2408:
1117:
64:
56:
2415:
2877:
2005:
2026:
20:
72:
36:
1106:
2015:
44:
131:. About 28.5% of submarine canyons cut back into the edge of the continental shelf, whereas the majority (about 68.5%) of submarine canyons have not managed at all to cut significantly across their continental shelves, having their upstream beginnings or "heads" on the continental slope, below the edge of continental shelves.
474:
is an example of this phenomenon; between five and six million years ago, the
Mediterranean Sea became isolated from the Atlantic Ocean and evaporated away in roughly a thousand years. During this time, the Nile River delta, among other rivers, extended far beyond its present location, both in depth
470:
inflow from the ocean is now no longer replenished and hence dries up over a period of time, which can be very short if the local climate is arid. In this scenario, rivers that previously flowed into the sea at a sea level elevation now can cut far deeper into the bottom of the bed now exposed. The
469:
In addition to the processes described above, submarine canyons that are especially deep may form by another method. In certain cases, a sea with a bed significantly below sea level is cut off from the larger ocean to which it is usually connected. The sea which is normally repleted by contact and
134:
The formation of submarine canyons is believed to occur as the result of at least two main process: 1) erosion by turbidity current erosion; and 2) slumping and mass wasting of the continental slope. While at first glance the erosion patterns of submarine canyons may appear to mimic those of
107:
across the seafloor. Turbidity currents are flows of dense, sediment laden waters that are supplied by rivers, or generated on the seabed by storms, submarine landslides, earthquakes, and other soil disturbances. Turbidity currents travel down slope at great speed (as much as 70 km/h
460:
It is now understood that many mechanisms of submarine canyon creation have had effect to greater or lesser degree in different places, even within the same canyon, or at different times during a canyon's development. However, if a primary mechanism must be selected, the downslope lineal
414:
times, when sea level was about 125 meters (410 ft) below present sea level, and rivers flowed to the edge of the continental shelf. However, while many (but not all) canyons are found offshore from major rivers, subaerial river erosion cannot have been active to the
453:, slumping, and submarine landslides are forms of slope failures (the effect of gravity on a hillslope) observed in submarine canyons. Mass wasting is the term used for the slower and smaller action of material moving downhill. Slumping is generally used for
434:
which flow downslope when an unstable mass of sediment that has been rapidly deposited on the upper slope fails, perhaps triggered by earthquakes. There is a spectrum of turbidity- or density-current types ranging from
188:. Canyons are steeper, shorter, more dendritic and more closely spaced on active than on passive continental margins. The walls are generally very steep and can be near vertical. The walls are subject to erosion by
465:
of canyons and channels and the transportation of excavated or loose materials of the continental slope over extensive distances require that various kinds of turbidity or density currents act as major participants.
475:
and length. In a cataclysmic event, the
Mediterranean sea basin was flooded. One relevant consequence is that the submarine canyons eroded are now far below the present sea level.
537:
Harris, P.T., Whiteway, T., 2011. Global distribution of large submarine canyons: geomorphic differences between active and passive continental margins. Marine
Geology 285, 69â86.
142:. Some may extend seawards across continental shelves for hundreds of kilometres before reaching the abyssal plain. Ancient examples have been found in rocks dating back to the
119:
include shelf valleys that have cut transversely across continental shelves, and which begin with their upstream ends in alignment with and sometimes within the mouths of large
419:
as great as 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) where canyons have been mapped, as it is well established (by many lines of evidence) that sea levels did not fall to those depths.
439:
water" to massive mudflow, and evidence of both these end members can be observed in deposits associated with the deeper parts of submarine canyons and channels, such as
549:
525:
Continental Margin
Sedimentation: From Sediment Transport to Sequence Stratigraphy (Special Publication 37 of the IAS) March 2009, by Charles Nittroeur, pg 372.
454:
99:, having nearly vertical walls, and occasionally having canyon wall heights of up to 5 km (3 mi), from canyon floor to canyon rim, as with the
407:
Different mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of submarine canyons. Their primary causes have been subject to debate since the early 1930s.
205:
1745:
265:
1735:
794:
283:
292:
416:
103:. Just as above-sea-level canyons serve as channels for the flow of water across land, submarine canyons serve as channels for the flow of
2063:
653:
Sånchez, F., Cartes, J.E. and Papiol, V., 2014, "Sistema de Cañones
Submarinos de AvilĂ©s". Ăreas de estudio del proyecto LIFE+ INDEMARES
566:
Giddings, J.A.; Wallace M.W.; Haines P.W.; Mornane K. (2010). "Submarine origin for the
Neoproterozoic Wonoka canyons, South Australia".
489:
440:
1651:
606:
2018:
1066:
834:
622:
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787:
1188:
546:
2759:
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644:
Harris, P.T., MacMillan-Lawler, M., Rupp, J., Baker, E.K., 2014. Geomorphology of the oceans. Marine
Geology 352, 4â24.
457:
of masses on a hillside. Landslides, or slides, generally comprise the detachment and displacement of sediment masses.
135:
river-canyons on land, several markedly different processes have been found to take place at the soil/water interface.
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1011:
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1158:
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1928:
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319:
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2407:
2008:
1601:
780:
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2414:
611:
Seafloor
Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHAB Atlas of Seafloor Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats
1056:
2476:
196:. There are an estimated 9,477 submarine canyons on Earth, covering about 11% of the continental slope.
1116:
2901:
2880:
2049:
1253:
703:
1788:
1193:
1153:
471:
39:
Perspective view shaded relief image of the San
Gabriel and Newport submarine canyons off Los Angeles
2564:
1918:
1293:
1283:
1223:
859:
829:
484:
259:
59:
Heavily canyoned northern margin to the Biscay abyssal plain, with the
Whittard Canyon highlighted
2245:
1955:
1938:
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1268:
1133:
1071:
1061:
954:
679:
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1950:
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1001:
662:
367:, reaches a depth of 4,000 m (13,123 ft) and contains the world's largest plunge pool
2852:
1783:
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1168:
803:
28:
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1970:
1803:
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1228:
939:
730:
579:
8:
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2579:
2143:
1965:
1850:
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1203:
919:
422:
The major mechanism of canyon erosion is thought to be turbidity currents and underwater
323:
100:
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583:
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753:
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108:(43 mph)), eroding the continental slope and finally depositing sediment onto the
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1990:
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884:
758:
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364:
235:
104:
96:
92:
24:
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894:
824:
819:
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587:
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An early and obvious theory was that the canyons present today were carved during
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1051:
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909:
869:
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553:
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370:
337:
193:
138:
Many canyons have been found at depths greater than 2 km (1 mi) below
2235:
2230:
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2133:
2113:
1860:
1855:
1760:
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1591:
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969:
904:
879:
723:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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128:
109:
51:
off southwestern Africa, about 300 km (190 mi) visible in this view
224:
Baltimore and Wilmington Canyons, East Coast of Maryland and Delaware States
2711:
2599:
2471:
2466:
2365:
2355:
2300:
1985:
1933:
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1702:
1697:
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1656:
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1348:
1238:
1178:
964:
874:
849:
762:
704:"Exploring Carolina Canyons: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
450:
356:
278:
249:
219:
63:
55:
48:
743:
256:, is 800 km (497 mi) long, and 1,200 m (3,900 ft) deep
67:
Bering Sea showing the larger of the submarine canyons that cut the margin
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1021:
994:
974:
934:
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565:
332:
328:
309:
296:
253:
151:
124:
772:
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2726:
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1041:
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189:
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are deposited at the downstream mouths or ends of canyons, building an
2025:
19:
2731:
2691:
2519:
2456:
2375:
2305:
1865:
1727:
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1626:
1471:
1310:
1305:
1088:
1016:
944:
864:
854:
811:
669:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960, Second Edition, p. 290
423:
231:
147:
139:
2041:
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2255:
2080:
1960:
1682:
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614:
575:
395:
the deepest and joint-widest submarine canyon in the world, in the
350:
178:
71:
513:
Shepard, F.P., 1963. Submarine Geology. Harper & Row, New York
2795:
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989:
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35:
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949:
287:
162:
Submarine canyons are more common on the steep slopes found on
116:
88:
84:
43:
16:
Steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope
2701:
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360:
209:
120:
23:
Shaded relief image of seven submarine canyons imaged on the
2835:
2825:
2800:
2310:
2240:
2188:
2183:
1330:
521:
519:
2315:
2118:
436:
353:, reaches abyssal depths of 5,000 m (16,404 ft)
516:
212:, reaches depth of about 4,700 m (15,420 ft).
75:
Sketch showing the main elements of a submarine canyon
31:
data. The Hudson Canyon is the furthest to the left.
1746:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
166:compared to those on the gentler slopes found on
2893:
607:"Seafloor GeomorphologyâCoast, Shelf, and Abyss"
1736:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
252:, the largest river canyon, extending from the
2057:
788:
680:"Marine Regions · Delgada Canyon (Canyon(s))"
719:"The Underlying Causes of Submarine Canyons"
2064:
2050:
795:
781:
802:
752:
742:
609:. In Harris P.T. & Baker E.K. (ed.).
533:
531:
490:List of submarine topographical features
70:
62:
54:
42:
34:
18:
716:
559:
540:
2894:
1067:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
604:
528:
2071:
2045:
776:
598:
2014:
95:, sometimes extending well onto the
13:
2760:Integrated coastal zone management
1894:National Oceanographic Data Center
1321:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1209:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
157:
112:, where the particles settle out.
14:
2913:
1741:Global Sea Level Observing System
2876:
2875:
2413:
2406:
2024:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1199:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1115:
1104:
1929:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1652:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
710:
696:
672:
2858:Region of freshwater influence
656:
647:
638:
507:
304:, extending offshore from the
1:
2620:Large-scale coastal behaviour
2452:Beaches in estuaries and bays
500:
262:, off the coast of California
208:, off the coast of Asturias,
174:through all substrates, from
1189:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
1159:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
915:Luke's variational principle
717:Shepard, Francis P. (1936).
592:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.10.001
402:
7:
556:by Richard Strickland, 2004
478:
340:, off the coast of central
331:, off the coast of western
199:
10:
2918:
1254:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1102:
2871:
2773:
2740:
2545:
2505:
2422:
2404:
2079:
1999:
1838:
1812:
1789:Ocean acoustic tomography
1774:
1726:
1665:
1602:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
1560:
1432:
1329:
1194:General circulation model
1124:
830:BenjaminâFeir instability
810:
485:List of submarine canyons
472:Messinian salinity crisis
426:. Turbidity currents are
2565:Coastal biogeomorphology
1919:Ocean surface topography
1294:Thermohaline circulation
1284:Subsurface ocean current
1224:Hydrothermal circulation
1057:Waveâcurrent interaction
835:Boussinesq approximation
260:Delgada Submarine Canyon
1956:Sea surface temperature
1939:Outline of oceanography
1134:Atmospheric circulation
1072:shallow water equations
1062:Waves and shallow water
955:Significant wave height
443:deposits (mudflow) and
2462:Coastal morphodynamics
1951:Sea surface microlayer
1316:Wind generated current
663:Arthur Newell Strahler
115:About 3% of submarine
76:
68:
60:
52:
40:
32:
2853:Physical oceanography
1784:Deep scattering layer
1766:World Geodetic System
1274:Princeton Ocean Model
1154:CoriolisâStokes force
804:Physical oceanography
744:10.1073/pnas.22.8.496
605:Harris, P.T. (2011).
295:, extending from the
286:, extending from the
277:, extending from the
218:, extending from the
74:
66:
58:
46:
38:
29:multibeam echosounder
22:
2682:Submergent coastline
2635:Marine transgression
2590:Discordant coastline
2575:Concordant coastline
1804:Underwater acoustics
1364:Perigean spring tide
1229:Langmuir circulation
940:Rossby-gravity waves
617:. pp. 125â127.
27:off New York, using
2786:Coastal engineering
1966:Science On a Sphere
1572:Convergent boundary
1244:Modular Ocean Model
1204:Geostrophic current
920:Mild-slope equation
735:1936PNAS...22..496S
584:2010SedG..223...35G
568:Sedimentary Geology
455:rotational movement
359:, off the coast of
349:, off the coast of
324:Southern California
318:, off the coast of
268:, off the coast of
101:Great Bahama Canyon
2755:Coastal management
2595:Emergent coastline
2266:Intertidal wetland
2169:Continental margin
1622:Seafloor spreading
1612:Outer trench swell
1577:Divergent boundary
1477:Continental margin
1462:Carbonate platform
1359:Lunitidal interval
667:Physical Geography
552:2016-03-07 at the
306:Kaikoura Peninsula
105:turbidity currents
77:
69:
61:
53:
41:
33:
2902:Submarine canyons
2889:
2888:
2717:Wave-cut platform
2630:Marine regression
2174:Continental shelf
2164:Coastal waterfall
2073:Coastal geography
2039:
2038:
2031:Oceans portal
1991:World Ocean Atlas
1981:Underwater glider
1924:Ocean temperature
1587:Hydrothermal vent
1552:Submarine volcano
1487:Continental shelf
1467:Coastal geography
1457:Bathymetric chart
1339:Amphidromic point
1027:Wave nonlinearity
885:Infragravity wave
684:marineregions.org
624:978-0-12-385141-3
430:, sediment-laden
365:Western Australia
97:continental shelf
93:continental slope
83:is a steep-sided
25:continental slope
2909:
2879:
2878:
2640:Raised shoreline
2615:Ingression coast
2610:Graded shoreline
2585:Cuspate foreland
2417:
2410:
2361:Submarine canyon
2221:Freshwater marsh
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1946:Pelagic sediment
1884:Marine pollution
1678:Deep ocean water
1547:Submarine canyon
1482:Continental rise
1374:Rule of twelfths
1289:Sverdrup balance
1219:Humboldt Current
1144:Boundary current
1119:
1108:
925:Radiation stress
895:Iribarren number
870:Equatorial waves
825:Ballantine scale
820:Airy wave theory
797:
790:
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756:
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714:
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631:
602:
596:
595:
563:
557:
547:Submarine Canyon
544:
538:
535:
526:
523:
514:
511:
447:along channels.
230:in the coast of
81:submarine canyon
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2867:
2843:Intertidal zone
2769:
2736:
2625:Longshore drift
2570:Coastal erosion
2541:
2501:
2437:Beach evolution
2418:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2089:Anchialine pool
2075:
2070:
2040:
2035:
2023:
1995:
1834:
1808:
1770:
1751:Sea-level curve
1722:
1661:
1647:Transform fault
1597:Mid-ocean ridge
1563:
1556:
1522:Oceanic plateau
1428:
1414:Tidal resonance
1384:Theory of tides
1325:
1234:Longshore drift
1184:Ekman transport
1120:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1052:Wave turbulence
985:Trochoidal wave
910:Longshore drift
806:
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771:
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715:
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554:Wayback Machine
545:
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529:
524:
517:
512:
508:
503:
481:
405:
393:Zhemchug Canyon
380:Whittard Canyon
371:Pribilof Canyon
338:Monterey Canyon
302:Kaikoura Canyon
266:Hatteras Canyon
202:
168:passive margins
160:
158:Characteristics
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2134:Brackish marsh
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2116:
2114:Barrier island
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Stratification
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1861:Color of water
1858:
1856:Benthic lander
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:Sea level rise
1758:
1756:Sea level drop
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1592:Marine geology
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:Passive margin
1529:
1527:Oceanic trench
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:Ocean dynamics
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Coriolis force
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Stokes problem
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
905:Kinematic wave
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
816:
814:
808:
807:
800:
799:
792:
785:
777:
769:
768:
729:(8): 496â502.
709:
695:
671:
655:
646:
637:
623:
597:
558:
539:
527:
515:
505:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
495:Passive margin
492:
487:
480:
477:
404:
401:
400:
399:
390:
386:off southwest
384:Atlantic Ocean
377:
368:
354:
344:
335:
326:
316:Scripps Canyon
312:
299:
290:
281:
272:
270:North Carolina
263:
257:
247:
238:
225:
222:
213:
201:
198:
164:active margins
159:
156:
144:Neoproterozoic
123:, such as the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2914:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Littoral zone
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Bulkhead line
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Wave shoaling
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Surge channel
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Cliffed coast
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Shingle beach
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Coastal plain
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Marine energy
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Acidification
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:SOFAR channel
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Oceanic crust
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Fracture zone
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Oceanic basin
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Abyssal plain
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Internal tide
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Ocean current
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1107:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Wave shoaling
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Ursell number
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:Internal wave
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:Breaking wave
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
779:
778:
775:
764:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
705:
699:
685:
681:
675:
668:
664:
659:
650:
641:
626:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:
555:
551:
548:
543:
534:
532:
522:
520:
510:
506:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
476:
473:
467:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
413:
408:
398:
394:
391:
389:
385:
381:
378:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
347:Nazaré Canyon
345:
343:
339:
336:
334:
330:
327:
325:
321:
317:
314:La Jolla and
313:
311:
307:
303:
300:
298:
294:
291:
289:
285:
284:Ganges Canyon
282:
280:
276:
275:Hudson Canyon
273:
271:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
251:
248:
246:
242:
241:Bering Canyon
239:
237:
236:Mediterranean
233:
229:
228:Blanes Canyon
226:
223:
221:
217:
216:Amazon Canyon
214:
211:
207:
206:Avilés Canyon
204:
203:
197:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:. They show
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
130:
129:Hudson Canyon
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
110:abyssal plain
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:cut into the
86:
82:
73:
65:
57:
50:
45:
37:
30:
26:
21:
2712:Volcanic arc
2600:Feeder bluff
2507:River mouths
2472:Raised beach
2467:Pocket beach
2395:
2366:Tidal island
2360:
2356:Strand plain
2301:Natural arch
1986:Water column
1934:Oceanography
1909:Observations
1904:Explorations
1874:Marginal sea
1867:
1825:OSTM/Jason-2
1657:Volcanic arc
1632:Slab suction
1546:
1349:Head of tide
1239:Loop Current
1179:Ekman spiral
965:Stokes drift
875:Gravity wave
850:Cnoidal wave
726:
722:
712:
698:
687:. Retrieved
683:
674:
666:
658:
649:
640:
628:. Retrieved
610:
600:
571:
567:
561:
542:
509:
468:
459:
451:Mass wasting
449:
421:
417:water depths
409:
406:
357:Perth Canyon
293:Indus Canyon
279:Hudson River
250:Congo Canyon
220:Amazon River
161:
137:
133:
114:
80:
78:
49:Congo Canyon
2863:River plume
2677:Steep coast
2650:Rocky shore
2645:Rip current
2525:River delta
2497:Wash margin
2492:Storm beach
2482:Shell beach
2447:Beach wrack
2442:Beach ridge
2432:Beach cusps
2381:Tied island
2371:Tidal marsh
2094:Archipelago
1976:Thermocline
1693:Mesopelagic
1666:Ocean zones
1637:Slab window
1502:Hydrography
1442:Abyssal fan
1409:Tidal range
1399:Tidal power
1394:Tidal force
1279:Rip current
1214:Gulf Stream
1174:Ekman layer
1164:Downwelling
1139:Baroclinity
1126:Circulation
1022:Wave height
1012:Wave action
995:megatsunami
975:Stokes wave
935:Rossby wave
900:Kelvin wave
880:Green's law
333:Puerto Rico
329:Mona Canyon
310:New Zealand
297:Indus River
254:Congo River
183:crystalline
176:unlithified
152:abyssal fan
125:Congo River
2791:Grain size
2765:Submersion
2742:Management
2727:Wind fetch
2687:Surf break
2605:Flat coast
2535:regressive
2321:Salt marsh
2179:Coral reef
1914:Reanalysis
1813:Satellites
1794:Sofar bomb
1642:Subduction
1617:Ridge push
1512:Ocean bank
1492:Contourite
1419:Tide gauge
1404:Tidal race
1389:Tidal bore
1379:Slack tide
1344:Earth tide
1264:Ocean gyre
1084:Wind setup
1079:Wind fetch
1042:Wave setup
1037:Wave radar
1032:Wave power
930:Rogue wave
860:Dispersion
689:2024-07-04
630:26 January
501:References
463:morphology
424:landslides
397:Bering Sea
375:Bering Sea
342:California
245:Bering Sea
190:bioerosion
148:Turbidites
2750:Accretion
2732:Wind wave
2692:Surf zone
2547:Processes
2520:Mouth bar
2477:Recession
2457:Beachrock
2376:Tide pool
2306:Peninsula
2194:cliff-top
2081:Landforms
1776:Acoustics
1728:Sea level
1627:Slab pull
1564:tectonics
1472:Cold seep
1434:Landforms
1311:Whirlpool
1306:Upwelling
1089:Wind wave
1017:Wave base
945:Sea state
865:Edge wave
855:Cross sea
578:: 35â50.
403:Formation
373:, in the
243:, in the
232:Catalonia
140:sea level
2896:Category
2881:Category
2707:Undertow
2660:Sea foam
2655:Sea cave
2555:Blowhole
2397:Windwatt
2256:Headland
2104:Avulsion
2009:Category
1961:Seawater
1688:Littoral
1683:Deep sea
1542:Seamount
1424:Tideline
1369:Rip tide
1299:shutdown
1269:Overflow
1002:Undertow
845:Clapotis
763:16577732
615:Elsevier
576:Elsevier
550:Archived
479:See also
432:currents
351:Portugal
320:La Jolla
234:, in de
200:Examples
194:slumping
179:sediment
127:and the
2831:shingle
2811:granule
2796:boulder
2774:Related
2670:peresyp
2580:Current
2515:Debouch
2424:Beaches
2391:Waituna
2386:Tombolo
2296:Mudflat
2291:Machair
2281:Isthmus
2201:Estuary
2144:Channel
2019:Commons
1889:Mooring
1839:Related
1830:Jason-3
1820:Jason-1
1703:Pelagic
1698:Oceanic
1673:Benthic
990:Tsunami
960:Soliton
754:1079213
731:Bibcode
580:Bibcode
574:(1â2).
412:glacial
388:Ireland
172:erosion
117:canyons
91:of the
2821:pebble
2816:gravel
2806:cobble
2351:Strait
2331:Skerry
2286:Lagoon
2271:Island
2226:Fundus
2129:Bodden
1708:Photic
1537:Seabed
950:Seiche
761:
751:
621:
445:levees
441:lobate
288:Ganges
121:rivers
89:seabed
85:valley
2702:Swash
2665:Shoal
2346:Stack
2336:Sound
2326:Shoal
2276:Islet
2261:Inlet
2251:Hapua
2216:Fjord
2211:Fjard
2206:Firth
2154:Coast
2149:Cliff
2124:Bight
2099:Atoll
1899:Ocean
1868:Alvin
1718:Swash
1562:Plate
1507:Knoll
1497:Guyot
1452:Atoll
1331:Tides
1094:model
980:Swell
812:Waves
437:muddy
428:dense
361:Perth
210:Spain
192:, or
2836:silt
2826:sand
2801:clay
2530:mega
2341:Spit
2311:Reef
2241:Gulf
2189:Dune
2184:Cove
2139:Cape
2109:Ayre
1866:DSV
1851:Argo
1713:Surf
1169:Eddy
759:PMID
632:2012
619:ISBN
186:rock
47:The
2316:Ria
2246:Gut
2236:Geo
2231:Gat
2119:Bay
749:PMC
739:doi
588:doi
572:223
181:to
2898::
757:.
747:.
737:.
727:22
725:.
721:.
682:.
665:,
613:.
586:.
570:.
530:^
518:^
382:,
363:,
322:,
308:,
154:.
146:.
79:A
2065:e
2058:t
2051:v
796:e
789:t
782:v
765:.
741::
733::
706:.
692:.
634:.
594:.
590::
582::
435:"
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