm cloud capable of impressive vertical growth.
2224:
No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
1373:
1316:
An overshooting top is a dome of clouds atop a cumulonimbus
1231:: precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.
1218:
937:
906:
898:
692:
592:
575:
553:
479:
170:
162:
158:
2003:. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publisher. pp.
1921:. Universities Space Research Association. 5 August 2009.
2774:
1188:: consisting of bubble-like protrusions on the underside.
687:
30:"Thundercloud" redirects here. For the song by LSD, see
2185:
2028:
National Severe Storms
Laboratory (15 October 2006).
924:. Cumulonimbus can form alone, in clusters, or along
2698:
term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is
Towering cumulus ))
2131:
1591:
1568:temperature of water is reached in the presence of
1344:
Rain evaporating before reaching the ground (virga)
3019:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
3016:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
1429:. However, cumulonimbus clouds are most common in
1408:, however (on a hot summer day, for example), the
3047:
1996:
1372:Cumulonimbus storm cells can produce torrential
1244:Arcus cloud (shelf cloud) leading a thunderstorm
2034:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1990:
1792:National Audubon Society Field Guide to Weather
1304:Flanking line in front of a strong thunderstorm
1530:In general, cumulonimbus require moisture, an
1506:was associated with flying through a tornado.
877: 'cloud') is a dense, towering, vertical
2088:
835:
1051:: cloud with cirrus-like, fibrous-edged top.
1665:
1465:Cumulonimbus cloud as seen from an airplane
1158:
2095:
2081:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1292:A funnel cloud (tuba) over the Netherlands
1213:Precipitation-based supplementary features
842:
828:
45:
2196:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
1723:"Factors Influencing Thunderstorm Height"
1110:
2525:
2117:Latin terminology except where indicated
2021:
1521:
1513:
1460:
1452:
1441:caused by a cumulonimbus downburst is a
1174:
1101:
983:
959:
27:Genus of dense, towering vertical clouds
2420:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
1865:
1678:Cumulonimbus, International Cloud Atlas
1509:
905:, the interaction of which can lead to
889:that builds upward carried by powerful
14:
3048:
2797:
2449:
2384:
2338:
1943:
1827:
1788:
1741:
1518:Stages of a cumulonimbus cloud's life.
1448:
2076:
1974:"Flying through 'Thunderstorm Alley'"
944:and may further develop as part of a
1280:Mammatocumulus with drooping pouches
2822:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
2817:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
1946:The Weather Identification Handbook
1883:Features, International Cloud Atlas
1729:from the original on 13 August 2020
1557:For a more comprehensive list, see
1115:
1009:shaped top (anvil dome), caused by
968:at Earth's horizon, below the blue
24:
2807:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
2363:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
2358:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
1982:. 31 December 2014. Archived from
1754:Species, International Cloud Atlas
25:
3077:
2479:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
2474:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
2348:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
2056:
1925:from the original on 28 June 2012
1878:World Meteorological Organization
1789:Ludlum, David McWilliams (2000).
1749:World Meteorological Organization
1673:World Meteorological Organization
948:. Cumulonimbus is abbreviated as
2584:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
2459:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
2217:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
1720:
1594:
1337:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1069:
1057:
811:
70:
2763:St-only genitus cloud and other
2399:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
1966:
1854:from the original on 2015-09-24
1681:. Vol. I. pp. 48–50.
1380:nature (often in the form of a
1256:A cap (pileus) atop a congestus
1179:A large incus cloud over Europe
139:Family D (Vertically developed)
2832:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
2812:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
2593:Cb-only supplementary features
2394:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
1937:
1911:
1821:
1782:
1714:
1702:
1552:
13:
1:
3066:Severe weather and convection
2770:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
2628:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
2621:Cb-only accessories and other
2469:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
2353:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
1828:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2010).
1658:
1634:convective condensation level
988:Cumulonimbus calvus cloud in
955:
920:, these clouds may be called
2579:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
2484:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
2464:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
2158:Noctilucent type III billows
1725:. theweatherprediction.com.
1106:Pyrocumulonimbus with pileus
7:
2533:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
2276:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
1795:. Alfred A. Knopf. p.
1587:
1469:Cumulonimbus are a notable
739:Severe weather terminology
201:Temperate and polar seasons
10:
3082:
2754:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
2688:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
2682:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
2317:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
2161:Noctilucent type IV whirls
1615:Atmospheric thermodynamics
1556:
1353:
1349:
1088:Cumulonimbus flammagenitus
1036:
869: 'swell' and
29:
3007:
2966:
2920:
2911:
2869:
2844:
2788:
2762:
2739:
2730:
2705:
2662:
2651:
2620:
2611:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)
2600:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
2592:
2569:
2558:
2549:
2514:
2496:
2440:
2431:
2411:
2375:
2329:
2304:
2291:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2213:
2194:
2176:
2155:Noctilucent type II bands
2122:
1997:Michael H. Mogil (2007).
1630:Lifted condensation level
1000:clouds. The cumulonimbus
913:formation, respectively.
881:, typically forming from
151:
143:
133:
123:
113:
92:
78:
66:
58:
44:
39:
2749:Stratus fractus (St fra)
2677:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
2656:Variable vertical extent
2606:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
2281:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
2152:Noctilucent type I veils
2146:Polar mesospheric clouds
1886:. Vol. I. pp.
1757:. Vol. I. pp.
1638:level of free convection
1171:layer at the tropopause.
1081:
942:cumulus congestus clouds
885:condensing in the lower
2827:Stratocumulus Undulatus
2312:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
2296:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
2286:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
1838:Oxford University Press
1834:A Dictionary of Ecology
1268:Incus with a velum edge
1049:Cumulonimbus capillatus
2967:Supplementary features
2847:supplementary features
1944:Dunlop, Storm (2003).
1620:Convective instability
1610:Atmospheric convection
1527:
1519:
1466:
1458:
1180:
1159:Supplementary features
1111:Supplementary features
1107:
993:
981:
871:
863:
800:Tropical cyclone terms
3010:and human-made clouds
2506:Altostratus undulatus
2215:Nitric acid and water
1642:free convective layer
1564:Clouds form when the
1525:
1517:
1464:
1456:
1178:
1105:
987:
963:
407:Extratropical cyclone
331:Air-mass thunderstorm
1919:"Cumulonimbus Incus"
1709:Wild World of Clouds
1510:Life cycle or stages
1483:clear-air turbulence
1031:maximum parcel level
767:Weather modification
365:Anticyclonic tornado
32:Thunderclouds (song)
3028:Homomutatus (homut)
3024:Homogenitus (hogen)
2994:Praecipitatio (pra)
2206:Lenticular nacreous
1570:condensation nuclei
1559:List of cloud types
1449:Hazards to aviation
1390:straight-line winds
1223:precipitation shaft
1064:Cumulonimbus calvus
1043:Cumulonimbus calvus
1029:culminating at the
762:Weather forecasting
598:Rain and snow mixed
424:Subtropical cyclone
2790:Stratocumulus (Sc)
2777:(Fg) Surface level
2718:Trade wind cumulus
2203:Cirriform nacreous
1952:. pp. 77–78.
1711:Cloudsat, NASA.com
1528:
1520:
1471:hazard to aviation
1467:
1459:
1181:
1108:
1096:volcanic eruptions
994:
982:
818:Weather portal
434:Atlantic hurricane
412:European windstorm
319:Volcanic lightning
280:Cumulonimbus cloud
52:Cumulonimbus incus
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
2953:Translucidus (tr)
2907:
2906:
2840:
2839:
2784:
2783:
2726:
2725:
2647:
2646:
2563:Towering vertical
2560:Cumulonimbus (Cb)
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2516:Nimbostratus (Ns)
2492:
2491:
2427:
2426:
2407:
2406:
2377:Cirrostratus (Cs)
2371:
2370:
2331:Cirrocumulus (Cc)
2325:
2324:
2305:Ci-only varieties
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2040:on 25 August 2009
2014:978-1-57912-743-5
1979:New Straits Times
1582:actinoform clouds
1547:dissipation stage
1019:equilibrium level
990:Monterrey, Mexico
852:
851:
177:
176:
129:(2,000–52,000 ft)
16:(Redirected from
3073:
2918:
2917:
2898:Actinoform cloud
2795:
2794:
2737:
2736:
2660:
2659:
2634:Overshooting top
2567:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2523:
2522:
2498:Altostratus (As)
2447:
2446:
2442:Altocumulus (Ac)
2438:
2437:
2382:
2381:
2336:
2335:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2036:. Archived from
2025:
2019:
2018:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1986:on 18 June 2018.
1970:
1964:
1963:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1669:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1539:developing stage
1435:middle latitudes
1341:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1206:overshooting top
1116:Accessory clouds
1073:
1061:
1027:overshooting top
844:
837:
830:
816:
815:
429:Tropical cyclone
341:Dry thunderstorm
236:Tropical seasons
179:
178:
173:, heavy at times
74:
49:
37:
36:
21:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3031:
3020:
3009:
3003:
2974:Asperitas (asp)
2962:
2943:Perlucidus (pe)
2928:Duplicatus (du)
2913:
2903:
2900:(Stratocumulus)
2873:accessory cloud
2871:
2865:
2846:
2836:
2780:
2758:
2722:
2701:
2655:
2643:
2616:
2588:
2562:
2551:
2537:
2518:
2510:
2488:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2412:High-level-only
2403:
2367:
2321:
2300:
2250:
2227:
2216:
2209:
2187:
2186:Very high-level
2164:
2145:
2133:
2118:
2101:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2000:Extreme Weather
1995:
1991:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1950:The Lyons Press
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1848:
1826:
1822:
1807:
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958:
848:
810:
805:
804:
780:
772:
771:
630:
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619:
532:
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510:Ground blizzard
270:
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228:
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203:
128:
54:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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3017:
3013:
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3005:
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3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2958:Undulatus (un)
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Lacunosus (la)
2930:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2884:
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2870:Low-level-only
2867:
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2845:Low-level-only
2842:
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2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
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2071:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2057:External links
2055:
2052:
2051:
2020:
2013:
1989:
1965:
1958:
1936:
1910:
1896:
1880:, ed. (1975).
1864:
1846:
1836:(4 ed.).
1820:
1805:
1781:
1767:
1751:, ed. (1975).
1740:
1713:
1701:
1687:
1675:, ed. (1975).
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1653:Ewa Wiśnierska
1650:
1648:William Rankin
1645:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1602:weather portal
1589:
1586:
1554:
1551:
1511:
1508:
1485:(particularly
1450:
1447:
1386:flash flooding
1356:Severe weather
1351:
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1343:
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930:severe weather
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790:Climate change
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725:Severe weather
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135:Classification
131:
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110:
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96:
90:
89:
84:Cumulonimbus (
82:
76:
75:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3078:
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3015:
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2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Fluctus (flu)
2982:
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2948:Radiatus (ra)
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2895:
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2862:Funnel cloud)
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2414:mutatus cloud
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2178:Stratospheric
2175:
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2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:Extreme-level
2130:
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2112:
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2016:
2010:
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1993:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1899:
1897:92-63-10407-7
1893:
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1879:
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1853:
1849:
1847:9780199567669
1843:
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1808:
1806:0-679-40851-7
1802:
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1415:
1412:moisture and
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:precipitation
1391:
1388:, as well as
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1319:
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1240:
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1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1203:
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1199:Flanking line
1197:
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1187:
1183:
1182:
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1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1150:
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1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
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1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
991:
986:
979:
976:at the lower
975:
971:
967:
962:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:thunderstorms
916:When causing
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
874:
868:
867:
866:
860:
856:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
825:
823:
822:
819:
814:
809:
808:
801:
798:
796:
795:Tornado terms
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
776:
775:
768:
765:
763:
760:
754:
753:United States
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
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726:
723:
721:
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703:
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696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
682:
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672:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
641:
638:
636:
635:Air pollution
633:
632:
629:
624:
623:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
591:
589:
586:
582:
579:
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577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
560:
557:
556:
555:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:Precipitation
526:
525:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
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478:
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471:
470:
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453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
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405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
264:
263:
256:
253:
249:
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245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
232:
231:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
202:
197:
196:
193:
190:
189:
185:
181:
180:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
153:Precipitation
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2892:Pannus (pan)
2882:Pileus (pil)
2854:Arcus ((arc)
2732:Stratus (St)
2653:Cumulus (Cu)
2630:Beaver tail)
2559:
2432:Medium-level
2241:Tropospheric
2111:hydrometeors
2042:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2023:
1999:
1992:
1984:the original
1977:
1968:
1945:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1882:
1856:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1791:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1753:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1721:Haby, Jeff.
1716:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1677:
1667:
1563:
1546:
1543:mature stage
1542:
1538:
1529:
1468:
1396:causes more
1371:
1360:Thunderstorm
1193:funnel cloud
995:
978:stratosphere
949:
936:, hazardous
926:squall lines
922:thunderheads
921:
915:
895:ice crystals
870:
862:
855:Cumulonimbus
854:
853:
571:Diamond dust
495:Winter storm
326:Thunderstorm
279:
167:snow pellets
157:Very common
127:500–16,000 m
85:
59:Abbreviation
51:
40:Cumulonimbus
2999:Virga (vir)
2989:Mamma (mam)
2979:Cavum (cav)
2938:Opacus (op)
2887:Velum (vel)
2860:Tuba ((tub)
2613:Wall cloud)
2602:Tail cloud)
2519:Multi-level
2259:Cirrus (Ci)
2142:Noctilucent
2124:Mesospheric
2044:1 September
1694:28 November
1640:(LFC), and
1578:wave clouds
1553:Cloud types
1419:thundersnow
1368:Crown flash
1124:(including
974:ozone layer
966:troposphere
887:troposphere
883:water vapor
785:Meteorology
720:Meteorology
608:Snow roller
603:Snow grains
566:Ice pellets
515:Snow squall
446:Storm surge
392:Anticyclone
348:Mesocyclone
336:Thundersnow
285:Arcus cloud
3050:Categories
2912:Non-height
2249:High-level
1959:1585748579
1929:23 October
1858:2014-08-10
1659:References
1499:nowcasting
1491:downbursts
1479:turbulence
1439:dust storm
1427:visibility
1410:outflowing
1406:atmosphere
1382:rain shaft
1378:convective
1354:See also:
1330:rain shaft
1023:tropopause
1011:wind shear
956:Appearance
932:, such as
897:, such as
857:(from
779:Glossaries
715:Jet stream
654:Convection
640:Atmosphere
588:Cloudburst
451:Dust storm
417:Nor'easter
387:Fire whirl
382:Dust devil
375:Waterspout
302:Heat burst
297:Microburst
255:Wet season
243:Dry season
144:Appearance
106:Capillatus
86:heap, rain
18:Stormcloud
2921:Varieties
2875:and other
2713:Horseshoe
2639:Hot tower
2550:Low-level
2526:Varieties
1903:26 August
1774:26 August
1625:Hot tower
1566:dew point
1495:detection
1398:downdraft
1184:Mamma or
1169:inversion
1092:wildfires
1021:near the
1015:inversion
970:afterglow
946:supercell
934:tornadoes
911:lightning
710:Heat wave
705:Cold wave
649:Chemistry
500:Ice storm
490:Firestorm
402:Polar low
370:Landspout
353:Supercell
314:Lightning
292:Downburst
248:Harmattan
182:Part of
2914:specific
2188:15–30 km
2134:80–85 km
1923:Archived
1852:Archived
1830:"Pannus"
1815:56559729
1727:Archived
1588:See also
1535:air mass
1532:unstable
1504:accident
1487:downwind
1431:tropical
1423:blizzard
1186:mammatus
581:Freezing
542:Freezing
505:Blizzard
184:a series
124:Altitude
3061:Cumulus
2896:Other-
2799:Species
2741:Species
2672:Fractus
2664:Species
2571:Species
2451:Species
2386:Species
2340:Species
2268:Species
2251:3–18 km
2005:210–211
1733:15 July
1636:(CCL),
1632:(LCL),
1402:updraft
1364:Tornado
1350:Effects
1134:outflow
1037:Species
1017:at the
998:cumulus
972:of the
909:and to
903:graupel
891:buoyant
865:cumulus
735:Extreme
681:Physics
671:Climate
659:Physics
549:Graupel
537:Drizzle
485:Sirocco
468:Monsoon
439:Typhoon
397:Cyclone
360:Tornado
307:Derecho
192:Weather
115:Variety
94:Species
3056:Cirrus
2856:Shelf)
2552:0–2 km
2434:2–8 km
2107:genera
2011:
1956:
1894:
1844:
1813:
1803:
1765:
1685:
1574:uplift
1541:, the
1443:haboob
1384:) and
1366:, and
1146:Pileus
1140:Pannus
873:nimbus
743:Canada
698:Season
628:Topics
473:Amihan
461:Haboob
456:Simoom
268:Storms
223:Autumn
218:Summer
213:Spring
208:Winter
101:Calvus
67:Symbol
2706:Other
2144:(NLC)
2104:Cloud
1888:22–24
1759:17–20
1644:(FCL)
1475:icing
1414:gusts
1400:than
1376:of a
1229:Virga
1165:Incus
1152:Velum
1130:shelf
1122:Arcus
1082:Types
1007:anvil
938:winds
879:cloud
861:
859:Latin
748:Japan
676:Cloud
664:River
613:Slush
275:Cloud
169:, or
80:Genus
2696:ICAO
2046:2009
2009:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1931:2012
1905:2014
1892:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1811:OCLC
1801:ISBN
1776:2014
1763:ISBN
1735:2016
1696:2014
1683:ISBN
1497:and
1481:and
1437:. A
1374:rain
1219:Rain
1128:and
1126:roll
1094:and
1002:base
907:hail
901:and
899:snow
730:List
693:Mist
593:Snow
576:Rain
554:Hail
480:Gale
171:hail
163:snow
159:rain
119:None
2775:Fog
2115:WMO
1797:473
1580:or
1204:An
1013:or
688:Fog
62:Cb.
3052::
2113:-
2032:.
2007:.
1976:.
1948:.
1890:.
1867:^
1850:.
1840:.
1832:.
1809:.
1799:.
1761:.
1445:.
1362:,
1358:,
952:.
950:Cb
186:on
165:,
161:,
2694:(
2690:(
2686:(
2096:e
2089:t
2082:v
2048:.
2017:.
1962:.
1933:.
1907:.
1861:.
1817:.
1778:.
1737:.
1698:.
1561:.
1332:.
1225:.
1136:.
1098:.
992:.
980:.
843:e
836:t
829:v
88:)
34:.
20:)
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