2207:. Because the skeletons of adapiforms share strong similarities with those of lemurs and lorises, researchers have often referred to them as "primitive" strepsirrhines, lemur ancestors, or a sister group to the living strepsirrhines. They are included in Strepsirrhini, and are considered basal members of the clade. Although their status as true primates is not questioned, the questionable relationship between adapiforms and other living and fossil primates leads to multiple classifications within Strepsirrhini. Often, adapiforms are placed in their own infraorder due to anatomical differences with lemuriforms and their unclear relationship. When shared traits with lemuriforms (which may or may not be synapomorphic) are emphasized, they are sometimes reduced to families within the infraorder Lemuriformes (or superfamily Lemuroidea).
2656:
2832:
311:
395:
2344:
1197:
8519:
1991:
1390:
lemur-lorisoid split both predate the appearance of adapiforms in the early Eocene. New calibration methods may reconcile the discrepancies between the molecular clock and the fossil record, favoring more recent divergence dates. The fossil record suggests that the strepsirrhine adapiforms and the haplorhine omomyiforms had been evolving independently before the early Eocene, although their most basal members share enough dental similarities to suggest that they diverged during the
Paleocene (66–55 mya).
2251:
202:
2232:. It was not recognized as a primate until it was reevaluated in the early 1870s. Originally, adapiforms were all included under the family Adapidae, which was divided into two or three subfamilies: Adapinae, Notharctinae, and sometimes Sivaladapinae. All North American adapiforms were lumped under Notharctinae, while the Old World forms were usually assigned to Adapinae. Around the 1990s, two distinct groups of European "adapids" began to emerge, based on differences in the
1600:), and Tarsiidae (tarsiers). Lemuroidea was later replaced by Illiger's suborder Prosimii. Many years earlier, in 1812, É. Geoffroy first named the suborder Strepsirrhini, in which he included the tarsiers. This taxonomy went unnoticed until 1918, when Pocock compared the structure of the nose and reinstated the use of the suborder Strepsirrhini, while also moving the tarsiers and the simians into a new suborder, Haplorhini. It was not until 1953, when British anatomist
134:
2843:
6853:
1290:
7941:
3076:
2195:
plesiadapiforms are included within the order
Primates, in which case Euprimates is sometimes treated as a suborder, with Strepsirrhini becoming an infraorder, and the Lemuriformes and others become parvorders. Regardless of the infraordinal taxonomy, Strepsirrhini is composed of three ranked superfamilies and 14 families, seven of which are extinct. Three of these extinct families included the recently extinct
2467:
6841:
1493:
2724:
breeders compared to other mammals. Their gestation period and interbirth intervals are usually long, and the young develop slowly, just like in haplorhine primates. Unlike simians, some strepsirrhines produce two or three offspring, although some produce only a single offspring. Those that produce multiple offspring tend to build nests for their young. These two traits are thought to be
1968:, and others could have potentially excluded adapiforms from Strepsirrhini. In 1975, Gingerich proposed a new suborder, Simiolemuriformes, to suggest that strepsirrhines are more closely related to simians than tarsiers. However, no clear relationship between the two had been demonstrated by the early 2000s. The idea reemerged briefly in 2009 during the media attention surrounding
2203:
strepsirrhines" or "extant strepsirrhines". Confusion of this specific terminology with the general term "strepsirrhine", along with oversimplified anatomical comparisons and vague phylogenetic inferences, can lead to misconceptions about primate phylogeny and misunderstandings about primates from the Eocene, as seen with the media coverage of
1956:
simians is ancient and hard to resolve, a third taxonomic arrangement with three suborders is sometimes used: Prosimii, Tarsiiformes, and
Anthropoidea. More often, the term "prosimian" is no longer used in official taxonomy, but is still used to illustrate the behavioral ecology of tarsiers relative to the other primates.
2783:), is thought to have evolved independently. Group sizes are smaller in social lemurs than in simians, and despite the similarities, the community structures differ. Female dominance, which is rare in simians, is fairly common in lemurs. Strepsirrhines spend a considerable amount of time grooming each other (
2739:
Despite their relatively smaller brains compared to other primates, lemurs have demonstrated levels of technical intelligence in problem solving that are comparable to those seen in simians. However, their social intelligence differs, often emphasizing within-group competition over cooperation, which
2663:
Approximately three-quarters of all extant strepsirrhine species are nocturnal, sleeping in nests made from dead leaves or tree hollows during the day. All of the lorisoids from continental Africa and Asia are nocturnal, a circumstance that minimizes their competition with the simian primates of the
1902:
The most commonly recurring debate in primatology during the 1970s, 1980s, and early 2000s concerned the phylogenetic position of tarsiers compared to both simians and the other prosimians. Tarsiers are most often placed in either the suborder
Haplorhini with the simians or in the suborder Prosimii
3280:
Frequent mentions of a "strepsirrhine toothcomb" or references to
Strepsirrhini as being "toothcombed primates" can be found in the literature. However, one group of strepsirrhines lacks the toothcomb – the adapiforms. The toothcomb is therefore the primary hallmark of the lemuriforms, although at
3035:
The now extinct adapiform primates were primarily found across North
America, Asia, and Europe, with a few species in Africa. They flourished during the Eocene when those regions were more tropical in nature, and they disappeared when the climate became cooler and drier. Today, the lemuriforms are
2723:
Reproduction in most strepsirrhine species tends to be seasonal, particularly in lemurs. Key factors that affect seasonal reproduction include the length of the wet season, subsequent food availability, and the maturation time of the species. Like other primates, strepsirrhines are relatively slow
1389:
The relationship between adapiform and lemuriform primates has not been clearly demonstrated, so the position of adapiforms as a paraphyletic stem group is questionable. Both molecular clock data and new fossil finds suggest that the lemuriform divergence from the other primates and the subsequent
1907:(groups united by anatomical traits) rather than phylogenetic clades, while the Strepsirrhini-Haplorrhini taxonomy was based on evolutionary relationships. Yet both systems persist because the Prosimii-Anthropoidea taxonomy is familiar and frequently seen in the research literature and textbooks.
1484:. In isolation, the lemurs diversified and filled the niches often filled by monkeys and apes today. In Africa, the lorises and galagos diverged during the Eocene, approximately 40 mya. Unlike the lemurs in Madagascar, they have had to compete with monkeys and apes, as well as other mammals.
1955:
for "lower primates". Regardless, the strepsirrhine and haplorrhine clades are generally accepted and viewed as the preferred taxonomic division. Yet tarsiers still closely resemble both strepsirrhines and simians in different ways, and since the early split between strepsirrhines, tarsiers and
2236:
and the teeth. One of these two
European forms was identified as cercamoniines, which were allied with the notharctids found mostly in North America, while the other group falls into the traditional adapid classification. The three major adapiform divisions are now typically regarded as three
2202:
When
Strepsirrhini is divided into two infraorders, the clade containing all toothcombed primates can be called "lemuriforms". When it is divided into three infraorders, the term "lemuriforms" refers only to Madagascar's lemurs, and the toothcombed primates are referred to as either "crown
2194:
Within
Strepsirrhini, two common classifications include either two infraorders (Adapiformes and Lemuriformes) or three infraorders (Adapiformes, Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes). A less common taxonomy places the aye-aye (Daubentoniidae) in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes. In some cases,
2635:, but the number and positions vary between species within strepsirrhines. Lorises have two pairs, while others, like the ring-tailed lemur, have one pair on the chest (pectoral). The aye-aye also has two mammary glands, but they are located near the groin (inguinal). In females, the
2396:. This trait is also seen in adapiforms. In lorisoids, however, the tympanic cavity is smaller and the ectotympanic ring becomes attached to the edge of the auditory bulla. The tympanic cavity in lorisoids also has two accessory air spaces, which are not present in lemurs.
2752:
The nocturnal strepsirrhines have been traditionally described as "solitary", although this term is no longer favored by the researchers who study them. Many are considered "solitary foragers", but many exhibit complex and diverse social organization, often overlapping
2355:
Strepsirrhine primates have a brain relatively comparable to or slightly larger in size than most mammals. Compared to simians, however, they have a relatively small brain-to-body size ratio. Strepsirrhines are also traditionally noted for their unfused
3063:. In the eastern rainforests of Madagascar, as many as 11 or 12 species share the same forests, and prior to human arrival, some forests had nearly double that diversity. Several species of lemur are found in drier, seasonal forests, including the
2917:
from Europe exhibit limb proportions and joint surfaces comparable to vertical clinging and leaping lemurs, but were not as specialized as indriids for vertical clinging, suggesting that they ran along branches and did not leap as much. Notharctids
1415:
of extant lemuriforms; however, this view is not strongly supported due to a lack of clear transitional fossils. Instead, lemuriforms may be descended from a very early branch of Asian cercamoniines or sivaladapids that migrated to northern Africa.
1082:
from Africa to
Madagascar between 47 and 54 mya, whereas the lorises split from the African galagos around 40 mya and later colonized Asia. The lemuriforms, and particularly the lemurs of Madagascar, are often portrayed inappropriately as
2598:
All lemuriforms have a VNO, as do tarsiers and some New World monkeys. Adapiforms exhibit the gap between the upper incisors, which indicates the presence of a VNO, but there is some disagreement over whether or not they possessed a rhinarium.
1959:
In addition to the controversy over tarsiers, the debate over the origins of simians once called the strepsirrhine clade into question. Arguments for an evolutionary link between adapiforms and simians made by paleontologists Gingerich,
1604:
wrote an entire volume on strepsirrhine anatomy, that Pocock's taxonomic suggestion became noticed and more widely used. Since then, primate taxonomy has shifted between Strepsirrhini-Haplorhini and Prosimii-Anthropoidea multiple times.
2440:
tendon on the talus. These differences give strepsirrhines the ability to make more complex rotations of the ankle and indicate that their feet are habitually inverted, or turned inward, an adaptation for grasping vertical supports.
2623:
to comparably sized haplorhines, fetal growth rates are generally slower in strepsirrhines, which results in newborn offspring that are as little as one-third the size of haplorhine newborns. Extant strepsirrhines also have a lower
2294:
or "under-tongue". Adapiforms did not possess a toothcomb. Instead, their lower incisors varied in orientation – from somewhat procumbent to somewhat vertical – and the lower canines were projected upwards and were often prominent.
2548:, which runs from the tip of the nose to the mouth. The upper lip is constrained by this connection and has fewer nerves to control movement, which leaves it less mobile than the upper lips of simians. The philtrum creates a gap (
689:
hini"), although he did not remove the second "r" from Platyrrhini or Catarrhini, both of which were also named by É. Geoffroy in 1812. Following Pocock, many researchers continued to spell Strepsirrhini with a single "r" until
2449:
Sexual dichromatism (different coloration patterns between males and females) can be seen in most brown lemur species, but otherwise lemurs show very little if any difference in body size or weight between sexes. This lack of
2281:
on the second toe of each foot for scratching in areas that are inaccessible to the mouth and tongue. Adapiforms may have had a grooming claw, but there is little evidence of this. The toothcomb consists of either two or four
2315:. Both living and extinct strepsirrhines lack a thin wall of bone behind the eye, referred to as postorbital closure, which is only seen in haplorhine primates. Although the eyes of strepsirrhines point forward, giving
1305:
are extinct strepsirrhines that shared many anatomical similarities with lemurs. They are sometimes referred to as lemur-like primates, although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms do not support this analogy.
2810:). Body postures and gestures may be used, although the long snout, non-mobile lips, and reduced facial enervation restrict the use of facial expressions in strepsirrhines. Short-range calls, long-range calls, and
3270:
Since they are thought to be close relatives of tarsiers, omomyiforms are classified as haplorhines. However, the spacing of the roots of their upper incisors suggests that they may have had a rhinarium, like the
396:
1504:
The taxonomy of strepsirrhines is controversial and has a complicated history. Confused taxonomic terminology and oversimplified anatomical comparisons have created misconceptions about primate and strepsirrhine
1385:, and the only adapiforms to survive past the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (~34 mya). Their relationship to the other adapiforms remains unclear. They had vanished before the end of the Miocene (~7 mya).
2458:(a ridge of bone on the top of the skull to which jaw muscles attach) and canine teeth. Lorisoids exhibit some sexual dimorphism, but males are typically no more than 20 percent larger than females.
1134:
across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics (where primates most likely first developed) is very sparse, particularly around the time that primates and other major
1449:. These newer finds demonstrate that lemuriform primates were present during the middle Eocene in Afro-Arabia and that the lemuriform lineage and all other strepsirrhine taxa had diverged before then.
1119:
primate groups – lemuriforms, tarsiers, and simians – are known from the Early to Middle Eocene, evidence from genetics and recent fossil finds both suggest they may have been present during the early
1978:
between humans and earlier primates" (simians and adapiforms). However, the cladistic analysis was flawed and the phylogenetic inferences and terminology were vague. Although the authors noted that
1158:, divergence dates for the major primate lineages have suggested that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first examples appear in the fossil record.
2262:
All lemuriforms possess a specialized dental structure called a "toothcomb", with the exception of the aye-aye, in which the structure has been modified into two continually growing (hypselodont)
2768:
primates, whose level of social interaction is comparable to that of diurnal simians, alternative classifications have been proposed to emphasize their gregarious, dispersed, or solitary nature.
1563:
Macrotarsi while placing the lemurs and tarsiers in the family Prosimia (Prosimii) in 1811. The use of the tarsier-galago classification continued for many years until 1898, when Dutch zoologist
1480:
Molecular clock estimates indicate that lemurs and the lorisoids diverged in Africa during the Paleocene, approximately 62 mya. Between 47 and 54 mya, lemurs dispersed to Madagascar by
1317:.They were among the most common mammals found in the fossil beds from that time. A few rare species have also been found in northern Africa. The most basal of the adapiforms include the genera
1309:
Like the living strepsirrhines, adapiforms were extremely diverse, with at least 30 genera and 80 species known from the fossil record as of the early 2000s. They diversified across
6237:
Nekaris, K.A.I.; Shepherd, C.R.; Starr, C.R.; Nijman, V. (2010). "Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: A case study of slender and slow lorises (
1126:
The origin of the earliest primates that the simians and tarsiers both evolved from is a mystery. Both their place of origin and the group from which they emerged are uncertain. Although the
2814:
are also used. Nocturnal species are more constrained by the lack of light, so their communication systems differ from those of diurnal species, often using long-range calls to claim their
1177:
are sometimes considered "archaic primates", because their teeth resembled those of early primates and because they possessed adaptations to living in trees, such as a divergent big toe (
1930:(shared, derived trait) seen among lemuriforms, although it is frequently and incorrectly used to define the strepsirrhine clade. Strepsirrhine primates are also united in possessing an
3101:
in tropical regions. Much of their habitat has been converted for human use, such as agriculture and pasture. The threats facing strepsirrhine primates fall into three main categories:
2736:(hoofed mammals). Infant care by the mother is relatively prolonged compared to many other mammals, and in some cases, the infants cling to the mother's fur with their hands and feet.
2704:. Many extant strepsirrhines are well adapted for nocturnal activity due to their relatively large eyes; large, movable ears; sensitive tactile hairs; strong sense of smell; and the
478:(the tip of the snout) – hence the colloquial but inaccurate term "wet-nosed" – similar to the rhinaria of canines and felines. They also have a smaller brain than comparably sized
2787:). When lemuriform primates groom, they lick the fur and then comb it with their toothcomb. They also use their grooming claw to scratch places they cannot reach with their mouth.
2583:
at the top, front of the mouth. Fluids traveling from the rhinarium to the mouth and then up the nasopalatine ducts to the VNO are detected, and information is relayed to the
2372:
Many nocturnal species have large, independently movable ears, although there are significant differences in sizes and shapes of the ear between species. The structure of the
1944:
and do not need it supplied in their diet. Further genetic evidence for the relationship between tarsiers and simians as a haplorhine clade is the shared possession of three
6282:
Ollivier, F.J.; Samuelson, D.A.; Brooks, D.E.; Lewis, P.A.; Kallberg, M.E.; Komaromy, A.M. (2004). "Comparative morphology of the tapetum lucidum (among selected species)".
471:
as the climate cooled. Adapiforms are sometimes referred to as being "lemur-like", although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms does not support this comparison.
1608:
Most of the academic literature provides a basic framework for primate taxonomy, usually including several potential taxonomic schemes. Although most experts agree upon
5843:
Gingerich, P.D. (1975). "A new genus of Adapidae (Mammalia, Primates) from the Late Eocene of Southern France, and its significance for the origin of higher primates".
1596:'s suborder Anthropoidea (=Simiiformes). According to Flower, the suborder Lemuroidea contained the families Lemuridae (lemurs, lorises, and galagos), Chiromyidae (
8730:
5423:
2744:, they can be trained to use objects as tools in captivity and demonstrate a basic understanding about the functional properties of the objects they are using.
1411:
proposed that lemuriform primates evolved from one of several genera of European adapids based on similarities between the front lower teeth of adapids and the
2757:, initiating social contact at night, and sharing sleeping sites during the day. Even the mating systems are variable, as seen in woolly lemurs, which live in
1951:
Because of their historically mixed assemblages which included tarsiers and close relatives of primates, both Prosimii and Strepsirrhini have been considered
1531:
published in 1758. At the time, only three species were recognized, one of which (the colugo) is no longer recognized as a primate. In 1785, Dutch naturalist
7352:
6161:. Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and elsewhere in the British Isles. Vol. Part 4. British Museum (Natural History).
3138:. In Southeast Asia, slow lorises are threatened by the exotic pet trade and traditional medicine, in addition to habitat destruction. Both lemurs and
2575:
and is isolated from the air passing through the nasal cavity. The VNO is connected to the mouth through nasopalatine ducts (which communicate via the
6712:
2274:. Often, the toothcomb is incorrectly used to characterize all strepsirrhines. Instead, it is unique to lemuriforms and is not seen among adapiforms.
1115:
The divergence between strepsirrhines, simians, and tarsiers likely followed almost immediately after primates first evolved. Although few fossils of
2868:
Living strepsirrhines are predominantly arboreal, with only the ring-tailed lemur spending considerable time on the ground. Most species move around
1459:
dates to the late early or early middle Eocene (52 to 46 mya) and has been considered a cercamoniine, but also may have been a stem lemuriform.
1048:
Strepsirrhines and haplorhines diverged shortly after the emergence of the first true primates (euprimates). The relationship between euprimates,
8172:
2664:
region, which are diurnal. The lemurs of Madagascar, living in the absence of simians, are more variable in their activity cycles. The aye-aye,
2237:
families within Adapiformes (Notharctidae, Adapidae and Sivaladapidae), but other divisions ranging from one to five families are used as well.
8087:
7999:
7632:
7375:
3127:
1427:
2319:, the orbits do not face fully forward. Among living strepsirrhines, most or all species are thought to possess a reflective layer behind the
8656:
7597:
2517:
that are also sensitive to touch. Convoluted maxilloturbinals on the inside of their nose filter, warm, and moisten the incoming air, while
1367:, which most closely resembled some of Madagascar's lemurs, come from Europe and North America. The European branch is often referred to as
6069:. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Vol. 2. Cambridge, England; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–262.
2899:
shared adaptations for slow climbing like the lorises, although they may have been quadrupedal runners like small New World monkeys. Both
8142:
8105:
8077:
7818:
1433:
7454:
2595:, which handles basic body functions and metabolic processes. This neural pathway differs from that used by the main olfactory system.
2647:(penis bone) in males. Most male primates have a baculum, but it is typically larger in strepsirrhines and usually forked at the tip.
1150:
and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lineages and the amount of time since they
2643:, which can make sex identification difficult for human observers. The clitoris may also have a bony structure in it, similar to the
5586:
Nekaris, N.A.I.; Bearder, S.K. "Chapter 4: The lorisiform primates of Asia and mainland Africa: Diversity shrouded in darkness". In
2290:. It is used to comb the fur during oral grooming. Shed hairs that accumulate between the teeth of the toothcomb are removed by the
8725:
6435:
8630:
7186:
5692:
2981:
Among the adapiforms, frugivory seems to have been the most common diet, particularly for medium-sized to large species, such as
2607:
Extant strepsirrhines have an epitheliochorial placenta, where the maternal blood does not come in direct contact with the fetal
3117:
trade. Although hunting is often prohibited, the laws protecting them are rarely enforced. In Madagascar, local taboos known as
6857:
6497:"Evidence for a convergent slowdown in primate molecular rates and its implications for the timing of early primate evolution"
8648:
6773:
6701:
6678:
6582:
6557:
6485:
6395:
6364:
6227:
6166:
6093:
6074:
6055:
5939:
5763:
5654:
5631:
5610:
5558:
5508:
1354:
8635:
1353:
from middle Eocene China) indicate that they most likely evolved in Asia and immigrated. They died out in Europe during the
1221:
3097:
Like all other non-human primates, strepsirrhines face an elevated risk of extinction due to human activity, particularly
5473:
3371:
2872:(on four legs) in the trees, including five genera of smaller, nocturnal lemurs. Galagos, indriids, sportive lemurs, and
6885:
5643:"Chapter 5: The phylogenesis of human personality: Identifying the precursors of cooperation, altruism, and well-being"
2740:
may be due to adaptations for their unpredictable environment. Although lemurs have not been observed using objects as
5951:
Chapter 4: Impact of ecology on the teeth of extant lemurs: A review of dental adaptations, function, and life history
3379:
2532:
The surface of the rhinarium does not have any olfactory receptors, so it is not used for smell in terms of detecting
1169:
small-bodied species, and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches.
1099:), characteristics of their skeletal anatomy, and their brain size, which is relatively small. In the case of lemurs,
6028:
5419:
2555:
The strepsirrhine rhinarium can collect relatively non-volatile, fluid-based chemicals (traditionally categorized as
403:
6010:
3511:
3507:
2970:, specialize on tree gum, while indriids, sportive lemurs, and bamboo lemurs are folivores. Many strepsirrhines are
1497:
636:
268:
8661:
6065:
Gunnell, G.F.; Rose, K.D.; Rasmussen, D.T. (2008). "Euprimates". In Janis, C.M.; Gunnell, G.F.; Uhen, M.D. (eds.).
2883:
Analyses of extinct adapiforms postcranial skeletons suggest a variety of locomotor behavior. The European adapids
3306:
2454:
is not characteristic of all strepsirrhines. Some adapiforms were sexually dimorphic, with males bearing a larger
8735:
3177:
is used here because it derives from one popular taxonomy that clumps the clade of toothcombed primates into one
2529:
detect airborne smells. The olfactory bulbs of lemurs are comparable in size to those of other arboreal mammals.
2428:(ankle bones) that differentiate them from haplorhines, such as a sloping talo-fibular facet (the face where the
1914:(ancestral) traits not shared with the simians, particularly the rhinarium. Other symplesiomorphies include long
1525:
6845:
3135:
1441:
of Egypt between 1997 and 2005, the oldest known lemuriforms had come from the early Miocene (~20 mya) of
8518:
6177:
2199:
of Madagascar, many of which died out within the last 1,000 years following human arrival on the island.
738:, both of which were adapiforms that may have originated in Asia. They were once thought to have evolved from
3131:
2877:
2859:
2758:
2587:, which is relatively large in strepsirrhines. From the accessory olfactory bulb, information is sent to the
2437:
2360:(two halves of the lower jaw), however, fusion of the mandibular symphysis was common in adapiforms, notably
595:
17:
2700:, which means that they may be active during the day or night, depending on factors such as temperature and
6751:
3088:
2938:, small vertebrates, and eggs). Diets vary markedly between strepsirrhine species. Like other leaf-eating (
2335:, which improves day vision. This differs from tarsiers, which lack a tapetum lucidum but possess a fovea.
1982:
was not a "fossil lemur", they did emphasize the absence of a toothcomb, which adapiforms did not possess.
1216:(~55 mya), at which point they radiated across the Northern Hemisphere during a brief period of rapid
201:
8643:
7179:
3503:
3396:
2413:
1556:
1273:(56 to 34 million years ago ) in Europe, North America, and Asia. They disappeared from most of the
3052:
to Madagascar, although much of their diversity and habitat has been lost due to recent human activity.
1266:
to indicate ancestry, and both groups were rich in diversity and were widespread throughout the Eocene.
6319:
5773:
Franzen, J.L.; Gingerich, P.D.; Habersetzer, J.; Hurum, J.H.; von Koenigswald, W.; Smith, B.H. (2009).
3391:
1601:
1269:
The last branch to develop were the adapiforms, a diverse and widespread group that thrived during the
5472:. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 25 September 2012.
3036:
confined in the tropics, ranging between 28° S to 26° N latitude. Lorises are found both in
1103:
has driven this isolated population of primates to diversify significantly and fill a rich variety of
530:, a specialized set of teeth in the front, lower part of the mouth mostly used for combing fur during
518:
around the eye, but they lack a wall of thin bone behind it. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own
459:. Collectively they are referred to as strepsirrhines. Also belonging to the suborder are the extinct
8720:
8715:
3064:
2505:(A) through (D) possess a rhinarium and are strepsirrhines, whereas (E) does not and is a haplorhine.
1593:
141:
A sample of strepsirrhine diversity; eight biological genera are depicted (from top, left to right):
5775:"Complete primate skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and paleobiology"
3067:
on the southern tip of the island, although the lemur communities in these regions are not as rich.
2655:
1589:
Lemuroidea in 1883 to distinguish these primates from the simians, which were grouped under English
2612:
1931:
553:
trade. Both living and extinct strepsirrhines are behaviorally diverse, although all are primarily
6406:
2934:
Primates primarily feed on fruits (including seeds), leaves (including flowers), and animal prey (
1903:
with the strepsirrhines. Prosimii is one of the two traditional primate suborders and is based on
8595:
8312:
6651:
6600:
Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P.-H.; et al. (2009).
2409:
1255:
8687:
2926:
appear to have been agile arboreal quadrupeds, with adaptations comparable to the brown lemurs.
2584:
8710:
8674:
8557:
8019:
7172:
6878:
6384:"Chapter 13: Sexual selection, measures of sexual selection, and sexual dimorphism in primates"
3123:
sometimes help protect lemur species, although some are still hunted for traditional medicine.
2967:
2533:
1131:
310:
6814:
6689:
6666:
6568:
6475:
6383:
6340:
6217:
6104:
5827:
5751:
2831:
8682:
8669:
6784:
6763:
6143:
6130:
6117:
5752:"Chapter 19: Human universals and primate symplesiomorphies: Establishing the lemur baseline"
5642:
5621:
5598:
5518:
Beard, K.C. (1988). "The phylogenetic significance of strepsirhinism in Paleogene primates".
1088:
666:
6801:
6213:
2771:
Among extant strepsirrhines, only the diurnal and cathemeral lemurs have evolved to live in
2708:
behind the retina. Among the adapiforms, most are considered diurnal, with the exception of
8604:
8067:
8033:
6508:
6018:
5950:
5786:
3110:
2775:, comparable to most living simians. This social trait, seen in two extant lemur families (
2625:
2549:
1582:
1552:
1092:
7940:
5963:
3059:. These habitats allow strepsirrhines and other primates to evolve diverse communities of
718:). Strepsirrhines diverged from the haplorhine primates near the beginning of the primate
8:
3130:(IUCN) announced that lemurs were the "most endangered mammals", due largely to elevated
3102:
3056:
2765:
2741:
1975:
1965:
1579:
1408:
1399:
1274:
1263:
1201:
652:
554:
542:
468:
432:
6512:
5790:
5547:
Campbell, C.J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.C.; Bearder, S.K.; Stumpf, R. M, eds. (2011).
1212:
The first true primates (euprimates) do not appear in the fossil record until the early
6634:
6601:
6531:
6496:
6462:
6426:
6370:
6307:
6270:
5994:
5918:
5881:
5809:
5774:
5535:
3045:
2815:
2518:
1945:
1904:
1564:
1477:
from the late Eocene Egypt, the three may qualify as the stem lemuriforms from Africa.
1151:
1120:
1091:", or "inferior" primates. These views have historically hindered the understanding of
719:
586:
538:
196:
8609:
6652:"African Origin Of Anthropoid Primates Called Into Question With New Fossil Discovery"
6326:. Edinburgh Univ. Pubs. Science & Maths. Vol. 3. Edinburgh University Press.
6159:
Suborder Strepsirrhini, including the subfossil Madagascan lemurs and family Tarsiidae
5715:
2347:
Strepsirrhines are characterized by a typically longer snout and wet nose compared to
2283:
1248:
on the northern continents, as well as the more questionable (and fragmentary) fossil
8617:
8499:
8374:
8340:
8333:
6871:
6769:
6743:
6697:
6674:
6639:
6588:
6578:
6553:
6536:
6481:
6454:
6391:
6360:
6327:
6299:
6295:
6262:
6223:
6200:
6162:
6118:
Chapter 3: The earliest fossil primates and the evolution of prosimians: Introduction
6089:
6070:
6051:
6034:
6024:
5935:
5910:
5814:
5759:
5738:
5707:
5682:
5665:
5650:
5627:
5606:
5554:
5504:
3037:
2963:
2720:
from Middle Eocene Europe, both of which had large orbits that suggest nocturnality.
2677:
2628:, which elevates in females during gestation, putting greater demands on the mother.
2560:
2451:
2425:
2385:
1952:
1481:
1298:, a type of North American adapiform, resembled lemurs but did not give rise to them.
1100:
1079:
1060:
is less certain. Sometimes plesiadapiforms are grouped with the euprimates under the
531:
526:
primates must obtain it from their diets. Lemuriform primates are characterized by a
495:
487:
143:
6466:
6374:
6311:
6274:
5998:
5922:
5885:
5539:
1371:. The North American branch thrived during the Eocene, but did not survive into the
606:
8186:
7118:
7068:
6932:
6735:
6629:
6621:
6526:
6516:
6446:
6422:
6352:
6291:
6254:
6192:
5986:
5902:
5873:
5852:
5804:
5794:
5677:
5527:
3014:
2795:
2772:
2620:
2576:
2522:
1560:
1375:. Like the adapids, the European branch were also extinct by the end of the Eocene.
1358:
1196:
1181:). Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a
1170:
1104:
1057:
832:
648:
644:
346:
6341:"Chapter 11: Social pair-bonding and resource defense in wild red-bellied lemurs (
5693:"Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: Etymology of lemur names, part 1"
2997:. Folivory was also common among the medium and large-sized adapiforms, including
8622:
8540:
8492:
8095:
8026:
7739:
7382:
7368:
6739:
6356:
6048:
Extended Family: Long lost cousins: A personal look at the history of primatology
5799:
5548:
5307:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3401:
2784:
2725:
2705:
2541:
2513:, similar to that of dogs and many other mammals. The rhinarium is surrounded by
2487:
2381:
2357:
2332:
2324:
2304:
2255:
2196:
1990:
1961:
1911:
1532:
1326:
1155:
1061:
723:
640:
633:
515:
511:
503:
444:
416:
628:), which refers to the appearance of the sinuous (comma-shaped) nostrils on the
8303:
8281:
8261:
8197:
8060:
8043:
7870:
7849:
7811:
7570:
7270:
7081:
7014:
7004:
6983:
6574:
5213:
5211:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
3483:
3186:
3178:
3041:
2869:
2673:
2568:
2481:
2455:
2405:
2393:
2343:
2312:
2250:
2217:
1923:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1586:
1548:
1473:
1468:
1217:
483:
456:
452:
188:
5469:
4906:
4391:
4011:
2659:
Like other primates, strepsirrhinid infants often cling to their mother's fur.
8704:
8478:
8421:
8162:
7769:
7684:
7643:
7584:
7475:
7447:
7403:
7389:
6592:
6331:
6014:
5828:"Suite au tableau des quadrumanes. Seconde famille. Lemuriens. Strepsirrhini"
5742:
5711:
5135:
5133:
5131:
4718:
4716:
3499:
3387:
3098:
3080:
2974:(fruit eaters), and others, like the ring-tailed lemur and mouse lemurs, are
2951:
2947:
2807:
2791:
2761:
2710:
2632:
2364:. Also, several extinct giant lemurs exhibited a fused mandibular symphysis.
2286:
lower incisors and procumbent lower canine teeth followed by a canine-shaped
2278:
1675:
1609:
1521:
1506:
1378:
1368:
1277:
as the climate cooled: The last of the adapiforms died out at the end of the
1205:
1084:
1065:
787:
735:
731:
616:
590:
182:
84:
6521:
6038:
5400:
5378:
5376:
5344:
5295:
5259:
5208:
4859:
1095:
and the evolution of strepsirrhine traits, such as their reliance on smell (
742:, a more specialized and younger branch of adapiform primarily from Europe.
8580:
8441:
8414:
8405:
8391:
8367:
7958:
7912:
7611:
7604:
7440:
7317:
7294:
7086:
6747:
6643:
6625:
6540:
6303:
6266:
6204:
6006:
5914:
5893:
Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record".
5818:
5733:
Fitch-Snyder, H.; Livingstone, K. (2008). "Lorises: The surprise primate".
4047:
4045:
4043:
3250:
3119:
2873:
2811:
2669:
2640:
2592:
2564:
2526:
2380:
of strepsirrhines differs between the lemurs and lorisoids. In lemurs, the
2308:
2267:
2229:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1700:
1685:
1666:
1568:
1438:
1405:
1364:
1330:
1259:
1250:
1232:
1162:
1116:
900:
703:
558:
507:
499:
424:
290:
161:
120:
35:
6863:
6458:
5450:
5128:
4713:
4533:
4531:
4529:
3092:
2509:
Strepsirrhines have a long snout that ends in a moist and touch-sensitive
8589:
8535:
8469:
8326:
8319:
8271:
8220:
8132:
7783:
7721:
7707:
7652:
7625:
7554:
7540:
7533:
7512:
7482:
7468:
7338:
7280:
7106:
7091:
5856:
5388:
5373:
5235:
5157:
4981:
3182:
2993:
2959:
2913:
2907:
2889:
2876:
leap from vertical surfaces, and the indriids are highly specialized for
2851:
2665:
2580:
2540:). The rhinarium, upper lip, and gums are tightly connected by a fold of
2537:
2475:
2064:
1998:
played upon confused terminology and misconceptions about strepsirrhines.
1748:
1739:
1641:
1314:
1302:
1244:
1185:
group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved, and some
939:
691:
574:
460:
286:
167:
133:
59:
31:
6023:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111.
5864:
Godinot, M. (1998). "A summary of adapiform systematics and phylogeny".
5145:
4689:
4620:
4040:
3189:
Strepsirrhini. However, another popular alternative taxonomy places the
2794:
for much of their communication. This involves smearing secretions from
8384:
8360:
8206:
8179:
7971:
7901:
7879:
7804:
7762:
7714:
7693:
7526:
7519:
7419:
7361:
7324:
7128:
7037:
6951:
6196:
5990:
5531:
4644:
4526:
3491:
3190:
3139:
3114:
3019:
2955:
2901:
2895:
2754:
2697:
2689:
2429:
2373:
2348:
2328:
2316:
2233:
2048:
1756:
1551:
grouped the tarsiers and galagos due to similarities in their hindlimb
1451:
1334:
1294:
1166:
1147:
1069:
962:
853:
759:
670:
562:
550:
523:
301:
104:
69:
6602:"Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates
6450:
6258:
5906:
5877:
5010:
5008:
3498:(also spelled ⟨ρρ⟩) when such a word constitutes the second part of a
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
2842:
1419:
Until discoveries of three 40 million-year-old fossil lorisoids (
8485:
8432:
8351:
8116:
7988:
7886:
7840:
7825:
7797:
7790:
7776:
7755:
7748:
7700:
7666:
7563:
7331:
7310:
7141:
7019:
7009:
6959:
3456:
3166:
2987:
2971:
2943:
2935:
2780:
2776:
2729:
2716:
2701:
2572:
2556:
2510:
2377:
2291:
1995:
1970:
1940:
1762:
1724:
1718:
1590:
1510:
1460:
1421:
1412:
1372:
1349:
1289:
1182:
1174:
1107:, despite their smaller and less complex brains compared to simians.
1096:
1049:
773:
629:
566:
527:
519:
491:
475:
467:
in Europe, North America, and Asia, but disappeared from most of the
213:
176:
109:
53:
8551:
6711:
Williams, B.A.; Kay, R.F.; Christopher Kirk, E.; Ross, C.F. (2010).
5438:
3027:, indicate that they were either partly or primarily insectivorous.
1985:
1612:, many disagree about nearly every level of primate classification.
8574:
8292:
8053:
7894:
7673:
7496:
7461:
7426:
7412:
7213:
7096:
6926:
6914:
6852:
5666:"Implications of postcranial evidence for the origin of euprimates"
5181:
5169:
5020:
5005:
4923:
4921:
4849:
4847:
3960:
3419:
3258:
3106:
3075:
3060:
2975:
2939:
2733:
2732:(relatively mature and mobile) at birth, but not as coordinated as
2636:
2588:
2545:
2514:
2287:
1657:
1572:
1347:
were most commonly found in Europe, although the oldest specimens (
1344:
1310:
1238:
1140:
739:
570:
546:
233:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
5568:
Gould, L.; Sauther, M.; Cameron, A. "Chapter 5: Lemuriformes". In
5223:
4798:
4796:
4514:
2806:. In some cases, strepsirrhines may anoint themselves with urine (
2466:
1974:(dubbed "Ida"), a cercamoniine from Germany that was touted as a "
8254:
7856:
7659:
7618:
7433:
7303:
7225:
7076:
7049:
6991:
6895:
6020:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
4183:
4181:
3793:
3632:
3630:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3573:
3049:
2644:
2608:
2499:
2493:
2389:
2263:
1934:. Unlike the tarsiers and simians, strepsirrhines are capable of
1597:
1464:
1456:
1382:
1278:
1226:
882:
815:
663:
420:
253:
155:
124:
114:
89:
7164:
5772:
5198:
5196:
4969:
4918:
4844:
4414:
4123:
3055:
As with nearly all primates, strepsirrhines typically reside in
3044:, while the galagos are limited to the forests and woodlands of
2307:, a protective ring of bone created by a connection between the
722:
between 55 and 90 mya. Older divergence dates are based on
8455:
8010:
7505:
7219:
7207:
7136:
7059:
6964:
6920:
6908:
6840:
6710:
6222:(6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–52.
5587:
5578:
5569:
5546:
5247:
4793:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4402:
4304:
4113:
4111:
4109:
3987:
2855:
2681:
2619:
has two distinct chambers (bicornuate). Despite having similar
2616:
2433:
2384:, which surrounds the middle ear, is expanded. This leaves the
2331:
crystals), which improves vision in low light, but they lack a
2320:
2271:
2212:
1768:
1467:
date to roughly the same time and may be a sister group of the
1446:
1270:
1213:
1190:
1178:
1127:
1053:
867:
801:
727:
715:
694:
Paulina Jenkins and Prue Napier pointed out the error in 1987.
479:
464:
436:
243:
223:
149:
6388:
Sexual Selection in Primates: New and comparative perspectives
5271:
4808:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4178:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
3759:
3757:
3627:
3585:
2436:
meet) and a difference in the location of the position of the
1204:
that enabled maneuvering along fine branches, as seen in this
8448:
8240:
8213:
8153:
6974:
5283:
5193:
4572:
4461:
4316:
3999:
3380:
3372:
3170:
3143:
2803:
2799:
2685:
2303:
Like all primates, strepsirrhine orbits (eye sockets) have a
2221:
1915:
1691:
1492:
1442:
1186:
1136:
977:
711:
707:
620:
604:
593:
448:
440:
428:
6281:
5977:
Groves, C.P. (1998). "Systematics of tarsiers and lorises".
5116:
5104:
5092:
5032:
4957:
4945:
4933:
4882:
4832:
4740:
4728:
4701:
4626:
4473:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
3206:" is a group made up of an ancestor and all its descendants.
2254:
Strepsirrhines have a reflective layer in the eye, called a
2228:"), then considered a member of a now obsolete group called
1509:, illustrated by the media attention surrounding the single
1193:, which are thought to be more closely related to primates.
5420:"Lemurs found to be 'most threatened mammals' in the world"
5334:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
4781:
4632:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4420:
4357:
4355:
4256:
4086:
3754:
3647:
3645:
385:
379:
370:
361:
6236:
6211:
5456:
5406:
5394:
5382:
5350:
5313:
5301:
5265:
5217:
5151:
5139:
5080:
5068:
4987:
4876:
4722:
4650:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4537:
4280:
4217:
3810:
3808:
3544:
3407:
3355:
3353:
3323:
2424:
Strepsirrhines also possess distinctive features in their
1910:
Strepsirrhines are traditionally characterized by several
1516:
Strepsirrhine primates were first grouped under the genus
6599:
6212:
Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Konstant, W.R. (1999).
5056:
5044:
4757:
4292:
4166:
4147:
4022:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3475:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5319:
4993:
4543:
4379:
4367:
4352:
4246:
4244:
4028:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3642:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3522:
3520:
3340:
3338:
3142:
are protected from commercial international trade under
3017:
on the teeth of some of the smaller adapiforms, such as
6614:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5964:
Chapter 1: Origin of the Malagasy Strepsirhine primates
5732:
5444:
4820:
4601:
4584:
4504:
4502:
4500:
3936:
3924:
3843:
3805:
3713:
3669:
3444:
3350:
3169:
between lemurs and lorisoids is widely accepted, their
2536:
substances. Instead, it has sensitive touch receptors (
1547:
for the lorises. Ten years later, É. Geoffroy and
726:
estimates, while younger dates are based on the scarce
5825:
4769:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4268:
4205:
4076:
4074:
4072:
3977:
3975:
3948:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3703:
3701:
3681:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3462:
1340:
Adapiforms are often divided into three major groups:
1262:. Both appeared suddenly in the fossil record without
702:
Strepsirrhines include the extinct adapiforms and the
673:
in 1918, he omitted the second "r" from both ("Strepsi
6664:
5756:
Mind the Gap: Tracing the origins of human universals
5356:
4449:
4437:
4241:
4193:
4135:
4051:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3742:
3725:
3606:
3517:
3438:
3335:
2552:) between the roots of the first two upper incisors.
2210:
The first fossil primate described was the adapiform
1404:
Lemuriform origins are unclear and debated. American
1381:
of southern and eastern Asia are best known from the
1313:
during the Eocene, some reaching North America via a
404:
382:
367:
352:
349:
8466:
8402:
8380:
8288:
8277:
8267:
8168:
8138:
8128:
8101:
8083:
8073:
8049:
8039:
7995:
7984:
7867:
7837:
7736:
7581:
7551:
7493:
7400:
7349:
7291:
7276:
7266:
6762:
Wright, Patricia C.; Simons, Elwyn L., eds. (2003).
6064:
5690:
4894:
4520:
4497:
4328:
3966:
3872:
3657:
3532:
2978:, eating a mix of fruit, leaves, and animal matter.
2025:
1864:
1857:
1835:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1745:
1736:
1697:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1647:
1638:
936:
897:
829:
376:
364:
358:
355:
283:
172:
6175:
5691:Dunkel, A.R.; Zijlstra, J.S.; Groves, C.P. (2012).
5567:
5229:
4677:
4656:
4485:
4340:
4229:
4069:
4057:
3972:
3901:
3820:
3799:
3781:
3769:
3698:
3556:
2747:
730:. Lemuriform primates may have evolved from either
373:
6815:Chapter 7: The phylogenetic position of the genus
6785:Chapter 3: How close are the similarities between
6176:Miller, E.R.; Gunnell, G.F.; Martin, R.D. (2005).
4560:
3884:
3855:
3281:least one family only retains it in modified form.
3257:are suspected to have been closely related to the
2563:(VNO), which is located below and in front of the
1258:are often divided into two groups, adapiforms and
1064:Primates, colugos are grouped with primates under
565:. Both living and extinct groups primarily fed on
474:Strepsirrhines are defined by their "wet" (moist)
6802:Chapter 1: The fossil record of tarsier evolution
6407:"On the external characters of the lemurs and of
6178:"Deep time and the search for anthropoid origins"
1986:Infraordinal classification and clade terminology
8702:
6690:"Chapter 14: Strepsirrhine reproductive ecology"
6433:
6390:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–252.
6131:Chapter 4: Adapiformes: Phylogeny and adaptation
4310:
2880:. Lorises are slow-moving, deliberate climbers.
6687:
6673:(5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
6501:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6494:
6415:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
5948:
5749:
5577:Hartwig, W. "Chapter 3: Primate evolution". In
5253:
5241:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5026:
5014:
4802:
4578:
3993:
3636:
3600:
2790:Like New World monkeys, strepsirrhines rely on
2764:. Because of this social diversity among these
1616:Competing strepsirrhine taxonomic nomenclature
632:or wet nose. The name was first used by French
6665:Vaughan, T.; Ryan, J.; Czaplewski, N. (2011).
6386:. In Kappeler, P.M.; van Schaik, C.P. (eds.).
6338:
6141:
6067:Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals
5640:
5585:
5412:
5289:
5277:
5202:
4695:
4479:
4467:
3161:
3159:
3128:International Union for Conservation of Nature
706:primates, which include lemurs and lorisoids (
30:For an explanation of very similar terms, see
7180:
6982:
6879:
6436:"Evolutionary history of lorisiform primates"
6156:
5845:Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology
5619:
5038:
4751:
4431:
4117:
3763:
3550:
2277:Lemuriforms groom orally, and also possess a
557:(tree-dwelling). Most living lemuriforms are
8731:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
7251:
6822:
6805:
6792:
6761:
6696:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 321–350.
6566:
5967:
5954:
5929:
5645:. In Sussman, R.W.; Cloninger, C.R. (eds.).
5498:
5122:
5110:
5098:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4912:
4888:
4853:
4838:
4787:
4734:
4707:
4638:
4322:
4286:
4262:
4223:
3413:
3329:
2950:. Some strepsirrhines, such as the galagos,
1487:
329: Range of extant strepsirrhine primates
6893:
5605:. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–30.
3156:
3030:
2942:) primates, some strepsirrhines can digest
1496:The suborder Strepsirrhini was proposed by
7187:
7173:
6886:
6872:
6318:
5961:
5086:
5074:
5062:
5050:
4614:
4554:
3450:
2602:
2591:, which handles emotions, and then to the
2461:
1543:for the lemurs, colugos, and tarsiers and
537:Many of today's living strepsirrhines are
309:
132:
6633:
6530:
6520:
6434:Rasmussen, D.T.; Nekaris, K.A.I. (1998).
6324:Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy
6185:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5842:
5808:
5798:
5681:
5553:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
4373:
2567:, above the mouth. The VNO is an encased
2240:
1926:, and smaller brains. The toothcomb is a
1200:Early primates possessed adaptations for
6782:
6717:is a strepsirrhine – a reply to Franzen
6694:Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution
6214:"Primates of the world: An introduction"
5754:. In Kappeler, P.M.; Silk, J.B. (eds.).
5596:
5407:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5395:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5383:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5351:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5314:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5302:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5266:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5218:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5152:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
5140:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
4988:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
4877:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
4723:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
4651:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
4538:Mittermeier, Rylands & Konstant 1999
4298:
4274:
4211:
4160:
3344:
3113:), and live capture for export or local
3074:
2728:(ancestral) for primates. The young are
2654:
2465:
2342:
2249:
1989:
1491:
1288:
1195:
6547:
6381:
6147:
6134:
6121:
6108:
6083:
5930:Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L., eds. (2006).
5892:
5863:
5851:(15). University of Michigan: 163–170.
5663:
5576:
4826:
4775:
4763:
4443:
4250:
4199:
4187:
4034:
3954:
3748:
3736:
3692:
3651:
3621:
3359:
1555:, a view supported by German zoologist
1393:
1325:from Europe. The latter bears the most
697:
14:
8703:
6799:
6688:Whitten, P.L.; Brockman, D.K. (2001).
6495:Steiper, M.E.; Seiffert, E.R. (2012).
6404:
6347:. In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.).
6115:
6045:
6005:
5976:
5832:Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle
5601:. In Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A. (eds.).
5599:"Primate Classification and Diversity"
5462:
5367:
5338:
4508:
4455:
4334:
4172:
4141:
4129:
3878:
3849:
3675:
3538:
3526:
3193:in their own infraorder, Lorisiformes.
2470:The noses of five prosimian primates:
2444:
2258:, that helps them see better at night.
1284:
1254:from Paleocene Africa. These earliest
1189:may have been more closely related to
8556:
8555:
7956:
7238:
7168:
6867:
6812:
6339:Overdorff, D.J.; Tecot, S.R. (2006).
6102:
5517:
4900:
4385:
4361:
4235:
3663:
2639:is sometimes enlarged and pendulous,
2245:
659:" ("Nostrils terminal and winding").
6570:Evolutionary History of the Primates
6550:Primate Ecology and Social Structure
6473:
6157:Jenkins, P.D.; Napier, P.H. (1987).
6128:
5750:Fichtel, C.; Kappeler, P.M. (2009).
5520:International Journal of Primatology
4999:
4814:
4683:
4671:
4595:
4566:
4491:
4346:
4080:
4063:
4005:
3981:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3895:
3866:
3837:
3814:
3787:
3775:
3719:
3707:
3579:
3567:
3149:
2854:(top) are arboreal quadrupeds while
2688:are diurnal. Yet some or all of the
1567:demonstrated two different types of
589:name Strepsirrhini derives from the
6765:Tarsiers: Past, present, and future
6658:(Press release). 17 September 2009.
6477:The Beginning of the Age of Mammals
6144:Chapter 7: Quaternary fossil lemurs
5826:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1812).
5647:Origins of Altruism and Cooperation
5641:Cloninger, C.R.; Kedia, S. (2011).
5491:
5476:from the original on 9 October 2012
5445:Fitch-Snyder & Livingstone 2008
5426:from the original on 21 August 2012
4052:Vaughan, Ryan & Czaplewski 2011
3439:Vaughan, Ryan & Czaplewski 2011
1146:Lacking detailed tropical fossils,
657:Les narines terminales et sinueuses
24:
6734:(5): 567–573, discussion 573–579.
6480:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
6427:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1918.tb02076.x
5620:Cartmill, M.; Smith, F.H. (2011).
4521:Dunkel, Zijlstra & Groves 2012
3967:Gunnell, Rose & Rasmussen 2008
2615:of haplorhines. The strepsirrhine
1321:from North America and Europe and
669:revived Strepsirrhini and defined
614:"nose, snout, (in pl.) nostrils" (
463:primates which thrived during the
25:
8747:
7239:
7194:
6833:
6567:Szalay, F.S.; Delson, E. (1980).
5230:Gould, Sauther & Cameron 2011
4915:, pp. 392–393 & 400–401.
3800:Miller, Gunnell & Martin 2005
3181:and the extinct, non-toothcombed
3079:Strepsirrhines are threatened by
1110:
1068:, and all four are grouped under
8517:
7957:
7939:
6851:
6839:
6296:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.00318.x
6245:) in South and Southeast Asia".
5503:(3rd ed.). Academic Press.
3232:Adapiforms are sometimes called
2841:
2830:
2748:Social systems and communication
2399:
2118: lorisoid clade
2075: lemuroid clade
1897:
1224:. These first primates included
1222:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
1161:The early primates include both
643:rank comparable to Platyrrhini (
345:
200:
57:
8726:Extant Eocene first appearances
6247:American Journal of Primatology
3504:Ancient Greek phonology#Liquids
3468:
3274:
3264:
3243:
3226:
3209:
3196:
3070:
427:primates, which consist of the
6445:. 69 (Suppl. 1) (7): 250–285.
6351:. Springer. pp. 235–254.
6349:Lemurs: Ecology and adaptation
6142:Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. "
6088:. Cambridge University Press.
6050:. Conservation International.
5932:Lemurs: Ecology and adaptation
5758:. Springer. pp. 395–426.
3365:
3299:
3185:into another, both within the
2773:multi-male/multi-female groups
2419:
2220:in 1821, who compared it to a
1329:, so it is often considered a
637:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
13:
1:
6552:. Pearson Custom Publishing.
6219:Walker's Mammals of the World
5949:Cuozzo, F.P.; Yamashita, N. "
3582:, pp. 157 & 165–167.
3288:
2878:vertical clinging and leaping
2860:vertical clinging and leaping
2821:
2798:on tree branches, along with
561:, while most adapiforms were
6768:. Rutgers University Press.
6740:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.003
6357:10.1007/978-0-387-34586-4_11
6322:(1953). "I – Strepsirhini".
6105:Chapter 9: Basal anthropoids
5800:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723
5683:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90048-6
4311:Rasmussen & Nekaris 1998
3486:when word-initial, i.e. ⟨ῥ⟩
3293:
3089:Conservation of slow lorises
1130:demonstrating their initial
580:
7:
6084:Hartwig, W.C., ed. (2002).
5254:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009
5242:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009
5188:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009
5176:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009
5164:Whitten & Brockman 2001
5027:Whitten & Brockman 2001
5015:Whitten & Brockman 2001
4803:Whitten & Brockman 2001
4579:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006
3994:Steiper & Seiffert 2012
3637:Fichtel & Kappeler 2009
3601:Whitten & Brockman 2001
3463:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812
2650:
2559:) and transmit them to the
2414:ascending pharyngeal artery
2067: strepsirrhines
1557:Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger
549:, and live capture for the
322:Eocene-Miocene fossil sites
318:
10:
8752:
6823:Wright & Simons (2003)
6806:Wright & Simons (2003)
6793:Wright & Simons (2003)
6728:Journal of Human Evolution
6692:. In Ellison, P.T. (ed.).
5968:Gould & Sauther (2006)
5955:Gould & Sauther (2006)
5670:Journal of Human Evolution
5470:"Appendices I, II and III"
5290:Cloninger & Kedia 2011
5278:Overdorff & Tecot 2006
5203:Nekaris & Bearder 2011
4696:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
4480:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
4468:Godfrey & Jungers 2002
4132:, pp. 89–90 & 96.
3381:
3373:
3086:
2579:), which pass through the
1780:
1628:
1602:William Charles Osman Hill
1397:
621:
605:
594:
29:
8564:
8530:
8515:
8465:
8431:
8401:
8350:
8302:
8249:
8238:
8196:
8152:
8124:
8115:
8009:
7980:
7969:
7965:
7952:
7937:
7911:
7866:
7836:
7735:
7683:
7642:
7592:
7580:
7550:
7492:
7399:
7348:
7290:
7262:
7247:
7234:
7202:
7127:
7114:
7105:
7067:
7058:
7045:
7036:
7000:
6973:
6950:
6941:
6903:
6086:The Primate Fossil Record
5626:. John Wiley & Sons.
5499:Ankel-Simons, F. (2007).
5244:, pp. 395 & 397.
5166:, pp. 325 & 335.
5039:Cartmill & Smith 2011
4817:, pp. 168 & 180.
4752:Cartmill & Smith 2011
4698:, pp. 106 & 112.
4432:Cartmill & Smith 2011
4118:Cartmill & Smith 2011
3764:Cartmill & Smith 2011
3551:Jenkins & Napier 1987
3167:monophyletic relationship
3093:Lemur § Conservation
2962:. Other species, such as
2641:resembling the male penis
2408:lemurs have replaced the
2140:
2127:
2120:
2097:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2046:
2039:
2023:
2016:
1994:The media attention over
1932:epitheliochorial placenta
1594:St. George Jackson Mivart
1559:, who placed them in the
1488:History of classification
1361:at the end of the Eocene.
1337:of the other adapiforms.
975:
960:
953:
951: Lemuriformes
934:
927:
895:
880:
865:
858:
846:
827:
820:
799:
792:
771:
764:
681:hini" instead of "Strepsi
500:epitheliochorial placenta
317:
308:
281:
276:
197:Scientific classification
195:
140:
131:
45:
6819:: Whose side are you on?
6610:: Craniodental evidence"
6284:Veterinary Ophthalmology
6216:. In Nowak, R.M. (ed.).
6017:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
4008:, p. 182 & 186.
3330:Szalay & Delson 1980
3215:Colugos are also called
3136:political crisis in 2009
3134:and hunting following a
3031:Distribution and habitat
2968:needle-clawed bushbabies
2585:accessory olfactory bulb
2571:-like structure made of
2338:
2005:Strepsirrhini phylogeny
1874:Infraorder Lorisiformes
1828:Infraorder Lemuriformes
1357:, part of a significant
1143:mammals first appeared.
327:
6522:10.1073/pnas.1119506109
5550:Primates in Perspective
4190:, pp. 20 & 22.
3397:A Greek–English Lexicon
2929:
2911:from North America and
2680:and most of their kin,
2631:Most primates have two
2603:Reproductive physiology
2462:Rhinarium and olfaction
2410:internal carotid artery
2367:
2298:
2270:), similar to those of
1877:Superfamily Lorisoidea
1831:Superfamily Lemuroidea
844: Euprimates
502:. Their eyes contain a
8736:Taxa described in 1812
6667:"Chapter 12: Primates"
6626:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339
6548:Sussman, R.W. (2003).
6382:Plavcan, J.M. (2004).
5588:Campbell et al. (2011)
5579:Campbell et al. (2011)
5570:Campbell et al. (2011)
5316:, pp. 5 & 26.
3173:name is not. The term
3084:
2796:epidermal scent glands
2660:
2506:
2352:
2259:
2241:Anatomy and physiology
1999:
1520:by Swedish taxonomist
1501:
1299:
1209:
603:"a turning round" and
8683:Paleobiology Database
8670:Paleobiology Database
6405:Pocock, R.I. (1918).
6046:Groves, C.P. (2008).
5872:(Suppl. 1): 218–249.
5603:Primate Neuroethology
5597:Cartmill, M. (2010).
5422:. CNN. 13 July 2012.
4025:, pp. 4091–4092.
3388:Liddell, Henry George
3144:CITES Appendix I
3078:
2676:are nocturnal, while
2658:
2523:main olfactory system
2469:
2388:, which supports the
2346:
2323:of the eye, called a
2253:
2216:by French naturalist
1993:
1844:Family Daubentoniidae
1841:Family Cheirogaleidae
1580:comparative anatomist
1575:) in the two groups.
1526:10th edition of
1495:
1292:
1199:
1087:" or as examples of "
667:Reginald Innes Pocock
6848:at Wikimedia Commons
5664:Dagosto, M. (1988).
4627:Ollivier et al. 2004
4403:Williams et al. 2010
3111:traditional medicine
3083:in tropical regions.
3057:tropical rainforests
2626:basal metabolic rate
2613:hemochorial placenta
2611:like it does in the
2358:mandibular symphysis
2234:postcranial skeleton
1853:Family Lepilemuridae
1583:William Henry Flower
1394:Lemuriform evolution
698:Evolutionary history
27:Suborder of primates
8470:Palaeopropithecidae
6825:, pp. 161–175.
6789:and other primates?
6620:(1676): 4087–4094.
6513:2012PNAS..109.6006S
6474:Rose, K.D. (2006).
6443:Folia Primatologica
6343:Eulemur rubriventer
6111:, pp. 133–149.
5895:Folia Primatologica
5866:Folia Primatologica
5791:2009PLoSO...4.5723F
5457:Nekaris et al. 2010
5190:, pp. 401–402.
5178:, pp. 395–396.
5029:, pp. 330–331.
5017:, pp. 325–326.
5002:, pp. 181–182.
4978:, pp. 410–411.
4930:, pp. 392–393.
4856:, pp. 392–394.
4598:, pp. 166–167.
4415:Franzen et al. 2009
4388:, pp. 161–162.
4364:, pp. 146–147.
4175:, pp. 113–114.
4054:, pp. 170–171.
3945:, pp. 182–185.
3933:, pp. 185–186.
3817:, pp. 178–179.
3722:, pp. 168–169.
3512:#Consonant spelling
3508:#Doubled consonants
3103:habitat destruction
2766:solitary but social
2519:olfactory receptors
2445:Sex characteristics
2404:Both lorisoids and
2317:stereoscopic vision
2061:lemuriforms or
1922:, relatively large
1905:evolutionary grades
1867:Palaeopropithecidae
1749:Palaeopropithecidae
1617:
1400:Evolution of lemurs
1285:Adapiform evolution
1275:Northern Hemisphere
1202:arboreal locomotion
1093:mammalian evolution
543:habitat destruction
469:Northern Hemisphere
439:("bushbabies") and
7353:Ekgmowechashalidae
6715:Darwinius masillae
6197:10.1002/ajpa.20352
6150:, pp. 97–121.
5991:10.1007/BF02557740
5737:. pp. 10–14.
5532:10.1007/BF02735730
4023:Tabuce et al. 2009
3482:is written with a
3085:
3046:sub-Saharan Africa
2964:fork-marked lemurs
2678:ring-tailed lemurs
2661:
2507:
2392:, free within the
2353:
2260:
2246:Grooming apparatus
2213:Adapis parisiensis
2000:
1971:Darwinius masillae
1615:
1565:Ambrosius Hubrecht
1535:divided the genus
1502:
1303:Adapiform primates
1300:
1264:transitional forms
1210:
1121:adaptive radiation
748:Primate phylogeny
647:) and Catarrhini (
423:that includes the
8698:
8697:
8558:Taxon identifiers
8549:
8548:
8526:
8525:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8500:Palaeopropithecus
8234:
8233:
8230:
8229:
7948:
7947:
7935:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7731:
7730:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7027:
6844:Media related to
6795:, pp. 50–96.
6775:978-0-8135-3236-3
6703:978-0-202-30658-2
6680:978-0-7637-6299-5
6584:978-0-12-680150-7
6559:978-0-536-74363-3
6507:(16): 6006–6011.
6487:978-0-8018-8472-6
6451:10.1159/000052716
6397:978-0-521-53738-4
6366:978-0-387-34585-7
6259:10.1002/ajp.20842
6229:978-0-8018-6251-9
6168:978-0-565-01008-9
6137:, pp. 21–44.
6124:, pp. 13–20.
6095:978-0-521-66315-1
6076:978-0-521-78117-6
6057:978-1-934151-25-9
5957:, pp. 67–96.
5941:978-0-387-34585-7
5907:10.1159/000095391
5878:10.1159/000052715
5765:978-3-642-02724-6
5656:978-1-4419-9519-3
5633:978-1-118-21145-8
5623:The Human Lineage
5612:978-0-19-532659-8
5590:, pp. 34–54.
5581:, pp. 19–31.
5572:, pp. 55–79.
5560:978-0-19-539043-8
5510:978-0-12-372576-9
5409:, pp. 32–34.
5353:, pp. 22–24.
5341:, pp. 16–17.
5304:, pp. 25–26.
5268:, pp. 15–16.
5220:, pp. 26–27.
5123:Ankel-Simons 2007
5111:Ankel-Simons 2007
5099:Ankel-Simons 2007
4976:Ankel-Simons 2007
4964:Ankel-Simons 2007
4952:Ankel-Simons 2007
4940:Ankel-Simons 2007
4928:Ankel-Simons 2007
4913:Ankel-Simons 2007
4889:Ankel-Simons 2007
4879:, pp. 24–25.
4854:Ankel-Simons 2007
4839:Ankel-Simons 2007
4788:Ankel-Simons 2007
4766:, pp. 47–48.
4735:Ankel-Simons 2007
4708:Ankel-Simons 2007
4639:Ankel-Simons 2007
4325:, pp. 31–32.
4323:Ankel-Simons 2007
4301:, pp. 16–17.
4287:Ankel-Simons 2007
4263:Ankel-Simons 2007
4224:Ankel-Simons 2007
4163:, pp. 53–54.
4037:, pp. 24–25.
3852:, pp. 15–16.
3678:, pp. 15–17.
3654:, pp. 28–29.
3490:, and often gets
3414:Ankel-Simons 2007
3362:, pp. 20–21.
3150:Explanatory notes
3061:sympatric species
3038:equatorial Africa
2742:tools in the wild
2621:gestation periods
2561:vomeronasal organ
2452:sexual dimorphism
2412:with an enlarged
2386:ectotympanic ring
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2108:
2107:
1895:
1894:
1539:into two genera:
1439:El Fayum deposits
1105:ecological niches
1101:natural selection
1076:
1075:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
988:
987:
911:
910:
649:Old World monkeys
645:New World monkeys
619:
506:to improve their
496:bicornuate uterus
488:vomeronasal organ
334:
333:
295:
272:
16:(Redirected from
8743:
8721:Mammal suborders
8716:Primate taxonomy
8691:
8690:
8678:
8677:
8665:
8664:
8652:
8651:
8639:
8638:
8626:
8625:
8613:
8612:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8553:
8552:
8521:
8468:
8406:Archaeolemuridae
8404:
8382:
8290:
8279:
8269:
8247:
8246:
8187:Xanthonycticebus
8170:
8140:
8130:
8122:
8121:
8103:
8085:
8075:
8051:
8041:
7997:
7986:
7978:
7977:
7967:
7966:
7954:
7953:
7943:
7869:
7839:
7738:
7590:
7589:
7583:
7553:
7495:
7402:
7351:
7293:
7278:
7268:
7260:
7259:
7249:
7248:
7236:
7235:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7166:
7165:
7112:
7111:
7065:
7064:
7043:
7042:
6980:
6979:
6948:
6947:
6933:Euarchontoglires
6888:
6881:
6874:
6865:
6864:
6856:Data related to
6855:
6843:
6826:
6809:
6808:, pp. 9–34.
6796:
6783:Schwartz, J.H. "
6779:
6758:
6756:
6750:. Archived from
6725:
6707:
6684:
6659:
6647:
6637:
6596:
6563:
6544:
6534:
6524:
6491:
6470:
6440:
6430:
6401:
6378:
6335:
6320:Osman Hill, W.C.
6315:
6278:
6233:
6208:
6182:
6172:
6151:
6138:
6125:
6112:
6099:
6080:
6061:
6042:
6002:
5971:
5970:, pp. 3–18.
5962:Tattersall, I. "
5958:
5945:
5926:
5889:
5860:
5839:
5822:
5812:
5802:
5769:
5746:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5714:. Archived from
5697:
5687:
5685:
5660:
5637:
5616:
5591:
5582:
5573:
5564:
5543:
5514:
5492:Literature cited
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5371:
5365:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4857:
4851:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4599:
4593:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4541:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4418:
4417:, p. e5723.
4412:
4406:
4400:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4084:
4078:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3899:
3893:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3604:
3598:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3515:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3348:
3342:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3303:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3230:
3224:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3163:
2958:, are primarily
2845:
2834:
2577:incisive foramen
2438:flexor fibularis
2123:
2122:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2042:
2041:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1953:wastebasket taxa
1943:
1920:maxilloturbinals
1912:symplesiomorphic
1883:Family Galagidae
1880:Family Lorisidae
1866:
1859:
1850:Family Lemuridae
1847:Family Indriidae
1838:Archaeolemuridae
1837:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1747:
1738:
1701:Archaeolemuridae
1699:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1649:
1640:
1618:
1614:
1571:(formation of a
1498:É. Geoffroy
1471:. Together with
1409:Philip Gingerich
1359:extinction event
1327:ancestral traits
956:
955:
938:
930:
929:
899:
861:
860:
849:
848:
833:Plesiadapiformes
831:
823:
822:
795:
794:
767:
766:
755:
754:
745:
744:
724:genetic analysis
685:hini" and "Haplo
677:hini" and "Haplo
655:, he mentioned "
624:
623:
615:
610:
609:
599:
598:
504:reflective layer
411:
407:
401:
400:
399:
398:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
330:
328:
323:
320:
313:
293:
285:
267:
205:
204:
174:
136:
119:
56:
49:Temporal range:
43:
42:
21:
8751:
8750:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8686:
8681:
8673:
8668:
8660:
8655:
8647:
8642:
8634:
8629:
8621:
8616:
8608:
8603:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8560:
8550:
8545:
8541:Subfossil lemur
8522:
8505:
8493:Mesopropithecus
8461:
8427:
8397:
8346:
8298:
8243:
8226:
8192:
8148:
8111:
8005:
7974:
7961:
7944:
7927:
7907:
7862:
7832:
7740:Caenopithecidae
7727:
7679:
7638:
7576:
7546:
7488:
7395:
7383:Muangthanhinius
7369:Ekgmowechashala
7344:
7286:
7256:
7243:
7230:
7198:
7193:
7163:
7146:
7123:
7119:Cercopithecidae
7101:
7054:
7024:
6996:
6969:
6937:
6899:
6892:
6836:
6831:
6776:
6757:on 17 May 2013.
6754:
6723:
6704:
6681:
6650:
6585:
6560:
6488:
6438:
6398:
6367:
6253:(10): 877–886.
6230:
6180:
6169:
6096:
6077:
6058:
6031:
6011:"Strepsirrhini"
5942:
5766:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5695:
5657:
5634:
5613:
5561:
5511:
5501:Primate Anatomy
5494:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5228:
5224:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5142:, pp. 4–6.
5138:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5087:Osman Hill 1953
5085:
5081:
5075:Osman Hill 1953
5073:
5069:
5063:Osman Hill 1953
5061:
5057:
5051:Osman Hill 1953
5049:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4860:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4725:, pp. 4–5.
4721:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4670:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4615:Tattersall 2006
4613:
4602:
4594:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4555:Osman Hill 1953
4553:
4544:
4536:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4116:
4087:
4079:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3996:, p. 6006.
3992:
3988:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3902:
3894:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3821:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3607:
3599:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3518:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3451:Osman Hill 1953
3449:
3445:
3437:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3402:Perseus Project
3370:
3366:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3307:"Strepsirrhini"
3305:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3271:strepsirrhines.
3269:
3265:
3248:
3244:
3231:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3132:illegal logging
3105:, hunting (for
3095:
3073:
3033:
2952:slender lorises
2932:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:(bottom) favor
2848:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2750:
2706:tapetum lucidum
2674:sportive lemurs
2653:
2605:
2542:mucous membrane
2504:
2464:
2447:
2422:
2402:
2382:tympanic cavity
2370:
2341:
2327:(consisting of
2325:tapetum lucidum
2313:zygomatic bones
2305:postorbital bar
2301:
2256:tapetum lucidum
2248:
2243:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2109:
2086:Daubentoniidae
2062:
1988:
1962:Elwyn L. Simons
1939:
1924:olfactory bulbs
1900:
1533:Pieter Boddaert
1528:Systema Naturae
1490:
1402:
1396:
1287:
1281:(~7 mya).
1256:fossil primates
1173:from the early
1171:Plesiadapiforms
1156:molecular clock
1113:
1058:plesiadapiforms
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
912:
700:
583:
484:olfactory lobes
409:
405:
394:
393:
348:
344:
326:
325:
324:
321:
297:
296:
289:
266:
199:
127:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8749:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8692:
8679:
8666:
8653:
8640:
8627:
8614:
8601:
8586:
8570:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8474:
8472:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8437:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8418:
8410:
8408:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8388:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8356:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8308:
8306:
8304:Cheirogaleidae
8300:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8286:
8282:Plesiopithecus
8275:
8265:
8258:
8250:
8244:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8202:
8200:
8198:Perodicticinae
8194:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8166:
8158:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8136:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8099:
8092:
8081:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8047:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8015:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7993:
7981:
7975:
7970:
7963:
7962:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7917:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7883:
7875:
7873:
7871:Djebelemuridae
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7853:
7850:Algeripithecus
7845:
7843:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7822:
7815:
7812:Mescalerolemur
7808:
7801:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7744:
7742:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7689:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7648:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7629:
7622:
7615:
7608:
7601:
7593:
7587:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7571:Marcgodinotius
7567:
7559:
7557:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7499:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7437:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7408:
7406:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7365:
7357:
7355:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7299:
7297:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7274:
7271:Plesiopithecus
7263:
7257:
7252:
7245:
7244:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7192:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7169:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7133:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Callitrichidae
7079:
7073:
7071:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7005:Cheirogaleidae
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6992:Daubentoniidae
6988:
6986:
6984:Chiromyiformes
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6860:at Wikispecies
6849:
6835:
6834:External links
6832:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6810:
6800:Simons, E.L. "
6797:
6774:
6759:
6708:
6702:
6685:
6679:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6604:Algeripithecus
6597:
6583:
6575:Academic Press
6564:
6558:
6545:
6492:
6486:
6471:
6431:
6421:(1–2): 19–53.
6402:
6396:
6379:
6365:
6336:
6316:
6279:
6234:
6228:
6209:
6173:
6167:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6148:Hartwig (2002)
6139:
6135:Hartwig (2002)
6126:
6122:Hartwig (2002)
6116:Covert, H.H. "
6113:
6109:Hartwig (2002)
6094:
6081:
6075:
6062:
6056:
6043:
6029:
6003:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5959:
5940:
5927:
5901:(6): 446–464.
5890:
5861:
5840:
5823:
5770:
5764:
5747:
5730:
5688:
5676:(1–2): 35–77.
5661:
5655:
5638:
5632:
5617:
5611:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5559:
5544:
5515:
5509:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5461:
5459:, p. 878.
5449:
5437:
5411:
5399:
5387:
5372:
5355:
5343:
5318:
5306:
5294:
5282:
5280:, p. 247.
5270:
5258:
5256:, p. 398.
5246:
5234:
5222:
5207:
5192:
5180:
5168:
5156:
5144:
5127:
5125:, p. 521.
5115:
5113:, p. 522.
5103:
5101:, p. 523.
5091:
5089:, p. 672.
5079:
5077:, p. 391.
5067:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5019:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4968:
4966:, p. 401.
4956:
4954:, p. 410.
4944:
4942:, p. 402.
4932:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4891:, p. 396.
4881:
4858:
4843:
4841:, p. 400.
4831:
4829:, p. 239.
4819:
4807:
4805:, p. 323.
4792:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4739:
4737:, p. 431.
4727:
4712:
4710:, p. 429.
4700:
4688:
4686:, p. 184.
4676:
4674:, p. 180.
4655:
4643:
4641:, p. 458.
4631:
4619:
4600:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4542:
4525:
4513:
4496:
4494:, p. 181.
4484:
4472:
4470:, p. 106.
4460:
4458:, p. 121.
4448:
4436:
4419:
4407:
4405:, p. 567.
4390:
4378:
4376:, p. 164.
4374:Gingerich 1975
4366:
4351:
4349:, p. 167.
4339:
4327:
4315:
4313:, p. 252.
4303:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4265:, p. 257.
4255:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4177:
4165:
4146:
4144:, p. 103.
4134:
4122:
4085:
4083:, p. 185.
4068:
4066:, p. 187.
4056:
4039:
4027:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3984:, p. 186.
3971:
3969:, p. 257.
3959:
3957:, p. 239.
3947:
3935:
3923:
3921:, p. 182.
3900:
3883:
3871:
3854:
3842:
3840:, p. 179.
3819:
3804:
3792:
3790:, p. 165.
3780:
3778:, p. 169.
3768:
3753:
3741:
3724:
3712:
3710:, p. 343.
3697:
3695:, p. 446.
3680:
3668:
3666:, p. 133.
3656:
3641:
3639:, p. 397.
3626:
3605:
3603:, p. 322.
3584:
3572:
3570:, p. 166.
3555:
3543:
3531:
3529:, p. 166.
3516:
3484:spiritus asper
3467:
3465:, p. 156.
3455:
3443:
3441:, p. 169.
3418:
3416:, p. 394.
3406:
3364:
3349:
3334:
3332:, p. 149.
3322:
3311:paleobiodb.org
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3242:
3225:
3208:
3195:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3072:
3069:
3042:Southeast Asia
3032:
3029:
2931:
2928:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2762:breeding pairs
2749:
2746:
2652:
2649:
2633:mammary glands
2604:
2601:
2527:ethmoturbinals
2503:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2482:greater galago
2478:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2456:sagittal crest
2446:
2443:
2421:
2418:
2401:
2398:
2394:auditory bulla
2369:
2366:
2340:
2337:
2300:
2297:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2218:Georges Cuvier
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1987:
1984:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1713:Daubentoniidae
1709:
1707:Cheirogaleidae
1703:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1626:
1625:
1624:3 infraorders
1622:
1621:2 infraorders
1549:Georges Cuvier
1489:
1486:
1474:Plesiopithecus
1406:paleontologist
1395:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1362:
1355:Grande Coupure
1286:
1283:
1218:global warming
1112:
1111:Unclear origin
1109:
1085:living fossils
1074:
1073:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
982:
981:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
959:
954:
952:
948:
947:
944:
943:
933:
928:
926:
918:
917:
914:
913:
909:
908:
905:
904:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
864:
859:
857:
847:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:
826:
821:
819:
811:
810:
807:
806:
798:
793:
791:
783:
782:
779:
778:
770:
765:
763:
753:
750:
749:
699:
696:
692:primatologists
582:
579:
545:, hunting for
457:southeast Asia
332:
331:
315:
314:
306:
305:
279:
278:
274:
273:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
193:
192:
138:
137:
129:
128:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8748:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8711:Strepsirrhini
8709:
8708:
8706:
8689:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8610:Strepsirrhini
8606:
8602:
8597:
8596:Strepsirrhini
8591:
8587:
8582:
8576:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8566:Strepsirrhini
8563:
8559:
8554:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8520:
8502:
8501:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8479:Archaeoindris
8476:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8422:Hadropithecus
8419:
8417:
8416:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8324:
8322:
8321:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8245:
8242:
8237:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8173:Nycticeboides
8167:
8165:
8164:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8096:Sciurocheirus
8093:
8090:
8089:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7976:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7942:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7835:
7828:
7827:
7823:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7774:
7772:
7771:
7770:Caenopithecus
7767:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7734:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7685:Sivaladapinae
7682:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7644:Hoanghoniinae
7641:
7635:
7634:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7585:Sivaladapidae
7579:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7476:Pronycticebus
7473:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7448:Mazateronodon
7445:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7404:Cercamoniidae
7398:
7392:
7391:
7390:Palaeohodites
7387:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7254:Strepsirrhini
7250:
7246:
7242:
7241:Strepsirrhini
7237:
7233:
7227:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7197:
7196:Strepsirrhini
7190:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7176:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:Lepilemuridae
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6943:Strepsirrhini
6940:
6934:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6897:
6889:
6884:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6859:
6858:Strepsirrhini
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:Strepsirrhini
6842:
6838:
6837:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6813:Yoder, A.D. "
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6788:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6760:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6657:
6656:Science Daily
6653:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6410:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6344:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6103:Beard, K.C. "
6101:
6100:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6030:0-801-88221-4
6026:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6015:Wilson, D. E.
6012:
6008:
6007:Groves, C. P.
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5857:2027.42/48482
5854:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5834:(in French).
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5721:on 2016-11-06
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5496:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5408:
5403:
5397:, p. 19.
5396:
5391:
5385:, p. 14.
5384:
5379:
5377:
5370:, p. 16.
5369:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5352:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5315:
5310:
5303:
5298:
5292:, p. 86.
5291:
5286:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5238:
5232:, p. 74.
5231:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5205:, p. 51.
5204:
5199:
5197:
5189:
5184:
5177:
5172:
5165:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5112:
5107:
5100:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5065:, p. 93.
5064:
5059:
5053:, p. 81.
5052:
5047:
5041:, p. 88.
5040:
5035:
5028:
5023:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5001:
4996:
4990:, p. 26.
4989:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4941:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4914:
4909:
4903:, p. 85.
4902:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4790:, p. 68.
4789:
4784:
4778:, p. 49.
4777:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4754:, p. 91.
4753:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4731:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4581:, p. 73.
4580:
4575:
4569:, p. 39.
4568:
4563:
4557:, p. 96.
4556:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4523:, p. 68.
4522:
4517:
4511:, p. 18.
4510:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4482:, p. 97.
4481:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4457:
4452:
4446:, p. 20.
4445:
4440:
4434:, p. 90.
4433:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4343:
4337:, p. 13.
4336:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4299:Cartmill 2010
4295:
4289:, p. 32.
4288:
4283:
4277:, p. 71.
4276:
4275:Schwartz 2003
4271:
4264:
4259:
4253:, p. 28.
4252:
4247:
4245:
4238:, p. 92.
4237:
4232:
4226:, p. 96.
4225:
4220:
4214:, p. 54.
4213:
4212:Schwartz 2003
4208:
4202:, p. 45.
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4161:Schwartz 2003
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4120:, p. 89.
4119:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3898:, p. 35.
3897:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3881:, p. 14.
3880:
3875:
3869:, p. 21.
3868:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3802:, p. 67.
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3766:, p. 84.
3765:
3760:
3758:
3751:, p. 24.
3750:
3745:
3739:, p. 22.
3738:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3624:, p. 29.
3623:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3541:, p. 51.
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3500:compound word
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3453:, p. 39.
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3392:Scott, Robert
3389:
3385:
3377:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3347:, p. 15.
3346:
3345:Cartmill 2010
3341:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3277:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3221:flying lemurs
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3165:Although the
3162:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:In 2012, the
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:deforestation
3094:
3090:
3082:
3081:deforestation
3077:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3048:. Lemurs are
3047:
3043:
3039:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:insectivorous
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:hemicellulose
2945:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2924:Pronycticebus
2921:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:bamboo lemurs
2871:
2870:quadrupedally
2861:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2833:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:urine washing
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:scent marking
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:plesiomorphic
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:Pronycticebus
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:woolly lemurs
2667:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:lesser galago
2485:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:Neck arteries
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:grooming claw
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:other lemurs
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:Tab Rasmussen
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:, convoluted
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1898:Controversies
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1860:Megaladapidae
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1821:Sivaladapidae
1816:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:Strepsirrhini
1782:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1740:Megaladapidae
1734:
1732:
1731:Lepilemuridae
1728:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1676:Sivaladapidae
1670:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:Strepsirrhini
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1522:Carl Linnaeus
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:djebelemurids
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:cercamoniines
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1220:known as the
1219:
1215:
1207:
1206:slender loris
1203:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1154:. Using this
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:fossil record
1124:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1066:Primatomorpha
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:
993:
992:
984:
983:
980:
979:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
958:
957:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
932:
931:
924:
923:Strepsirrhini
920:
919:
916:
915:
907:
906:
903:
902:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
878:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
863:
862:
855:
851:
850:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
825:
824:
817:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
803:
797:
796:
789:
788:Primatomorpha
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:(treeshrews)
775:
769:
768:
761:
757:
756:
752:
751:
747:
746:
743:
741:
737:
733:
732:cercamoniines
729:
728:fossil record
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
695:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
662:When British
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:in 1812 as a
638:
635:
631:
627:
618:
613:
608:
602:
597:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:for smell, a
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:
397:
390:
342:
338:
337:Strepsirrhini
316:
312:
307:
304:
303:
300:
292:
288:
280:
275:
270:
265:
264:Strepsirrhini
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
203:
198:
194:
191:
190:
185:
184:
179:
178:
170:
169:
164:
163:
158:
157:
152:
151:
146:
145:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
46:Strepsirrhini
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Strepsirrhine
8565:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8420:
8415:Archaeolemur
8413:
8390:
8383:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8339:
8332:
8325:
8320:Cheirogaleus
8318:
8311:
8291:
8280:
8270:
8260:
8253:
8219:
8214:Perodicticus
8212:
8205:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8161:
8141:
8131:
8104:
8094:
8088:Saharagalago
8086:
8076:
8066:
8059:
8052:
8042:
8032:
8025:
8018:
8000:Saharagalago
7998:
7987:
7959:Lemuriformes
7913:Lemuriformes
7900:
7893:
7885:
7878:
7855:
7848:
7824:
7817:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7754:
7747:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7633:Yunnanadapis
7631:
7624:
7617:
7612:Kyitchaungia
7610:
7605:Guangxilemur
7603:
7596:
7569:
7562:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7441:Donrussellia
7439:
7432:
7425:
7418:
7411:
7388:
7381:
7376:Gatanthropus
7374:
7367:
7360:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7318:Hesperolemur
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:Notharctidae
7279:
7269:
7253:
7240:
7195:
6942:
6816:
6786:
6764:
6752:the original
6731:
6727:
6718:
6714:
6693:
6670:
6655:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6603:
6569:
6549:
6504:
6500:
6476:
6442:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6387:
6348:
6342:
6323:
6290:(1): 11–22.
6287:
6283:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6218:
6188:
6184:
6158:
6129:Gebo, D.L. "
6085:
6066:
6047:
6019:
5985:(1): 13–27.
5982:
5978:
5934:. Springer.
5931:
5898:
5894:
5869:
5865:
5848:
5844:
5835:
5831:
5785:(5): e5723.
5782:
5778:
5755:
5734:
5723:. Retrieved
5716:the original
5703:
5699:
5673:
5669:
5649:. Springer.
5646:
5622:
5602:
5549:
5526:(2): 83–96.
5523:
5519:
5500:
5478:. Retrieved
5464:
5452:
5440:
5430:28 September
5428:. Retrieved
5414:
5402:
5390:
5346:
5309:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5225:
5183:
5171:
5159:
5154:, p. 5.
5147:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5082:
5070:
5058:
5046:
5034:
5022:
4995:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4834:
4827:Plavcan 2004
4822:
4810:
4783:
4776:Dagosto 1988
4771:
4764:Dagosto 1988
4759:
4730:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4653:, p. 6.
4646:
4634:
4622:
4617:, p. 7.
4574:
4562:
4540:, p. 4.
4516:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4444:Hartwig 2011
4439:
4410:
4381:
4369:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4251:Hartwig 2011
4231:
4219:
4207:
4200:Sussman 2003
4195:
4188:Hartwig 2011
4168:
4137:
4125:
4059:
4035:Hartwig 2011
4030:
4001:
3989:
3962:
3955:Godinot 1998
3950:
3938:
3926:
3874:
3845:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3749:Hartwig 2011
3744:
3737:Hartwig 2011
3715:
3693:Godinot 2006
3671:
3659:
3652:Hartwig 2011
3622:Hartwig 2011
3575:
3553:, p. 1.
3546:
3534:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3409:
3395:
3367:
3360:Hartwig 2011
3325:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:
3301:
3276:
3266:
3254:
3251:omomyiformes
3245:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3217:dermopterans
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3174:
3140:slow lorises
3125:
3118:
3096:
3071:Conservation
3065:spiny forest
3054:
3034:
3025:Donrussellia
3024:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2933:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2867:
2852:Dwarf lemurs
2789:
2785:allogrooming
2770:
2751:
2738:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2693:
2690:brown lemurs
2666:mouse lemurs
2662:
2630:
2606:
2597:
2593:hypothalamus
2565:nasal cavity
2554:
2538:Merkel cells
2531:
2508:
2448:
2423:
2406:cheirogaleid
2403:
2371:
2361:
2354:
2302:
2276:
2268:canine teeth
2261:
2225:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:giant lemurs
2193:
2141:
2128:
2098:
2085:
2051:lemuriforms
2047:
2028:Adapiformes
2024:
1979:
1976:missing link
1969:
1958:
1950:
1946:SINE markers
1928:synapomorphy
1909:
1901:
1814:Notharctidae
1796:Superfamily
1793:Adapiformes
1784:
1755:Superfamily
1690:Superfamily
1686:Lemuriformes
1667:Notharctidae
1646:Superfamily
1632:
1607:
1585:created the
1577:
1569:placentation
1544:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1511:"Ida" fossil
1503:
1479:
1472:
1450:
1432:
1428:Saharagalago
1426:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1388:
1379:Sivaladapids
1348:
1339:
1331:sister group
1323:Donrussellia
1322:
1318:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1268:
1251:Altiatlasius
1249:
1243:
1237:
1233:Donrussellia
1231:
1225:
1211:
1183:paraphyletic
1160:
1145:
1125:
1114:
1077:
976:
961:
935:
922:
901:Omomyiformes
896:
881:
866:
828:
800:
772:
736:sivaladapids
701:
686:
682:
678:
674:
661:
656:
625:
611:
600:
584:
536:
516:ring of bone
510:, and their
508:night vision
473:
341:Strepsirhini
340:
336:
335:
298:
291:Lemuriformes
282:
277:Infraorders
263:
187:
181:
175:
166:
160:
154:
148:
142:
121:Early Eocene
52:55.8–0
40:
36:Lemuriformes
8590:Wikispecies
8536:Adapiformes
8456:Propithecus
8272:Megaladapis
8255:Daubentonia
8221:Pseudopotto
8133:Mioeuoticus
7784:Europolemur
7722:Sivaladapis
7708:Siamoadapis
7653:Hoanghonius
7626:Paukkaungia
7598:Anthradapis
7555:Asiadapidae
7541:Palaeolemur
7534:Microadapis
7513:Cryptadapis
7483:Protoadapis
7469:Periconodon
7339:Smilodectes
7281:Sulaimanius
7137:Hylobatidae
7107:Catharrhini
7092:Pitheciidae
7069:Platyrrhini
6931:Superorder
6925:Infraclass
5368:Covert 2002
5339:Covert 2002
4509:Covert 2002
4456:Groves 2005
4335:Groves 1998
4173:Groves 2008
4142:Groves 2008
4130:Groves 2008
3879:Covert 2002
3850:Covert 2002
3676:Simons 2003
3539:Pocock 1918
3527:Groves 2008
2999:Smilodectes
2994:Cercamonius
2956:angwantibos
2914:Europolemur
2908:Smilodectes
2890:Palaeolemur
2812:alarm calls
2755:home ranges
2581:hard palate
2544:called the
2525:lining the
2476:dwarf lemur
2420:Ankle bones
1789:Infraorder
1684:Infraorder
1642:Adapiformes
1637:Infraorder
1545:Tardigradus
1365:Notharctids
1315:land bridge
1260:omomyiforms
1245:Teilhardina
1148:geneticists
940:Adapiformes
653:description
512:eye sockets
287:Adapiformes
269:É. Geoffroy
156:Daubentonia
150:Propithecus
32:Adapiformes
8705:Categories
8534:See also:
8385:Pachylemur
8327:Microcebus
8241:Lemuroidea
8207:Arctocebus
8180:Nycticebus
8068:Paragalago
8034:Galagoides
7972:Lorisoidea
7922:see below↓
7902:Shizarodon
7880:Djebelemur
7805:Masradapis
7763:Aframonius
7715:Sinoadapis
7694:Indraloris
7527:Magnadapis
7520:Leptadapis
7420:Anchomomys
7362:Bugtilemur
7325:Notharctus
7129:Hominoidea
7038:Haplorhini
6975:Lemuroidea
6952:Lorisoidea
6243:Nycticebus
5838:: 156–170.
5725:2012-09-28
5700:Lemur News
4901:Beard 1988
4386:Yoder 2003
4362:Beard 2002
4236:Beard 1988
3664:Beard 2002
3316:2021-07-22
3289:References
3183:adapiforms
3179:infraorder
3175:lemuriform
3115:exotic pet
3087:See also:
3020:Anchomomys
3011:Leptadapis
3003:Notharctus
2972:frugivores
2940:folivorous
2936:arthropods
2902:Notharctus
2896:Leptadapis
2822:Locomotion
2759:monogamous
2698:cathemeral
2557:pheromones
2430:talus bone
2362:Notharctus
2349:haplorhine
2329:riboflavin
2284:procumbent
2230:pachyderms
1938:their own
1800:Adapoidea
1757:Lorisoidea
1692:Lemuroidea
1650:Adapoidea
1553:morphology
1452:Djebelemur
1398:See also:
1335:stem group
1295:Notharctus
1070:Euarchonta
1050:treeshrews
854:Haplorhini
804:(colugos)
802:Dermoptera
774:Scandentia
760:Euarchonta
704:lemuriform
671:Haplorhini
651:). In his
641:subordinal
634:naturalist
551:exotic pet
539:endangered
524:haplorhine
522:, whereas
514:include a
492:pheromones
490:to detect
447:, and the
433:Madagascar
425:lemuriform
302:Haplorhini
294:(See text)
260:Suborder:
168:Microcebus
8486:Babakotia
8433:Indriidae
8368:Hapalemur
8352:Lemuridae
8313:Allocebus
8262:Lepilemur
8154:Lorisinae
8143:Namaloris
8117:Lorisidae
8106:Wadilemur
8078:Progalago
8011:Galagidae
7989:Karanisia
7887:Notnamaia
7841:Azibiidae
7826:Notnamaia
7819:Namadapis
7798:Mahgarita
7791:Godinotia
7777:Darwinius
7756:Afradapis
7749:Adapoides
7701:Ramadapis
7667:Rencunius
7564:Asiadapis
7332:Pelycodus
7311:Copelemur
7206:Kingdom:
7142:Hominidae
7050:Tarsiidae
7020:Indriidae
7010:Lemuridae
6965:Galagidae
6960:Lorisidae
6671:Mammalogy
6593:893740473
6332:500576914
6191:: 60–95.
5743:0044-5282
5712:1608-1439
5706:: 64–70.
5480:1 October
5000:Rose 2006
4815:Rose 2006
4684:Rose 2006
4672:Rose 2006
4596:Rose 2006
4567:Gebo 2002
4492:Rose 2006
4347:Rose 2006
4081:Rose 2006
4064:Rose 2006
4006:Rose 2006
3982:Rose 2006
3943:Rose 2006
3931:Rose 2006
3919:Rose 2006
3896:Gebo 2002
3867:Gebo 2002
3838:Rose 2006
3815:Rose 2006
3788:Rose 2006
3776:Rose 2006
3720:Rose 2006
3708:Rose 2006
3580:Rose 2006
3568:Rose 2006
3294:Citations
3191:lorisoids
2988:Pelycodus
2976:omnivores
2944:cellulose
2816:territory
2781:Lemuridae
2777:Indriidae
2734:ungulates
2730:precocial
2717:Godinotia
2702:predation
2573:cartilage
2515:vibrissae
2511:rhinarium
2378:inner ear
2351:primates.
2292:sublingua
2205:Darwinius
1980:Darwinius
1941:vitamin C
1936:producing
1783:Suborder
1769:Galagidae
1763:Lorisidae
1725:Lemuridae
1719:Indriidae
1631:Suborder
1610:phylogeny
1591:biologist
1513:in 2009.
1507:phylogeny
1437:) in the
1434:Wadilemur
1422:Karanisia
1413:toothcomb
1373:Oligocene
1350:Adapoides
1175:Paleocene
1163:nocturnal
1141:eutherian
1132:radiation
1097:olfaction
963:Lorisoids
720:radiation
664:zoologist
630:rhinarium
587:taxonomic
581:Etymology
559:nocturnal
528:toothcomb
520:vitamin C
476:rhinarium
461:adapiform
220:Kingdom:
214:Eukaryota
177:Darwinius
8649:12100002
8575:Wikidata
8293:Propotto
8061:Otolemur
8054:Laetolia
8020:Euoticus
7895:Omanodon
7674:Wailekia
7497:Adapidae
7462:Panobius
7455:Nievesia
7427:Barnesia
7413:Agerinia
7226:Primates
7220:Mammalia
7214:Chordata
7212:Phylum:
7208:Animalia
7097:Atelidae
6927:Eutheria
6921:Mammalia
6915:Chordata
6909:Animalia
6907:Kingdom
6898:families
6748:20188396
6644:19740889
6541:22474376
6467:14113728
6375:85613386
6312:15419778
6304:14738502
6275:21711250
6267:20806336
6205:16369958
6039:62265494
6009:(2005).
5999:10869981
5979:Primates
5923:24163044
5915:17053330
5886:84469830
5819:19492084
5779:PLOS ONE
5540:32127974
5474:Archived
5424:Archived
3494:to ⟨ῤῥ⟩
3259:tarsiers
3255:omomyids
3238:adapoids
3187:suborder
3107:bushmeat
3013:. Sharp
2651:Behavior
2637:clitoris
2589:amygdala
2550:diastema
2546:philtrum
2534:volatile
2288:premolar
2264:incisors
2226:le Daman
2142:galagos
2129:lorises
1807:Adapidae
1658:Adapidae
1587:suborder
1578:English
1573:placenta
1541:Prosimia
1500:in 1812.
1461:Azibiids
1311:Laurasia
1239:Altanius
1152:diverged
883:Tarsiers
816:Primates
601:strepsis
555:arboreal
547:bushmeat
532:grooming
498:with an
494:, and a
482:, large
421:primates
417:suborder
254:Primates
244:Mammalia
234:Chordata
230:Phylum:
224:Animalia
210:Domain:
189:Otolemur
8392:Varecia
8361:Eulemur
7857:Azibius
7660:Lushius
7619:Laomaki
7434:Buxella
7304:Cantius
7224:Order:
7218:Class:
7087:Aotidae
7077:Cebidae
6913:Phylum
6896:primate
6894:Extant
6817:Tarsius
6787:Tarsius
6721:(2009)"
6635:2821352
6608:Azibius
6532:3341044
6509:Bibcode
6459:9595692
6409:Tarsius
5810:2683573
5787:Bibcode
5735:Zoonooz
3492:doubled
3400:at the
3374:στρέψις
3234:adapids
3050:endemic
2983:Cantius
2920:Cantius
2856:galagos
2694:Eulemur
2682:sifakas
2645:baculum
2609:chorion
2521:of the
2500:tarsier
2494:aye-aye
2390:eardrum
2309:frontal
2272:rodents
1863:Family
1856:Family
1834:Family
1817:Family
1810:Family
1803:Family
1767:Family
1761:Family
1744:Family
1735:Family
1729:Family
1723:Family
1717:Family
1711:Family
1705:Family
1696:Family
1671:Family
1662:Family
1653:Family
1598:aye-aye
1524:in the
1482:rafting
1465:Algeria
1457:Tunisia
1383:Miocene
1345:Adapids
1319:Cantius
1279:Miocene
1227:Cantius
1191:colugos
1167:diurnal
1078:Lemurs
1054:colugos
925:
868:Simians
856:
818:
790:
762:
740:adapids
716:galagos
708:lorises
596:στρέψις
575:insects
563:diurnal
541:due to
480:simians
449:lorises
437:galagos
415:) is a
299:sister:
250:Order:
240:Class:
162:Varecia
125:Present
8688:131093
8662:376911
8636:943774
8581:Q82265
8341:Phaner
8027:Galago
7506:Adapis
7060:Simian
6919:Class
6821:". In
6804:". In
6791:". In
6772:
6746:
6719:et al.
6700:
6677:
6642:
6632:
6591:
6581:
6556:
6539:
6529:
6484:
6465:
6457:
6394:
6373:
6363:
6330:
6310:
6302:
6273:
6265:
6226:
6203:
6165:
6146:". In
6133:". In
6120:". In
6107:". In
6092:
6073:
6054:
6037:
6027:
5997:
5966:". In
5953:". In
5938:
5921:
5913:
5884:
5817:
5807:
5762:
5741:
5710:
5653:
5630:
5609:
5557:
5538:
5507:
3502:. See
3474:Greek
3007:Adapis
2954:, and
2893:, and
2885:Adapis
2696:) are
2684:, and
2672:, and
2617:uterus
2434:fibula
2426:tarsus
2374:middle
2321:retina
2063:
1916:snouts
1561:family
1447:Uganda
1431:, and
1271:Eocene
1242:, and
1214:Eocene
1187:genera
1179:hallux
1137:clades
1117:living
1080:rafted
1056:, and
978:Lemurs
921:
852:
814:
786:
758:
714:, and
712:pottos
626:rhinos
573:, and
571:leaves
465:Eocene
445:Africa
441:pottos
429:lemurs
271:, 1812
8675:89317
8449:Indri
8442:Avahi
8375:Lemur
8334:Mirza
8163:Loris
8044:Komba
6755:(PDF)
6724:(PDF)
6463:S2CID
6439:(PDF)
6371:S2CID
6308:S2CID
6271:S2CID
6239:Loris
6181:(PDF)
6013:. In
5995:S2CID
5919:S2CID
5882:S2CID
5719:(PDF)
5696:(PDF)
5536:S2CID
3204:clade
3171:clade
3015:cusps
2804:feces
2800:urine
2686:indri
2339:Skull
2333:fovea
2222:hyrax
2065:crown
1996:"Ida"
1537:Lemur
1518:Lemur
1463:from
1455:from
1443:Kenya
1089:basal
1062:order
622:ῥινός
591:Greek
567:fruit
453:India
451:from
443:from
406:STREP
392:
183:Loris
144:Lemur
8657:NCBI
8631:ITIS
6770:ISBN
6744:PMID
6698:ISBN
6675:ISBN
6640:PMID
6606:and
6589:OCLC
6579:ISBN
6554:ISBN
6537:PMID
6482:ISBN
6455:PMID
6419:1918
6392:ISBN
6361:ISBN
6328:OCLC
6300:PMID
6263:PMID
6241:and
6224:ISBN
6201:PMID
6163:ISBN
6090:ISBN
6071:ISBN
6052:ISBN
6035:OCLC
6025:ISBN
5936:ISBN
5911:PMID
5815:PMID
5760:ISBN
5739:ISSN
5708:ISSN
5651:ISBN
5628:ISBN
5607:ISBN
5555:ISBN
5505:ISBN
5482:2012
5432:2012
3510:and
3478:⟨ρ⟩
3249:The
3219:and
3120:fady
3091:and
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