28:
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20:
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103:. It is important to explore volcano-ice interactions to improve the effectiveness of monitoring these events and to undertake hazard assessments. This is particularly relevant given that subglacial eruptions have demonstrated their ability to cause widespread impact, with the ash cloud associated with Iceland's
216:
passage of meltwater away from the eruption site. Research shows the eruption breached the ice surface four hours after the initial eruption onset, whilst meltwater release was characterised by accumulation and subsequent drainage, with most of the volcanic material in the ice cauldrons being drained
316:
Gudmundsson, M. T., T. Thordarson, A. Hoskuldsson, G. Larsen, H, Bjornsson, F. J. Prata, B. Oddsson, E. Magnusson, T. Hognadottir, G. N. Petersen, C. L. Hayword, J. A. Stevenson, and I. Jonsdottir. 2012. Ash generation and distribution from the April–May 2010 eruption of
Eyjafjallajökull,
99:. Jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) have been identified as the most frequently occurring volcanic hazard in Iceland, with major events where peak discharges of meltwater can reach 10,000 – 100,000 m/s occurring when there are large eruptions beneath
31:
173:
Research demonstrated that for warm-based glaciers, the effects of subglacial volcanic eruptions are localised, with eruptions forming deep depressions and causing jökulhlaups. For there to be significant changes in the extent and shape of an
120:
Given that subglacial eruptions occur in often sparsely populated regions, they are not commonly observed or monitored; thus timings and sequences of events for an eruption of this type are poorly constrained. Research of the 1969
169:
by supplying water to their base, for the Gjalp eruption, no rapid basal sliding was observed at the regional scale, with the formation of ice cauldrons over eruptive fissures due to the sudden removal of mass at the base.
330:
Magnusson, E., M. T. Gudmundsson, M. J. Roberts, G. Sigurosson, F. Hoskuldsson, and B. Oddsson. 2012. Ice-volcano interactions during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull
Eruption, as revealed by airborne imaging radar.
204:
In the first two days of the eruption, ice cauldrons were formed over the volcanic vents. Radar images reveal the development of these cauldrons in a 200 m thick ice cover within the summit
129:
thickness, but that the pre-volcanic ice structure and densification (proportion of impermeable ice) play a role as well. In this case, even though the glacier was thin, a large
137:
flood once the cavity has reached capacity. The resulting flood severely damaged buildings on the island, with complete destruction of a
British scientific station.
363:
145:
Over a period of 13 days in 1996, 3 km of ice was melted with erupted magma fracturing into glass to form a 7 km long and 300 m high
23:
Subglacial eruption: 1 water vapor cloud, 2 lake, 3 ice, 4 layers of lava and ash, 5 strata, 6 pillow lava, 7 magma conduit, 8 magma chamber, 9 dike
303:
Gudmundsson, M., F. Sigmundsson, and H. Bjornsson. 1997. Ice-volcano interaction of the 1996 Gjalp subglacial eruption, Vatnojokull, Iceland.
178:, extensive subglacial volcanism would be required, melting a considerable fraction of the total ice volume over a short period of time.
356:
199:
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528:
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783:
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372:
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702:
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Gudmundsson, M. T., G. Larsen, Á. Höskuldsson, and Á. G. Gylfason. 2008. Volcanic hazards in
Iceland,
1159:
738:
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166:
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was observed as the glacier was largely made up of impermeable (unfractured) ice with a sudden
87:. Flooding associated with meltwater is a significant hazard in some volcanic areas, including
1071:
778:
165:. Although it has been proposed that subglacial volcanism may play a role in the dynamics of
814:
403:
8:
1008:
753:
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277:
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eruption demonstrates that the impact of a subglacial eruption is not limited purely by
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Smellie, J. L., 2002. The 1969 subglacial eruption on
Deception Island (Antarctica).
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volcano in
Iceland. Meltwater flowed along a narrow basal glacier bed into a
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eruption in 2010 resulting in significant impacts to aviation across Europe.
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for five weeks, before being released as a sudden flood, or
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Lava domes at Mount St. Helens and a "runaway glacier"
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79:with ice and snow, leading to meltwater formation,
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371:
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333:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
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292:Geological Society, Special Publications
208:. They can also be used to document the
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55:
40:
26:
18:
149:ridge under 750 m of ice at Gjalp
1147:
510:
345:
116:Deception Island, Antarctica (1969)
13:
200:2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
64:extrusion at Mount Redoubt, Alaska
16:Eruption of an ice-covered volcano
14:
1171:
190:Explosive subglacial eruption at
45:Explosive subglacial eruption of
1134:Template:Periglacial environment
182:Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland (2010)
75:, result in the interaction of
324:
310:
297:
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1:
262:
217:in hyperconcentrated floods.
536:
7:
373:Types of volcanic eruptions
257:Types of volcanic eruptions
220:
110:
10:
1176:
197:
167:West Antarctic ice streams
1155:Phreatomagmatic eruptions
1114:
1047:
986:
863:
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615:
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141:Grímsvötn, Iceland (1996)
71:, those of ice-covered
294:, v. 202, pp. 59 - 79.
195:
65:
53:
38:
24:
1072:Giant current ripples
464:Other classifications
307:, 389, pp. 954 - 957.
189:
59:
44:
36:
22:
281:, 58, pp. 251 – 268.
69:Subglacial eruptions
1009:Moraine-dammed lake
836:Subglacial eruption
95:, and parts of the
841:Subglacial volcano
824:Volcanic relations
319:Scientific Reports
242:Subglacial volcano
232:Subaqueous volcano
196:
194:, Iceland, in 2010
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25:
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628:Accumulation zone
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247:Submarine volcano
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1029:Terminal moraine
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597:Piedmont glacier
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237:Subglacial mound
192:Eyjafjallajökull
123:Deception Island
105:Eyjafjallajökull
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1160:Glaciovolcanism
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1024:Sevetti moraine
982:
936:Roche moutonnée
881:Cirque stairway
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683:Lateral moraine
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419:Phreatomagmatic
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159:subglacial lake
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916:Hanging valley
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911:Glacial striae
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774:Periglaciation
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764:Outburst flood
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688:Medial moraine
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673:Glacier tongue
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1049:Glaciofluvial
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1039:Veiki moraine
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1019:Rogen moraine
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1014:Pulju moraine
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999:Erratic block
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961:Tunnel valley
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956:Trough valley
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886:Crag and tail
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769:Overdeepening
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744:Basal sliding
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623:Ablation zone
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147:hyaloclastite
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47:Mount Redoubt
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21:
987:Depositional
977:Zungenbecken
975:
906:Glacial lake
901:Glacial horn
835:
815:Mass balance
803:Measurements
739:Accumulation
663:Glacier head
658:Glacier cave
602:Rock glacier
426:
332:
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214:supraglacial
203:
172:
151:fissure vent
144:
135:supraglacial
119:
68:
67:
1092:Outwash fan
1087:Kettle hole
971:Valley step
951:Trough lake
931:Ribbon lake
891:Finger lake
633:Bergschrund
404:Strombolian
227:Pillow lava
81:jökulhlaups
60:Subglacial
1149:Categories
1119:Glaciology
1102:Urstromtal
1082:Kame delta
1034:Till plain
831:Jökulhlaup
789:Starvation
668:Ice divide
582:Ice stream
427:Subglacial
263:References
210:subglacial
163:jökulhlaup
131:jökulhlaup
864:Erosional
856:Landforms
727:Processes
708:Randkluft
703:Penitente
648:Dirt cone
577:Ice shelf
572:Ice sheet
567:Ice field
496:Subaerial
476:Explosive
437:Surtseyan
432:Submarine
409:Vulcanian
176:ice sheet
155:Grímsvötn
73:volcanoes
62:lava dome
1124:Category
1062:Diluvium
1057:Alpentor
966:U-valley
810:Ice core
779:Plucking
734:Ablation
718:Terminus
643:Crevasse
638:Blue ice
538:Glaciers
471:Effusive
455:Phreatic
447:Phreatic
389:Hawaiian
381:Magmatic
321:, 2(572)
221:See also
111:Examples
101:glaciers
1004:Moraine
994:Drumlin
921:Nunatak
784:Retreat
749:Calving
693:Moraine
678:Icefall
616:Anatomy
587:Ledoyom
562:Ice cap
486:Lateral
399:Plinian
206:caldera
127:glacier
89:Iceland
1097:Sandur
941:Suncup
926:P-form
876:Cirque
759:Motion
698:Moulin
557:Cirque
552:Aufeis
491:Limnic
394:Peléan
305:Nature
278:Jökull
93:Alaska
85:lahars
83:, and
51:Alaska
1067:Esker
896:Fjord
871:Arête
794:Surge
754:Creep
713:Sérac
545:Types
481:Flank
97:Andes
77:magma
1129:List
1077:Kame
946:Tarn
846:Tuya
653:Firn
252:Tuya
212:and
153:of
1151::
91:,
49:,
530:e
523:t
516:v
365:e
358:t
351:v
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