31:
5109:
5681:
6002:
464:
1601:, of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Combined with the five-kingdom model, this created a six-kingdom model, where the kingdom Monera is replaced by the kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea. This six-kingdom model is commonly used in recent US high school biology textbooks, but has received criticism for compromising the current scientific consensus. But the division of prokaryotes into two kingdoms remains in use with the recent
511:, for "neutral organisms" or "the kingdom of primitive forms", which were neither animal nor plant; he did not include the Regnum Lapideum in his scheme. Haeckel revised the content of this kingdom a number of times before settling on a division based on whether organisms were unicellular (Protista) or multicellular (animals and plants).
5270:
According to genetic data, although eukaryote groups such as plants, fungi, and animals may look different, they are more closely related to each other than they are to either the
Eubacteria or Archaea. It was also found that the eukaryotes are more closely related to the Archaea than they are to the
892:
Following publication of
Whittaker's system, the five-kingdom model began to be commonly used in high school biology textbooks. But despite the development from two kingdoms to five among most scientists, some authors as late as 1975 continued to employ a traditional two-kingdom system of animals and
5165:
In 1990, the name "domain" was proposed for the highest rank. This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. Unlike Moore, Woese et al. (1990) did not suggest a Latin term for this category, which represents a further argument supporting the
5688:
However, in the same year as the
International Society of Protistologists' classification was published (2005), doubts were being expressed as to whether some of these supergroups were monophyletic, particularly the Chromalveolata, and a review in 2006 noted the lack of evidence for several of the
5303:
On this basis, the diagram opposite (redrawn from their article) showed the real "kingdoms" (their quotation marks) of the eukaryotes. A classification which followed this approach was produced in 2005 for the
International Society of Protistologists, by a committee which "worked in collaboration
2190:
In 1998, Cavalier-Smith published a six-kingdom model, which has been revised in subsequent papers. The version published in 2009 is shown below. Cavalier-Smith no longer accepted the importance of the fundamental
Eubacteria–Archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by
5704:
in 2009 noted that "The deep phylogeny of eukaryotes is an extremely difficult and controversial problem." As of
December 2010, there appears to be a consensus that the six supergroup model proposed in 2005 does not reflect the true phylogeny of the eukaryotes and hence how they should be
5072:
The most recent research does not support the classification of the eukaryotes into any of the standard systems. As of April 2010, no set of kingdoms is sufficiently supported by research to attain widespread acceptance. In 2009, Andrew Roger and
Alastair Simpson emphasized the need for
489:
At first, microscopic organisms were classified within the animal and plant kingdoms. However, by the mid–19th century, it had become clear to many that "the existing dichotomy of the plant and animal kingdoms rapidly blurred at its boundaries and outmoded".
485:
of London a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms. Until then, the existence of such microscopic organisms was entirely unknown. Despite this, Linnaeus did not include any microscopic creatures in his original taxonomy.
880:
The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies. The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system. In the
Whittaker system, Plantae included some algae. In other systems, such as
5295:
that are not animals, plants or fungi". They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that – while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating "literally dozens of eukaryotic
861:. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969 by Whittaker, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works and forms the basis for new multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly upon differences in
6129:
852:
and other organisms regarded as plants had long been recognised by some; Haeckel had moved the fungi out of
Plantae into Protista after his original classification, but was largely ignored in this separation by scientists of his time.
240:) are the two ranks immediately below kingdom. Superkingdom may be considered as an equivalent of domain or empire or as an independent rank between kingdom and domain or subdomain. In some classification systems the additional rank
5271:
Eubacteria. Although the primacy of the
Eubacteria-Archaea divide has been questioned, it has been upheld by subsequent research. There is no consensus on how many kingdoms exist in the classification scheme proposed by Woese.
8896:
Raoult, Didier; Audic, Stéphane; Robert, Catherine; Abergel, Chantal; Renesto, Patricia; Ogata, Hiroyuki; La Scola, Bernard; Suzan, Marie; Claverie, Jean-Michel (2004). "The 1.2 megabase genome sequence of Mimivirus".
2233:
In the same way, his paraphyletic kingdom Protozoa includes the ancestors of Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Chromista. The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be
6100:
The IUCN Species Survival Commission calls for the due recognition of fungi as major components of biodiversity in legislation and policy. It fully endorses the Fauna Flora Funga Initiative and asks that the phrases
5978:
outside of a host cell. Another argument is that their placement in the tree would be problematic, since it is suspected that viruses have various evolutionary origins, and they have a penchant for harvesting
5304:
with specialists from many societies". It divided the eukaryotes into the same six "supergroups". The published classification deliberately did not use formal taxonomic ranks, including that of "kingdom".
4337:
Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators revised their classification in 2015. In this scheme they introduced two superkingdoms of Prokaryota and Eukaryota and seven kingdoms. Prokaryota have two kingdoms:
7780:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015).
6761:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015).
2215:; the bimembranous-unimembranous transition was thought to be far more fundamental than the long branch of genetic distance of Archaebacteria, viewed as having no particular biological significance.
8079:
696:
promoted and popularized Édouard Chatton's earlier work, particularly in their paper of 1962, "The Concept of a Bacterium"; this created, for the first time, a rank above kingdom—a
6492:
Whittaker, R.H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms".
681:, had placed the blue-green algae (or Phycochromacea) in Monera; this would gradually gain acceptance, and the blue-green algae would become classified as bacteria in the phylum
8184:
Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne; Skjæveland, Åsmund; Nikolaev, Sergey I.; Jakobsen, Kjetill S. & Pawlowski, Jan (2007). Butler, Geraldine (ed.).
1593:
and colleagues proposed the fundamental subdivision of the prokaryotes into the Eubacteria (later called the Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (later called the Archaea), based on
5082:
While the concept of kingdoms continues to be used by some taxonomists, there has been a movement away from traditional kingdoms, as they are no longer seen as providing a
893:
plants, dividing the plant kingdom into subkingdoms Prokaryota (bacteria and cyanobacteria), Mycota (fungi and supposed relatives), and Chlorota (algae and land plants).
6130:"Re:wild and IUCN SSC become first global organizations to call for the recognition of fungi as one of three kingdoms of life critical to protecting and restoring Earth"
1826:
was so great (particularly considering the genetic distance of ribosomal genes) that the prokaryotes needed to be separated into two different kingdoms. He then divided
8395:"Analysis of rare genomic changes does not support the unikont–bikont phylogeny, and suggests cyanobacterial symbiosis as the point of primary radiation of eukaryotes"
501:, a third kingdom of life composed of "all the lower creatures, or the primary organic beings"; he retained Regnum Lapideum as a fourth kingdom of minerals. In 1866,
2226:(therefore "monophyletic" in the sense he uses this term) taxa, marking important innovations of biological significance (in regard of the concept of biological
5723:
to their classifications. This can create a "superdomain" called "Acytota", also called "Aphanobionta", of non-cellular life; with the other superdomain being "
5073:
diligence in analyzing new discoveries: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution."
3309:
8301:"Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic Chromalveolates"
5986:
On the other hand, there are arguments in favor of their inclusion. One of these comes from the discovery of unusually large and complex viruses, such as
5053:
The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms, notwithstanding some problems with this approach:
3352:
1866:. Since then, many non-photosynthetic phyla of protists, thought to have secondarily lost their chloroplasts, were integrated into the kingdom Chromista.
4069:
3337:
3289:
3229:
2680:
2620:
1881:. As a result, these amitochondriate protists were separated from the protist kingdom, giving rise to the, at the same time, superkingdom and kingdom
4193:
4064:
3858:
3697:
3304:
3269:
3175:
3150:
3008:
8998:
4168:
4110:
3765:
3397:
3392:
3377:
3342:
3294:
3259:
3140:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3080:
2715:
2635:
2610:
2595:
2585:
2238:(i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria, typically by transforming them into new organelles:
467:
Haeckel's original (1866) conception of the three kingdoms of life, including the new kingdom Protista. Notice the inclusion of the cyanobacterium
30:
6876:
6166:
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005
4264:
4100:
3382:
3362:
3327:
3314:
3299:
3279:
3274:
3249:
3203:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3125:
3100:
3018:
2998:
2968:
2760:
2670:
2660:
2645:
2605:
2580:
5124:
112:
or Eubacteria), while textbooks in other parts of the world, such as the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Greece, Brazil, Spain use
8589:
5948:
4183:
3668:
3332:
3135:
3110:
2993:
2730:
2685:
2555:
8116:
Parfrey, Laura W.; Barbero, Erika; Lasser, Elyse; Dunthorn, Micah; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Patterson, David J. & Katz, Laura A. (2006).
4279:
4235:
4173:
4115:
4105:
3576:
3367:
3357:
3244:
3130:
3115:
3074:
3013:
2796:
2791:
2700:
2600:
2200:
8299:
Burki, F.; Inagaki, Y.; Brate, J.; Archibald, J. M.; Keeling, P. J.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Sakaguchi, M.; Hashimoto, T.; et al. (2009).
7006:
5119:
4178:
4120:
3838:
3641:
3636:
3239:
3193:
3160:
2983:
2945:
2940:
2925:
2811:
2755:
5162:
thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the "three primary kingdom" model or "urkingdom" model.
4153:
3942:
3823:
3770:
3687:
3586:
3561:
3541:
3215:
3041:
2832:
6723:
6397:
3808:
3621:
3520:
3208:
3066:
2222:("holophyletic" in his terminology) to be valid. He defines Prokaryota, Bacteria, Negibacteria, Unibacteria, and Posibacteria as valid
6354:
Scamardella, Joseph M. (1999). "Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista".
9025:
5125:
4158:
3957:
2963:
2842:
8989:
8352:"Phylogenomic analysis supports the monophyly of cryptophytes and haptophytes and the association of Rhizaria with chromalveolates"
6078:
5117:
2902:
5122:
6670:
Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, C.R. & Woese, C.R. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria".
5127:
6651:
5177:, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.
8980:
5300:") – it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into "just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic".
177:
into biology in 1735, the highest rank was given the name "kingdom" and was followed by four other main or principal ranks:
5700:, so that Rhizaria is not one of the main eukaryote groups. Beyond this, there does not appear to be a consensus. Rogozin
5128:
8028:
5714:
5138:
5120:
2277:, the diagram below is an 'organization chart', not an 'ancestor chart', and does not represent an evolutionary tree.
8565:
7544:
6562:
5126:
299:
7732:
5118:
7621:
6271:
5137:
5692:
As of 2010, there is widespread agreement that the Rhizaria belong with the Stramenopiles and the Alveolata, in a
8356:
5966:
can be included in the tree of life. The arguments against include the fact that they are obligate intracellular
5123:
4354:). The Eukaryota have five kingdoms: Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. In this classification a
5139:
5136:
5129:
5121:
2246:, according to the significance of the term given by Cavalier-Smith. Some of the members of the defunct kingdom
1869:
Finally, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered. As mitochondria were known to be the result of the
7307:; Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, R.S. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria".
6672:
6164:
5131:
669:
of prokaryotic organisms; as a revised phylum Monera of the Protista, it included organisms now classified as
9018:
8726:
5116:
36:
5130:
9419:
8399:
8305:
7258:
7230:
7192:
7117:
Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species
7067:
6149:
Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species
4664:
4657:
3179: Superorder
3174: Superorder
854:
662:
40:
8958:
8780:
Moreira, David; PurificaciĂłn LĂłpez-GarcĂa (2009). "Ten reasons to exclude viruses from the tree of life".
7947:
9414:
8859:
8782:
1877:, it was thought that these amitochondriate eukaryotes were primitively so, marking an important step in
35:
6444:
5114:
39:
38:
6917:
6356:
17:
5135:
5115:
7234:
6516:
5169:
Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called
5112:
42:
9011:
6593:
338:
8350:
Hackett, J.D.; Yoon, H.S.; Li, S.; Reyes-Prieto, A.; Rummele, S.E. & Bhattacharya, D. (2007).
5132:
5113:
8826:
7989:
1913:, which has since been abandoned; later schemes did not include the Archezoa–Metakaryota divide.
478:
310:
37:
7425:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
3789: Infraphylum
3784: Infraphylum
3774: Infraphylum
3769: Infraphylum
3734: Infraphylum
3729: Infraphylum
3724: Infraphylum
3706: Infraphylum
3701: Infraphylum
3640: Infraphylum
3635: Infraphylum
3590: Infraphylum
3585: Infraphylum
3580: Infraphylum
9265:
8666:"Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes"
7671:
6998:
6511:
5134:
1843:
1835:
1605:
scheme of Thomas Cavalier-Smith, although it primarily differs in that Protista is replaced by
458:
5133:
41:
8021:"The new higher-level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists"
7728:
7667:
7617:
7520:
7482:
6945:
4690:
3169: Subclass
3164: Subclass
3154: Subclass
3149: Subclass
1855:
1815:
494:
6735:
8908:
8679:
8618:
8463:
8199:
7793:
7436:
7374:
7316:
7270:
6833:
6776:
6731:
6681:
6503:
6216:
6169:(electronic ed.). Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Archived from
5980:
5282:
4359:
1129:
1123:
642:
revealed important distinctions between those organisms whose cells do not have a distinct
8:
5760:
5151:
5099:
4739:
1910:
8986:
8912:
8683:
8622:
8467:
8203:
8019:
Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, et al. (2005).
7797:
7440:
7378:
7320:
7274:
6837:
6780:
6685:
6507:
6220:
6184:
6085:
34:
9194:
9138:
9123:
9105:
8932:
8807:
8641:
8604:
8583:
8538:
8486:
8449:
8421:
8394:
8327:
8300:
8276:
8249:
8222:
8185:
8146:
8117:
8055:
7970:
7928:
7872:
7816:
7781:
7757:
7699:
7649:
7637:
7340:
7212:
7089:
7062:
7028:
6974:
6949:
6909:
6857:
6799:
6762:
6705:
6610:
6469:
6419:
6392:
6302:
6290:
6277:
6030:
5058:
4347:
3656:
3387:
2179:
1542:
1280:
314:
275:
46:
8702:
8665:
8020:
7594:
7569:
7397:
7362:
7174:
7148:
4650:
655:
9255:
9209:
9204:
8924:
8899:
8878:
8799:
8707:
8646:
8571:
8561:
8530:
8491:
8445:
8426:
8375:
8332:
8281:
8227:
8151:
8098:
8047:
8042:
7932:
7920:
7864:
7821:
7762:
7704:
7641:
7599:
7550:
7540:
7502:
7498:
7464:
7459:
7424:
7402:
7332:
7286:
7152:
7094:
7033:
6979:
6901:
6849:
6804:
6697:
6647:
6636:
6558:
6529:
6494:
6461:
6424:
6365:
6325:
6294:
6244:
6239:
6204:
5801:
5777:
5755:
5728:
5720:
5288:
5143:
4752:
4747:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4351:
3372:
3254:
705:
136:
8936:
8542:
7876:
7344:
7216:
6709:
6473:
5951:
uses the taxonomic rank "kingdom" in the classification of viruses (with the suffix
4283: Infraphylum
4278: Infraphylum
3999: Infraphylum
3994: Infraphylum
3981: Infraphylum
3976: Infraphylum
3956: Infraphylum
3951: Infraphylum
3928: Infraphylum
3923: Infraphylum
3913: Infraphylum
3908: Infraphylum
3857: Infraphylum
3852: Infraphylum
3842: Infraphylum
3837: Infraphylum
3817: Infraphylum
3812: Infraphylum
2679: Infraphylum
2674: Infraphylum
2559: Superphylum
708:
of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The two-empire system would later be expanded to the
658:
introduced the terms "prokaryote" and "eukaryote" to differentiate these organisms.
9373:
9330:
9282:
9271:
9071:
9061:
9050:
8916:
8868:
8853:
Hegde, Nagendra; Maddur, Mohan S.; Kaveri, Srini V. & Bayry, Jagadeesh (2009).
8811:
8791:
8697:
8687:
8636:
8626:
8522:
8481:
8471:
8416:
8408:
8365:
8322:
8314:
8271:
8263:
8217:
8207:
8141:
8131:
8088:
8059:
8037:
7962:
7910:
7854:
7811:
7801:
7752:
7744:
7694:
7686:
7653:
7633:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7532:
7494:
7454:
7444:
7392:
7382:
7324:
7278:
7240:
7204:
7084:
7076:
7023:
7015:
6969:
6961:
6913:
6893:
6884:
6861:
6841:
6824:
6794:
6784:
6689:
6602:
6521:
6453:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6306:
6286:
6234:
6224:
5975:
5956:
5705:
classified, although there is no agreement as to the model which should replace it.
5670:
5514:
5103:
3085:
2906: Superclass
2901: Superclass
2227:
709:
218:
206:
74:
54:
8526:
8250:"Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes"
6205:"Towards a natural systs: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
3779: Subphylum
3764: Subphylum
3749: Subphylum
3744: Subphylum
3719: Subphylum
3711: Subphylum
3696: Subphylum
3655: Subphylum
3650: Subphylum
3645: Subphylum
3630: Subphylum
3605: Subphylum
3600: Subphylum
3575: Subphylum
3570: Subphylum
3555: Subphylum
3550: Subphylum
3540: Subphylum
3535: Subphylum
9355:
9341:
9308:
9297:
9291:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9229:
9223:
9218:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9163:
9157:
8993:
8502:
8476:
8254:
8212:
8136:
8075:"On the monophyly of chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes"
7901:
7845:
7806:
7282:
6789:
6548:
6525:
3977:
3828:
3760:
3755:
3712:
3396: Subclass
3391: Subclass
3381: Subclass
3376: Subclass
3371: Subclass
3234:
2695:
2690:
2615:
1874:
1854:
kingdom. Indeed, the chloroplast of the chromists is located in the lumen of the
1440:
1425:
1308:
202:
198:
182:
178:
84:
Traditionally, some textbooks from the United States and Canada used a system of
8664:
Lake, James A.; Henderson, Eric; Oakes, Melanie; Clark, Michael W. (June 1984).
8549:
6322:
A short history of biology, a general introduction to the study of living things
9034:
8963:
7429:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7367:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6554:
6209:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6007:
5740:
5697:
5601:
5557:
5287:
In 2004, a review article by Simpson and Roger noted that the Protista were "a
5225:
4863:
4853:
3818:
2988:
2973:
2862:
2826:
2750:
2735:
2725:
2665:
2575:
2318:
2208:
2199:) was subdivided into two sub-kingdoms according to their membrane topologies:
1966:
1878:
1846:). Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the
1823:
1667:
1446:
1316:
693:
269:
The classification of living things into animals and plants is an ancient one.
70:
50:
7915:
7896:
7859:
7840:
7536:
3159: Class
3144: Class
3134: Class
3129: Class
9408:
9384:
8450:"EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata"
8122:
7130:
7112:
6020:
5842:
4643:
4636:
4095:
4076:
4000:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3865:
3843:
3803:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3347:
3321:
3284:
3187:
2930:
2914:
2675:
2655:
2650:
2625:
2565:
2251:
2239:
1870:
1863:
1594:
1554:
1510:
1452:
1376:
1334:
1274:
1205:
1141:
882:
689:
682:
502:
482:
306:
253:
193:. Later two further main ranks were introduced, making the sequence kingdom,
170:
8920:
8692:
8631:
8575:
8510:
8370:
8351:
7733:"Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree"
7449:
7387:
6950:"Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree"
6822:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (March 26, 1987). "Eucaryotes with no mitochondria".
6229:
8928:
8882:
8873:
8854:
8834:
8803:
8650:
8534:
8495:
8430:
8379:
8336:
8285:
8267:
8231:
8155:
8118:"Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity"
8102:
8051:
7997:
7924:
7868:
7825:
7766:
7748:
7708:
7690:
7244:
7098:
7037:
7019:
6983:
6965:
6905:
6808:
6568:
6465:
6428:
6369:
6329:
5674:
5605:
5535:
5499:
4299:
4203:
4198:
4163:
4143:
3919:
3879:
3790:
3674:
3536:
3497:
3455:
3264:
3120:
2907:
2872:
2867:
2806:
2745:
2740:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2640:
2630:
2590:
2570:
2550:
2212:
2204:
1839:
1831:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1243:
1147:
1105:
1085:
1079:
643:
280:
174:
161:(for fungi) are also used for life present in a particular region or time.
8711:
8093:
8074:
7645:
7603:
7554:
7506:
7468:
7290:
6853:
6533:
6298:
6248:
8412:
8318:
7406:
7336:
7080:
6701:
6643:
6442:
Stanier, R.Y. & Van Neil, C.B. (1962). "The concept of a bacterium".
6025:
5624:
5612:
5584:
5568:
5486:
5400:
5345:
4941:
4555:
4543:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4304:
4243:
4228:
4090:
4084:
4046:
4040:
3873:
3833:
3775:
3745:
3720:
3707:
3702:
3601:
3591:
3556:
3512:
3198:
3145:
2892:
2459:
2447:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2243:
2058:
1886:
1516:
1492:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1111:
886:
870:
249:
57:
contains one or more kingdoms. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
8795:
7363:"Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms"
6614:
6550:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
5677:. Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.
4202: Infraphylum
4197: Infraphylum
4187: Infraphylum
4182: Infraphylum
4177: Infraphylum
4172: Infraphylum
4157: Infraphylum
4152: Infraphylum
4119: Infraphylum
4114: Infraphylum
4104: Infraphylum
4099: Infraphylum
2896: Infraphylum
2891: Infraphylum
2754: Infraphylum
2749: Infraphylum
2724: Infraphylum
2719: Infraphylum
9367:
7974:
7420:
7358:
7328:
7304:
6693:
6457:
6015:
5971:
5847:
5684:
One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships depicted by Alastair Simpson
5616:
5580:
5576:
5564:
5539:
5460:
5204:
5159:
5083:
5066:
4836:
4826:
4811:
4671:
4551:
4519:
4385:
4322:
4316:
4269:
4127:
4059:
4053:
3990:
3904:
3848:
3750:
3692:
3646:
3631:
3596:
3551:
3424:
3223:
3139: Superclass
3124: Superclass
3046:
3003:
2935:
2920:
2786:
2560:
2455:
2423:
2300:
2263:
2196:
1950:
1936:
1827:
1819:
1650:
1636:
1590:
1528:
1486:
1476:
1458:
1419:
1405:
1328:
1322:
1223:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1159:
1117:
1062:
909:
874:
728:
647:
639:
124:
8248:
Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran & Pawlowski, Jan (2008).
5680:
4308: Subphylum
4303: Subphylum
4298: Subphylum
4288: Subphylum
4273: Subphylum
4263: Subphylum
4258: Subphylum
3989: Subphylum
3971: Subphylum
3961: Subphylum
3946: Subphylum
3918: Subphylum
3903: Subphylum
3898: Subphylum
3888: Subphylum
3883: Subphylum
3847: Subphylum
3832: Subphylum
3822: Subphylum
3807: Subphylum
3017: Subphylum
3012: Subphylum
3007: Subphylum
2992: Subphylum
2987: Subphylum
2982: Subphylum
2972: Subphylum
2967: Subphylum
2684: Subphylum
2669: Subphylum
2659: Subphylum
2654: Subphylum
2644: Subphylum
2639: Subphylum
2634: Subphylum
2624: Subphylum
2619: Subphylum
2599: Subphylum
2594: Subphylum
2579: Subphylum
2574: Subphylum
885:'s system of five kingdoms, the plants included just the land plants (
9277:
9148:
9143:
9134:
8183:
8168:
6845:
6606:
6050:
5987:
5967:
5908:
5732:
5588:
5474:
5441:
5292:
5246:
5242:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4895:
4875:
4499:
4495:
4475:
4471:
4453:
4309:
4289:
4284:
4254:
4249:
4222:
4214:
4138:
4032:
3982:
3972:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3909:
3899:
3853:
3780:
3730:
3725:
3681:
3661:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3581:
3546:
3504:
3471:
3341: Subclass
3336: Subclass
3308: Subclass
3303: Subclass
3293: Subclass
3288: Subclass
3278: Subclass
3273: Subclass
3268: Subclass
3253: Subclass
3248: Subclass
3094: Subclass
3089: Subclass
3025:
2952:
2897:
2877:
2857:
2847:
2801:
2403:
2399:
2379:
2375:
2357:
2274:
2223:
2219:
2089:
1906:
1847:
1706:
1610:
1498:
1470:
1462:
1413:
1387:
1268:
1153:
945:
866:
862:
764:
665:
proposed a four-kingdom classification by creating the novel Kingdom
651:
343:
270:
132:
7966:
6897:
5086:
classification, where there is emphasis in arranging organisms into
1889:
superkingdom, grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (
9324:
9303:
8454:
8190:
7208:
7063:"Genome Networks Root the Tree of Life between Prokaryotic Domains"
6767:
6587:
6388:
6170:
6054:
6001:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5858:
5620:
5543:
5528:
5482:
5452:
5348:
5331:
5200:
5170:
4917:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4880:
4846:
4841:
4831:
4547:
4523:
4479:
4467:
4399:
4339:
4274:
4259:
3967:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3914:
3813:
3797:
3785:
3759: Phylum
3740:
3739: Phylum
3691: Phylum
3660: Phylum
3626:
3625: Phylum
3615: Phylum
3595: Phylum
3571:
3566:
3565: Phylum
3545: Phylum
3530: Phylum
3484:
3478:
3466:
3461:
3430:
3408:
3036:
3031:
2978:
2852:
2837:
2780:
2772:
2544:
2451:
2427:
2383:
2371:
2314:
2267:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2192:
2073:
2019:
2004:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1720:
1606:
1566:
1522:
1504:
1431:
1399:
1370:
1348:
1299:
1291:
1135:
1097:
1008:
959:
811:
778:
670:
571:
538:
507:
463:
140:
109:
9003:
3386: Class
3366: Class
3356: Class
3114: Class
1818:
supported the consensus at that time, that the difference between
9361:
8751:
8393:
Rogozin, I.B.; Basu, M.K.; Csürös, M. & Koonin, E.V. (2009).
8080:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
5963:
5913:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5736:
5666:
5572:
5403:
5386:
5221:
5174:
4890:
4885:
4868:
4858:
4806:
4515:
4415:
4355:
4343:
4188:
4024:
4013:
4007:
3995:
3735:
3651:
3531:
3526:
3491:
3416:
2419:
1902:
1859:
1851:
1482:
1393:
1359:
1169:
976:
795:
674:
555:
334:
214:
190:
105:
101:
62:
8779:
9116:
9100:
8247:
7157:. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires"
6665:
6663:
6084:. Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN SSC. 2021. Archived from
5934:
5920:
5868:
5852:
5815:
5724:
5669:) are descended from the same ancestor as both the unicellular
5510:
5506:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4821:
4816:
4587:
4571:
4294:
2958:
2887:
2882:
2818:
2491:
2475:
2137:
2121:
1769:
1753:
1051:
923:
858:
742:
666:
469:
374:
322:
194:
117:
97:
89:
78:
7161:
Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale
6049:
Compared to the version Cavalier-Smith published in 2004, the
2218:
Cavalier-Smith does not accept the requirement for taxa to be
9318:
5927:
5830:
5811:
5784:
5693:
5087:
5062:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4539:
4148:
3058:
2554: Infrakingdom
2443:
2255:
2105:
1898:
1737:
1257:
992:
849:
330:
248:) can be inserted between subkingdom and infrakingdom, e.g.,
210:
186:
157:
151:
145:
93:
8115:
8018:
6660:
6393:"The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology"
6264:
6262:
6260:
6258:
3754: Superphylum
3686: Superphylum
3620: Superphylum
3610: Superphylum
3560: Superphylum
3525: Superphylum
3119: Infraphylum
3109: Infraphylum
8775:
8773:
8670:
8609:
6057:
have been moved from Kingdom Protozoa to Kingdom Chromista.
5788:
5312:
5185:
5147:
4133:
3361: Superclass
3351: Superclass
1237:
317:, in 1735. He distinguished two kingdoms of living things:
8605:"The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells"
8298:
7779:
6760:
4192: Subphylum
4167: Subphylum
4147: Subphylum
4142: Subphylum
4137: Subphylum
4109: Subphylum
4094: Subphylum
4068: Subphylum
4063: Subphylum
3470: Subphylum
3465: Subphylum
3444: Subphylum
3439: Subphylum
3434: Subphylum
3045: Subphylum
3040: Subphylum
2944: Subphylum
2939: Subphylum
2929: Subphylum
2924: Subphylum
2886: Subphylum
2881: Subphylum
2866: Subphylum
2861: Subphylum
2856: Subphylum
2846: Subphylum
2841: Subphylum
2836: Subphylum
2759: Subphylum
2744: Subphylum
2729: Subphylum
2714: Subphylum
8349:
8073:
Harper, J. T.; Waanders, E. & Keeling, P. J. (2005).
7261:(January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms".
7061:
Dagan, T.; Roettger, M.; Bryant & Martin, W. (2010).
7060:
6255:
5708:
3202: Subclass
8895:
8770:
8508:
6634:
Palmer, E. Laurence; Fowler, Seymour H. (January 1975).
5955:); but this is beneath the top level classifications of
3207: Subclas
650:) and organisms whose cells do have a distinct nucleus (
8663:
8392:
7782:"A higher level classification of all living organisms"
7679:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6763:"A higher level classification of all living organisms"
5907:
4293: Phylum
4268: Phylum
4253: Phylum
3966: Phylum
3941: Phylum
3893: Phylum
3878: Phylum
3827: Phylum
3802: Phylum
3673: Phylum
3002: Phylum
2977: Phylum
2962: Phylum
2694: Phylum
2664: Phylum
2649: Phylum
2629: Phylum
2614: Phylum
2589: Phylum
2569: Phylum
2564: Phylum
8852:
7841:"Evolution: Revisiting the Root of the Eukaryote Tree"
6756:
6754:
6752:
3331: Class
3313: Class
3298: Class
3283: Class
3263: Class
3243: Class
3238: Class
3233: Class
3099: Class
3084: Class
8186:"Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups"
8072:
6134:
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
5715:
Tree of life (biology) § Developments since 1990
8846:
6940:
6938:
5997:
3985:
3715:
3448:
2242:. This means that all living eukaryotes are in fact
1597:
structure; this would later lead to the proposal of
1379:
481:, often called the "father of microscopy", sent the
8889:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7419:
7303:
6749:
6669:
6202:
6635:
6586:
6270:
5154:. All smaller branches can be considered kingdoms.
164:
77:. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called
8443:
7895:Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2004).
7660:
6935:
6874:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6339:
9406:
8855:"Reasons to include viruses in the tree of life"
8758:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
8511:"Acytota - associated kingdom of neglected life"
7883:
7056:
7054:
6203:Woese, C.R.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M.L. (1990).
4248: Superphylum
2997: Superphylum
2957: Superphylum
2689: Superphylum
2609: Superphylum
2584: Superphylum
131:, noting that some traditional kingdoms are not
6546:
6441:
5111:
33:
7727:
7666:
7616:
7567:
7519:
7485:(1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?".
7481:
6996:
6944:
6821:
6336:
6268:
5949:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
5926:
5743:(formerly known as eocytes or Crenarchaeota).
5077:
3346: Subphylum
3326: Subphylum
3258: Subphylum
3228: Subphylum
3104: Subphylum
3079: Subphylum
2810: Subphylum
2805: Subphylum
2795: Subphylum
2790: Subphylum
273:(384–322 BC) classified animal species in his
135:, meaning that they do not consist of all the
9019:
8827:"New views on the megaclassification of life"
8727:"New views on the megaclassification of life"
8437:
7990:"New views on the megaclassification of life"
7948:"Proposal for the recognition of super ranks"
7251:
7051:
6875:Poole, Anthony; Penny, David (21 June 2007).
6580:
6578:
6487:
6485:
6483:
5919:
5867:
889:), and Protoctista has a broader definition.
8558:Biological systematics: The state of the art
8243:
8241:
8179:
8177:
7894:
7838:
7721:
7223:
7185:
7105:
7007:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
6633:
6146:
5846:
309:(1707–1778) laid the foundations for modern
123:Some recent classifications based on modern
8818:
8343:
8162:
7523:(1992). "Origins of secondary metabolism".
7179:Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937)
7141:
6353:
4321: Phylum
4162: Phylum
4132: Phylum
4089: Phylum
4058: Phylum
4045: Phylum
3483: Phylum
3460: Phylum
3429: Phylum
3035: Phylum
3030: Phylum
2934: Phylum
2919: Phylum
2876: Phylum
2871: Phylum
2851: Phylum
2831: Phylum
2739: Phylum
2709: Phylum
505:also proposed a third kingdom of life, the
9026:
9012:
8588:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8014:
8012:
7981:
7839:Roger, A.J. & Simpson, A.G.B. (2009).
7351:
6575:
6480:
6398:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
6383:
6381:
6379:
6079:"IUCN SSC acceptance of Fauna Flora Funga"
5837:
5792:
5783:
5665:In this system the multicellular animals (
4346:. (This was based on the consensus in the
3197: Class
3192: Class
2534:Cavalier-Smith's six kingdom system (1998)
1598:
8872:
8701:
8691:
8640:
8630:
8602:
8596:
8485:
8475:
8448:(2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.).
8420:
8369:
8326:
8292:
8275:
8238:
8221:
8211:
8174:
8145:
8135:
8092:
8041:
7939:
7914:
7858:
7815:
7805:
7756:
7698:
7593:
7458:
7448:
7413:
7396:
7386:
7297:
7257:
7088:
7027:
6973:
6798:
6788:
6515:
6491:
6418:
6238:
6228:
5912:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5807:
5805:
5274:
4348:Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea
857:recognized an additional kingdom for the
450:
256:in the classification of Cavalier-Smith.
155:(for animals), and, in the 21st century,
8744:
7570:"Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla"
7357:
7229:
7191:
7111:
5933:
5679:
5107:
5093:
4791:
865:; his Plantae were mostly multicellular
462:
390:Regnum Vegetabile ('vegetables'/plants)
116:(Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and
29:
8981:A Brief History of the Kingdoms of Life
8603:Archibald, John M. (23 December 2008).
8555:
8109:
8009:
7239:. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6.
7173:
7167:
7147:
7129:
7123:
6588:"Teaching Taxonomy: How Many Kingdoms?"
6435:
6376:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6163:McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2006).
6162:
5990:, that possess typical cellular genes.
5899:
1885:. This superkingdom was opposed to the
592: Non‑life
409: Non‑life
264:
14:
9407:
8955:Empire Biota: a comprehensive taxonomy
8824:
8724:
7987:
7622:"A revised six-kingdom system of life"
6319:
6272:"A revised six-kingdom system of life"
5962:There is ongoing debate as to whether
5709:Comparison of top level classification
2258:. Others were reclassified in kingdom
2185:
1042:Whittaker's five kingdom system (1969)
9007:
7945:
7236:The Classification of Lower Organisms
7195:(1938). "The kingdoms of organisms".
6547:Margulis L, Chapman MJ (2009-03-19).
5166:accurately introduced term dominion.
2734: Infrakingdom
2704: Infrakingdom
2604: Infrakingdom
2207:. Unibacteria was divided into phyla
712:of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.
9043:
8657:
7135:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
6584:
6387:
6191:
5057:Kingdoms such as Protozoa represent
3933:
3870:
3794:
3678:
3665:
3517:
2531:
1039:
173:introduced the rank-based system of
9033:
7897:"The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes"
7423:; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990).
4796:
4786:
2549: Subkingdom
1862:. Moreover, only chromists contain
1602:
341:, placing them in a third kingdom,
127:have explicitly abandoned the term
24:
8947:
8029:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
7638:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
6291:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
4773:
4768:
2266:which is now part of infrakingdom
677:. Ernst Haeckel, in his 1904 book
113:
25:
9431:
8974:
8509:Trifonov EN, Kejnovsky E (2016).
5877:
5872:
5862:
5857:
5752:Two superdomains (controversial)
5735:emerged from a phylum within the
4778:
4332:
2254:, were reclassified into kingdom
1810:
85:
9063:
9052:
8043:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
7527:. Novartis Foundation Symposia.
6000:
5894:
843:
633:
9257:
9196:
8718:
8386:
8357:Molecular Biology and Evolution
8066:
7832:
7773:
7610:
7561:
7513:
7475:
6990:
6868:
6815:
6716:
6627:
6540:
6043:
5889:
5884:
4227: Phylum
4012: Phylum
3496: Phylum
2800: Phylum
2785: Phylum
1584:
165:Definition and associated terms
9386:
9375:
9343:
9332:
9125:
9107:
8970:, New York: Worth Publishers.
7586:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993
7309:Journal of Molecular Evolution
6673:Journal of Molecular Evolution
6411:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005
6313:
6155:
6140:
6122:
6071:
5828:
2273:Because Cavalier-Smith allows
873:, and his Fungi multicellular
221:was introduced above kingdom.
13:
1:
8527:10.1080/07391102.2015.1086959
8444:Kim, E.; Graham, L. E. &
7361:; Fox, G.E. (November 1977).
6064:
5673:and the fungi which form the
4369: Life
2284: Life
2191:recent research. The kingdom
1920: Life
1620: Life
900: Life
869:, his Animalia multicellular
719: Life
526: Life
362: Life
297:) wrote a parallel work, the
291:
284:
8556:Minelli, Alessandro (1993).
8477:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621
8400:Genome Biology and Evolution
8306:Genome Biology and Evolution
8213:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790
8137:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220
7807:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
7499:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
7283:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
7068:Genome Biology and Evolution
6790:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
6638:Fieldbook of Natural History
6526:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
1304:Branch Opisthomastigomycota
7:
8953:Pelentier, B. (2007-2015).
8860:Nature Reviews Microbiology
8783:Nature Reviews Microbiology
7672:"Only six kingdoms of life"
7568:Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993).
7197:Quarterly Review of Biology
7181:. E. Sottano, Sète, France.
6999:"Only six kingdoms of life"
6997:Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004).
6324:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6320:Singer, Charles J. (1931).
6269:Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998).
5993:
5158:Based on such RNA studies,
5078:Beyond traditional kingdoms
5067:phylogenetic classification
1287:Subkingdom Dimastigomycota
603:Regnum Lapideum (minerals)
420:Regnum Lapideum (minerals)
10:
9436:
8999:Whittaker's classification
8966:and Helena Curtis (1970),
7531:: 64–80, discussion 80–7.
6585:Case, Emily (2008-10-01).
6357:International Microbiology
6111:animals, fungi, and plants
5942:
5712:
5689:six proposed supergroups.
5280:
5097:
4628:
2178:‡ No longer recognized by
456:
333:). Linnaeus also included
329:('vegetable kingdom', for
259:
9041:
8446:Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne
7916:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038
7860:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.032
7537:10.1002/9780470514344.ch5
7525:Ciba Foundation Symposium
6877:"Engulfed by speculation"
5610:
5562:
5533:
5504:
5479:
5457:
5446:
5434:
5398:
5391:
5379:
5343:
5336:
5324:
5317:
5239:
5218:
5197:
5190:
5065:, and so are rejected by
4950:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4840:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4584:
4568:
4536:
4492:
4464:
4457:
4446:
4412:
4396:
4389:
4378:
4371:
4358:is any of the eukaryotic
2488:
2472:
2440:
2396:
2368:
2361:
2350:
2311:
2304:
2293:
2286:
2134:
2118:
2102:
2086:
2070:
2063:
2051:
2016:
2009:
1997:
1963:
1947:
1940:
1929:
1922:
1909:). This was known as the
1766:
1750:
1734:
1717:
1710:
1699:
1664:
1647:
1640:
1629:
1622:
1005:
989:
973:
956:
949:
920:
913:
902:
808:
792:
775:
768:
739:
732:
721:
601:
594:
568:
552:
535:
528:
520:
418:
411:
388:
371:
364:
356:
224:Prefixes can be added so
47:biological classification
8987:The five kingdom concept
6594:American Biology Teacher
6445:Archiv fĂĽr Mikrobiologie
6036:
5727:" or cellular life. The
5719:Some authors have added
4313:
4240:
4124:
4081:
4050:
4037:
3862:
3509:
3475:
3452:
3421:
3318:
3220:
3184:
3071:
3022:
2949:
2911:
2823:
2321:as part of a subkingdom
2195:(sole kingdom of empire
848:The differences between
8921:10.1126/science.1101485
8825:Luketa, Stefan (2012).
8725:Luketa, Stefan (2012).
8693:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786
8632:10.1073/pnas.0811118106
7574:Microbiological Reviews
7450:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
7388:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088
6230:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
6115:fauna, flora, and funga
5974:and are not capable of
5587:(or cryptomonads), and
2699: Subkingdom
1599:three "domains" of life
1264:Subkingdom Gymnomycota
479:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
313:, now regulated by the
311:biological nomenclature
217:. In 1990, the rank of
8874:10.1038/nrmicro2108-c1
8268:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224
7749:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
7691:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
7245:10.5962/bhl.title.4474
7020:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
6966:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
6946:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
5749:Taxonomical root node
5685:
5275:Eukaryotic supergroups
5155:
1844:Gram-positive bacteria
1836:Gram-negative bacteria
1830:into two subkingdoms:
474:
459:Tree of life (biology)
451:Three kingdoms of life
69:is the second highest
58:
8371:10.1093/molbev/msm089
8094:10.1099/ijs.0.63216-0
6147:Linnaeus, C. (1735).
5903:including eukaryotes
5848:Prokaryota / Procarya
5713:Further information:
5683:
5150:data showing Woese's
5141:
5094:Three domains of life
4360:unicellular organisms
1856:endoplasmic reticulum
1816:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
1355:Subkingdom Agnotozoa
1072:Branch Mastigomonera
466:
457:Further information:
339:classification system
108:/Archaebacteria, and
44:
7946:Moore, R.T. (1974).
7155:Pansporella perplexa
6732:Rhode Island College
5981:nucleotide sequences
5542:, and various other
5283:Supergroup (biology)
1541:Phylum Brachiata or
1130:Plasmodiophoromycota
1124:Hyphochytridiomycota
1067:Phylum Myxobacteriae
265:Two kingdoms of life
9420:Biology terminology
9092:Infrakingdom/Branch
8983:at Earthling Nature
8913:2004Sci...306.1344R
8907:(5700): 1344–1350.
8796:10.1038/nrmicro2108
8756:talk.ictvonline.org
8684:1984PNAS...81.3786L
8623:2008PNAS..10520049A
8617:(51): 20049–20050.
8515:J Biomol Struct Dyn
8468:2008PLoSO...3.2621K
8204:2007PLoSO...2..790B
7988:Luketa, S. (2012).
7798:2015PLoSO..1019248R
7685:(1545): 1251–1262.
7441:1990PNAS...87.4576W
7379:1977PNAS...74.5088W
7321:1977JMolE...9..305B
7275:1969Sci...163..150W
7014:(1545): 1251–1262.
6838:1987Natur.326..332C
6781:2015PLoSO..1019248R
6686:1977JMolE...9..305B
6508:1969Sci...163..150W
6221:1990PNAS...87.4576W
5909:Eukaryota / Eukarya
5152:three-domain system
5100:Three-domain system
3310:Loculoascomycetidae
2536:
2186:Six kingdoms (1998)
1911:Archezoa hypothesis
1366:Subkingdom Parazoa
1044:
710:three-domain system
679:The Wonders of Life
663:Herbert F. Copeland
638:The development of
81:(singular phylum).
9415:Kingdoms (biology)
9364:
9321:
9300:
9274:
9232:
9166:
9131:
9119:
9083:
9074:
8992:2021-11-07 at the
8413:10.1093/gbe/evp011
8319:10.1093/gbe/evp022
7729:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7668:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7626:Biological Reviews
7618:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7521:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7483:Cavalier-Smith, T.
7329:10.1007/BF01796092
7081:10.1093/gbe/evq025
6724:"The Six Kingdoms"
6694:10.1007/BF01796092
6458:10.1007/BF00425185
6278:Biological Reviews
6103:animals and plants
5983:from their hosts.
5731:proposes that the
5686:
5156:
4452:Superkingdom
4384:Superkingdom
3388:Homobasidiomycetes
3353:Hemibasidiomycetia
2532:
2250:, like the phylum
2057:Superkingdom
2003:Superkingdom
1935:Superkingdom
1858:instead of in the
1281:Labyrinthulomycota
1075:Phylum Eubacteriae
1058:Branch Myxomonera
1040:
475:
315:Nomenclature Codes
300:Historia Plantarum
279:, while his pupil
276:History of Animals
195:phylum or division
114:five kingdoms only
59:
9402:
9401:
9397:
9396:
9360:
9317:
9296:
9270:
9228:
9162:
9121:
9115:
9079:
9072:
8968:Biology of Plants
8678:(12): 3786–3790.
8169:Burki et al. 2007
8087:(Pt 1): 487–496.
7909:(17): R693–R696.
7435:(12): 4576–4579.
7373:(11): 5088–5090.
7269:(3863): 150–160.
7137:. Reimer, Berlin.
6832:(6111): 332–333.
6653:978-0-070-48425-2
6173:on 6 October 2012
6109:be replaced with
5940:
5939:
5802:non-cellular life
5778:Eocyte hypothesis
5729:eocyte hypothesis
5721:non-cellular life
5671:choanoflagellates
5662:
5661:
5653:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5515:choanoflagellates
5423:
5422:
5414:
5413:
5368:
5367:
5359:
5358:
5267:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5144:phylogenetic tree
5051:
5050:
4625:
4624:
4616:
4615:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4352:Catalogue of Life
4330:
4329:
4070:Macrorhodophytina
3373:Tremellomycetidae
3338:Sporidiomycetidae
3255:Saccharomycetidae
2529:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2030:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1582:
1581:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
934:
933:
840:
839:
831:
830:
822:
821:
753:
752:
706:two-empire system
630:
629:
621:
620:
612:
611:
582:
581:
447:
446:
438:
437:
429:
428:
399:
398:
327:Regnum Vegetabile
45:The hierarchy of
16:(Redirected from
9427:
9388:
9377:
9345:
9334:
9259:
9198:
9127:
9109:
9065:
9054:
9044:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9005:
9004:
8941:
8940:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8876:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8831:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8777:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8731:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8705:
8695:
8661:
8655:
8654:
8644:
8634:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8587:
8579:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8489:
8479:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8424:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8373:
8364:(8): 1702–1713.
8347:
8341:
8340:
8330:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8279:
8245:
8236:
8235:
8225:
8215:
8181:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8149:
8139:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8096:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8045:
8025:
8016:
8007:
8006:
7994:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7952:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7918:
7892:
7881:
7880:
7862:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7819:
7809:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7760:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7702:
7676:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7597:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7493:(3–4): 461–481.
7479:
7473:
7472:
7462:
7452:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7400:
7390:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7163:. 10-VIII: 5–84.
7145:
7139:
7138:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7092:
7058:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7031:
7003:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6977:
6942:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6916:. Archived from
6881:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6846:10.1038/326332a0
6819:
6813:
6812:
6802:
6792:
6758:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6734:. Archived from
6720:
6714:
6713:
6667:
6658:
6657:
6642:(2nd ed.).
6641:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6607:10.2307/30163328
6590:
6582:
6573:
6572:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6519:
6502:(3863): 150–60.
6489:
6478:
6477:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6422:
6385:
6374:
6373:
6351:
6334:
6333:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6274:
6266:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6232:
6200:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6136:. 3 August 2021.
6126:
6120:
6119:
6097:
6096:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6058:
6047:
6010:
6005:
6004:
5746:
5745:
5449:
5448:
5437:
5436:
5394:
5393:
5382:
5381:
5339:
5338:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5308:
5307:
5299:
5193:
5192:
5181:
5180:
5110:
5104:Domain (biology)
4744:3 superkingdoms
4633:
4632:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4325:
4206:
4016:
3987:
3717:
3450:
3400:
3290:Verrucomycetidae
3230:Hemiascomycotina
3086:Chytridiomycetes
3050:
2764:
2681:Chromatibacteria
2621:Chlorobibacteria
2537:
2535:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1381:
1212:Chlorophycophyta
1045:
1043:
952:
951:
916:
915:
905:
904:
897:
896:
855:Robert Whittaker
771:
770:
735:
734:
724:
723:
716:
715:
597:
596:
531:
530:
523:
522:
515:
514:
414:
413:
367:
366:
359:
358:
351:
350:
296:
293:
289:
286:
21:
9435:
9434:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9356:Species complex
9106:Superdivision (
9037:
9035:Taxonomic ranks
9032:
8994:Wayback Machine
8977:
8950:
8948:Further reading
8945:
8944:
8894:
8890:
8851:
8847:
8829:
8823:
8819:
8778:
8771:
8761:
8759:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8729:
8723:
8719:
8662:
8658:
8601:
8597:
8581:
8580:
8568:
8554:
8550:
8507:
8503:
8442:
8438:
8391:
8387:
8348:
8344:
8297:
8293:
8255:Biology Letters
8246:
8239:
8182:
8175:
8167:
8163:
8114:
8110:
8071:
8067:
8023:
8017:
8010:
7992:
7986:
7982:
7967:10.2307/1218807
7950:
7944:
7940:
7902:Current Biology
7893:
7884:
7846:Current Biology
7837:
7833:
7792:(4): e0119248.
7778:
7774:
7726:
7722:
7713:
7711:
7674:
7665:
7661:
7615:
7611:
7566:
7562:
7547:
7518:
7514:
7480:
7476:
7418:
7414:
7356:
7352:
7302:
7298:
7259:Whittaker, R.H.
7256:
7252:
7228:
7224:
7190:
7186:
7172:
7168:
7146:
7142:
7128:
7124:
7110:
7106:
7059:
7052:
7042:
7040:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6954:Biology Letters
6943:
6936:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6898:10.1038/447913a
6879:
6873:
6869:
6820:
6816:
6775:(4): e0119248.
6759:
6750:
6741:
6739:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6632:
6628:
6619:
6617:
6583:
6576:
6565:
6545:
6541:
6517:10.1.1.403.5430
6490:
6481:
6440:
6436:
6386:
6377:
6352:
6337:
6318:
6314:
6267:
6256:
6201:
6192:
6183:
6176:
6174:
6160:
6156:
6145:
6141:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6107:fauna and flora
6094:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6006:
5999:
5996:
5945:
5850:
5841:
5800:
5765:Five Dominiums
5717:
5711:
5663:
5654:
5645:
5636:
5604: (or
5424:
5415:
5369:
5360:
5297:
5285:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5140:
5108:
5106:
5098:Main articles:
5096:
5080:
4753:2 superkingdoms
4707:
4698:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4631:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4436:
4427:
4335:
4320:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4226:
4218:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4194:Spermatophytina
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4067:
4065:Rhodellophytina
4062:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3980:
3978:Cephalochordata
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3859:Cercomeromorpha
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:Platyhelminthes
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Nemathelminthes
3758:
3756:Nemathelminthes
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:Trilobitomorpha
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Cheliceromorpha
3695:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3405:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Dendromycetidae
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Calycomycetidae
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Taphrinomycetes
3232:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3176:Trichomycetalia
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Mucoromycetidae
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Tubulicorticata
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Planctobacteria
2693:
2691:Planctobacteria
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Sphingobacteria
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2340:
2331:
2188:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2041:
2032:
1987:
1978:
1875:proteobacterium
1813:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1723:or Protoctista
1689:
1680:
1587:
1441:Pseudocoelomata
1434:or Rhynchocoela
1426:Platyhelminthes
1309:Chytridiomycota
1192:Phaeophycophyta
1178:Rhodophycophyta
1041:
1038:
1029:
1020:
962:or Protoctista
935:
846:
841:
832:
823:
781:or Protoctista
754:
656:Édouard Chatton
636:
631:
622:
613:
583:
541:or Protoctista
461:
453:
448:
439:
430:
400:
344:Regnum Lapideum
294:
287:
267:
262:
236:(also known as
167:
51:taxonomic ranks
49:'s eight major
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9433:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9400:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9381:
9370:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9338:
9327:
9322:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9294:
9287:
9286:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9268:
9263:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9226:
9221:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9160:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9132:
9113:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9077:
9069:
9058:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9031:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8984:
8976:
8975:External links
8973:
8972:
8971:
8964:Peter H. Raven
8961:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8888:
8845:
8817:
8790:(4): 306–311.
8769:
8743:
8717:
8656:
8595:
8566:
8548:
8501:
8436:
8385:
8342:
8291:
8262:(4): 366–369.
8237:
8173:
8161:
8108:
8065:
8036:(5): 399–451.
8008:
7980:
7961:(4): 650–652.
7938:
7882:
7831:
7772:
7743:(3): 342–345.
7720:
7659:
7632:(3): 203–266.
7609:
7580:(4): 953–994.
7560:
7545:
7512:
7474:
7412:
7350:
7315:(4): 305–311.
7296:
7250:
7231:Copeland, H.F.
7222:
7209:10.1086/394568
7203:(4): 383–420.
7193:Copeland, H.F.
7184:
7166:
7140:
7122:
7104:
7050:
6989:
6960:(3): 342–345.
6934:
6923:on 6 July 2011
6867:
6814:
6748:
6715:
6680:(4): 305–311.
6659:
6652:
6626:
6601:(8): 472–477.
6574:
6563:
6555:Academic Press
6539:
6479:
6434:
6405:(2): 292–305.
6375:
6335:
6312:
6254:
6215:(12): 4576–9.
6190:
6154:
6139:
6121:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6008:Biology portal
5995:
5992:
5959:and subrealm.
5944:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5896:Archaebacteria
5893:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5845:
5835:
5834:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5791:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5766:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5750:
5741:Thermoproteota
5710:
5707:
5698:SAR supergroup
5660:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5609:
5602:Archaeplastida
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5561:
5558:Chromalveolata
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5503:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5478:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5456:
5447:
5445:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5316:
5306:
5281:Main article:
5276:
5273:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5226:Archaebacteria
5217:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5179:
5175:Archaebacteria
5095:
5092:
5088:natural groups
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4864:Archaebacteria
4861:
4856:
4854:Archaebacteria
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4700:
4697:Cavalier-Smith
4695:
4691:Cavalier-Smith
4688:
4680:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4334:
4333:Seven kingdoms
4331:
4328:
4327:
4208:
4169:Pteridophytina
4111:Phragmophytina
4018:
3963:Appendicularia
3819:Acanthocephala
3766:Scalidorhyncha
3402:
3398:Pileomycetidae
3393:Clavomycetidae
3378:Dacrymycetidae
3343:Uredomycetidae
3295:Ostiomycetidae
3260:Euascomycotina
3141:Neozygomycetia
3106:Melanomycotina
3096:Spizomycetidae
3091:Rumpomycetidae
3081:Dictyomycotina
3052:
2989:Coccidiomorpha
2974:Dinoflagellata
2863:Reticulofilosa
2827:Sarcomastigota
2766:
2751:Halomebacteria
2736:Archaebacteria
2726:Actinobacteria
2716:Teichobacteria
2666:Proteobacteria
2636:Sclenobacteria
2611:Pimelobacteria
2596:Euspirochaetae
2586:Endoflagellata
2576:Chlorobacteria
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:Archaebacteria
2310:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2240:Hydrogenosomes
2209:Archaebacteria
2187:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:Archaebacteria
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1879:eukaryogenesis
1824:Archaebacteria
1812:
1811:Eight kingdoms
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:Archaebacteria
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1603:seven kingdoms
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1449:
1447:Acanthocephala
1437:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1317:Amastigomycota
1313:
1312:
1311:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
955:
950:
948:
941:
940:
937:
936:
932:
931:
928:
927:
919:
914:
912:
903:
901:
895:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
825:
824:
820:
819:
816:
815:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
774:
769:
767:
760:
759:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
746:
738:
733:
731:
722:
720:
714:
694:C. B. van Niel
688:In the 1960s,
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
623:
619:
618:
615:
614:
610:
609:
606:
605:
600:
595:
593:
589:
588:
585:
584:
580:
579:
576:
575:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
534:
529:
527:
521:
519:
513:
452:
449:
445:
444:
441:
440:
436:
435:
432:
431:
427:
426:
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:
406:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
393:
392:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
370:
365:
363:
357:
355:
349:
325:kingdom') and
319:Regnum Animale
266:
263:
261:
258:
166:
163:
149:(for plants),
71:taxonomic rank
27:Taxonomic rank
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9432:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9391:
9390:
9382:
9380:
9379:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9347:
9339:
9337:
9336:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9315:
9314:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9299:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9215:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9118:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9078:
9076:
9075:/Superkingdom
9070:
9068:
9067:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9048:
9047:
9046:
9045:
9040:
9036:
9029:
9024:
9022:
9017:
9015:
9010:
9009:
9006:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8969:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8951:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8901:
8892:
8884:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8849:
8842:(4): 218–237.
8841:
8837:
8836:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8784:
8776:
8774:
8757:
8753:
8747:
8740:(4): 218–237.
8739:
8735:
8728:
8721:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8611:
8606:
8599:
8591:
8585:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8567:0-412-36440-9
8563:
8559:
8552:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8521:(8): 1641–8.
8520:
8516:
8512:
8505:
8497:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8447:
8440:
8432:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8389:
8381:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8353:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8295:
8287:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8244:
8242:
8233:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8180:
8178:
8170:
8165:
8157:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8124:
8123:PLOS Genetics
8119:
8112:
8104:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8069:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8022:
8015:
8013:
8005:(4): 218–237.
8004:
8000:
7999:
7991:
7984:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7853:(4): R165–7.
7852:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7835:
7827:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7731:(June 2010).
7730:
7724:
7710:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7673:
7669:
7663:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7613:
7605:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7564:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7546:9780470514344
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7470:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7226:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7057:
7055:
7039:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7008:
7000:
6993:
6985:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6892:(7147): 913.
6891:
6887:
6886:
6878:
6871:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6818:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6738:on 2021-05-10
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6666:
6664:
6655:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6630:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6589:
6581:
6579:
6570:
6566:
6564:9780080920146
6560:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6438:
6430:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6371:
6367:
6364:(4): 207–16.
6363:
6359:
6358:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6316:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6285:(3): 203–66.
6284:
6280:
6279:
6273:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6186:
6185:"article 3.1"
6172:
6168:
6167:
6158:
6150:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6091:on 2021-11-11
6087:
6080:
6074:
6070:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6042:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6021:Phylogenetics
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5998:
5991:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5843:cellular life
5840:
5836:
5832:
5829:Prionobiota (
5827:
5817:
5813:
5810:Virusobiota (
5809:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5774:Six kingdoms
5773:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Three domains
5759:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5649:
5648:
5640:
5639:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5565:Stramenopiles
5560:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5364:
5363:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5279:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5105:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4315:Infrakingdom
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4265:Labyrinthista
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4242:Infrakingdom
4238:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4126:Infrakingdom
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4101:Prasinophytae
4097:
4096:Chlorophytina
4092:
4087:
4086:
4083:Infrakingdom
4079:
4078:
4077:Viridiplantae
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4052:Infrakingdom
4048:
4043:
4042:
4039:Infrakingdom
4035:
4034:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4002:
4001:Gnathostomata
3997:
3992:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3935:Infrakingdom
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3895:Echinodermata
3891:
3890:Enteropneusta
3886:
3885:Pterobranchia
3881:
3876:
3875:
3872:Infrakingdom
3868:
3867:
3866:Deuterostomia
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3844:Rhabditophora
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:Acanthognatha
3800:
3799:
3796:Infrakingdom
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3680:Infrakingdom
3676:
3671:
3670:
3667:Infrakingdom
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3519:Infrakingdom
3515:
3514:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3477:Infrakingdom
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3454:Infrakingdom
3447:
3446:Archaeocyatha
3442:
3441:Calcispongiae
3437:
3436:Hyalospongiae
3432:
3427:
3426:
3423:Infrakingdom
3419:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3383:Auromycetidae
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3363:Hymenomycetia
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:Orthomycotina
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3328:Septomycotina
3324:
3323:
3322:Basidiomycota
3316:
3315:Plectomycetes
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:Loculomycetes
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:Pyrenomycetes
3281:
3280:Pezomycetidae
3276:
3275:Lecomycetidae
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:Dipomycetidae
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3204:Pleistophorea
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:Microsporidia
3182:
3181:Pyxomycetalia
3177:
3172:
3171:Pedomycetidae
3167:
3166:Entomycetidae
3162:
3157:
3156:Meromycetidae
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:Eozygomycetia
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:Enteromycetes
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3024:Infrakingdom
3020:
3019:Filocorticata
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:Heterokaryota
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:Protalveolata
2965:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2951:Infrakingdom
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:Pseudociliata
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:Discicristata
2913:Infrakingdom
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:Infrakingdom
2821:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:Sulfobacteria
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:Alphabacteria
2672:
2671:Rhodobacteria
2667:
2662:
2661:Phycobacteria
2657:
2656:Gloeobacteria
2652:
2651:Cyanobacteria
2647:
2646:Fibrobacteria
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:Flavobacteria
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:Glycobacteria
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:Deinobacteria
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:Heliobacteria
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:Microsporidia
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:endosymbiosis
1867:
1865:
1864:chlorophyll c
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:ribosomal RNA
1592:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:Echinodermata
1552:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1511:Sipunculoidea
1508:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:Aschelminthes
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1377:Archaeocyatha
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1335:Basidiomycota
1332:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:Acrasiomycota
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:Euchlorophyta
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:Cnidosporidia
1139:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
961:
954:
953:
947:
943:
942:
939:
938:
930:
929:
926:
925:
918:
917:
911:
907:
906:
899:
898:
894:
890:
888:
884:
883:Lynn Margulis
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
844:Five kingdoms
836:
835:
827:
826:
818:
817:
814:
813:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
780:
773:
772:
766:
762:
761:
758:
757:
749:
748:
745:
744:
737:
736:
730:
726:
725:
718:
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Roger Stanier
686:
684:
683:Cyanobacteria
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:Four kingdoms
626:
625:
617:
616:
608:
607:
604:
599:
598:
591:
590:
587:
586:
578:
577:
574:
573:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
540:
533:
532:
525:
524:
517:
516:
512:
510:
509:
504:
503:Ernst Haeckel
500:
497:proposed the
496:
491:
487:
484:
483:Royal Society
480:
472:
471:
465:
460:
455:
443:
442:
434:
433:
425:
424:
421:
416:
415:
408:
407:
404:
403:
395:
394:
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
376:
369:
368:
361:
360:
353:
352:
348:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Carl Linnaeus
304:
303:, on plants.
302:
301:
295: 287 BC
282:
278:
277:
272:
257:
255:
254:Deuterostomia
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:Carl Linnaeus
162:
160:
159:
154:
153:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
73:, just below
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
48:
32:
19:
9383:
9372:
9340:
9329:
9254:
9193:
9122:
9104:
9091:
9086:
9080:
9060:
9049:
8967:
8954:
8904:
8898:
8891:
8864:
8858:
8848:
8839:
8835:Protistology
8833:
8820:
8787:
8781:
8760:. Retrieved
8755:
8746:
8737:
8734:Protistology
8733:
8720:
8675:
8669:
8659:
8614:
8608:
8598:
8557:
8551:
8518:
8514:
8504:
8462:(7): e2621.
8459:
8453:
8439:
8404:
8398:
8388:
8361:
8355:
8345:
8310:
8304:
8294:
8259:
8253:
8195:
8189:
8164:
8130:(12): e220.
8127:
8121:
8111:
8084:
8078:
8068:
8033:
8027:
8002:
7998:Protistology
7996:
7983:
7958:
7954:
7941:
7906:
7900:
7850:
7844:
7834:
7789:
7785:
7775:
7740:
7736:
7723:
7712:. Retrieved
7682:
7678:
7662:
7629:
7625:
7612:
7577:
7573:
7563:
7528:
7524:
7515:
7490:
7486:
7477:
7432:
7428:
7415:
7370:
7366:
7353:
7312:
7308:
7299:
7266:
7262:
7253:
7235:
7225:
7200:
7196:
7187:
7178:
7169:
7160:
7154:
7143:
7134:
7125:
7116:
7113:Linnaeus, C.
7107:
7072:
7066:
7041:. Retrieved
7011:
7005:
6992:
6957:
6953:
6925:. Retrieved
6918:the original
6889:
6883:
6870:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6772:
6766:
6740:. Retrieved
6736:the original
6727:
6718:
6677:
6671:
6637:
6629:
6618:. Retrieved
6598:
6592:
6569:Google Books
6567:– via
6549:
6542:
6499:
6493:
6452:(1): 17–35.
6449:
6443:
6437:
6402:
6396:
6361:
6355:
6321:
6315:
6282:
6276:
6212:
6208:
6175:. Retrieved
6171:the original
6165:
6157:
6148:
6142:
6133:
6124:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6093:. Retrieved
6086:the original
6073:
6045:
5985:
5961:
5952:
5946:
5838:
5798:Aphanobionta
5797:
5793:
5769:
5718:
5701:
5691:
5687:
5675:Opisthokonta
5664:
5625:glaucophytes
5611:
5606:Primoplantae
5600:
5563:
5556:
5536:Foraminifera
5534:
5527:
5505:
5500:Opisthokonta
5498:
5487:slime moulds
5481:most lobose
5480:
5473:
5458:
5440:Domain
5399:
5385:Domain
5344:
5330:Domain
5311:
5302:
5286:
5278:
5269:
5240:
5219:
5198:
5184:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5081:
5061:rather than
5052:
4703:
4683:
4674:
4585:
4569:
4544:glaucophytes
4537:
4504:cryptophytes
4493:
4465:
4413:
4397:
4336:
4314:
4300:Bigyromonada
4241:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4210:
4204:Angiospermae
4199:Gymnospermae
4184:Sphenophytae
4164:Tracheophyta
4144:Anthocerotae
4125:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4051:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4020:
4005:
4004:
3934:
3920:Eleutherozoa
3880:Hemichordata
3871:
3863:
3795:
3791:Nematomorpha
3679:
3675:Chaetognatha
3669:Chaetognathi
3666:
3537:Gymnolaemata
3518:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3498:Myxosporidia
3489:
3488:
3476:
3456:Coelenterata
3453:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3333:Septomycetes
3319:
3265:Discomycetes
3221:
3213:
3212:
3185:
3136:Glomomycetes
3121:Zygomycotina
3111:Allomycotina
3072:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3023:
2994:Manubrispora
2950:
2912:
2908:Dictyostelia
2873:Foraminifera
2868:Monadofilosa
2824:
2816:
2815:
2807:Anaeromonada
2778:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2746:Euryarcheota
2741:Mendosicutes
2731:Togobacteria
2721:Endobacteria
2711:Posibacteria
2706:Posibacteria
2686:Thiobacteria
2641:Fusobacteria
2631:Eurybacteria
2591:Spirochaetae
2571:Hadobacteria
2556:Lipobacteria
2551:Negibacteria
2542:
2540:
2489:
2473:
2448:glaucophytes
2441:
2408:cryptophytes
2397:
2369:
2356:Empire
2312:
2299:Empire
2272:
2244:metakaryotes
2232:
2220:monophyletic
2217:
2213:Posibacteria
2205:Negibacteria
2189:
2177:
2135:
2119:
2103:
2087:
2071:
2017:
1964:
1948:
1868:
1840:Posibacteria
1832:Negibacteria
1814:
1767:
1751:
1735:
1718:
1705:Empire
1665:
1648:
1635:Empire
1588:
1585:Six kingdoms
1561:Hemichordata
1549:Chaetognatha
1346:
1345:
1255:
1254:
1244:Tracheophyta
1167:
1166:
1148:Zoomastigina
1106:Euglenophyta
1095:
1094:
1086:Spirochaetae
1080:Actinomycota
1049:
1048:
1006:
990:
974:
957:
944:Empire
921:
908:Empire
891:
879:
871:heterotrophs
847:
809:
793:
776:
763:Empire
740:
727:Empire
701:
698:superkingdom
697:
687:
678:
660:
637:
602:
569:
553:
536:
506:
498:
492:
488:
476:
473:with plants.
468:
454:
419:
389:
372:
342:
326:
318:
305:
298:
281:Theophrastus
274:
268:
245:
241:
237:
234:infrakingdom
233:
229:
225:
223:
175:nomenclature
168:
156:
150:
144:
143:. The terms
139:of a common
133:monophyletic
128:
122:
86:six kingdoms
83:
66:
60:
9283:Infrafamily
9266:Superfamily
9180:Subterclass
9149:Microphylum
9144:Infraphylum
9139:Subdivision
9101:Superphylum
8752:"ICTV Code"
8313:: 231–238.
8198:(8): e790.
8171:, p. 4
7487:Bio Systems
7359:Woese, C.R.
7305:Woese, C.R.
7175:Chatton, É.
7149:Chatton, É.
7131:Haeckel, E.
6728:www.ric.edu
6644:McGraw-Hill
6026:Systematics
5976:replication
5756:Two empires
5739:called the
5696:dubbed the
5617:green algae
5613:Land plants
5585:Cryptophyta
5569:Brown Algae
5401:prokaryotic
5346:prokaryotic
4942:Vegetabilia
4762:3 kingdoms
4759:2 kingdoms
4556:land plants
4552:green algae
4512:Brown Algae
4508:Heterokonta
4305:Pseudofungi
4280:Hypogyrista
4244:Heterokonta
4236:Chromobiota
4234:Subkingdom
4229:Cryptophyta
4221:Subkingdom
4174:Psilophytae
4116:Charophytae
4106:Tetraphytae
4091:Chlorophyta
4085:Chlorophyta
4075:Subkingdom
4047:Glaucophyta
4041:Glaucophyta
4031:Subkingdom
4006:Subkingdom
3874:Coelomopora
3834:Turbellaria
3776:Kinorhyncha
3746:Onychophora
3721:Mandibulata
3708:Chelicerata
3703:Pycnogonida
3657:Pogonophora
3602:Brachiopoda
3592:Cephalopoda
3577:Glossophora
3557:Cycliophora
3513:Protostomia
3503:Subkingdom
3490:Subkingdom
3415:Subkingdom
3368:Gelimycetes
3358:Ustomycetes
3245:Endomycetes
3214:Subkingdom
3199:Microsporea
3146:Zygomycetes
3131:Bolomycetes
3116:Allomycetes
3075:Archemycota
3065:Subkingdom
3014:Epiplasmata
2893:Archamoebae
2817:Subkingdom
2797:Axostylaria
2792:Eopharyngia
2779:Subkingdom
2701:Unibacteria
2601:Leptospirae
2460:land plants
2456:green algae
2416:Brown Algae
2412:Heterokonta
2317:— includes
2201:Unibacteria
2180:taxonomists
2059:Metakaryota
1887:Metakaryota
1653:(Bacteria)
1543:Pogonophora
1537:Enterocoela
1517:Echiuroidea
1493:Brachiopoda
1477:Schizocoela
1386:Subkingdom
1298:Subkingdom
1218:Chlorophyta
1204:Subkingdom
1190:Subkingdom
1176:Subkingdom
1112:Chrysophyta
887:Embryophyta
875:saprotrophs
654:). In 1937
648:prokaryotes
499:Protoctista
250:Protostomia
238:infraregnum
137:descendants
9409:Categories
9368:Subspecies
9309:Infratribe
9292:Supertribe
9241:Infraorder
9224:Superorder
9195:Division (
9175:Infraclass
9158:Superclass
9124:Division (
9087:Subkingdom
9062:Subrealm (
8867:(8): 615.
8560:. London.
8407:: 99–113.
7737:Biol. Lett
7714:2010-04-29
7075:: 379–92.
6742:2020-07-25
6620:2020-07-28
6177:2011-02-20
6095:2022-03-04
6065:References
6055:rhizarians
6051:alveolates
6016:Cladistics
5972:metabolism
5970:that lack
5874:Eubacteria
5787:/ Vitae /
5733:eukaryotes
5581:Haptophyta
5540:Radiolaria
5461:flagellate
5293:eukaryotes
5205:Eubacteria
5171:Eubacteria
5160:Carl Woese
4837:Eubacteria
4827:Eubacteria
4812:Prokaryota
4797:7 kingdoms
4792:6 kingdoms
4787:8 kingdoms
4779:6 kingdoms
4774:5 kingdoms
4769:4 kingdoms
4520:Haptophyta
4386:Prokaryota
4350:, and the
4323:Haptophyta
4317:Haptophyta
4270:Ochrophyta
4179:Lycophytae
4128:Cormophyta
4121:Rudophytae
4060:Rhodophyta
4054:Rhodophyta
3991:Vertebrata
3905:Pelmatozoa
3849:Neodermata
3839:Mucorhabda
3751:Tardigrada
3693:Arthropoda
3647:Clitellata
3642:Pharyngata
3637:Operculata
3632:Polychaeta
3597:Brachiozoa
3552:Entoprocta
3425:Spongiaria
3240:Geomycetes
3224:Ascomycota
3194:Minisporea
3161:Zoomycetes
3047:Radiolaria
3026:Actinopoda
3004:Ciliophora
2984:Gregarinae
2946:Saccostoma
2941:Plicostoma
2936:Euglenozoa
2926:Tetramitia
2921:Percolozoa
2812:Parabasala
2787:Metamonada
2756:Eurytherma
2561:Eobacteria
2424:Haptophyta
2301:Prokaryota
2264:Metamonada
2236:archezoans
2197:Prokaryota
1951:Eubacteria
1937:Prokaryota
1828:Eubacteria
1820:Eubacteria
1670:(Archaea)
1651:Eubacteria
1637:Prokaryota
1591:Carl Woese
1529:Arthropoda
1487:Ectoprocta
1459:Entoprocta
1420:Acoelomata
1406:Ctenophora
1329:Ascomycota
1323:Zygomycota
1269:Myxomycota
1224:Charophyta
1198:Phaeophyta
1184:Rhodophyta
1160:Ciliophora
1118:Pyrrophyta
1063:Cyanophyta
910:Prokaryota
867:autotrophs
729:Prokaryota
704:—with the
652:eukaryotes
640:microscopy
377:(animals)
288: 371
226:subkingdom
125:cladistics
18:Subkingdom
9374:Variety (
9331:Section (
9278:Subfamily
9256:Section (
9246:Parvorder
9219:Magnorder
9185:Parvclass
9135:Subphylum
8584:cite book
7933:207051421
7421:Woese, C.
6512:CiteSeerX
6161:See e.g.
5988:Mimivirus
5968:parasites
5621:red algae
5589:Alveolata
5546:protozoa
5483:amoeboids
5475:Amoebozoa
5463:protozoa
5442:Eukaryota
5404:Archaeans
5296:'kingdoms
5247:Eukaryota
5146:based on
5084:cladistic
4935:Chromista
4930:Chromista
4925:Chromista
4876:Eukaryota
4748:2 empires
4740:3 domains
4735:2 empires
4730:2 empires
4725:2 empires
4720:2 empires
4702:Ruggiero
4665:Whittaker
4500:Alveolata
4496:Chromista
4476:Choanozoa
4472:Amoebozoa
4454:Eukaryota
4310:Opalinata
4290:Diatomeae
4285:Chrysista
4255:Sagenista
4250:Sagenista
4223:Cryptista
4215:Chromista
4154:Sphagneae
4139:Hepaticae
4134:Bryophyta
4033:Biliphyta
3983:Conodonta
3973:Acraniata
3943:Urochorda
3937:Chordonia
3930:Echinozoa
3925:Asterozoa
3910:Blastozoa
3900:Homalozoa
3854:Trematoda
3824:Monokonta
3781:Nematoida
3771:Priapozoa
3731:Myriapoda
3726:Crustacea
3688:Haemopoda
3682:Ecdysozoa
3662:Nemertina
3617:Sipuncula
3612:Sipuncula
3607:Phoronida
3587:Spiculata
3582:Univalvia
3562:Conchozoa
3547:Kamptozoa
3542:Lophopoda
3505:Bilateria
3472:Medusozoa
3216:Neomycota
3042:Spasmaria
2953:Alveolata
2898:Mycetozoa
2878:Amoebozoa
2858:Phytomyxa
2848:Choanozoa
2833:Neomonada
2802:Trichozoa
2404:Alveolata
2400:Chromista
2380:Choanozoa
2376:Amoebozoa
2358:Eukaryota
2275:paraphyly
2224:paraphyla
2090:Chromista
1907:Chromista
1850:from the
1848:Chromista
1707:Eukaryota
1611:Chromista
1589:In 1977,
1535:Subgrade
1499:Phoronida
1475:Subgrade
1471:Coelomata
1463:Kamptozoa
1414:Bilateria
1388:Eumetazoa
1238:Bryophyta
1232:Metaphyta
1154:Sarcodina
946:Eukaryota
863:nutrition
765:Eukaryota
661:In 1938,
495:John Hogg
477:In 1674,
271:Aristotle
230:subregnum
9342:Series (
9325:Subgenus
9304:Subtribe
9236:Suborder
9170:Subclass
8990:Archived
8937:84298461
8929:15486256
8883:19561628
8804:19270719
8762:26 April
8651:19091952
8576:27895507
8543:38178747
8535:26305806
8496:18612431
8455:PLOS ONE
8431:20333181
8380:17488740
8337:20333193
8286:18522922
8232:17726520
8191:PLOS ONE
8156:17194223
8103:15653923
8052:16248873
7925:15341755
7877:13172971
7869:19243692
7826:25923521
7786:PLOS ONE
7767:20031978
7709:15306349
7670:(2004).
7620:(1998).
7345:27788891
7233:(1956).
7217:84634277
7177:(1937).
7151:(1925).
7133:(1866).
7115:(1735).
7099:20624742
7043:29 April
7038:15306349
6984:20031978
6948:(2009).
6927:15 March
6906:17581566
6809:25923521
6768:PLOS ONE
6710:27788891
6615:30163328
6474:29859498
6466:13916221
6429:15944457
6391:(2005).
6389:Sapp, J.
6370:10943416
6053:and the
6031:Taxonomy
5994:See also
5935:Animalia
5914:Protista
5879:Bacteria
5864:Bacteria
5859:Bacteria
5770:kingdoms
5608:)
5544:amoeboid
5529:Rhizaria
5459:various
5453:Excavata
5349:Bacteria
5332:Bacteria
5291:for all
5289:grab-bag
5201:Bacteria
5069:systems.
5046:Animalia
5041:Animalia
5036:Animalia
5031:Animalia
5026:Animalia
5021:Animalia
5016:Animalia
5011:Animalia
4918:Protozoa
4911:Protozoa
4906:Protozoa
4901:Archezoa
4891:Protista
4886:Protista
4881:Protista
4847:Bacteria
4842:Bacteria
4832:Bacteria
4807:Protista
4658:Copeland
4637:Linnaeus
4588:Animalia
4586:Kingdom
4570:Kingdom
4538:Kingdom
4524:Rhizaria
4494:Kingdom
4480:Excavata
4468:Protozoa
4466:Kingdom
4414:Kingdom
4400:Bacteria
4398:Kingdom
4340:Bacteria
4275:Phaeista
4260:Bicoecia
4213:Kingdom
4023:Kingdom
3968:Chordata
3953:Ascidiae
3948:Tunicata
3915:Crinozoa
3814:Rotifera
3809:Trochata
3798:Platyzoa
3786:Nematoda
3741:Lobopoda
3627:Annelida
3622:Vermizoa
3572:Bivalvia
3567:Mollusca
3521:Lophozoa
3485:Placozoa
3479:Placozoa
3467:Anthozoa
3462:Cnidaria
3431:Porifera
3409:Animalia
3407:Kingdom
3209:Disporea
3067:Eomycota
3057:Kingdom
3037:Radiozoa
3032:Heliozoa
2979:Sporozoa
2853:Cercozoa
2838:Apusozoa
2781:Archezoa
2773:Protozoa
2771:Kingdom
2545:Bacteria
2543:Kingdom
2492:Animalia
2490:Kingdom
2474:Kingdom
2442:Kingdom
2428:Rhizaria
2398:Kingdom
2384:Excavata
2372:Protozoa
2370:Kingdom
2315:Bacteria
2313:Kingdom
2268:Excavata
2260:Protozoa
2248:Archezoa
2193:Bacteria
2138:Animalia
2136:Kingdom
2120:Kingdom
2104:Kingdom
2088:Kingdom
2074:Protozoa
2072:Kingdom
2020:Archezoa
2018:Kingdom
2005:Archezoa
1965:Kingdom
1949:Kingdom
1895:Protozoa
1891:Animalia
1883:Archezoa
1770:Animalia
1768:Kingdom
1752:Kingdom
1736:Kingdom
1721:Protista
1719:Kingdom
1666:Kingdom
1649:Kingdom
1607:Protozoa
1567:Chordata
1523:Annelida
1505:Mollusca
1432:Nemertea
1400:Cnidaria
1371:Porifera
1349:Animalia
1347:Kingdom
1300:Eumycota
1292:Oomycota
1256:Kingdom
1168:Kingdom
1136:Sporozoa
1098:Protista
1096:Kingdom
1050:Kingdom
1009:Animalia
1007:Kingdom
991:Kingdom
975:Kingdom
960:Protista
958:Kingdom
922:Kingdom
812:Animalia
810:Kingdom
794:Kingdom
779:Protista
777:Kingdom
741:Kingdom
671:Bacteria
572:Animalia
570:Kingdom
554:Kingdom
539:Protista
537:Kingdom
518:
508:Protista
493:In 1860
354:
335:minerals
244:(Latin:
141:ancestor
110:Bacteria
102:Protista
90:Animalia
9362:Species
9081:Kingdom
9051:Realm (
8909:Bibcode
8900:Science
8812:3907750
8712:6587394
8680:Bibcode
8642:2629348
8619:Bibcode
8487:2440802
8464:Bibcode
8422:2817406
8328:2817417
8277:2610160
8223:1949142
8200:Bibcode
8147:1713255
8060:8060916
7975:1218807
7817:4418965
7794:Bibcode
7758:2880060
7700:1691724
7654:6557779
7646:9809012
7604:8302218
7555:1302186
7507:7337818
7469:2112744
7437:Bibcode
7375:Bibcode
7317:Bibcode
7291:5762760
7271:Bibcode
7263:Science
7090:2997548
7029:1691724
6975:2880060
6914:7753492
6862:4351363
6854:3561476
6834:Bibcode
6800:4418965
6777:Bibcode
6682:Bibcode
6534:5762760
6504:Bibcode
6495:Science
6420:1197417
6330:1197036
6307:6557779
6299:9809012
6249:2112744
6217:Bibcode
5964:viruses
5943:Viruses
5928:Plantae
5901:Archaea
5891:Archaea
5886:Archaea
5816:Viroids
5812:Viruses
5794:Acytota
5737:archaea
5667:Metazoa
5573:Diatoms
5517:, etc.
5507:animals
5387:Archaea
5243:Eukarya
5241:Domain
5222:Archaea
5220:Domain
5199:Domain
4977:Plantae
4972:Plantae
4967:Plantae
4962:Plantae
4957:Plantae
4952:Plantae
4947:Plantae
4896:Eucarya
4869:Archaea
4859:Archaea
4651:Chatton
4644:Haeckel
4629:Summary
4542:— e.g.
4540:Plantae
4518:etc.),
4516:Diatoms
4498:— e.g.
4470:— e.g.
4416:Archaea
4356:protist
4344:Archaea
4189:Filices
4159:Bryatae
4025:Plantae
4014:Mesozoa
4008:Mesozoa
3996:Agnatha
3958:Thaliae
3864:Branch
3736:Insecta
3652:Echiura
3532:Bryozoa
3527:Polyzoa
3511:Branch
3492:Myxozoa
3417:Radiata
3320:Phylum
3222:Phylum
3186:Phylum
3073:Phylum
2964:Dinozoa
2843:Isomita
2446:— e.g.
2444:Plantae
2422:etc.),
2420:Diatoms
2402:— e.g.
2374:— e.g.
2262:, like
2106:Plantae
1903:Plantae
1860:cytosol
1852:Plantae
1738:Plantae
1565:Phylum
1559:Phylum
1553:Phylum
1547:Phylum
1527:Phylum
1521:Phylum
1515:Phylum
1509:Phylum
1503:Phylum
1497:Phylum
1491:Phylum
1483:Bryozoa
1481:Phylum
1457:Phylum
1451:Phylum
1445:Phylum
1430:Phylum
1424:Phylum
1412:Branch
1404:Phylum
1398:Phylum
1394:Radiata
1392:Branch
1375:Phylum
1369:Phylum
1360:Mesozoa
1358:Phylum
1333:Phylum
1327:Phylum
1321:Phylum
1315:Branch
1307:Phylum
1290:Phylum
1279:Phylum
1273:Phylum
1267:Phylum
1242:Phylum
1236:Phylum
1230:Branch
1222:Phylum
1216:Phylum
1210:Branch
1196:Phylum
1182:Phylum
1170:Plantae
1158:Phylum
1152:Phylum
1146:Phylum
1140:Phylum
1134:Phylum
1128:Phylum
1122:Phylum
1116:Phylum
1110:Phylum
1104:Phylum
1084:Phylum
1078:Phylum
1061:Phylum
977:Plantae
796:Plantae
675:Archaea
644:nucleus
556:Plantae
375:Animale
373:Regnum
337:in his
260:History
215:species
191:species
129:kingdom
106:Archaea
94:Plantae
67:kingdom
63:biology
9385:Form (
9272:Family
9210:Cohort
9205:Legion
9117:Phylum
9073:Domain
8935:
8927:
8881:
8810:
8802:
8710:
8703:345305
8700:
8649:
8639:
8574:
8564:
8541:
8533:
8494:
8484:
8429:
8419:
8378:
8335:
8325:
8284:
8274:
8230:
8220:
8154:
8144:
8101:
8058:
8050:
7973:
7931:
7923:
7875:
7867:
7824:
7814:
7765:
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7707:
7697:
7652:
7644:
7602:
7595:372943
7592:
7553:
7543:
7505:
7467:
7457:
7407:270744
7405:
7398:432104
7395:
7343:
7337:408502
7335:
7289:
7215:
7097:
7087:
7036:
7026:
6982:
6972:
6912:
6904:
6885:Nature
6860:
6852:
6825:Nature
6807:
6797:
6708:
6702:408502
6700:
6650:
6613:
6561:
6532:
6514:
6472:
6464:
6427:
6417:
6368:
6328:
6305:
6297:
6247:
6237:
5953:-virae
5869:Monera
5853:Monera
5839:Cytota
5831:Prions
5725:cytota
5702:et al.
5623:, and
5063:clades
5059:grades
4822:Monera
4817:Monera
4684:et al.
4682:Woese
4295:Bigyra
2959:Miozoa
2903:Eumyxa
2888:Conosa
2883:Lobosa
2819:Neozoa
1838:) and
1469:Grade
1439:Grade
1418:Grade
1052:Monera
924:Monera
743:Monera
702:empire
667:Monera
470:Nostoc
331:plants
323:animal
242:branch
232:) and
219:domain
207:family
118:Monera
75:domain
55:domain
9319:Genus
9298:Tribe
9230:Order
9164:Class
8933:S2CID
8830:(PDF)
8808:S2CID
8730:(PDF)
8539:S2CID
8056:S2CID
8024:(PDF)
7993:(PDF)
7971:JSTOR
7955:Taxon
7951:(PDF)
7929:S2CID
7873:S2CID
7675:(PDF)
7650:S2CID
7460:54159
7341:S2CID
7213:S2CID
7002:(PDF)
6921:(PDF)
6910:S2CID
6880:(PDF)
6858:S2CID
6706:S2CID
6611:JSTOR
6470:S2CID
6303:S2CID
6240:54159
6089:(PDF)
6082:(PDF)
6037:Notes
5957:realm
5921:Fungi
5785:Biota
5768:Five
5694:clade
5511:fungi
5004:Fungi
4999:Fungi
4994:Fungi
4989:Fungi
4984:Fungi
4708:2015
4704:et al
4699:1998
4694:1993
4687:1990
4679:1977
4675:et al
4672:Woese
4668:1969
4661:1938
4654:1925
4647:1866
4640:1735
4572:Fungi
4149:Musci
3059:Fungi
2476:Fungi
2256:Fungi
2228:niche
2122:Fungi
1899:Fungi
1873:of a
1754:Fungi
1258:Fungi
993:Fungi
859:Fungi
850:fungi
246:ramus
211:genus
203:order
199:class
187:genus
183:order
179:class
169:When
158:funga
152:fauna
146:flora
98:Fungi
79:phyla
9387:bot.
9376:bot.
9344:bot.
9333:bot.
9258:zoo.
9197:zoo.
9126:bot.
9108:bot.
9064:vir.
9053:vir.
8925:PMID
8879:PMID
8800:PMID
8764:2020
8708:PMID
8671:PNAS
8647:PMID
8610:PNAS
8590:link
8572:OCLC
8562:ISBN
8531:PMID
8492:PMID
8427:PMID
8376:PMID
8333:PMID
8282:PMID
8228:PMID
8152:PMID
8099:PMID
8048:PMID
7921:PMID
7865:PMID
7822:PMID
7763:PMID
7705:PMID
7642:PMID
7600:PMID
7551:PMID
7541:ISBN
7503:PMID
7465:PMID
7403:PMID
7333:PMID
7287:PMID
7095:PMID
7045:2010
7034:PMID
6980:PMID
6929:2011
6902:PMID
6850:PMID
6805:PMID
6698:PMID
6648:ISBN
6559:ISBN
6530:PMID
6462:PMID
6425:PMID
6366:PMID
6326:OCLC
6295:PMID
6245:PMID
6113:and
6105:and
5947:The
5789:Life
5577:etc.
5485:and
5313:Life
5186:Life
5173:and
5148:rRNA
5102:and
4550:and
4342:and
2454:and
2211:and
2203:and
1905:and
1822:and
1609:and
692:and
673:and
252:and
213:and
189:and
120:).
65:, a
53:. A
8917:doi
8905:306
8869:doi
8792:doi
8698:PMC
8688:doi
8637:PMC
8627:doi
8615:105
8523:doi
8482:PMC
8472:doi
8417:PMC
8409:doi
8366:doi
8323:PMC
8315:doi
8272:PMC
8264:doi
8218:PMC
8208:doi
8142:PMC
8132:doi
8089:doi
8038:doi
7963:doi
7911:doi
7855:doi
7812:PMC
7802:doi
7753:PMC
7745:doi
7695:PMC
7687:doi
7683:271
7634:doi
7590:PMC
7582:doi
7533:doi
7529:171
7495:doi
7455:PMC
7445:doi
7393:PMC
7383:doi
7325:doi
7279:doi
7267:163
7241:doi
7205:doi
7085:PMC
7077:doi
7024:PMC
7016:doi
7012:271
6970:PMC
6962:doi
6894:doi
6890:447
6842:doi
6830:326
6795:PMC
6785:doi
6690:doi
6603:doi
6522:doi
6500:163
6454:doi
6415:PMC
6407:doi
6287:doi
6235:PMC
6225:doi
5579:),
4548:red
2452:red
2230:).
1485:or
1461:or
700:or
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