690:
3883:
2809:
1560:
3780:
3527:
366:
212:
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material. The highest rate of seismic activity is observed in the central portion of the boundary, between 33°S and 35°S. In this area, the angle of subduction is very low, meaning the subducting plate is nearly horizontal. Studies of mantle hydration across the subduction zone have shown a correlation between increased material hydration and lower-magnitude, more-frequent seismic activity. Zones exhibiting dehydration instead are thought to have a higher potential for larger, high-magnitude earthquakes in the future.
3678:
4132:
3027:
7406:
2795:
3059:
5655:
2425:
390:
2762:
1892:(6,110 m (20,046 ft)) are tens of kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network. The Andes' dendritic glacier arms, components of valley glaciers, were up to 112.5 km (69.9 mi) long and over 1,250 m (4,101 ft) thick, and spanned a vertical distance of 5,150 m (16,896 ft). The climatic glacier snowline (ELA) was lowered from 4,600 m (15,092 ft) to 3,200 m (10,499 ft) at glacial times.
49:
3204:
2953:
1094:
4104:
1082:
2055:
310:
232:
1542:
3382:
271:
1901:
2823:
284:
245:
5638:
2346:
3599:
1764:
258:
2039:
297:
3395:
5621:
4032:
3894:
1756:
1512:, 1983) mechanisms. The Amazonian Craton is actively underthrusted beneath the sub-Andes region of Peru, producing thrust faults. In Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, thrust faulting occurs along the sub-Andes due in response to compression brought on by subduction, while in the high Andes, normal faulting occurs in response to gravitational forces.
1771:
The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity decrease in higher elevations. The southern section is rainy and cool, while the central section is dry. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm,
1575:
of the Nazca Plate and
Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps. The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products, and morphology. While some differences can
1181:
and South
American Plate converge. These processes were accelerated by the effects of climate. As the uplift of the Andes created a rain shadow on the western fringes of Chile, ocean currents and prevailing winds carried moisture away from the Chilean coast. This caused some areas of the subduction
1788:
depends on the location. It is between 4,500 and 4,800 m (14,764 and 15,748 ft) in the tropical
Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800–5,200 m (15,748–17,060 ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru and northern Chile south to about
4977:
Kuhle, M. (2011): The High-Glacial (Last
Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence. Development in Quaternary Science, Vol. 15 (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A
1492:
The amount, magnitude, and type of seismic activity varies greatly along the subduction zone. These differences are due to a wide range of factors, including friction between the plates, angle of subduction, buoyancy of the subducting plate, rate of subduction, and hydration value of the mantle
3041:
Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops, which guarantees an early yield in periods of food shortage. Also, by early sowing, maize can be cultivated higher up in the mountains (up to 3,800 m (12,500 ft)). In addition, it makes cropping in the dry season
1874:
climate is considered to be typical of the subtropical position at 32–34° S. The valley bottoms have no woods, just dwarf scrub. The largest glaciers, for example the Plomo
Glacier and the Horcones Glaciers, do not even reach 10 km (6.2 mi) in length and have only insignificant ice
5063:
Kuhle, M. (2004): The Last
Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America). In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciation— Extent and Chronology. Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica.
2018:. These trees, by locals referred to as Queñua, Yagual, and other names, can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level. It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the
3176:
In 2000, biologist
Constantino Aucca founded Ecoan, an NGO promoting conservation of threatened species and endangered Andean ecosystems. Since then, the organization has reforested 4.5 million plants across 16 protected areas, involving 37 Andean communities in the process.
767:
off the coast of
Venezuela, were formerly thought to represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range, but ongoing geological studies indicate that such a simplification does not do justice to the complex tectonic boundary between the
5053:
Kuhle, M. (1990): The
Probability of Proof in Geomorphology—an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type, the Ice-marginal Ramp (Bortensander). In: GeoJournal 21 (3); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London:
1879:
20,000 years ago, the glaciers were over ten times longer. On the east side of this section of the
Mendozina Andes, they flowed down to 2,060 m (6,759 ft) and on the west side to about 1,220 m (4,003 ft) above sea level. The massifs of
4588:
Santos, J.O.S.; Rizzotto, G.J.; Potter, P.E.; McNaughton, N.J.; Matos, R.S.; Hartmann, L.A.; Chemale Jr., F.; Quadros, M.E.S. (2008). "Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U–Pb geochronology".
1230:
can be considered their ultimate western limit. From a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and less-rugged topography. The Andes also contain large quantities of
5043:
Kuhle, M. (1990): Ice Marginal Ramps and Alluvial Fans in Semi-Arid Mountains: Convergence and Difference. In: Rachocki, A.H., Church, M. (eds.): Alluvial fans: A field approach. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto-Singapore:
4940:
Jan-Christoph Otto, Joachim Götz, Markus Keuschnig, Ingo Hartmeyer, Dario Trombotto, and Lothar Schrott (2010). Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system—Morenas Coloradas valley (Cordon del Plata, Mendoza,
3159:
in Peru. Other metals, including iron, gold, and tin, in addition to non-metallic resources are important. The Andes have a vast supply of lithium; Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile have the three largest reserves in the world respectively.
5024:
Kuhle, M. (1988): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. In: Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 (4): 1–17 (in Chinese
3180:
Aucca's efforts caught the attention of Florent Kaiser, a Franco-German forest engineer. During a visit to Peru in 2018, Aucca invited Kaiser to the Queuña Raymi festival, where Cusco communities engage in queñual reforestation.
681:"rope" and is used as a descriptive name for several contiguous sections of the Andes, as well as the entire Andean range, and the combined mountain chain along the western part of the North and South American continents.
4996:
Kuhle, M. (1984): Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua-Gruppe (32–33° S). In: Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11/12, Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika-Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg:
3168:
Depending on the country, this species goes by different names. In Peru, it is known as queñual, queuña, or queñoa; in Bolivia, as kewiña; in Ecuador, as yagual; and in Argentina, tabaquillo. Regardless of the name,
1270:
Elbow. Further south lies the Maipo Orocline, a more subtle orocline between 30° S and 38°S with a seaward-concave break in the trend at 33° S. Near the southern tip of the Andes lies the Patagonian Orocline.
5015:
Kuhle, M. (1987): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. In: GeoJournal 14 (4); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 393–421.
2900:
defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru, and Chile took over Bolivia's only province on the Pacific Coast, some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later. Bolivia has been completely
1258:. The Andean segments north and south of the Orocline have been rotated 15° counter-clockwise to 20° clockwise respectively. The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of the maximum width of the
5074:
4829:
Suárez, Gerardo; Molnar, Peter; Burchfiel, B. Clark (1983). "Seismicity, fault plane solutions, depth of faulting, and active tectonics of the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia".
2871:. Only recently have the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west been connected. Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft.
1576:
be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighboring volcanoes. Despite being a typical location for
1182:
zone to be sediment-starved, causing excess friction and an increased rate of compressed coastal uplift. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the
3173:
is a high-Andean genus encompassing up to 45 species of trees and shrubs distributed across the South American Andes, from Venezuela to Patagonia, found up to 5,000 meters above sea level.
1836:, precipitation is more sporadic, and there are strong temperature oscillations. The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time, leaving a whole glacier in the
2525:'s seat of government, is the highest capital city in the world, at an elevation of approximately 3,650 m (11,975 ft). Parts of the La Paz conurbation, including the city of
8011:
8148:
1509:
8050:
1943:
and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. Opposite the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile, and Argentina. Along with several
8168:
4866:"The great escape: Petrogenesis of low-silica volcanism of Pliocene to Quaternary age associated with the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of northern Chile (21°10′-22°50′S)"
7996:
4703:
Wilson, T.J. (1991). "Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District, Chile".
5493:
Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the highlands on Peru and Bolivia, a contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes.
1364:
rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. The rise of the Andes has not been constant, as different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and
1246:
is a seaward-concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18° S. At this point, the orientation of the Andes turns from northwest in
5741:
2463:, which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon. The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the
8193:
8097:
7847:
7807:
5378:
7776:
3038:
is the most common type of land use. In the rainy season (summer), part of the rangeland is used for cropping (mainly potatoes, barley, broad beans, and wheat).
5692:
1870:
Though precipitation increases with height, there are semiarid conditions in the nearly-7,000-metre (22,966 ft) highest mountains of the Andes. This dry
8006:
7981:
5736:
2146:, occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities. Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the
7868:
5111:
4738:
Rodriguez Piceda, Constanza; Gao, Ya-Jian; Cacace, Mauro; Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena; Bott, Judith; Strecker, Manfred; Tilmann, Frederik (17 March 2023).
4563:; Pinto, Luisa; Rodríguez, María Pía (2006). "3. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile". In Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes (eds.).
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7875:
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The Andes range has many active volcanoes distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity. The Andean volcanism is a result of the
7826:
7812:
7788:
5082:
3941:
2874:
However, there is one railroad that connects Chile with Peru via the Andes, and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia.
7861:
5404:
5034:
Kuhle, M. (1989): Ice-Marginal Ramps: An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations. In: GeoJournal 18; Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 223–238.
483:) and has an average height of about 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The Andes extend from South to North through seven South American countries:
8133:
7991:
7748:
2982:
has been a common practice. Terracing, however, was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm. The
1496:
The mountain range is also a source of shallow intraplate earthquakes within the South American Plate. The largest such earthquake (as of 2024)
8040:
5896:
5726:
5317:
Published in Annual Report 1989, pp. 8–24, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line:
1932:
1124:
1863:. In these regions, glaciers occur typically at higher altitudes than rock glaciers. The lowest active rock glaciers occur at 900 m a.s.l. in
124:
7819:
7800:
3995:
2398:
The Andes Mountains form a north–south axis of cultural influences. A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the
2888:
For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. However, these claims were given up in about 1870 during the
1580:
and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano-tectonic settings, such as rift systems, extensional zones,
4495:
Prezzi, Claudia B.; Vilas, Juan F. (1998). "New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow (Argentine Puna)".
2885:, in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay.
5284:
7170:
7029:
5685:
5576:
4864:
González-Maurel, Osvaldo; le Roux, Petrus; Godoy, Benigno; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Menzies, Andrew (15 November 2019).
4259:
8231:
4658:
216:
Map of South America showing the Andes running along the entire western part (roughly parallel to the Pacific coast) of the continent
5584:
4915:
7356:
4425:
1567:
shows the high plains of the Andes Mountains in the foreground, with a line of young volcanoes facing the much lower Atacama Desert
5128:
2761:
4534:"The Maipo Orocline: A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes"
2240:") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and far northwestern Argentina. These forest-types, which includes the
2443:, the Incas were defeated in 1532 by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated (e.g.
7443:
7163:
7049:
1640:
or volcanic systems. The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that reduced the disturbing actions of
7158:
7092:
5678:
5544:
5525:
5500:
5440:
5237:
5218:
5188:
5166:
4572:
4166:
1726:
2244:
and parts of the Chocó, are very rich in flora and fauna, although few large mammals exist, exceptions being the threatened
7153:
7117:
7056:
3071:
465:
332:
7741:
7146:
7141:
7087:
5814:
5609:
5006:
Kuhle, M. (1986): Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 9/86: 42–54.
2868:
2808:
2537:
3010:, despite eradication programs in some countries, remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating
7015:
5889:
5329:
1117:
879:
689:
2867:
practices. For example, the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the
601:
in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the
8241:
7436:
7097:
5486:
5472:
5458:
2385:
1063:
833:
432:
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3195:
This list contains some of the major peaks in the Andes mountain range. The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina.
8246:
7112:
7102:
7044:
7022:
7005:
7000:
6919:
472:. The range is 8,900 km (5,530 mi) long and 200 to 700 km (124 to 435 mi) wide (widest between
4459:
Beck, Myrl E. (1987), "Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America: The Bolivian orocline revisited",
7715:
7122:
6951:
6817:
6731:
6681:
5599:
Peaklist.org: Complete list of mountains in South America with an elevation at/above 1,500 m (4,920 ft)
4384:
4376:
3344:
1984:, is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. Other important crops that originated from the Andes are
1689:
1386:
The far east regions of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny. Parts of the
1058:
5854:
5108:
4724:
4198:
Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua–Spanish dictionary)
7734:
7066:
5593:
5212:
Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America.
3603:
3219:
3190:
2511:
is a coastal city adjacent to the Andes and is the largest city of all Andean countries. It is the seat of the
2367:
1904:
4482:
8236:
7761:
7376:
7361:
5882:
2936:
continue to carry out important uses as pack animals, but this use has generally diminished in modern times.
1110:
628:) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of the
7409:
7061:
6691:
6418:
6123:
4632:"The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba"
3882:
963:
741:
325:
117:
2780:
864:
6548:
5258:
4260:"Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography"
2725:
2512:
2253:
958:
854:
2413:
as well as careful and meticulous governmental management. The government sponsored the construction of
6726:
6711:
6009:
5994:
5731:
4789:"Seismicity and tectonic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera and the sub-Andean zone of central Peru"
3611:
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884:
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4865:
8183:
7986:
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7107:
7039:
7010:
6995:
6736:
6661:
4423:
Kley, J. (1999), "Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline",
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between Chile and the allied Bolivia and Peru, in a diplomatic deal to keep Peru out of the war. The
2217:
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859:
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for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since 1978.
869:
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Because of the tortuous terrain in places, villages and towns in the mountains—to which travel via
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1841:
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993:
7622:
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6941:
6618:
6328:
6323:
5644:
4171:
3731:
3713:
3707:
3526:
3144:
2822:
2476:
2356:
2268:
2043:
1730:
1482:
5751:
4987:
Brüggen, J. (1929): Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden. Geol. Rundsch. 20, 1–35, Berlin.
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Closer Look, Eds: Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D.), 735–738. (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam).
4740:"The influence of mantle hydration and flexure on slab seismicity in the southern Central Andes"
3514:
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7602:
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7320:
7127:
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6524:
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4532:
Arriagada, César; Ferrando, Rodolfo; Córdova, Loreto; Morata, Diego; Roperch, Pierrick (2013),
3749:
3647:
3430:
2877:
There are multiple highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes. Some of these were built during a
2414:
2363:
1505:
1497:
701:. The Andes range is about 200 km (124 mi) wide throughout its length, except in the
20:
7554:
3074:. Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals, the
2088:(13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (about 1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of
1733:
rule. Since then, many former Spanish territories have become five independent Andean states.
988:
874:
8123:
8001:
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7966:
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7921:
7413:
7277:
7197:
6840:
6741:
6350:
4627:
2541:
2428:
1478:
1434:
1423:
1068:
968:
5182:
Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay.
5160:
Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.
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1399:
66:
8138:
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7757:
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5598:
5348:"Lithium: What Role Does Tesla Play In The Demand For This Precious Metal? - Commodity.com"
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4330:
4292:
4274:
4064:
3816:
3783:
3623:
3454:
3374:
2969:
1967:
1955:
vegetation, reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually-lifeless Atacama Desert.
1703:
1613:
1536:
1477:
to this day. Many high-magnitude earthquakes have been recorded in the region, such as the
1462:
1314:
1286:
1183:
1174:
1142:
1028:
1002:
769:
515:
95:
8020:
3822:
3290:
2794:
2752:, which is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extremity of South America.
2421:
in addition to pre-existing installations. Some of these constructions still exist today.
8:
8178:
8158:
8030:
7946:
7705:
7471:
6936:
6601:
6538:
6514:
6345:
6206:
6152:
6093:
6064:
6004:
5999:
5581:
4919:
2848:-paved roads, while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads, which may require a
2829:
2721:
2553:
2448:
2406:
in the central Andes during the 15th century. The Incas formed this civilization through
2335:
2272:
2221:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1644:. The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive
1376:
1207:
849:
621:
606:
594:
551:
477:
473:
211:
4877:
4842:
4807:
4755:
4716:
4604:
4510:
4474:
4438:
4397:
4334:
4278:
1628:
mineralizations occur, making Chile and Peru the first- and second-largest exporters of
1218:
in eastern South America. In the south, the Andes share a long boundary with the former
8206:
8055:
7224:
6845:
6808:
6686:
6132:
6054:
6014:
5989:
5794:
5789:
5132:
4897:
4677:
4650:
4354:
4151:
3617:
3574:
3530:
3356:
3268:
2961:
2889:
2741:
2729:
2545:
2143:
2071:
1972:
1944:
1633:
1632:
in the world. Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by
1263:
1023:
812:
807:
514:
Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate
62:
7617:
4518:
4446:
3091:
983:
8107:
7895:
7889:
7537:
7305:
6924:
6751:
6716:
6577:
6572:
6553:
6362:
6189:
5949:
5834:
5829:
5804:
5540:
5521:
5496:
5482:
5468:
5454:
5436:
5398:
5233:
5214:
5184:
5162:
4901:
4889:
4815:
4769:
4654:
4568:
4560:
4461:
4346:
3846:
3804:
3701:
3042:(winter) possible and allows the cultivation of frost-resistant vegetable crops like
2965:
2917:
2864:
2786:
2693:
2657:
2464:
2456:
2399:
1474:
1243:
1227:
1195:
1146:
1009:
649:
5839:
4612:
4088:
4070:
1387:
593:, rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m (22,838 ft) above sea level. The
570:. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the
365:
8153:
7951:
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is of little use—are still located in the high Andes of Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and
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that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries, even with modern
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The Andes are rich in fauna: With almost 1,000 species, of which roughly 2/3 are
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374:
5379:"Más de 10 millones de árboles nuevos: el premiado plan que reforesta los Andes"
5064:
Development in Quaternary Science, vol. 2c. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 75–81.
4233:
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was also an important crop for these people, and was used for the production of
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6147:
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5809:
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in Peru were among the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World.
3087:
2577:
2440:
2245:
2232:, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher
2191:
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1924:
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1098:
978:
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916:
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571:
19:
This article is about the mountain range in South America. For other uses, see
5432:
2030:, with some believing that as little as 10% of the original woodland remains.
1859:
are larger and more common than glaciers; this is due to the high exposure to
1668:
and the latter the world's largest reserve of the element. Early Mesozoic and
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6504:
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4773:
4208:
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4007:
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3484:
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2709:
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2213:
2139:
2108:
2047:
1936:
1889:
1848:
1784:. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The
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in the 19th century, when rebel forces swept through the region to overthrow
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1372:
1223:
1219:
1199:
1170:
973:
905:
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on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m (22,615 ft).
469:
347:
334:
139:
126:
5229:
Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young, editors (2008).
4850:
4405:
4258:
Miller, Meghan S.; Levander, Alan; Niu, Fenglin; Li, Aibing (23 June 2008).
3755:
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2424:
2084:. The diversity of animals in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of
389:
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7710:
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7479:
7428:
7295:
7234:
7214:
7204:
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6886:
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6313:
6282:
6231:
6103:
6032:
5969:
5959:
5849:
5844:
5784:
5774:
4630:; Casquet, C.; Baldo, E.; Saavedra, J.; Galindo, C.; Fanning, C.M. (1998).
4377:"Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline"
4350:
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4109:
4076:
4001:
3635:
3544:
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3424:
3314:
3296:
3249:
3231:
3212:
3148:
2897:
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2713:
2460:
2237:
2225:
2171:
1856:
1711:
1577:
1524:
1489:(M9.5), which as of 2024 was the strongest ever recorded on seismometers.
1395:
1380:
1203:
1150:
1086:
721:
5318:
3953:
3078:
of the Andes were first mined on a large scale after the Spanish arrival.
2459:. One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was
2236:
can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests ("
48:
7527:
7517:
7351:
7310:
7241:
6946:
6835:
6778:
6706:
6656:
6543:
6519:
6408:
6246:
6164:
6142:
6118:
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5954:
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4287:
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2952:
2665:
2407:
2403:
2331:
2187:
2183:
2166:
2156:
2119:
2092:(about 45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (about 1/3 endemic).
2026:, the clearance has accelerated, and the trees are now considered highly
1833:
1707:
1699:
1617:
1545:
1454:
1294:
1187:
1178:
942:
937:
921:
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2496:
2080:
to the region, the Andes are the most important region in the world for
2054:
1940:
1776:. The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances.
1266:. The specific point at 18° S where the coastline bends is known as the
1081:
539:
7882:
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7597:
6881:
6850:
6676:
6671:
6335:
6296:
6258:
6176:
6049:
5934:
5929:
5627:
4319:"Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes"
3959:
3870:
3858:
3665:
3653:
3562:
3418:
3243:
3011:
2975:
2902:
2573:
2410:
2370: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2315:
2280:
2175:
2131:
2027:
1928:
1777:
1677:
1572:
1470:
1341:
1211:
1166:
744:
range is often, but not always, treated as part of the Northern Andes.
673:
633:
625:
598:
5561:
4318:
2697:
2613:
1541:
1504: 7.5. In the Peruvian Andes, these earthquakes display normal (
1093:
760:
468:
in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of
7667:
7655:
7650:
7582:
7328:
6987:
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6423:
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5944:
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5913:
5779:
5761:
5661:
4161:
3989:
3965:
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3326:
3308:
3302:
3278:
3225:
3208:
3203:
3152:
3118:
3095:
2878:
2681:
2641:
2601:
2533:
2203:
2104:
2081:
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1994:
1948:
1920:
1916:
1900:
1885:
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1825:
1821:
1817:
1785:
1750:
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1415:
1298:
1259:
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1038:
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has been debated. The majority consensus is that it derives from the
590:
579:
575:
563:
508:
484:
393:
382:
315:
237:
91:
74:
70:
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Irrigation and erosion/flood control at high altitudes in the Andes.
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2581:
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6367:
6277:
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5904:
5287:
Jujuy apuesta a captar las cargas de Brasil en tránsito hacia Chile
4013:
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3834:
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3798:
3787:
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holds a very important role as an internally-consumed staple crop.
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2597:
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2296:
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2077:
1999:
1963:
1837:
1793:
before descending to 4,500 m (14,760 ft) on Aconcagua at
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1773:
1763:
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1411:
1337:
1325:
1318:
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1158:
1138:
1033:
702:
660:
629:
535:
504:
480:
276:
187:
54:
3237:
3109:
places these countries as the first and second major producers of
2979:
2974:
The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced
2038:
1813:; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.
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6827:
6565:
6455:
6413:
6301:
6113:
6108:
6037:
5713:
3947:
3886:
3791:
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3412:
3350:
3132:
There is a long history of mining in the Andes, from the Spanish
3083:
3035:
3015:
2995:
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techniques for over 6,000 years. Because of the mountain slopes,
2921:
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2745:
2737:
2677:
2669:
2621:
2593:
2561:
2526:
2522:
2284:
2264:
2161:
2100:
2089:
2011:
2003:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1669:
1665:
1649:
1553:
1466:
1365:
1329:
1302:
1290:
1048:
756:
610:
555:
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500:
492:
289:
250:
4863:
1935:
used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly
1149:
that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the
7793:
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7522:
7333:
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6391:
6098:
6085:
4031:
3983:
3977:
3923:
3864:
3580:
3394:
3136:
3133:
3125:, although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the
3110:
3047:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2937:
2933:
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2733:
2617:
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surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827.
2241:
2151:
2135:
2115:
2085:
2059:
1989:
1871:
1715:
1672:
plutonism in Bolivia's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian
1629:
1344:
Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the
1324:
The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the
1310:
1215:
1053:
559:
107:
5262:
4587:
4531:
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1820:
can be divided into two climatic and glaciological zones: the
1648:
which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic
421:
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5905:
5765:
5717:
5603:
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The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building
2814:
2705:
2605:
2585:
2504:
2418:
2288:
2283:
are commonly seen—in contrast to several vocal but typically-
2207:
2111:
2015:
1952:
1676:
belt as well as the famous, now-mostly-depleted, deposits of
1596:
ascent paths, and different amount of crustal assimilations.
1593:
1267:
1251:
752:
717:
585:
The Andes are the highest mountain range which is outside of
547:
523:
488:
378:
263:
58:
1706:, which culminated in the establishment of the century-long
1262:, and according to Isacks (1988) the Orocline is related to
664:(Quechua for "east region"), one of the four regions of the
7833:
6218:
4786:
4725:
10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0098:tfbatf>2.3.co;2
4625:
3568:
3359:, 6,749 m (22,142 ft) (south summit) (III Region)
3338:
3114:
3106:
3070:
The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the
3007:
2941:
2625:
2508:
2500:
2127:
2123:
2019:
2007:
1609:
1592:
chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and
1406:
can be observed, owe their modern uplift and relief to the
1333:
1247:
586:
531:
496:
302:
5582:
Blueplanetbiomes.org: Climate and animal life of the Andes
5248:
D'Altroy, Terence N. The Incas. Blackwell Publishing, 2003
5075:"Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions"
4787:
Dorbath, L.; Dorbath, C.; Jimenez, E.; Rivera, L. (1991).
2491:, with a metropolitan population of over ten million, and
1772:
with an average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F) in
1755:
5594:
Discover-peru.org: Regions and Microclimates in the Andes
4483:
10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<806:trotle>2.0.co;2
3256:
3122:
3117:
also contains the 4th-largest goldmine in the world: the
2216:
hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered
1780:
exist just kilometers away from the snow-covered peak of
1710:. This all changed in the 16th century, when the Spanish
1673:
1605:
1564:
412:
5866:
Note: Passes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1383:, which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain.
1998:
forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of
1828:. Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of the
1453:
along the entire west coast of South America where the
4559:
1332:
began the breakup that resulted in developing several
5422:
4828:
3163:
2487:
In modern times, the largest cities in the Andes are
1966:
to the region, surpassing the diversity of any other
1616:
act as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of
1194:. To the east, the Andes range is bounded by several
433:
424:
415:
4099:
705:
where it is about 640 kilometres (398 mi) wide.
418:
5572:. Vol. II (9th ed.). 1878. p. 15-18.
4257:
3521:
409:
2046:, a species found in humid Andean forests and the
1915:and floristic regions, due to its extension, from
5377:Ruiz, Iván Antezana Q. , Flor (11 January 2024).
4973:
4971:
3277:, 3,375 m (11,073 ft) or 3,405 m,
1394:disappeared from the surface of the earth, being
8218:
7756:
5700:
4553:
2994:, important to Andean native people. Currently,
2130:. The crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk)
1652:. Yet another result of the dry climate are the
65:with a large ice field on the southern slope of
4567:. Geological Society of London. pp. 5–19.
740:At the northern end of the Andes, the separate
5223:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5176:
5174:
5154:
5152:
5150:
4968:
4619:
3098:derive their names from the silver of Potosí.
2529:, extend up to 4,200 m (13,780 ft).
2138:order, inhabit the Andes' alpine regions. The
1599:
1371:Across the 1,000-kilometer-wide (620 mi)
709:The Andes can be divided into three sections:
7742:
7444:
5890:
5686:
5481:Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen:
5180:Eisenberg, J.F.; & Redford, K.H. (1992).
5158:Eisenberg, J.F.; & Redford, K.H. (2000).
4525:
1725:nationalism, the Andes became the scene of a
1418:, the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the
1118:
653:
518:. The Andes are the location of several high
185:
7458:
5403:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4949:
4947:
4831:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
4370:
4368:
1694:The Andes Mountains, initially inhabited by
1235:located in many mountains within the range.
5537:Wild Winds: Adventures in the Highest Andes
5453:. 3rd. edition. Andes: Kirkcudbrightshire.
5193:
5171:
5147:
4494:
2455:) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by
1962:live in the Andes, with roughly half being
1238:The Andean orogen has a series of bends or
1214:, that separate the Andes from the ancient
7749:
7735:
7451:
7437:
5897:
5883:
5693:
5679:
5520:(3 ed.). Scotland: Andes Publishing.
4954:Corte, Arturo E. (1976). "Rock glaciers".
4637:. In Pankhurst, R.J; Rapela, C.W. (eds.).
4488:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4234:"Mountains, biodiversity and conservation"
2844:Cities and large towns are connected with
2532:Other cities in or near the Andes include
1714:colonized the mountains in advance of the
1309:collided and amalgamated with the ancient
1125:
1111:
5104:
5102:
5100:
4944:
4780:
4763:
4365:
4316:
4286:
3121:. The Bolivian Andes principally produce
2386:Learn how and when to remove this message
1664:, the former being the largest source of
1289:has been the place of several pre-Andean
522:—some of which host major cities such as
5251:
4822:
4796:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
4426:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
4030:
3892:
3881:
3778:
3676:
3597:
3525:
3393:
3380:
3202:
3143:in the 16th century to the vast current
3057:
3025:
2951:
2774:is the highest capital city in the world
2423:
2053:
2037:
1899:
1762:
1754:
1736:
1702:and the rise of politically centralized
1558:
1540:
1336:. The development continued through the
688:
589:. The range's highest peak, Argentina's
566:is the world's second highest after the
388:
364:
5210:Fjeldsaa, J.; & Krabbe, N. (1990).
4452:
4411:
4194:
4192:
2956:Peruvian farmers sowing maize and beans
2439:Devastated by European diseases and by
1805:, and only 300 m (980 ft) in
8219:
5534:
5513:
5097:
4744:Communications Earth & Environment
4705:Geological Society of America Bulletin
4702:
4374:
3257:The border between Argentina and Chile
3014:, and illegally for the production of
2259:Birds of humid Andean forests include
2142:, the largest bird of its kind in the
1911:The Andean region cuts across several
1875:thickness. At glacial times, however,
1313:of eastern South America, by then the
7730:
7432:
5878:
5674:
5491:Fjeldså, J. & M. Kessler (1996).
5372:
5370:
5368:
4953:
3211:, Argentina, the highest mountain in
3030:Irrigating land in the Peruvian Andes
2160:, and, for birds, certain species of
1907:tropical dry forest in Northern Andes
1888:(6,550 m (21,490 ft)), and
1636:(mostly water) during the cooling of
5610:
5577:University of Arizona: Andes geology
5477:Fjeldså, J. & N. Krabbe (1990).
5376:
5295:. La Nación newspaper. 7 August 2009
4458:
4422:
4189:
2368:adding citations to reliable sources
2339:
1612:deposits, and some of their eastern
1508:), strike-slip (1976), and reverse (
1222:. To the west, the Andes end at the
1153:region. The Andes are the result of
736:in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
53:An aerial view of the Andes between
5231:Threatened Amphibians of the World.
4664:from the original on 9 October 2022
4641:. Vol. 142. pp. 181–217.
4639:The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana
2869:Paso Internacional Los Libertadores
1444:
1402:, where the effects of the ancient
13:
5423:Oncken, Onno; et al. (2006).
5365:
3164:Accion Andina's reforestation plan
3101:Currently, mining in the Andes of
1947:, they are typically dominated by
1919:Venezuela to cold, windy, and wet
1797:, 2,000 m (6,600 ft) at
466:longest continental mountain range
14:
8258:
5554:
4317:Lamb, Simon; Davis, Paul (2003).
4238:Food and Agriculture Organization
3668:, c.6,046 m (19,836 ft)
3662:, c.5,993 m (19,662 ft)
3072:Spanish conquest of South America
2839:
2321:
1884:(6,961 m (22,838 ft)),
1698:, experienced the development of
8232:Mountain ranges of South America
7405:
7404:
6737:West South Central United States
5653:
5636:
5619:
4130:
4116:
4102:
3650:, c.1,100 m (3,609 ft)
3644:, c.1,900 m (6,234 ft)
3638:, c.2,500 m (8,202 ft)
3632:, c.2,300 m (7,546 ft)
3522:Border between Bolivia and Chile
2924:. Locally, the relatives of the
2821:
2807:
2793:
2779:
2760:
2344:
2302:A number of species such as the
2134:, two threatened members of the
1801:, 500 m (1,640 ft) at
1092:
1080:
405:
308:
295:
282:
269:
256:
243:
230:
210:
47:
6952:Latin America and the Caribbean
6818:Latin America and the Caribbean
5517:The Andes: A Guide for Climbers
5507:
5465:The Andes: As the Condor Flies.
5451:The Andes: A Guide For Climbers
5427:. Frontiers in Earth Sciences.
5340:
5322:
5307:
5277:
5242:
5121:
5067:
5057:
5047:
5037:
5028:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4990:
4981:
4934:
4908:
4857:
4731:
4696:
4613:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.06.009
4581:
4385:Journal of Geophysical Research
4267:Journal of Geophysical Research
4073:, 4,180 m (13,714 ft)
4067:, 4,740 m (15,551 ft)
4061:, 4,920 m (16,142 ft)
4055:, 4,880 m (16,010 ft)
4049:, 4,940 m (16,207 ft)
4043:, 4,978 m (16,332 ft)
4022:, 6,089 m (19,977 ft)
4016:, 6,635 m (21,768 ft)
4010:, 5,557 m (18,232 ft)
4004:, 6,344 m (20,814 ft)
3998:, 5,860 m (19,226 ft)
3992:, 6,271 m (20,574 ft)
3986:, 6,127 m (20,102 ft)
3980:, 5,870 m (19,259 ft)
3974:, 6,040 m (19,816 ft)
3968:, 5,991 m (19,656 ft)
3962:, 6,094 m (19,993 ft)
3956:, 6,768 m (22,205 ft)
3950:, 6,395 m (20,981 ft)
3944:, 5,830 m (19,127 ft)
3938:, 5,822 m (19,101 ft)
3932:, 6,377 m (20,922 ft)
3926:, 6,106 m (20,033 ft)
3920:, 5,960 m (19,554 ft)
3914:, 6,025 m (19,767 ft)
3908:, 5,947 m (19,511 ft)
3873:, 5,023 m (16,480 ft)
3867:, 5,230 m (17,159 ft)
3861:, 3,562 m (11,686 ft)
3855:, 3,914 m (12,841 ft)
3849:, 4,784 m (15,696 ft)
3843:, 5,248 m (17,218 ft)
3837:, 5,320 m (17,454 ft)
3831:, 5,897 m (19,347 ft)
3825:, 4,790 m (15,715 ft)
3819:, 6,268 m (20,564 ft)
3813:, 4,723 m (15,495 ft)
3807:, 5,790 m (18,996 ft)
3801:, 5,752 m (18,871 ft)
3770:, 4,070 m (13,353 ft)
3764:, 4,276 m (14,029 ft)
3758:, 4,150 m (13,615 ft)
3752:, 4,955 m (16,257 ft)
3746:, 4,655 m (15,272 ft)
3740:, 5,215 m (17,110 ft)
3734:, 5,410 m (17,749 ft)
3728:, 4,445 m (14,583 ft)
3722:, 4,764 m (15,630 ft)
3716:, 5,320 m (17,454 ft)
3710:, 5,200 m (17,060 ft)
3704:, 5,205 m (17,077 ft)
3698:, 5,321 m (17,457 ft)
3692:, 5,365 m (17,602 ft)
3620:, 4,058 m (13,314 ft)
3589:, 6,282 m (20,610 ft)
3583:, 5,420 m (17,782 ft)
3577:, 6,348 m (20,827 ft)
3571:, 5,407 m (17,740 ft)
3565:, 5,920 m (19,423 ft)
3559:, 5,163 m (16,939 ft)
3553:, 5,305 m (17,405 ft)
3547:, 6,176 m (20,262 ft)
3541:, 6,052 m (19,856 ft)
3517:, 4,969 m (16,302 ft)
3511:, 6,008 m (19,711 ft)
3505:, 5,035 m (16,519 ft)
3499:, 5,430 m (17,815 ft)
3493:, 5,300 m (17,390 ft)
3487:, 6,542 m (21,463 ft)
3481:, 5,392 m (17,690 ft)
3475:, 5,750 m (18,865 ft)
3469:, 5,871 m (19,260 ft)
3463:, 5,400 m (17,720 ft)
3457:, 5,182 m (17,001 ft)
3451:, 6,438 m (21,122 ft)
3445:, 6,368 m (20,892 ft)
3439:, 6,088 m (19,974 ft)
3433:, 6,044 m (19,829 ft)
3427:, 6,074 m (19,928 ft)
3421:, 5,422 m (17,789 ft)
3415:, 5,860 m (19,226 ft)
3409:, 6,427 m (21,086 ft)
3377:, 6,492 m (21,299 ft)
3371:, 6,570 m (21,555 ft)
3365:, 3,491 m (11,453 ft)
3353:, 6,051 m (19,852 ft)
3347:, 6,127 m (20,102 ft)
3345:Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas
3341:, 5,407 m (17,740 ft)
3335:, 6,893 m (22,615 ft)
3329:, 6,110 m (20,046 ft)
3323:, 5,264 m (17,270 ft)
3317:, 6,739 m (22,110 ft)
3311:, 5,697 m (18,691 ft)
3305:, 6,620 m (21,719 ft)
3299:, 5,890 m (19,324 ft)
3293:, 5,463 m (17,923 ft)
3287:, 5,447 m (17,871 ft)
3271:, 5,401 m (17,720 ft)
3252:, 6,795 m (22,293 ft)
3246:, 6,720 m (22,047 ft)
3240:, 5,912 m (19,396 ft)
3234:, 6,759 m (22,175 ft)
3228:, 6,961 m (22,838 ft)
2355:needs additional citations for
1690:History of Andean South America
1604:The Andes Mountains host large
1465:continue to produce an ongoing
1157:processes extending during the
620:The Andes are also part of the
16:Mountain range in South America
5467:Firefly books: Richmond Hill.
4310:
4251:
4226:
4201:
3656:, c.825 m (2,707 ft)
3626:, 2,884 m (9,462 ft)
3604:Torres del Paine National Park
3220:List of mountains in Argentina
3191:List of mountains in the Andes
2947:
2944:, and horses are also useful.
2164:(notably members of the genus
1923:passing through the hyperarid
1515:In the extreme south, a major
624:, a chain of mountain ranges (
1:
8149:Middle East Eastern Highlands
5415:
4647:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.142.01.10
4519:10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00058-4
4447:10.1016/s0895-9811(99)00015-2
4091:4,609 m (15,121 ft)
4085:4,740 m (15,551 ft)
4079:4,729 m (15,515 ft)
3602:View of Cuernos del Paine in
3281:, also known as Cerro Chaltén
3021:
2118:are widely kept by locals as
1876:
1186:due to the subduction of the
164:8,900 km (5,500 mi)
112:6,961 m (22,838 ft)
6419:Middle East and North Africa
6124:Middle East and North Africa
5479:The Birds of the High Andes.
4886:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105162
4816:10.1016/0895-9811(91)90015-D
4167:Mountain passes of the Andes
4026:
3198:
2736:in Venezuela. The cities of
2107:, while the closely related
1530:
1469:resulting in minor to major
1414:. Further south in southern
1141:belt of mountains along the
742:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
684:
677:comes from the Spanish word
639:
613:are in the Andes, including
7:
8012:Chiapas–Guatemala Highlands
4095:
3672:
3006:are the main export crops.
2905:ever since. It mostly uses
2513:Andean Community of Nations
2254:yellow-tailed woolly monkey
2103:can be found living in the
1727:series of independence wars
1600:Ore deposits and evaporates
10:
8263:
8103:East Australian Cordillera
6712:Northeastern United States
5330:"Information on Argentina"
5118:– biodiversityhotspots.org
4765:10.1038/s43247-023-00729-1
3774:
3612:List of mountains in Chile
3609:
3389:
3260:
3217:
3188:
2959:
2325:
2308:white-browed tit-spinetail
2069:
1740:
1687:
1683:
1620:. In the forelands of the
1534:
1449:Tectonic forces above the
1340:Period. It was during the
1278:
1274:
779:
644:The etymology of the word
18:
8202:
8184:Himalayan Mountain System
8116:
8108:Western Australian Shield
8090:
8069:
7987:Baja California peninsula
7914:
7769:
7681:
7633:
7568:
7503:
7470:
7400:
7342:
7319:
7286:
7250:
7183:
7077:
6985:
6976:
6905:
6826:
6632:
6436:
6217:
6175:
6084:
6075:
6023:
5980:
5920:
5863:
5760:
5712:
5433:10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8
4375:Isacks, Bryan L. (1988),
3053:
2909:in eastern Argentina and
2482:
2218:Titicaca flightless grebe
2196:diademed sandpiper-plover
1433:to being a compressional
1375:lie the mountains of the
324:
222:
208:
203:
181:
176:
172:330 km (210 mi)
168:
160:
155:
140:32.6531972°S 70.0112000°W
116:
106:
87:
82:
46:
35:
30:
8242:Regions of South America
8174:Northern Asian Mountains
8164:Central Siberian Plateau
8129:Central European Uplands
7661:Pariacaca mountain range
7193:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
6197:Transantarctic Mountains
5587:14 December 2007 at the
5334:Argentine Embassy London
5313:W. van Immerzeel, 1989.
4182:
3726:Cerro Negro de Mayasquer
3593:
3184:
3145:porphyry copper deposits
3129:of 17th-century Europe.
2750:Venezuelan Coastal Range
2328:Cultural periods of Peru
2314:, and consequently also
2182:(mainly associated with
2033:
1958:About 30,000 species of
1895:
1487:1960 Valdivia earthquake
1461:are sliding beneath the
1422:to evolve from being an
1293:since at least the late
730:in Peru and Bolivia, and
145:-32.6531972; -70.0112000
8247:Physiographic divisions
7972:Pacific Mountain System
7513:Caribbean South America
6942:Caribbean South America
5855:Cardenal Antonio Samoré
5569:Encyclopædia Britannica
4851:10.1029/JB088iB12p10403
4406:10.1029/jb093ib04p03211
4213:etimologias.dechile.net
4172:List of mountain ranges
4035:Pico Humboldt at sunset
3877:
2477:Joseph Barclay Pentland
2269:Andean cock-of-the-rock
2044:Andean cock-of-the-rock
2022:period. Regardless, in
1980:which is used to treat
1816:The Andes of Chile and
1483:2015 Illapel earthquake
1285:The western rim of the
454:Cordillera de los Andes
41:Cordillera de los Andes
8194:Central Asian Lowlands
8098:East Australian Basins
8026:Andean Mountain System
7890:East African Highlands
7808:South African Platform
7603:Chiquitano dry forests
6722:Southern United States
6525:Scandinavian Peninsula
5732:Chungara–Tambo Quemado
5114:21 August 2010 at the
4957:Biuletyn Peryglacjalny
4916:"Climate of the Andes"
4036:
3901:
3890:
3794:
3685:
3648:Cerro Castillo Dynevor
3607:
3534:
3402:
3386:
3385:Huayna Potosí, Bolivia
3263:Argentina–Chile border
3215:
3067:
3031:
2957:
2436:
2067:
2051:
1908:
1768:
1760:
1624:, some of the largest
1582:transpressional faults
1568:
1556:
706:
654:
609:. The world's highest
461:
453:
396:
386:
186:
40:
21:Andes (disambiguation)
8124:Fenno-Scandian Shield
8051:Paraná–Paraguay Plain
8002:Gulf Coastal Lowlands
7977:Rocky Mountain System
7967:Intermontane Plateaus
7927:Appalachian Highlands
7777:African Alpine System
7758:Physiographic regions
7623:Río de la Plata Basin
7198:Antarctic Convergence
6742:Western United States
5514:Biggar, John (2005).
5495:NORDECO: Copenhagen.
5129:"Pants of the Andies"
4034:
3896:
3885:
3782:
3680:
3601:
3529:
3397:
3384:
3206:
3061:
3034:In unirrigated land,
3029:
2955:
2429:Frederic Edwin Church
2427:
2154:, foxes in the genus
2057:
2041:
1903:
1847:In the high Andes of
1766:
1758:
1737:Climate and hydrology
1614:fold and thrust belts
1562:
1544:
1479:2010 Maule earthquake
692:
446:Andean Mountain Range
392:
368:
8237:Ecology of the Andes
8139:Great European Plain
6264:Greater Central Asia
5752:Portezuelo del Cajón
5747:Portezuelo de Chaxas
5265:on 24 September 2010
4837:(B12): 10403–10428.
4592:Precambrian Research
4288:10.1029/2007JB005507
4065:Pico Piedras Blancas
2970:Vertical archipelago
2881:between Bolivia and
2364:improve this article
2310:are associated with
2273:mixed-species flocks
1992:. The high-altitude
1951:woodland, shrub and
1939:, especially in the
1933:tropical dry forests
1678:Cerro Rico de Potosí
1563:This photo from the
1537:Andean Volcanic Belt
1463:South American Plate
1287:South American Plate
1184:South American Plate
1175:South American Plate
1165:eras, caused by the
1143:Pacific Ring of Fire
1029:Mejillones Peninsula
1003:Andean Volcanic Belt
933:Juan Fernández Ridge
898:Subducted structures
96:Las Heras Department
8179:Indo-Gangetic Plain
8159:West Siberian Plain
8031:Brazilian Highlands
8007:Neovolcanic Plateau
7982:Sierra Madre System
7947:Hudson Bay Lowlands
7706:American Cordillera
7555:Paraguaná Peninsula
7410:Continents of Earth
6937:Brazilian Highlands
6346:Indian subcontinent
6207:Antarctic Peninsula
6005:Southern Hemisphere
6000:Northern Hemisphere
5535:Darack, Ed (2001).
5463:de Roy, T. (2005).
5449:Biggar, J. (2005).
5135:on 15 December 2007
4922:on 14 December 2007
4878:2019Litho.34605162G
4872:. 346–347: 105162.
4843:1983JGR....8810403S
4808:1991JSAES...4...13D
4756:2023ComEE...4...79R
4717:1991GSAB..103...98W
4605:2008PreR..165..120S
4511:1998Tectp.292...85P
4475:1987Geo....15..806B
4439:1999JSAES..12..221K
4398:1988JGR....93.3211I
4343:10.1038/nature02049
4335:2003Natur.425..792L
4279:2009JGRB..114.1312M
2433:Heart of the Andes,
2336:Viceroyalty of Peru
2224:. A few species of
2222:Titicaca water frog
1832:to the area of the
1634:hydrothermal fluids
1498:struck Peru in 1947
1377:Antarctic Peninsula
1315:South American part
763:, which lie in the
622:American Cordillera
605:resulting from the
344: /
136: /
8207:Physical geography
8056:Patagonian Plateau
7957:Interior Highlands
7869:Natal Terrace Belt
7848:Damara–Nama Upland
7225:Great Barrier Reef
6846:Mainland Australia
6554:Apennine Peninsula
6015:Western Hemisphere
5990:Eastern Hemisphere
5289:by Emiliano Galli"
5259:"Andes travel map"
4561:Charrier, Reynaldo
4152:scientific journal
4037:
3902:
3891:
3795:
3738:Nevado del Quindío
3708:Pico Pan de Azúcar
3686:
3624:Cerro Paine Grande
3618:Monte San Valentin
3608:
3535:
3403:
3387:
3357:Nevado Tres Cruces
3216:
3068:
3032:
2962:Andean agriculture
2958:
2918:motorized vehicles
2890:War of the Pacific
2437:
2144:Western Hemisphere
2072:Fauna of the Andes
2068:
2052:
1973:Cinchona pubescens
1945:Interandean Valles
1909:
1769:
1761:
1646:saltpeter deposits
1569:
1557:
1475:volcanic eruptions
1457:and a part of the
1400:Sierras de Córdoba
1398:by the Andes. The
1264:crustal shortening
1196:sedimentary basins
1099:Geology portal
1024:Arequipa-Antofalla
994:Magallanes-Fagnano
734:The Northern Andes
714:The Southern Andes
707:
397:
387:
83:Highest point
63:Mendoza, Argentina
8214:
8213:
8169:Eastern Highlands
8021:Yucatán Peninsula
7905:
7898:
7886:
7878:
7871:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7804:
7796:
7785:
7724:
7723:
7538:Amazon rainforest
7426:
7425:
7306:Mediterranean Rim
7179:
7178:
7118:Mediterranean Sea
6972:
6971:
6925:Amazon Rainforest
6752:Canadian Prairies
6717:Pacific Northwest
6578:Iberian Peninsula
6363:Arabian Peninsula
6190:Antarctic Plateau
5950:Three/Four Worlds
5872:
5871:
5867:
5546:978-1-884980-81-7
5527:978-0-9536087-2-0
5501:978-87-986168-0-1
5442:978-3-540-24329-8
5238:978-84-96553-41-5
5219:978-87-88757-16-3
5189:978-0-226-70682-5
5167:978-0-226-19542-1
4574:978-1-86239-219-9
4392:(B4): 3211–3231,
4329:(6960): 792–797.
3720:Nevado del Cumbal
3702:Nevado del Tolima
3291:Cordón del Azufre
2966:Incan agriculture
2865:civil engineering
2830:Mérida, Venezuela
2787:Santiago de Chile
2712:in Colombia; and
2457:Francisco Pizarro
2400:Inca civilization
2396:
2395:
2388:
1970:. The small tree
1842:accumulation area
1260:Altiplano Plateau
1244:Bolivian Orocline
1228:Peru-Chile trench
1220:Patagonia Terrane
1147:volcanic activity
1137:The Andes are an
1135:
1134:
1010:Pampean flat-slab
964:Cordillera Blanca
959:Dolores-Guayaquil
855:Cordillera Blanca
826:Fold-thrust belts
728:The Central Andes
716:in Argentina and
564:Altiplano Plateau
363:
362:
326:Range coordinates
8254:
8154:Fertile Crescent
8017:Gulf Coast Plain
7952:Innuitian Region
7901:
7894:
7881:
7876:Mozambique Plain
7874:
7867:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7810:
7799:
7791:
7779:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7728:
7727:
7608:Valdes Peninsula
7578:Tierra del Fuego
7453:
7446:
7439:
7430:
7429:
7408:
7407:
7387:Global Southwest
7382:Global Southeast
7372:Global Northwest
7367:Global Northeast
7357:Global Heartland
7301:Indian Ocean Rim
6983:
6982:
6875:Island Melanesia
6566:Balkan Peninsula
6341:Himalayan states
6288:Russian Far East
6082:
6081:
6010:Water Hemisphere
5899:
5892:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5742:Salar de Ollagüe
5695:
5688:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5649:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5573:
5565:
5550:
5539:. Cordee / DPP.
5531:
5446:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5374:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5326:
5320:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5261:. Archived from
5255:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5227:
5221:
5208:
5191:
5178:
5169:
5156:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5131:. Archived from
5125:
5119:
5106:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5085:on 25 April 2012
5081:. Archived from
5071:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4951:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4918:. Archived from
4912:
4906:
4905:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4793:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4767:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4636:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4599:(3–4): 120–152.
4585:
4579:
4578:
4565:Geology of Chile
4557:
4551:
4550:
4538:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4420:
4409:
4408:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4291:. Archived from
4290:
4264:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4126:
4124:Mountains portal
4121:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4107:
4106:
3690:Nevado del Huila
3682:Nevado del Huila
3479:Nevado Charquini
3473:Nevado Anallajsi
3461:Macizo de Pacuni
2850:four-wheel-drive
2825:
2811:
2797:
2783:
2764:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2348:
2340:
2261:mountain toucans
1878:
1853:Mendoza Province
1807:Tierra del Fuego
1731:Spanish colonial
1723:anti-imperialist
1696:hunter-gatherers
1586:mid-ocean ridges
1584:, subduction of
1521:Tierra del Fuego
1485:(M8.2), and the
1445:Seismic activity
1420:Magallanes Basin
1392:Amazonian craton
1127:
1120:
1113:
1097:
1096:
1087:Andes portal
1085:
1084:
890:South Patagonian
885:North Patagonian
860:Peruvian Coastal
784:
783:
774:Caribbean plates
749:Leeward Antilles
703:Bolivian flexure
699:Tierra del Fuego
657:
607:Earth's rotation
603:equatorial bulge
436:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
359:
358:
356:
355:
354:
349:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
314:
312:
311:
301:
299:
298:
288:
286:
285:
275:
273:
272:
262:
260:
259:
249:
247:
246:
236:
234:
233:
214:
199:
191:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
67:San José volcano
51:
28:
27:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8198:
8112:
8086:
8082:West Antarctica
8077:East Antarctica
8065:
7962:Interior Plains
7942:Canadian Shield
7932:Arctic Lowlands
7910:
7827:Matabele Upland
7813:Kalahari Region
7789:African massive
7782:Atlas Mountains
7765:
7755:
7725:
7720:
7677:
7629:
7618:Río de la Plata
7613:Triple Frontier
7564:
7550:Paria Peninsula
7499:
7485:Atlantic Forest
7466:
7457:
7427:
7422:
7396:
7338:
7315:
7282:
7246:
7175:
7164:South China Sea
7073:
7016:Central America
6968:
6901:
6822:
6774:Northern Mexico
6762:Northern Canada
6747:Atlantic Canada
6702:Mountain states
6628:
6483:European Russia
6476:Southern Russia
6432:
6385:Iranian Plateau
6213:
6202:West Antarctica
6185:East Antarctica
6171:
6071:
6019:
5995:Land Hemisphere
5976:
5916:
5903:
5873:
5868:
5859:
5756:
5737:Colchane–Pisiga
5708:
5702:Mountain passes
5699:
5669:
5665:from Wikivoyage
5659:
5654:
5652:
5648:from Wikisource
5642:
5637:
5635:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5611:sister projects
5608:at Knowledge's
5589:Wayback Machine
5560:
5557:
5547:
5528:
5510:
5505:
5443:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5386:
5383:El País América
5375:
5366:
5356:
5354:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5228:
5224:
5209:
5194:
5179:
5172:
5157:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5116:Wayback Machine
5107:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4969:
4952:
4945:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4862:
4858:
4827:
4823:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4736:
4732:
4701:
4697:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4634:
4624:
4620:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4558:
4554:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4493:
4489:
4457:
4453:
4421:
4412:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4098:
4029:
3880:
3777:
3732:Ritacuba Blanco
3696:Nevado del Ruiz
3675:
3614:
3596:
3533:, Bolivia/Chile
3524:
3392:
3333:Ojos del Salado
3265:
3259:
3222:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3166:
3092:Río de la Plata
3082:in present-day
3076:mineralizations
3056:
3024:
2972:
2950:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2817:
2812:
2803:
2798:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2765:
2485:
2473:Woodbine Parish
2469:Aymara language
2392:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2361:
2349:
2338:
2324:
2304:royal cinclodes
2250:spectacled bear
2228:, notably some
2074:
2036:
1960:vascular plants
1905:Laguna de Sonso
1898:
1861:solar radiation
1840:area or in the
1753:
1739:
1721:In the tide of
1692:
1686:
1626:porphyry copper
1602:
1539:
1533:
1523:from the small
1517:transform fault
1503:
1459:Antarctic Plate
1451:subduction zone
1447:
1404:Pampean orogeny
1307:microcontinents
1301:, when several
1283:
1277:
1226:, although the
1210:Basin, and the
1192:Antarctic Plate
1131:
1091:
1079:
912:Antarctic Plate
880:Chilean Coastal
865:Vicuña Mackenna
787:Geology of the
782:
693:Aerial view of
687:
642:
615:Ojos del Salado
568:Tibetan Plateau
442:Andes Mountains
434:
408:
404:
375:Puna de Atacama
352:
350:
346:
343:
338:
335:
333:
331:
330:
320:
309:
307:
296:
294:
283:
281:
270:
268:
257:
255:
244:
242:
231:
229:
218:
217:
193:
144:
142:
138:
135:
130:
127:
125:
123:
122:
78:
31:Andes Mountains
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8260:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8212:
8211:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8189:Deccan Plateau
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8144:Ural Mountains
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8084:
8079:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7997:Central Meseta
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7937:Atlantic Plain
7934:
7929:
7924:
7918:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7899:
7887:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7862:Cape Mountains
7858:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7805:
7797:
7786:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7754:
7753:
7746:
7739:
7731:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7673:Atacama Desert
7670:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7646:Tropical Andes
7637:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7574:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7476:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7456:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7433:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7418:Physical Earth
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7348:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7325:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7292:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7257:
7255:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7230:Mariana Trench
7227:
7217:
7212:
7210:Atlantic Ocean
7207:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7189:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7171:Southern Ocean
7168:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7159:East China Sea
7151:
7150:
7149:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7093:Atlantic Ocean
7090:
7084:
7082:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7013:
6998:
6992:
6990:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6897:Remote Oceania
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6767:Western Canada
6764:
6759:
6757:Eastern Canada
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6546:
6541:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6471:South Caucasus
6468:
6466:North Caucasus
6458:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6373:South Caucasus
6365:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6242:Aralkum Desert
6239:
6229:
6223:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6140:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6096:
6090:
6088:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6033:Africa-Eurasia
6029:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5769:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5710:
5709:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5668:
5667:
5650:
5633:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5579:
5574:
5556:
5555:External links
5553:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5532:
5526:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5489:
5475:
5461:
5447:
5441:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5364:
5339:
5321:
5306:
5276:
5250:
5241:
5222:
5192:
5170:
5146:
5120:
5109:Tropical Andes
5096:
5066:
5056:
5046:
5036:
5027:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4989:
4980:
4967:
4943:
4933:
4907:
4856:
4821:
4802:(1–2): 13-24.
4779:
4730:
4695:
4686:|journal=
4628:Pankhurst, R.J
4626:Rapela, C.W.;
4618:
4580:
4573:
4552:
4542:Andean Geology
4524:
4498:Tectonophysics
4487:
4469:(9): 806–808,
4451:
4433:(2): 221–235,
4410:
4364:
4309:
4298:on 5 June 2010
4273:(B1): B01312.
4250:
4225:
4200:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4147:Andean Geology
4142:
4141:
4127:
4113:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:Pico Mucuñuque
4086:
4080:
4074:
4071:Pico El Águila
4068:
4062:
4059:Pico La Concha
4056:
4050:
4044:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:Yerupaja Chico
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3714:Ritacuba Negro
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3610:Main article:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3391:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3285:Cerro Escorial
3282:
3275:Cerro Fitz Roy
3272:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3200:
3197:
3189:Main article:
3186:
3183:
3165:
3162:
3113:in the world.
3088:Cerro de Pasco
3066:, 19th century
3055:
3052:
3023:
3020:
2949:
2946:
2841:
2840:Transportation
2838:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2564:in Argentina;
2484:
2481:
2394:
2393:
2352:
2350:
2343:
2323:
2322:Human activity
2320:
2246:mountain tapir
2204:sierra-finches
2192:Andean flicker
2122:and for their
2070:Main article:
2035:
2032:
1976:, a source of
1925:Atacama Desert
1897:
1894:
1830:Atacama Desert
1767:Bolivian Andes
1743:Tropical Andes
1738:
1735:
1688:Main article:
1685:
1682:
1642:meteoric water
1622:Atacama Desert
1601:
1598:
1535:Main article:
1532:
1529:
1501:
1500:and measured M
1467:orogenic event
1446:
1443:
1435:foreland basin
1427:back-arc basin
1408:Andean orogeny
1281:Andean orogeny
1279:Main article:
1276:
1273:
1198:, such as the
1155:tectonic plate
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
953:
952:
948:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
927:Farallon Plate
924:
919:
917:Carnegie Ridge
914:
909:
900:
899:
895:
894:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
844:
843:
839:
838:
837:
836:
828:
827:
823:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
797:
796:
792:
791:
781:
778:
770:South American
738:
737:
731:
725:
695:Valle Carbajal
686:
683:
641:
638:
572:Tropical Andes
361:
360:
328:
322:
321:
319:
318:
305:
292:
279:
266:
253:
240:
226:
224:
220:
219:
215:
209:
206:
205:
201:
200:
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
120:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
52:
44:
43:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8259:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8209:
8208:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8134:Alpine System
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8046:Orinoco Basin
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8036:Guiana Shield
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7992:Buried Ranges
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7904:
7900:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7859:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7795:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7747:
7745:
7740:
7738:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7561:
7560:Orinoco Delta
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7545:Gulf of Paria
7543:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7464:South America
7461:
7454:
7449:
7447:
7442:
7440:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7220:Pacific Ocean
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7154:Pacific Ocean
7152:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7108:Caribbean Sea
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7076:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7050:by population
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7024:
7023:South America
7021:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7006:North America
7004:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6957:Southern Cone
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6932:Andean States
6930:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6907:South America
6904:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6634:North America
6631:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6597:Low Countries
6595:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6573:South-western
6571:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6561:South-eastern
6559:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6549:South-central
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:Mediterranean
6537:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:British Isles
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6402:Levantine Sea
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:Mediterranean
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5888:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5795:Pircas Negras
5793:
5791:
5790:San Francisco
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5691:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5664:
5663:
5662:Travel guides
5651:
5647:
5646:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5564:
5563:"Andes"
5559:
5558:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:87-88757-16-1
5484:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5473:1-55407-070-8
5470:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5459:0-9536087-2-7
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5406:
5400:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5353:
5352:commodity.com
5349:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5310:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5280:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5084:
5080:
5079:wwf.panda.org
5076:
5070:
5060:
5050:
5040:
5031:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4993:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4950:
4948:
4937:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4711:(1): 98–111.
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4679:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4505:(1): 85–100.
4504:
4500:
4499:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4177:Sutter Buttes
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Andesite line
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4053:Pico Bonpland
4051:
4048:
4047:Pico Humboldt
4045:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4008:Huaytapallana
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3884:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3642:Volcan Hudson
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3600:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:Nevado Sajama
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:Huayna Potosí
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3158:
3155:in Chile and
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:period of war
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:San Cristóbal
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:Villavicencio
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:imperialistic
2405:
2401:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:This section
2351:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:dominated by
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:cloud forests
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:Lake Titicaca
2211:
2209:
2208:diuca-finches
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:Andean condor
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2048:national bird
2045:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1890:Nevado Juncal
1887:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:rock glaciers
1854:
1850:
1849:Central Chile
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1759:Central Andes
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:conquistadors
1709:
1705:
1704:civilizations
1701:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:Sunsás Orogen
1384:
1382:
1379:south of the
1378:
1374:
1373:Drake Passage
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:Pacific Ocean
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:Madre de Dios
1205:
1201:
1200:Orinoco Basin
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:oceanic crust
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:Madre de Dios
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
995:
992:
990:
989:Liquiñe-Ofqui
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
954:
950:
949:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
902:
901:
897:
896:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
841:
840:
835:
832:
831:
830:
829:
825:
824:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
798:
794:
793:
790:
786:
785:
777:
775:
771:
766:
765:Caribbean Sea
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
704:
700:
696:
691:
682:
680:
676:
675:
669:
667:
663:
662:
658:"east" as in
656:
651:
647:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
475:
471:
470:South America
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:
429:
402:
395:
391:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Cono de Arita
367:
357:
329:
327:
323:
317:
306:
304:
293:
291:
280:
278:
267:
265:
254:
252:
241:
239:
228:
227:
225:
221:
213:
207:
202:
197:
190:
189:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
149:
131:070°0′40.32″W
128:32°39′11.51″S
121:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
76:
73:(right), and
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
8204:
8041:Amazon Plain
8025:
7855:Namib Desert
7711:Ring of Fire
7640:
7533:Amazon basin
7480:Amazon basin
7416: /
7414:List of seas
7412: /
7377:Global South
7362:Global North
7296:Atlantic Rim
7235:Ring of Fire
7215:Indian Ocean
7205:Arctic Ocean
7147:Persian Gulf
7142:Indian Ocean
7123:Adriatic Sea
7088:Arctic Ocean
6920:Amazon Basin
6915:Amazon Plain
6887:Near Oceania
6692:Mid-Atlantic
6642:Aridoamerica
6602:Northwestern
6515:Northwestern
6488:Southeastern
6380:Greater Iran
6319:Southeastern
6314:Pacific Asia
6283:Pacific Asia
6271:Northeastern
6227:Asia–Pacific
5970:Fourth World
5960:Second World
5835:Mamuil Malal
5830:Pino Hachado
5815:Libertadores
5705:
5660:
5643:
5631:from Commons
5626:
5605:
5567:
5536:
5516:
5508:Bibliography
5492:
5478:
5464:
5450:
5424:
5387:. Retrieved
5385:(in Spanish)
5382:
5355:. Retrieved
5351:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5314:
5309:
5297:. Retrieved
5292:
5286:
5279:
5267:. Retrieved
5263:the original
5253:
5244:
5230:
5225:
5211:
5181:
5159:
5137:. Retrieved
5133:the original
5123:
5087:. Retrieved
5083:the original
5078:
5069:
5059:
5049:
5039:
5030:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4992:
4983:
4961:
4955:
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4920:the original
4910:
4869:
4859:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4799:
4795:
4782:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4666:. Retrieved
4638:
4621:
4596:
4590:
4583:
4564:
4555:
4549:(3): 419–437
4546:
4540:
4527:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4430:
4424:
4389:
4383:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4293:the original
4270:
4266:
4253:
4241:. Retrieved
4237:
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4212:
4209:"Cordillera"
4203:
4145:
4138:World portal
4110:Andes portal
4083:Pico El León
4077:Pico El Toro
4041:Pico Bolívar
4002:Siula Grande
3750:Santa Isabel
3636:Monte Darwin
3557:Iru Phutunqu
3545:Aucanquilcha
3515:Wayna Potosí
3491:Patilla Pata
3425:Chachacomani
3315:Llullaillaco
3297:Falso Azufre
3232:Cerro Bonete
3213:the Americas
3194:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3149:Chuquicamata
3131:
3100:
3069:
3040:
3033:
2973:
2915:
2898:Chilean Navy
2894:Chilean Army
2887:
2876:
2873:
2854:
2843:
2714:Barquisimeto
2656:in Ecuador;
2596:in Bolivia;
2531:
2517:
2486:
2461:Machu Picchu
2438:
2432:
2397:
2382:
2376:January 2011
2373:
2362:Please help
2357:verification
2354:
2311:
2301:
2258:
2226:hummingbirds
2212:
2172:Andean goose
2165:
2155:
2120:pack animals
2109:domesticated
2094:
2075:
2024:modern times
1993:
1971:
1957:
1910:
1869:
1846:
1815:
1770:
1720:
1693:
1618:hydrocarbons
1603:
1578:calc-alkalic
1570:
1525:Scotia Plate
1514:
1495:
1491:
1481:(M8.8), the
1448:
1385:
1381:Scotia Plate
1370:
1323:
1284:
1250:to south in
1237:
1204:Amazon Basin
1173:beneath the
1151:Asia-Pacific
1145:, a zone of
1136:
1044:Chiloé Block
870:Elqui-Limarí
788:
746:
739:
733:
727:
722:Llullaillaco
713:
708:
678:
672:
670:
659:
645:
643:
619:
584:
513:
445:
441:
400:
398:
25:
7922:Appalachian
7896:Rift Valley
7820:Lunda Swell
7801:Mid-African
7528:The Guianas
7518:West Indies
7392:Global West
7352:Global East
7311:Pacific Rim
7253:waterbodies
7242:World Ocean
7067:New Zealand
6947:The Guianas
6836:Australasia
6779:West Indies
6707:New England
6687:Great Lakes
6657:Mesoamerica
6544:Middle East
6520:Scandinavia
6409:Middle East
6247:Caspian Sea
6153:Great Lakes
6133:Sub-Saharan
6119:Middle East
5982:Hemispheres
5965:Third World
5955:First World
5908:'s primary
5389:12 February
5089:27 December
4302:21 November
4218:27 December
3996:Seria Norte
3912:Artesonraju
3497:Tata Sabaya
3455:Laram Q'awa
3431:Chaupi Orco
2948:Agriculture
2748:are in the
2666:Bucaramanga
2449:Chachapoyas
2404:Inca Empire
2332:Inca Empire
2287:species of
2234:diversities
2188:lesser rhea
2184:hypersaline
2167:Nothoprocta
2157:Pseudalopex
2132:chinchillas
1929:Rainforests
1834:Maule River
1778:Rainforests
1708:Inca Empire
1700:agriculture
1546:Rift Valley
1471:earthquakes
1455:Nazca Plate
1424:extensional
1362:metamorphic
1358:sedimentary
1295:Proterozoic
1188:Nazca Plate
1179:Nazca Plate
943:Nazca Ridge
938:Nazca Plate
922:Chile Ridge
720:, south of
666:Inca Empire
544:Bucaramanga
516:depressions
351: /
182:Native name
143: /
118:Coordinates
102:, Argentina
77:(far right)
8221:Categories
8205:See also:
8070:Antarctica
7903:Abyssinian
7883:Madagascar
7841:High Karoo
7701:Bolivarian
7598:Gran Chaco
7133:Ionian Sea
7128:Aegean Sea
7098:Baltic Sea
7030:Antarctica
6882:Micronesia
6851:New Guinea
6809:Portuguese
6732:West Coast
6682:East Coast
6677:Bible Belt
6672:Appalachia
6351:Subregions
6259:Inner Asia
6177:Antarctica
6077:Continents
6050:Antarctica
6025:Landmasses
5935:Down Under
5930:Arab World
5914:subregions
5800:Agua Negra
5416:References
5139:9 December
5025:language).
4997:1635–1646.
4964:: 175–197.
4941:Argentina)
4926:9 December
4668:7 December
4243:28 January
3960:Jirishanca
3871:Tungurahua
3859:Reventador
3817:Chimborazo
3784:Chimborazo
3756:Doña Juana
3684:, Colombia
3666:Acamarachi
3654:Mount Tarn
3630:Cerro Macá
3575:Parinacota
3563:Licancabur
3531:Parinacota
3419:Chacaltaya
3407:Janq'u Uma
3375:Nacimiento
3269:Cerro Bayo
3261:See also:
3244:Mercedario
3218:See also:
3022:Irrigation
3012:herbal tea
2976:irrigation
2960:See also:
2932:, and the
2903:landlocked
2574:Cochabamba
2572:in Chile;
2471:families.
2411:militarism
2326:See also:
2316:threatened
2281:furnariids
2267:, and the
2176:giant coot
2082:amphibians
2028:endangered
1937:diminished
1741:See also:
1573:subduction
1519:separates
1396:overridden
1342:Cretaceous
1297:and early
1212:Gran Chaco
1167:subduction
969:Cochabamba
929:(formerly)
908:(formerly)
906:Aluk Plate
842:Batholiths
813:Gondwanide
808:Famatinian
674:cordillera
634:Antarctica
626:cordillera
599:Chimborazo
578:, and the
464:) are the
156:Dimensions
8091:Australia
7668:Altiplano
7656:Dry Andes
7651:Wet Andes
7583:Patagonia
7329:Antarctic
7113:Irish Sea
7103:Black Sea
7062:Australia
7011:Caribbean
6988:continent
6962:Patagonia
6892:Polynesia
6870:Melanesia
6863:Zealandia
6841:Australia
6727:Southwest
6647:Caribbean
6424:Near East
6065:submerged
6060:Zealandia
6055:Australia
5945:Old World
5940:New World
5840:Carirriñe
5825:Pichachén
5820:Pehuenche
5810:Uspallata
5805:Los Patos
5762:Argentina
5425:The Andes
5293:La Nación
4902:201291787
4894:0024-4937
4774:2662-4435
4750:(1): 79.
4688:ignored (
4678:cite book
4655:128814617
4162:Apu (god)
4027:Venezuela
3990:Salcantay
3966:Pumasillo
3954:Huascarán
3918:Carnicero
3847:Pichincha
3551:Michincha
3401:, Bolivia
3369:Tupungato
3327:Marmolejo
3309:Lastarria
3303:Incahuasi
3279:Patagonia
3226:Aconcagua
3209:Aconcagua
3199:Argentina
3171:Polylepis
3157:Toquepala
3153:Escondida
3119:Yanacocha
3096:Argentina
2980:terracing
2861:railroads
2852:vehicle.
2828:View of
2728:, Tovar,
2682:Manizales
2642:Latacunga
2628:in Peru;
2602:Cajamarca
2538:Catamarca
2534:Bariloche
2441:civil war
2415:aqueducts
2312:Polylepis
2297:antpittas
2293:tapaculos
2230:hillstars
2180:flamingos
2105:Altiplano
2064:Ausangate
2058:Herds of
1995:Polylepis
1949:deciduous
1921:Cape Horn
1917:Caribbean
1886:Tupungato
1882:Aconcagua
1865:Aconcagua
1826:Wet Andes
1822:Dry Andes
1818:Argentina
1786:snow line
1751:Wet Andes
1747:Dry Andes
1718:economy.
1531:Volcanism
1416:Patagonia
1346:uplifting
1299:Paleozoic
1291:orogenies
1256:Argentina
1240:oroclines
1059:Patagonia
1039:Chaitenia
984:San Ramón
875:Colangüil
850:Antioquia
795:Orogenies
685:Geography
671:The term
640:Etymology
611:volcanoes
591:Aconcagua
580:Wet Andes
576:Dry Andes
509:Venezuela
485:Argentina
394:Aconcagua
383:Argentina
373:" in the
348:32°S 70°W
316:Venezuela
238:Argentina
223:Countries
204:Geography
108:Elevation
92:Aconcagua
75:Tupungato
71:Marmolejo
8061:Piedmont
7915:Americas
7696:Hispanic
7593:Pantanal
7490:Caatinga
6856:Tasmania
6804:Hispanic
6667:Northern
6614:Germanic
6592:Atlantic
6534:Southern
6495:Northern
6461:Caucasus
6397:Dead Sea
6368:Caucasus
6336:Southern
6329:Maritime
6324:Mainland
6297:Northern
6278:Far East
6237:Aral Sea
6160:Southern
6104:Northern
5585:Archived
5399:cite web
5112:Archived
5054:195–222.
4659:Archived
4351:14574402
4096:See also
4014:Yerupaja
3936:El Misti
3930:Coropuna
3906:Alpamayo
3898:Alpamayo
3853:Quilotoa
3841:Illiniza
3835:El Altar
3829:Cotopaxi
3799:Antisana
3788:Riobamba
3673:Colombia
3660:Polleras
3587:Pomerape
3539:Acotango
3509:Uturuncu
3467:Mururata
3449:Illimani
3413:Cabaraya
3363:Tronador
3062:Chilean
2907:seaports
2883:Paraguay
2857:highways
2742:Valencia
2730:Trujillo
2718:La Grita
2702:Sogamoso
2650:Riobamba
2610:Huancayo
2598:Arequipa
2570:Rancagua
2554:San Juan
2497:Medellín
2493:Santiago
2277:tanagers
2271:, while
2265:quetzals
2186:lakes),
2162:tinamous
2090:reptiles
2066:mountain
2000:Colombia
1990:potatoes
1838:ablation
1824:and the
1782:Cotopaxi
1774:Colombia
1650:nitrates
1590:seamount
1550:Quilotoa
1439:Cenozoic
1431:Mesozoic
1412:Tertiary
1350:faulting
1338:Jurassic
1326:Triassic
1319:Gondwana
1303:terranes
1233:iron ore
1190:and the
1163:Tertiary
1159:Mesozoic
1139:orogenic
1064:Fitz Roy
1034:Chilenia
1016:Terranes
979:El Tigre
751:islands
661:Antisuyu
630:Americas
540:Medellín
536:Arequipa
520:plateaus
505:Colombia
481:latitude
353:-32; -70
277:Colombia
69:(left),
55:Santiago
8117:Eurasia
7495:Cerrado
7460:Regions
7057:Oceania
7045:by area
7001:America
6978:Islands
6828:Oceania
6697:Midwest
6652:Central
6619:Romance
6587:Western
6456:Balkans
6451:Eastern
6446:Central
6414:Mashriq
6358:Western
6302:Siberia
6254:Eastern
6232:Central
6165:Western
6138:Central
6114:Mashriq
6109:Maghreb
6099:Saharan
6045:America
6038:Eurasia
5910:regions
5845:Hua Hum
5785:Socompa
5727:Visviri
5714:Bolivia
5704:of the
5357:9 March
5299:22 July
5269:20 June
4874:Bibcode
4839:Bibcode
4804:Bibcode
4752:Bibcode
4713:Bibcode
4601:Bibcode
4507:Bibcode
4471:Bibcode
4462:Geology
4435:Bibcode
4394:Bibcode
4359:4354886
4331:Bibcode
4275:Bibcode
3948:Huandoy
3942:El Toro
3887:Huandoy
3823:Corazón
3805:Cayambe
3792:Ecuador
3775:Ecuador
3768:Azufral
3762:Galeras
3606:, Chile
3443:Illampu
3390:Bolivia
3351:Socompa
3127:economy
3084:Bolivia
3036:pasture
3016:cocaine
2996:tobacco
2938:Donkeys
2922:Ecuador
2911:Uruguay
2846:asphalt
2772:Bolivia
2746:Maracay
2738:Caracas
2698:Popayán
2694:Pereira
2686:Palmira
2678:Ipiales
2670:Duitama
2658:Armenia
2622:Juliaca
2614:Huánuco
2594:Yacuiba
2562:Ushuaia
2558:Tucumán
2546:Mendoza
2527:El Alto
2523:Bolivia
2465:Quechua
2453:Cañaris
2445:Huancas
2285:cryptic
2101:guanaco
2086:mammals
2078:endemic
2060:alpacas
2050:of Peru
2042:A male
2012:Bolivia
2004:Ecuador
1986:tobacco
1982:malaria
1978:quinine
1968:hotspot
1964:endemic
1913:natural
1684:History
1670:Neogene
1666:lithium
1658:Atacama
1638:plutons
1554:Ecuador
1437:in the
1429:in the
1410:in the
1366:erosion
1354:folding
1330:Pangaea
1328:, when
1311:cratons
1275:Orogeny
1216:cratons
1177:as the
1049:Cuyania
974:Domeyko
834:Marañón
803:Pampean
780:Geology
761:Curaçao
757:Bonaire
697:in the
650:Quechua
556:El Alto
501:Ecuador
493:Bolivia
458:Quechua
450:Spanish
290:Ecuador
251:Bolivia
196:Quechua
100:Mendoza
37:Spanish
7794:Sahara
7770:Africa
7686:Middle
7588:Pampas
7523:Llanos
7344:Global
7334:Arctic
7273:Rivers
7251:Other
7185:Oceans
7040:Europe
6996:Africa
6789:French
6662:Middle
6624:Slavic
6609:Celtic
6510:Nordic
6500:Baltic
6438:Europe
6392:Levant
6086:Africa
5922:Worlds
5768:passes
5720:passes
5543:
5524:
5499:
5485:
5471:
5457:
5439:
5236:
5217:
5187:
5165:
5044:55–68.
4900:
4892:
4870:Lithos
4772:
4653:
4571:
4357:
4349:
4323:Nature
3984:Sarapo
3978:Rondoy
3924:Chumpe
3900:, Peru
3889:, Peru
3865:Sangay
3811:Chiles
3744:Puracé
3581:Paruma
3503:Tunari
3399:Sajama
3250:Pissis
3141:Potosí
3134:silver
3111:copper
3080:Potosí
3064:huasos
3054:Mining
3048:carrot
3004:coffee
3002:, and
3000:cotton
2992:chicha
2984:potato
2968:, and
2934:alpaca
2928:, the
2801:Bogotá
2768:La Paz
2744:, and
2734:Valera
2732:, and
2722:Mérida
2708:, and
2674:Ibagué
2662:Cúcuta
2654:Tulcán
2652:, and
2638:Ibarra
2634:Cuenca
2630:Ambato
2624:, and
2618:Huaraz
2592:, and
2590:Tarija
2582:Potosí
2566:Calama
2560:, and
2519:La Paz
2503:, and
2489:Bogotá
2483:Cities
2334:, and
2295:, and
2252:, and
2242:Yungas
2200:miners
2152:cougar
2148:huemul
2136:rodent
2116:alpaca
2097:vicuña
2014:, and
1872:steppe
1749:, and
1716:mining
1654:salars
1630:copper
1588:, and
1352:, and
1242:. The
1206:, the
1202:, the
1054:Pampia
951:Faults
818:Andean
759:, and
679:cordel
574:, the
562:. The
560:La Paz
558:, and
552:Mérida
528:Bogotá
507:, and
313:
300:
287:
274:
261:
248:
235:
192:
177:Naming
161:Length
94:,
8227:Andes
7834:Veldt
7691:Latin
7641:Andes
7570:South
7505:North
7321:Polar
7266:lists
7261:Lakes
7080:ocean
6799:Ibero
6794:Latin
6784:Anglo
5906:Earth
5850:Ipela
5766:Chile
5718:Chile
5706:Andes
5645:Texts
5628:Media
5606:Andes
4898:S2CID
4792:(PDF)
4662:(PDF)
4651:S2CID
4635:(PDF)
4537:(PDF)
4380:(PDF)
4355:S2CID
4296:(PDF)
4263:(PDF)
4183:Notes
3972:Rasac
3786:near
3594:Chile
3321:Maipo
3238:Galán
3185:Peaks
3137:mines
3103:Chile
3044:onion
2988:Maize
2942:mules
2930:llama
2926:camel
2815:Quito
2706:Tunja
2690:Pasto
2606:Cusco
2586:Sucre
2578:Oruro
2550:Salta
2542:Jujuy
2505:Quito
2435:1859.
2419:roads
2289:wrens
2112:llama
2062:near
2034:Fauna
2020:Incan
2016:Chile
1953:xeric
1941:Chocó
1896:Flora
1662:Uyuni
1594:magma
1548:near
1334:rifts
1268:Arica
1252:Chile
789:Andes
753:Aruba
718:Chile
652:word
646:Andes
548:Sucre
524:Quito
489:Chile
437:-deez
401:Andes
379:Salta
264:Chile
169:Width
59:Chile
8019:and
7762:list
7634:West
7472:East
7278:Seas
7035:Asia
6307:Ural
6219:Asia
6148:Horn
6143:East
5912:and
5780:Sico
5775:Jama
5541:ISBN
5522:ISBN
5497:ISBN
5483:ISBN
5469:ISBN
5455:ISBN
5437:ISBN
5405:link
5391:2024
5359:2023
5301:2011
5271:2010
5234:ISBN
5215:ISBN
5185:ISBN
5163:ISBN
5141:2007
5091:2015
4928:2007
4890:ISSN
4770:ISSN
4690:help
4670:2015
4569:ISBN
4347:PMID
4304:2010
4245:2019
4220:2015
3878:Peru
3569:Olca
3339:Olca
3207:The
3151:and
3115:Peru
3107:Peru
3105:and
3094:and
3086:and
3046:and
3008:Coca
2896:and
2859:and
2646:Loja
2626:Puno
2568:and
2509:Lima
2501:Cali
2475:and
2467:and
2417:and
2402:and
2306:and
2279:and
2220:and
2206:and
2128:wool
2126:and
2124:meat
2114:and
2099:and
2095:The
2008:Peru
1988:and
1931:and
1851:and
1811:55°S
1803:50°S
1799:40°S
1795:32°S
1791:30°S
1660:and
1610:salt
1608:and
1510:1969
1506:1946
1473:and
1360:and
1305:and
1254:and
1248:Peru
1161:and
772:and
747:The
655:anti
632:and
595:peak
587:Asia
532:Cali
497:Peru
478:20°S
476:and
474:18°S
462:Anti
399:The
339:70°W
336:32°S
303:Peru
188:Anti
88:Peak
61:and
7716:LAC
7462:of
7288:Rim
7078:By
6986:By
5429:doi
4882:doi
4847:doi
4812:doi
4760:doi
4721:doi
4709:103
4643:doi
4609:doi
4597:165
4515:doi
4503:292
4479:doi
4443:doi
4402:doi
4339:doi
4327:425
4283:doi
4271:114
4150:—a
3147:of
3139:in
3123:tin
2366:by
2170:),
1809:at
1674:tin
1656:of
1606:ore
1565:ISS
1390:in
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