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organisms are attractors. In 1971 he suggested that a zygote may not be able to access all the cell type attractors in its gene regulatory network during development and that some of the developmentally inaccessible cell types might be cancer cell types. This suggested the possibility of "cancer differentiation therapy". He also proposed the self-organized emergence of collectively
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to investigate generic self-organizing properties of gene regulatory networks, proposing that cell types are dynamical attractors in gene regulatory networks and that cell differentiation can be understood as transitions between attractors. Recent evidence suggests that cell types in humans and other
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and the fitness contributions are chosen randomly. His analytical estimate of the number of local optima was later shown to be flawed. However, numerical experiments included in
Weinberger's analysis support his analytical result that the expected fitness of a string is normally distributed with a
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Dadon, Z.; Wagner, N.; Cohen-Luria, R.; Ashkenasy, G. (2012). "Reaction
Networks. Wagner and Askkenazy's (2008) results demonstrate that molecular replication need not be based on DNA or RNA template replication, still the dominate view for the origin of life". In Gale, P. A.; Steed J. W. (eds.).
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Stuart
Kauffman explains how life evolved from its earlier origins some 3,700 million years ago through the story of four protocellsâPatrick, Rupert, Sly and Gus. He explains why our knowledge of the origins and early evolution of life can greatly help us understand our true place in the
2225:
1218:. He published on this topic in his paper "Answering Descartes: beyond Turing". With Giuseppe Longo and Maël Montévil, he wrote (January 2012) "No Entailing Laws, But Enablement in the Evolution of the Biosphere", which argued that evolution is not "law entailed" like physics.
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In 2017, exploring the concept that reality consists of both ontologically real "possibles" (res potentia) and ontologically real "actuals" (res extensa), Kauffman co-authored, with Ruth
Kastner and Michael Epperson, "Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously".
2263:
2422:
1225:, including "Beyond the Stalemate: Mind/Body, Quantum Mechanics, Free Will, Possible Panpsychism, Possible Solution to the Quantum Enigma" (October 2014) and "Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life" (February 2015).
368:. He was an iCORE (Informatics Research Circle of Excellence) chair and the director of the Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics. Kauffman was also invited to help launch the Science and Religion initiative at
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but which do not simply self-organize. Some biologists and physicists working in
Kauffman's area have questioned his claims about self-organization and evolution. A case in point is some comments in the 2001 book
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In 2016, Kauffman wrote a children's story, "Patrick, Rupert, Sly & Gus
Protocells", a narrative about unprestatable niche creation in the biosphere, which was later produced as a short animated video.
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models in physics, Kauffman invented "N-K" fitness landscapes, which have found applications in biology and economics. In related work, Kauffman and colleagues have examined subcritical, critical, and
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In May 2013 he joined the
Institute for Systems Biology, in Seattle, Washington. Following the death of his wife, Kauffman cofounded Transforming Medicine: The Elizabeth Kauffman Institute.
1109:
896: + 1 and scalars, which Weinberger's later work calls "fitness contributions". Such fitness contributions are often chosen randomly from some specified probability distribution.
613:
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Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape. The arrows represent various mutational paths that the population could follow while evolving on the fitness landscape.
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Kauffman, Stuart (October 2014). "Beyond the
Stalemate: Conscious Mind-Body - Quantum Mechanics - Free Will - Possible Panpsychism - Possible Interpretation of Quantum Enigma".
929:
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778:
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Hanel, R.; Kauffman, S. A.; Thurner, S. (2007). "Towards a
Physics of Evolution: Critical Diversity Dynamics at the Edges of Collapse and Bursts of Diversification".
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between 1987 and 1992. He also holds an
Honorary Degree in Science from the University of Louvain (1997); He was awarded the Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal for
805:
546:
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Huang, S.; Kauffman, S. A. (2009). "Complex Gene Regulatory Networks - from Structure to Biological Observables: Cell Fate Determination". In Meyers, R. A. (ed.).
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in Rome in 1990, the Trotter Prize for Information and Complexity in 2001, and the Herbert Simon award for Complex Systems in 2013. He became a Fellow of the
402:
faculty where he continued his work for two years with UVM's Complex Systems Center. From early 2011 to April 2013, Kauffman was a regular contributor to the
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Fitness values are defined according to the specific incarnation of the model, but the key feature of the NK model is that the fitness of a given string
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2243:
379:, Department of Signal Processing. The appointment ended in December, 2012. The subject of the FiDiPro research project is the development of delayed
406:
Blog 13.7, Cosmos and Culture, with topics ranging from the life sciences, systems biology, and medicine, to spirituality, economics, and the law.
2248: "Method of identifying a stochastically-generated peptide, polypeptide, or protein having ligand binding property and compositions thereof"
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191:
101:
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1286:(Technical report). Quarterly Progress Report 34. Cambridge, MA: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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1986:
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Vattay, G.; Salahub, D.; Csaibai, I.; Nassmi, A.; Kauffman, S. (February 2015). "Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life".
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Longo, G.; Montévil, M.; Kauffman, S. (January 2012). "No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere".
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Kauffman, S. A. (1971a). "Cellular Homeostasis, Epigenesis, and Replication in Randomly Aggregated Macromolecular Systems".
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Kauffman has contributed to the emerging field of cumulative technological evolution by introducing a mathematics of the
813:
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in biological sciences, physics, and astronomy. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Philosophy at the
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Weinberger, Edward (November 15, 1991). "Local properties of Kauffman's N-k model: A tunably rugged energy landscape".
2028:
2005:
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Nykter, M.; Price, N. D.; Aldana, M.; Ramsey, S. A.; Kauffman, S. A.; Hood, L.; Yli-Harja, O.; Shmulevich, I. (2008).
3840:
2685:
2223:, "Procédé d'obtention d'ADN, ARN, peptides, polypeptides ou protéines, par une technique de recombinaison d'ADN"
1143:
Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from
1004:
376:
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3825:
3436:
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Chialvo, D. R. (2013). "Critical Brain Dynamics at Large Scale". In Plenz D.; Niebur, E.; Schuster H. G. (eds.).
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Camazine, Scott; Deneubourg, Jean-Louis; Franks, Nigel R.; Sneyd, James; Theraulaz, Guy; Bonabeau, Eric (2001).
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1293:
197:
He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from
1443:"Co-Evolution to the Edge of Chaos: Coupled Fitness Landscapes, Poised States, and Co-Evolutionary Avalanches"
2957:"The Surprising True Story of Patrick S., Rupert R., Sly S., and Gus G. Protocells in Their Very Early Years"
1442:
554:
183:
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is an extended criticism of Kauffman's model of self-organization in relation to gene regulatory networks.
416:(see below), an apparently new "state of matter" hovering reversibly between quantum and classical realms.
3335:
2261:, "Procedure for obtaining DNA, RNA peptides, polypeptides, or proteins by recombinant DNA techniques"
1210:
and issues in neuroscience, proposing attributes of a new "poised realm" that hovers indefinitely between
3634:
3034:
Kastner, Ruth E.; Kauffman, Stuart; Epperson, Michael (2019). "Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously".
2239:
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3820:
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2608:
2420:, "Uses of systems with degrees of freedom poised between fully quantum and fully classical states"
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In 2015, he was invited to help initiate a general a discussion on rethinking economic growth for the
3350:
1698:"Using cell fate attractors to uncover transcriptional regulation of HL60 neutrophil differentiation"
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Kauffman, Stuart (1969). "Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets".
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319:
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2556:"Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution"
1465:
751:
251:
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Dadon, Z.; Wagner, N.; Ashkenasy, G. (2008). "The Road to Non-Enzymatic Molecular Networks".
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In 2014, Kauffman with Samuli Niiranen and Gabor Vattay was issued a founding patent on the
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2668:. Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
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professor of biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and affiliate faculty at the
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Monechi, Bernardo; Ruiz-Serrano, Ălvaro; Tria, Francesca; Loreto, Vittorio (June 2017).
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2001:
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from 1969 to 1973, the National Cancer Institute from 1973 to 1975, and then at the
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2017:
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226:, for the origin of molecular reproduction, which have found experimental support.
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326:, first issued in France in 1987, in England in 1989, and later in North America.
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1954:
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318:. With Marc Ballivet, Kauffman holds the founding broad biotechnology patents in
283:
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1998:
At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity
286:), where he was faculty in residence from 1986 to 1997, and through his work on
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2479:"Economic opportunity and evolution: Beyond landscapes and bounded rationality"
1870:"Economic Opportunity and Evolution: Beyond Landscapes and Bounded Rationality"
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In January 2009 Kauffman became a Finland Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) at
299:
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1958:
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Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development
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Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve To Control Development
2642:
1805:
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1601:
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Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development
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263:
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3714:
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2434:
2432:
2278:"NuTech Solutions to Acquire BiosGroup's Software Development Operations"
1500:
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Kauffman, S. A. (1971b). "Differentiation of Malignant to Benign Cells".
1124:
457:
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618:
and the contribution from each locus in general depends on the value of
3170:
2825:
Tria, F.; Loreto, V.; Servedio, V. D. P.; Strogatz, S. H. (July 2014).
2712:
1505:
Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology, and Complexity
1196:
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In 1991, Weinberger published a detailed analysis of the case in which
342:
267:
3332:
A talk at the New England Complex Systems Institute, January 28, 2019.
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Felin, Teppo; Kauffman, Stuart; Koppl, Roger; Longo, Giuseppe (2014).
2429:
460:, consisting of every string (chosen from a given alphabet) of length
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2669:
2497:
1890:
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334:
3230:"Seeker Stuart Kauffman on Free Will, God, ESP and Other Mysteries"
3213:
Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion
3044:
2900:
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2042:
Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion
1920:
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Huang, S.; Hu, L.; Kauffman, S.; Zhang, W.; Shmulevich, I. (2009).
223:
219:
179:
82:
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1979:
The Origins of Order: Self Organization and Selection in Evolution
1859:
1819:
32:
3326:
3015:
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2794:
1522:
Kauffman, Stuart (2004). "Prolegomenon to a General Biology". In
354:
291:
2896:"Waves of novelties in the expansion into the adjacent possible"
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1828:
Kauffman, Stuart; Hill, Colin; Hood, Leroy; Huang, Sui (2014b).
1645:"Gene Expression Dynamics in the Macrophage Exhibit Criticality"
3124:
2352:"Stuart Kauffman, complex systems pioneer, to join UVM faculty"
2207:
2189:
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Felin, T.; Kauffman, S.; Koppl, R.; Longo, G. (December 2014).
1172:
738:{\displaystyle f(S_{i})=f(S_{i},S_{1}^{i},\dots ,S_{K}^{i}),\,}
3038:. London; Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. pp. 223â237.
1953:
Kauffman, S. (2016). "Answering Descartes: Beyond Turing". In
3303:
2893:
2602:
1222:
994:{\displaystyle \mu +\sigma {\sqrt {{2\ln(k+1)} \over {k+1}}}}
163:
2982:"The Surprising True Story of Patrick, Rupert, Sly, and Gus"
2105:
349:
methodology to business problems. BiosGroup was acquired by
2746:
2734:
360:
From 2005 to 2009 Kauffman held a joint appointment at the
282:(a non-profit research institute dedicated to the study of
2824:
2607:. Princeton Studies in Complexity. Princeton, New Jersey:
2438:
1905:
1206:
Kauffman's work translates his biological findings to the
3299:"Thinker of Untold Dreams: A Portrait of Stuart Kauffman"
3128:
Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomaterials
494:
is defined between strings, the resulting structure is a
403:
150:(born September 28, 1939) is an American medical doctor,
2129:
250:
in 1968. After completing his internship, he moved into
246:) in 1963, and completed a medical degree (M.D.) at the
3036:
Adventures in Quantumland: Exploring Our Unseen Reality
3033:
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2147:
1642:
278:
Kauffman became known through his association with the
2971:
Kauffman narrates the story in 2017 here: Archived at
2404:
1827:
1171:
approach has been criticized for ignoring the role of
2800:
1812:
1007:
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905:
816:
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624:
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527:
507:
466:
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2195:
2165:
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and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian
254:
of the fruit fly, holding appointments first at the
201:
and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian
2177:
2117:
881:{\displaystyle f(S_{i},S_{1}^{i},\dots ,S_{K}^{i})}
2039:
2016:
1103:
993:
923:
880:
799:
772:
737:
630:
607:
540:
513:
472:
3147:"Organizational Sticking Points on NK Landscapes"
2111:
1495:Kauffman, Stuart (2004). "Autonomous Agents". In
1281:
262:from 1975 to 1994, where he rose to professor of
3802:
1235:He has published over 350 articles and 6 books:
1167:. With respect to molecular biology, Kauffman's
3144:
3011:"The origins of life and its continuing wonder"
2752:
2740:
2358:. Vermont Business Magazine. September 30, 2009
2300:"Netezza Corporation Acquires NuTech Solutions"
1440:
3871:University of California, San Francisco alumni
3211:Goldstein, Jeffrey A. (2008). "Book Review of
3145:Rivkin, J. W.; Siggelkow, N. (MayâJune 2002).
2504:
1743:Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science
1104:{\displaystyle {{(k+1)\sigma ^{2}} \over {N}}}
3351:
2135:
1740:
1551:"Beyond reductionism: Reinventing The Sacred"
780:are the other loci upon which the fitness of
423:. Around the same time, he did research with
229:
3366:Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in
521:is the sum of contributions from each locus
1762:"Approaches to the Origin of Life on Earth"
3358:
3344:
2510:
1282:Kauffman, S. A.; McCulloch, W. S. (1967).
1179:in cells, which can fairly be called self-
480:. For each string in this search space, a
31:
3043:
3000:An animated version is here: Archived at
2931:
2921:
2870:
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2725:
2587:
2328:. IBM. September 20, 2010. Archived from
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2159:
1919:
1858:
1818:
1795:
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1723:
1713:
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1668:
1549:Kauffman, Stuart A. (November 12, 2006).
1469:
1350:
1329:
1114:
734:
372:; serving as visiting professor in 2009.
3217:Emergence: Complexity & Organization
2812:
2788:
2183:
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1952:
1852:
1759:
1611:"Why Humanity Needs a God of Creativity"
1290:
438:
209:(1993). In 1967 and 1969 he used random
186:. He has a number of awards including a
2678:10.7551/mitpress/9780262195812.001.0001
2605:Self-Organization in Biological Systems
1186:Self-Organization in Biological Systems
608:{\displaystyle F(S)=\sum _{i}f(S_{i}),}
345:-based for-profit company that applied
248:University of California, San Francisco
73:University of California, San Francisco
3803:
2827:"The dynamics of correlated novelties"
2663:
2375:
2373:
238:in 1960, was awarded the BA (Hons) by
16:American medical doctor & academic
3339:
3019:. Science Animated. August 24, 2020.
1908:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
1221:Kauffman's work is posted on Physics
434:
2701:
1830:"Transforming Medicine: A Manifesto"
1441:Kauffman, S. A.; Johnsen, S (1991).
398:In January 2010 Kauffman joined the
353:in early 2003. NuTech was bought by
3269:Paulson, Steve (November 9, 2008).
2801:Longo, Montévil & Kauffman 2012
2553:
2370:
1532:Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA
13:
3185:
2969:from the original on May 27, 2020.
2777:Hanel, Kauffman & Thurner 2007
2702:Wray, Gregory A. (December 2012).
2486:Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal
2196:Dadon, Wagner & Ashkenasy 2008
1878:Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal
14:
3887:
3861:Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico
3291:
3250:MacKenzie, Dana (February 2002).
3228:Horgan, John (February 4, 2015).
2280:. BusinessWire. February 20, 2003
1503:; Harper, Charles L. Jr. (eds.).
1419:10.1038/scientificamerican0891-78
93:, adjacent possible, poised realm
2554:Fox, Ronald F. (December 1993).
1609:Kauffman, Stuart (May 7, 2008).
1388:Kauffman, Stuart (August 1991).
1001:and a variance of approximately
924:{\displaystyle 1<<k\leq N}
377:Tampere University of Technology
3846:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3437:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
3027:
2948:
2887:
2818:
2704:"Adaptation and Gene Networks:
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2596:
2547:
2470:
2444:
2410:
2344:
2314:
2292:
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2251:
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2213:
2063:Humanity in a Creative Universe
1270:
1253:Humanity in a Creative Universe
1127:in 1973, the Gold Medal of the
1938:10.1088/1742-6596/626/1/012023
1534:. Cambridge University Press.
1507:. Cambridge University Press.
1450:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1353:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1294:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1203:behavior in economic systems.
1095:
1092:
1080:
1071:
1059:
1041:
1023:
1011:
973:
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875:
820:
728:
673:
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651:
599:
586:
567:
561:
453:Kauffman's NK model defines a
1:
3194:Criticality in Neural Systems
3089:
2580:10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3
2112:Kauffman & McCulloch 1967
1965:. Cambridge University Press.
1834:Scientific American Worldview
1629:10.1016/s0262-4079(08)61171-9
1480:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80094-3
184:Institute for Systems Biology
37:Stuart Kauffman in April 2010
3130:. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
2954:The story can be read here:
2923:10.1371/journal.pone.0179303
2452:"Rethinking Economic Growth"
2302:. BusinessWire. May 15, 2008
1373:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90020-8
1315:10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0
810:Hence, the fitness function
490:) is defined. If a distance
166:. He was a professor at the
7:
3831:American systems scientists
2753:Rivkin & Siggelkow 2002
2741:Kauffman & Johnsen 1991
2084:. Oxford University Press.
2065:. Oxford University Press.
2023:. Oxford University Press.
2000:. Oxford University Press.
1981:. Oxford University Press.
1284:Random Nets of Formal Genes
1188:. Roger Sansom's 2011 book
385:genetic regulatory networks
357:in 2008, and later by IBM.
205:, as discussed in his book
158:researcher who studies the
10:
3892:
3836:Complex systems scientists
3417:Computational neuroscience
3054:10.1142/9781786346421_0011
2609:Princeton University Press
1963:The Once and Future Turing
1594:10.1103/physreve.76.036110
1390:"Antichaos and Adaptation"
892:between strings of length
446:
260:University of Pennsylvania
230:Education and early career
172:University of Pennsylvania
132:University of Pennsylvania
3866:Santa Fe Institute people
3500:
3374:
3252:"The Science of Surprise"
2727:10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.10
2136:Huang & Kauffman 2009
2080:Kauffman, Stuart (2019).
2061:Kauffman, Stuart (2016).
2038:Kauffman, Stuart (2008).
2015:Kauffman, Stuart (2000).
1996:Kauffman, Stuart (1995).
1977:Kauffman, Stuart (1993).
1344:10.1080/01969727108545830
773:{\displaystyle S_{j}^{i}}
273:
141:
123:
116:
97:
78:
60:
42:
30:
23:
3841:Dartmouth College alumni
3590:Charles Geoffrey Vickers
3477:Second-order cybernetics
2533:10.1103/physreva.44.6399
2322:"IBM to Acquire Netezza"
2099:
1760:Kauffman, S. A. (2011).
1138:
304:gene regulatory networks
234:Kauffman graduated from
91:gene regulatory networks
3452:Engineering cybernetics
3382:Artificial intelligence
3215:, by Stuart Kauffman".
1670:10.1073/pnas.0711525105
1241:At Home in the Universe
1133:Royal Society of Canada
370:Harvard Divinity School
320:combinatorial chemistry
3856:Theoretical biologists
3826:American biophysicists
3775:Walter Bradford Cannon
3665:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3520:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
3467:Management cybernetics
3392:Biomedical cybernetics
3387:Biological cybernetics
3322:"The Shape of History"
3196:. Vol. 1. Wiley.
3110:10.1002/anie.200702552
2708:[book review]"
2664:Sansom, Roger (2011).
2082:A World Beyond Physics
1715:10.1186/1752-0509-3-20
1649:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1332:Journal of Cybernetics
1257:A World Beyond Physics
1249:Reinventing the Sacred
1115:Recognition and awards
1105:
995:
932:mean of approximately
925:
882:
801:
774:
739:
632:
609:
542:
515:
474:
444:
252:developmental genetics
3735:Anthony Stafford Beer
3570:Ernst von Glasersfeld
2456:academicimpact.un.org
2405:Kauffman et al. 2014b
2332:on September 23, 2010
1177:biochemical reactions
1106:
996:
926:
883:
802:
800:{\displaystyle S_{i}}
775:
740:
633:
610:
543:
541:{\displaystyle S_{i}}
516:
475:
442:
400:University of Vermont
366:University of Calgary
362:University of Calgary
308:developmental biology
256:University of Chicago
176:University of Calgary
168:University of Chicago
152:theoretical biologist
136:University of Calgary
128:University of Chicago
3765:Valentin Braitenberg
3645:Jay Wright Forrester
3098:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed
1237:The Origins of Order
1153:evolutionary biology
1129:Accademia dei Lincei
1121:MacArthur Fellowship
1005:
936:
903:
814:
784:
752:
645:
622:
555:
525:
505:
464:
425:University of Oxford
316:evolutionary biology
290:in various areas of
188:MacArthur Fellowship
148:Stuart Alan Kauffman
3790:William Grey Walter
3730:Sergei P. Kurdyumov
3690:N. Katherine Hayles
3472:Medical cybernetics
3432:Conversation theory
3235:Scientific American
3163:2002Cmplx...7e..31R
2962:. August 16, 2016.
2914:2017PLoSO..1279303M
2855:2014NatSR...4E5890T
2625:10.2307/j.ctvzxx9tx
2572:1993BpJ....65.2698F
2525:1991PhRvA..44.6399W
1930:2015JPhCS.626a2023V
1787:10.3390/life1010034
1778:2011Life....1...34K
1702:BMC Systems Biology
1661:2008PNAS..105.1897N
1586:2007PhRvE..76c6110H
1524:Dembski, William A.
1462:1991JThBi.149..467K
1411:1991SciAm.265b..78K
1398:Scientific American
1365:1971JThBi..31..429K
1307:1969JThBi..22..437K
1161:molecular evolution
1157:population dynamics
874:
850:
769:
727:
703:
333:, Kauffman started
324:molecular evolution
3770:William Ross Ashby
3695:Natalia Bekhtereva
3670:Maleyka Abbaszadeh
3610:Heinz von Foerster
3535:Buckminster Fuller
3462:Information theory
3412:Catastrophe theory
3171:10.1002/cplx.10037
2832:Scientific Reports
2439:Vattay et al. 2015
2148:Nykter et al. 2008
1501:Davies, Paul C. W.
1151:in three areas of
1101:
991:
921:
878:
860:
836:
797:
770:
755:
735:
713:
689:
628:
605:
582:
538:
511:
484:value (called the
470:
445:
435:Fitness landscapes
312:fitness landscapes
296:autocatalytic sets
280:Santa Fe Institute
216:autocatalytic sets
178:. He is currently
53:September 28, 1939
3876:Marshall Scholars
3851:MacArthur Fellows
3821:American atheists
3798:
3797:
3720:Ranulph Glanville
3635:Jakob von UexkĂŒll
3615:Humberto Maturana
3575:Francis Heylighen
3203:978-3-527-41104-7
3137:978-0-470-74640-0
3104:(33): 6128â6136.
3063:978-1-78634-641-4
2863:10.1038/srep05890
2765:Felin et al. 2014
2720:(12): 1084â1085.
2519:(10): 6399â6413.
2513:Physical Review A
2381:"Stuart Kauffman"
2208:Dadon et al. 2012
2091:978-0-19-087133-8
2072:978-0-19-939045-8
2053:978-0-465-00300-6
1988:978-0-19-507951-7
1752:978-0-387-75888-6
1573:Physical Review E
1557:. Edge Foundation
1276:Selected articles
1230:adjacent possible
1212:quantum coherence
1208:mind-body problem
1149:natural selection
1145:self-organization
1099:
989:
988:
631:{\displaystyle K}
573:
514:{\displaystyle S}
473:{\displaystyle N}
449:Fitness landscape
381:stochastic models
294:. These included
240:Oxford University
203:natural selection
199:self-organization
145:
144:
118:Scientific career
69:Oxford University
65:Dartmouth College
3883:
3785:Warren McCulloch
3760:Valentin Turchin
3710:Pyotr Grigorenko
3655:John N. Warfield
3580:Francisco Varela
3540:Charles François
3510:Alexander Lerner
3487:Sociocybernetics
3407:Neurocybernetics
3360:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3308:
3287:
3285:
3283:
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3246:
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3207:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3141:
3121:
3084:
3083:
3047:
3031:
3025:
3024:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2990:. March 10, 2017
2970:
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2654:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2566:(6): 2698â2699.
2551:
2545:
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2508:
2502:
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2498:10.1002/sej.1184
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2011:
1992:
1966:
1955:Cooper, S. Barry
1949:
1923:
1902:
1891:10.1002/sej.1184
1874:
1864:
1862:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1840:on July 13, 2014
1836:. Archived from
1824:
1822:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1756:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1655:(6): 1897â1900.
1639:
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1491:
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1119:Kauffman held a
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477:
476:
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351:NuTech Solutions
244:Marshall Scholar
242:(where he was a
211:Boolean networks
207:Origins of Order
111:MacArthur Fellow
107:Marshall Scholar
56:
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
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3800:
3799:
3794:
3750:Talcott Parsons
3740:Stuart Kauffman
3640:Jason Jixuan Hu
3625:Igor Aleksander
3605:Gregory Bateson
3600:Gordon S. Brown
3585:Frederic Vester
3565:Erich von Holst
3525:Allenna Leonard
3515:Alexey Lyapunov
3496:
3442:Decision theory
3370:
3364:
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3317:Wayback Machine
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3281:
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3186:Further reading
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3009:
3006:Wayback Machine
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2977:Wayback Machine
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2908:(6): e0179303.
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2110:
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2102:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2060:
2054:
2046:. Basic Books.
2037:
2031:
2014:
2008:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1872:
1867:
1843:
1841:
1753:
1695:
1633:
1631:
1623:(2655): 52â53.
1608:
1560:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1521:
1515:
1497:Barrow, John D.
1494:
1471:10.1.1.502.3299
1445:
1431:
1429:
1392:
1387:
1273:
1195:Borrowing from
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593:
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548:in the string:
532:
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522:
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503:
502:
465:
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461:
451:
437:
393:single molecule
389:gene expression
347:complex systems
331:Ernst and Young
284:complex systems
276:
232:
222:, specifically
156:complex systems
134:
130:
109:
105:
71:
67:
61:Alma mater
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
25:Stuart Kauffman
17:
12:
11:
5:
3889:
3879:
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3848:
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3752:
3747:
3745:Stuart Umpleby
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3705:Norbert Wiener
3702:
3700:Niklas Luhmann
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Manfred Clynes
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Jennifer Wilby
3647:
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3620:I. A. Richards
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3557:
3555:Claude Bernard
3552:
3550:Margaret Boden
3547:
3545:Genevieve Bell
3542:
3537:
3532:
3530:Anthony Wilden
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3502:Cyberneticians
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3482:Cybersemiotics
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3427:Control theory
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2492:(4): 269â282.
2469:
2458:. May 11, 2015
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2356:Vermontbiz.com
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2019:Investigations
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1959:Hodges, Andrew
1950:
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1885:(4): 269â282.
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1359:(3): 429â451.
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1245:Investigations
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421:United Nations
329:In 1996, with
300:origin of life
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160:origin of life
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3816:Living people
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3755:Ulla Mitzdorf
3753:
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3780:Walter Pitts
3739:
3685:Marian Mazur
3560:Cliff Joslyn
3402:Biosemiotics
3325:
3313:Ghostarchive
3311:Archived at
3302:
3280:. Retrieved
3274:
3271:"God Enough"
3261:
3255:
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3233:
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2384:
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2355:
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2334:. Retrieved
2330:the original
2325:
2316:
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2294:
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2272:
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2240:US 5,723,323
2234:
2221:EP 0229046A1
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1838:the original
1833:
1772:(1): 34â48.
1769:
1765:
1745:. Springer.
1742:
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1620:
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1554:
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1430:. Retrieved
1405:(2): 78â84.
1402:
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1352:
1338:(1): 71â96.
1335:
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1271:Bibliography
1265:
1261:
1256:
1255:(2016), and
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1216:classicality
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638:other loci:
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414:poised realm
413:
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391:data at the
374:
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322:and applied
277:
264:biochemistry
233:
206:
196:
192:Wiener Medal
147:
146:
124:Institutions
117:
102:Wiener Medal
18:
3811:1939 births
3715:Qian Xuesen
3595:Gordon Pask
3492:Synergetics
3457:Homeostasis
3397:Biorobotics
3368:cybernetics
3264:(2): 59â63.
2839:(1): 5890.
2643:j.ctvzxx9tx
2611:. pp.
2259:CA 1339937C
1175:in driving
1125:Cybernetics
458:phase space
429:Teppo Felin
3805:Categories
3151:Complexity
3090:References
3072:1083673555
3045:1709.03595
2713:BioScience
2700:See also:
2634:0691012113
2560:Biophys. J
1921:1502.06880
1197:spin glass
1181:catalyzing
427:professor
343:New Mexico
302:research,
268:biophysics
49:1939-09-28
3447:Emergence
3375:Subfields
3282:April 28,
3241:April 28,
3176:April 28,
2846:1310.1953
2696:694600461
2670:MIT Press
2390:April 28,
2362:April 28,
1860:1410.2127
1844:April 28,
1820:1201.2069
1708:(1): 20.
1634:April 28,
1561:April 28,
1466:CiteSeerX
1432:April 28,
1155:, namely
1135:in 2009.
1078:
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940:μ
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855:…
807:depends.
708:…
575:∑
496:landscape
387:based on
335:BiosGroup
236:Dartmouth
3315:and the
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3118:18613152
3004:and the
2975:and the
2964:Archived
2942:28594909
2901:PLoS ONE
2881:25080941
2651:44876868
1961:(eds.).
1946:18439451
1806:25382055
1734:19222862
1689:18250330
1602:17930309
1555:Edge.com
1530:(eds.).
1259:(2019).
1251:(2008),
1247:(2000),
1243:(1995),
1239:(1993),
910:<<
339:Santa Fe
224:peptides
220:polymers
180:emeritus
83:NK model
3327:YouTube
3159:Bibcode
3080:4882205
3016:YouTube
2994:May 26,
2987:YouTube
2933:5464662
2910:Bibcode
2872:5376195
2851:Bibcode
2589:1226010
2568:Bibcode
2541:9905770
2521:Bibcode
2462:May 26,
2385:NPR.org
2336:July 5,
2306:July 5,
2284:July 5,
1926:Bibcode
1899:2197512
1797:4187126
1774:Bibcode
1725:2652435
1680:2538855
1657:Bibcode
1582:Bibcode
1488:2062105
1458:Bibcode
1427:1862333
1407:Bibcode
1381:5556142
1361:Bibcode
1323:5803332
1303:Bibcode
890:mapping
487:fitness
395:level.
355:Netezza
292:biology
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274:Career
190:and a
174:, and
154:, and
104:(1969)
98:Awards
3304:Vimeo
3276:Salon
3076:S2CID
3040:arXiv
2967:(PDF)
2960:(PDF)
2841:arXiv
2639:JSTOR
2613:88â89
2482:(PDF)
2100:Notes
1971:Books
1942:S2CID
1916:arXiv
1873:(PDF)
1855:arXiv
1815:arXiv
1446:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
1223:ArXiv
1139:Works
888:is a
164:Earth
3284:2015
3243:2015
3198:ISBN
3178:2015
3132:ISBN
3114:PMID
3068:OCLC
3058:ISBN
2996:2020
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1766:Life
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982:+
979:k
974:)
971:1
968:+
965:k
962:(
953:2
943:+
919:N
913:k
907:1
894:K
876:)
871:i
866:K
862:S
858:,
852:,
847:i
842:1
838:S
834:,
829:i
825:S
821:(
818:f
793:i
789:S
766:i
761:j
757:S
732:,
729:)
724:i
719:K
715:S
711:,
705:,
700:i
695:1
691:S
687:,
682:i
678:S
674:(
671:f
668:=
665:)
660:i
656:S
652:(
649:f
626:K
603:,
600:)
595:i
591:S
587:(
584:f
579:i
571:=
568:)
565:S
562:(
559:F
534:i
530:S
509:S
468:N
47:(
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